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Статті в журналах з теми "Multilateral aid organization"
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Graham, Erin R. "Money and multilateralism: how funding rules constitute IO governance." International Theory 7, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 162–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971914000414.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
International relations scholarship largely accepts that multilateralism lies at the heart of the liberal international order and is instantiated in formal, intergovernmental organizations. This paper revisits the conventional wisdom regarding the multilateral character of international organization (IO) governance by drawing attention to the funding methods used to finance contemporary IOs. I argue that different funding rules constitute different modes of governance. While mandatory funding rules are easily reconciled with traditional conceptions of multilateralism, voluntary rules are not. In particular, restricted voluntary funding rules devolve authority over funding decisions to individual actors, undercutting the collective decision making that is central to multilateral governance. I demonstrate the relevance of the argument in the case of the United Nations, which has transformed from an institution reliant primarily on mandatory contributions, to one disproportionately reliant on restricted, voluntary funds. The counterintuitive result is an increasingly bilateral United Nations. The paper contributes to our understanding of the relationship between multilateralism and IO governance, and has implications for literature related to institutional design, delegation, and development aid. In addition, it raises empirical and normative questions regarding reliance on voluntary funding.
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Gnangnon, Sèna Kimm. "Market Access of OECD Donor Countries and Their Supply of Aid for Trade." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 07, no. 01 (February 2016): 1650004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993316500046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper assesses the impact of the tariffs faced by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) donors’ exports on their supply of Aid for Trade (AfT). The analysis is conducted on the basis of both a donor/year framework and a bilateral donor–recipient framework over the period 2002–2009. Results suggest that donors as a whole could reduce AfT budget supply when they face higher tariffs on their exports. However, low-income and lower-middle-income countries appear to be protected by donors from AfT decline, even if they impose higher tariffs on donors’ exports. Further multilateral tariff liberalization would certainly be conducive to higher AfT.
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Bjelic, Predrag, and Ivana Popovic-Petrovic. "Aid for development of international trade." Medjunarodni problemi 64, no. 3 (2012): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1203359b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of international trade was very impressive in the second half of 20th century. But even with these great development opportunities that growth of international trade can bring the small number of developed economies had succeeded to ripe benefits from it in order to develop their economies and reduce poverty. Even with the establishment of the World Trade Organization it was apparent that developing countries need assistance in order to integrate fully in international trade system. The Aid for Trade, which is a part of Official Development Assistance focusing on trade, has an aim to help developing countries build their trade capacity and the transport infrastructure so they can use trade as a powerful engine for economic growth. This paper set out to describe this new programme of trade aid developed under the auspices of WTO, as a multilateral project, to point out the readiness of donor countries and aims of beneficiary countries. But we will explore the linkages of Aid for Trade programme with bilateral and regional aid initiatives in the area of trade.
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Echols, Marsha. "The Food Assistance Convention." International Legal Materials 52, no. 1 (February 2013): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/intelegamate.52.1.0354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Food Assistance Convention (Convention), signed by seven countries and the European Union in April 2012, went into effect on January 1, 2013. The Convention replaces and builds on the 1999 Food Aid Convention (FAC 1999). The use of ‘‘assistance’’ instead of ‘‘aid’’ in the title signals a change in approach from fixed commodity donations to offering a series of options for assisting communities address their particular food needs and goals. The objectives of the Convention are broad, to ‘‘save lives, reduce hunger, improve food security, and improve the nutritional status’’ of the most vulnerable populations. These objectives are in accord with international humanitarian law, which is referred to in the Preamble. The foundation of the Convention is the annual commitment of food, cash, vouchers, equipment, seeds and other assistance by each Party. The flexibility in developing the assistance for each population permits the donor to consider the specific local needs, capabilities and goals, e.g., to avoid interfering with or displacing local production. ‘‘Vulnerable populations’’ and the ‘‘most vulnerable populations’’ receive special attention throughout the Convention. The text refers to improved coordination of multilateral efforts, authorizes increased involvement of other organizations and stakeholders, and expressly gives priority to obligations under the World Trade Organization.
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TOBIN, JENNIFER L., and MARC L. BUSCH. "The Disadvantage of Membership: How Joining the GATT/WTO Undermines GSP." World Trade Review 18, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractScholars and policymakers have long debated whether the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) enhances development through increased trade – i.e., whether the program is effective as a form of ‘trade-as-aid’. We argue that, by itself, GSP increases poor-country exports, but that when recipients join the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) or its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO), they realizefewerimports, and less gains in total trade, than GSP recipients that do not join the multilateral trading system. The logic is that GATT/WTO membership makes GSP more predictable by making it non-discriminatory, in the sense that exporters in recipient countries are less vulnerable to the program's ad hoc conditionality. This leads these exporters to lobby less against domestic protectionism, yielding higher trade barriers at home, and thus fewer imports. We test this hypothesis using a gravity model of trade, and data on all GSP programs, and find strong support for the argument that the GATT/WTO's interaction with GSP undermines trade.
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Sauvé, Pierre. "Special and Differential Treatment as If It Could Be Reformed." Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 6 (December 1, 2022): 879–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The central question posed by the longstanding debate among World Trade Organization (WTO) Members over special and differential treatment (S&DT) is how best to address legitimate demands for differentiation. Should this be done by replacing the self-designation of development status by a set of objective metrics distinguishing different categories of WTO Members? Or should Members alternatively focus their efforts on addressing objectively assessed capacities and needs in a more customized manner and on a case by case and agreement-specific basis? This note’s review of the S&DT debate suggests that rather than focusing on the divisive issue of development status, where prