Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Murray Street (New York, N.Y.)"

The automotive design process and the materials in the automotive industry in recent years has caused great interest to the industrial and academic sector. In this study was to evaluate the effect of the amount of bentonite on the thermal and rheological properties of the compound bentonite / paraffin wax. Two bentonite ratios were used: paraffin wax (40:60 and 30:70). The paraffin was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the bentonite was characterized by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The bentonite/paraffine wax composite was characterized by differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheology. The sample that contains a higher amount of bentonite shows a lower latent heat, and this could cause a greater heat transfer. Finally, the sample that has a lower amount of bentonite evidenced a lower viscosity, and it could be related to a lower interaction between the particles. 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Abstract Background There are no independent studies measuring the availability of premium brand counterfeit cigarettes in New York City from licensed retailers. Methods We forensically analyzed the cigarette packaging of Marlboro Gold (n = 1021) purchased from licensed tobacco retailers in New York City, using ultraviolet irradiation and light microscopy to determine whether they were counterfeit. Results We find that while only 0.5% (n = 5) of our sample exhibits at least one characteristic synonymous with counterfeit packaging, none of our packs can be conclusively classified as counterfeit. Conclusions We do not find any counterfeit Marlboro Gold packs purchased at full price from licensed cigarette retailers throughout New York City. Future research using test purchases should include other venues (eg, street and online) and specifically ask for discounts to ascertain the overall presence of counterfeit cigarettes. Implications This is the first study to independently measure the availability of counterfeit cigarette packs purchased at full price from licensed retailers in New York City. We find that none of the Marlboro Gold packs purchased from licensed cigarette retailers are counterfeit.

A content analysis of corrections (N = 507) from four influential newspapers—the New York Times, the Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal and the Los Angeles Times—shows that they correct errors similar to each other in terms of location, type, impact and objectivity. Results are interpreted through democratic theory and are used to suggest ways for copy editors to most effectively proofread and fact-check.

Ketamine, a synthetic drug commonly consumed by high risk youth, produces a range of experiences, including sedation, dissociation, and hallucinations. While ketamine is more typically sniffed, we describe a small sample of young ketamine injectors (n=25) in New York City and highlight risks associated with this emerging type of injection drug use. Our findings indicate that the injection practices, injection groups, and use norms surrounding ketamine often differ from other injection drug use: intramuscular injections were more common than intravenous injections; injection groups were often large; multiple injections within a single episode were common; bottles rather than cookers were shared; and the drug was often obtained for free. Our findings suggest that the drug injection practices exercised by ketamine injectors place them at risk for bloodborne pathogens, such as HIV, HBV, and HCV. We conclude that ketamine injectors represent an emerging, though often hidden, population of injection drug users, particularly among high risk, street-involved youth.

In summer 1995, two high school students, David Goldenheim and Dan Litchfield, discovered a way to divide a line segment into any number of equal parts. Their method differed from the standard method of Euclid. Together with their teacher Charles Dietrich, they wrote an article on their method, which appeared in the January 1997 issue of the Mathematics Teacher (Litchfield, Goldenheim, and Dietrich 1997). The discovery received considerable publicity in the popular media and was written up in the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times. The authors gave talks at several professional conferences and were invited to meet the secretary of education.

Purpose: To understand the tobacco acquisition practices of low-income smokers in New York State in light of high cigarette prices due to high cigarette taxes. Design: Eight focus groups with low-income smokers were conducted in spring 2015 and 2016 (n = 74). Setting: New York City (NYC) and Buffalo, New York. Participants: Low-income adults aged 18 to 65 who smoke cigarettes regularly. Method: Qualitative analysis of focus group transcripts that explored differences and similarities by region. We used the interview guide—which covered the process of acquiring cigarettes and the impact of cigarette prices—as a framework for analysis to generate themes and subthemes (deductive coding). We also generated themes and subthemes that emerged during focus group discussions (inductive coding). Results: Some smokers in Western New York have switched to untaxed cigarettes from Native American reservations, whereas low-income smokers in NYC described convenient sources of bootlegged cigarettes (packs or loosies) in their local neighborhood stores, through acquaintances, or on the street. Familiarity with the retailer was key to accessing bootlegged cigarettes from retailers. Conclusions: Smokers in this study could access cheaper cigarettes, which discouraged quit attempts and allowed them to continue smoking. The availability of lower priced cigarettes may attenuate public health efforts aimed at reducing smoking prevalence through price and tax increases.

AbstractObjective:Conceptualisations of ‘food deserts’ (areas lacking healthful food/drink) and ‘food swamps’ (areas overwhelm by less-healthful fare) may be both inaccurate and incomplete. Our objective was to more accurately and completely characterise food/drink availability in urban areas.Design:Cross-sectional assessment of select healthful and less-healthful food/drink offerings from storefront businesses (stores, restaurants) and non-storefront businesses (street vendors).Setting:Two areas of New York City: the Bronx (higher-poverty, mostly minority) and the Upper East Side (UES; wealthier, predominantly white).Participants:All businesses on 63 street segments in the Bronx (n 662) and on 46 street segments in the UES (n 330).Results:Greater percentages of businesses offered any, any healthful, and only less-healthful food/drink in the Bronx (42·0 %, 37·5 %, 4·4 %, respectively) than in the UES (30 %, 27·9 %, 2·1 %, respectively). Differences were driven mostly by businesses (e.g. newsstands, gyms, laundromats) not primarily focused on selling food/drink – ‘other storefront businesses’ (OSBs). OSBs accounted for 36·0 % of all food/drink-offering businesses in the Bronx (more numerous than restaurants or so-called ‘food stores’) and 18·2 % in the UES (more numerous than ‘food stores’). Differences also related to street vendors in both the Bronx and the UES. If street vendors and OSBs were not captured, the missed percentages of street segments offering food/drink would be 14·5 % in the Bronx and 21·9 % in the UES.Conclusions:Of businesses offering food/drink in communities, OSBs and street vendors can represent substantial percentages. Focusing on only ‘food stores’ and restaurants may miss or mischaracterise ‘food deserts’, ‘food swamps’, and food/drink-source disparities between communities.

AbstractObjective:To assess the accuracy of government inspection records, relative to ground observation, for identifying businesses offering foods/drinks.Design:Agreement between city and state inspection records v. ground observations at two levels: businesses and street segments. Agreement could be ‘strict’ (by business name, e.g. ‘Rizzo’s’) or ‘lenient’ (by business type, e.g. ‘pizzeria’); using sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) for businesses and using sensitivity, PPV, specificity and negative predictive value (NPV) for street segments.Setting:The Bronx and the Upper East Side (UES), New York City, USA.Participants:All food/drink-offering businesses on sampled street segments (n 154 in the Bronx, n 51 in the UES).Results:By ‘strict’ criteria, sensitivity and PPV of government records for food/drink-offering businesses were 0·37 and 0·57 in the Bronx; 0·58 and 0·60 in the UES. ‘Lenient’ values were 0·40 and 0·62 in the Bronx; 0·60 and 0·62 in the UES. Sensitivity, PPV, specificity and NPV of government records for street segments having food/drink-offering businesses were 0·66, 0·73, 0·84 and 0·79 in the Bronx; 0·79, 0·92, 0·67, and 0·40 in the UES. In both areas, agreement varied by business category: restaurants; ‘food stores’; and government-recognized other storefront businesses (‘gov. OSB’, i.e. dollar stores, gas stations, pharmacies). Additional business categories – ‘other OSB’ (barbers, laundromats, newsstands, etc.) and street vendors – were absent from government records; together, they represented 28·4 % of all food/drink-offering businesses in the Bronx, 22·2 % in the UES (‘other OSB’ and street vendors were sources of both healthful and less-healthful foods/drinks in both areas).Conclusions:Government records frequently miss or misrepresent businesses offering foods/drinks, suggesting caveats for food-environment assessments using such records.

Urban street trees offer cities critical environmental and social benefits. In New York City (NYC), a decadal census of every street tree is conducted to help understand and manage the urban forest. However, it has previously been impossible to analyze growth of an individual tree because of uncertainty in tree location. This study overcomes this limitation using a three-step alignment process for identifying individual trees with ZIP Codes, address, and species instead of map coordinates. We estimated individual growth rates for 126,362 street trees (59 species and 19% of 2015 trees) using the difference between diameter at breast height (DBH) from the 2005 and 2015 tree censuses. The tree identification method was verified by locating and measuring the DBH of select trees and measuring a set of trees annually for over 5 years. We examined determinants of tree growth rates and explored their spatial distribution. In our newly created NYC tree growth database, fourteen species have over 1000 unique trees. The three most abundant tree species vary in growth rates; London Planetree (n = 32,056, 0.163 in/yr) grew the slowest compared to Honeylocust (n = 15,967, 0.356 in/yr), and Callery Pear (n = 15,902, 0.334 in/yr). Overall, Silver Linden was the fastest growing species (n = 1,149, 0.510 in/yr). Ordinary least squares regression that incorporated biological factors including size and the local urban form indicated that species was the major factor controlling growth rates, and tree stewardship had only a small effect. Furthermore, tree measurements by volunteer community scientists were as accurate as those made by NYC staff. Examining city wide patterns of tree growth indicates that areas with a higher Social Vulnerability Index have higher than expected growth rates. Continued efforts in street tree planting should utilize known growth rates while incorporating community voices to better provide long-term ecosystem services across NYC.

Contested boundaries: itinerancy and the shaping of the colonial American religious world. By Timothy D. Hall. Durham: Duke University Press, 1994. Pp. x+196. ISBN 0-8223-1522-X. £10.97.Original meanings: politics and ideas in the making of the Constitution. By Jack N. Rakove. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. Pp. xvi.+439. ISBN 0-394-57858-9 £19.26.Parades and the politics of the street: festive culture in the early American republic. By Simon P. Newman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. Pp. xiv+271. ISBN 0-8122-3399-9. £24.42.Transatlantic radicals and the early American republic. By Michael Durey. Kansas: University of Kansas, 1997. Pp. xi+425. ISBN 0-7006-0823-0 £25.71.

This chapter studies the construction of the Croton Aqueduct. In the late 1830s, engineer John Jervis devised a masonry conduit that brought water from the Croton River to Manhattan. Water pipes were laid in the streets, and the massive Murray Hill Distributing Reservoir was constructed at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street on the site where the main branch of the New York Public Library now stands. The water supply’s health benefits, in a city that had recently suffered through a devastating outbreak of cholera, became clear from the start. Jervis’ Croton system revolutionized New York and spurred its continued growth, as water flowed to homes, businesses, even fountains at hotels. Not surprisingly, and perhaps inevitably, people started to take the water supply for granted, and soon the city had to start to look for new supplies to satisfy the city’s growing thirst.

From the late nineteenth through the mid-twentieth century, Catfish Alley was a strip of flourishing Black businesses, a product of racial segregation: restaurants, pool halls, the town’s first Black-run drugstore, barbershops, honky-tonks, a birthing center, and Black doctors’ offices. This was a small-town version of Black business districts elsewhere, whether Harlem in New York City or Sweet Auburn in Atlanta. On Catfish Alley, Blacks could go to a medical clinic and be treated without having to go into a separate-but-unequal entrance at the two white hospitals. In Pruitt’s photograph, you can see, under the Falstaff sign, the words “Colored Cafe.” The cafe sign testifies to the Jim Crow era. Many other racially segregated settings needed no signage. In places such as the F. W. Woolworth’s store on Market Street, Blacks and whites alike knew which separate doors to enter and exit. Catfish Alley’s name originated from people routinely selling catfish there—caught in creeks, rivers, and ponds nearby. The photograph of a fire depicts a tableau of street theater, such as that found in the aftermath of traffic accidents or tornadoes that Pruitt would photograph.

This chapter explores the history and architectural designs of buildings found in the Chicago Loop's Northwestern Quadrant. The Italianate-style Delaware Building stands as a noble survivor of a once much more extensive roster of Loop buildings constructed in the first few years after the Great Fire of 1871. The 1 N. LaSalle Street is another example of a building following the Grand Art Deco Formula. The chapter considers the architects at Clark Street Bridge Houses and 77 W. Wacker Drive. It also highlights the geologic features of the Hyatt Center, New York Life Building, First National Bank of Chicago and Inland Steel Building.

Abstract Readers of Edith Wharton have for some years recognized her appreciation of—and affinity with—Darwin and Darwinism, which was a major part of her self-schooling in the sciences, especially between 1906 and 1908. Accordingly, in The Custom of the Country, Ralph Marvell’s analysis of social dislocation employs a Darwinian heuristic to present a precis of the plot dynamic. A son of Old New York and an important figure in the novel, Ralph declares traditional families like his own to be a species endangered by the late nineteenth-century nouveau riche “invading race,” by which Wharton means a line of descent, not a genetic category. As a young aspirant poet-critic, who is newly appreciative of his heritage, Ralph understands his family and their cohorts to be casualties of a recent historical-evolutionary rupture. The new modern, invasive “race” of plutocrats, with their headquarters on Wall Street and their domiciles on Fifth Avenue, are fast conquering an enervated Old New York comprised of the ladies and gentlemen of Washington Square. Ralph assesses the invaders’ “modern tendencies” as a deplorable “chaos of indiscriminate appetites” from the monetary to the gustatory, these over and against the moderate and temperate “coherent and respectable” ideals of his family’s waning Old New York (N, 669). More than social change or a reversible decline in mores and manners, this phenomenon is a Darwinian process of encroachment and extinction. As a record of the contest between base and higher morality, The Custom of the Country is arguably Wharton’s most thoroughgoing socially Darwinian narrative.

The news coverage of eSports presents an attractive avenue to a new audience for business, sports, and gaming journalists. The audience's interest is understandable given the financial vibrancy of the hobby. This chapter reflects an analysis of news articles (n=406) published in The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Forbes, and Business Insider from January 2018 to December 2020. Researchers analyzed these articles for specific marketing and public relations messages and identified how various entertainment businesses were reflected in the news coverage of eSports. This chapter argues that eSports represents a topic typically covered through lifestyle journalism that has instead been dominated by traditional business reporting. Both gaming and sports are predominantly lifestyle specialties—hence, the dominant role of business journalism in reporting the specialty means that the emphasis on the niche has primarily been on awards and financing.

Abstract Chapter 3 examines works that emerge from the midst of the Great Crash of 1929. It begins by considering William Faulkner’s desire to connect his drafting of As I Lay Dying (1930) to the financial crisis with which it coincided, and how the novel’s portrayals of disastrously rising waters mirror descriptions of a deluged stock market. It next examines the crash’s most iconic depiction by a visual artist, James N. Rosenberg’s lithograph Dies Irae (Oct 29) (1929), and shows how—for Rosenberg—the work was both an immediate inscription of the “day of wrath” he had witnessed on Wall Street, and a harbinger of the still greater global catastrophes that the financial collapse portended. Turning to the hallucinatory depictions of a panic-stricken Wall Street in the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca’s Poet in New York (1940), the chapter indicates how a poetic persona that is at once eyewitness to the crash and prophesier of its devastating future repercussions casts the event in surrealist form. The following section considers press photographs of crowds massing on Wall Street: it offers an innovative analysis of “panic crowd” images, arguing not only that such images constitute a distinct (and previously untheorized) visual genre, but also that the panic crowd should itself be understood as shaped by the iterative and mimetic logic of genre. Finally, the chapter reflects on a very different set of images—by the photographer Margaret Bourke-White—which are simultaneously among the least dramatic and most evocative documents of the Great Crash.

This chapter assesses the emergence of Bob Dylan. Dylan was crazy about Elvis Presley and the other early rock ‘n’ rollers, especially Little Richard. When Dylan went to New York, his artistic growth was explosive. His girlfriend, Suze Rotolo, encouraged an interest in politics and social justice, which prompted him to write topical material. As a result, his second album, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, on which he was pictured strolling on Jones Street with Rotolo, included such topical tunes as “A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall” (written during the Cuban Missile Crisis) and “Masters of War.” The collection also featured one of his sweetest ballads (“Girl from the North Country”) and a song that would become an anthem of social justice, “Blowin' in the Wind.” Ultimately, Dylan saw himself as a part of the folk tradition and was more confident writing lyrics than creating melodies.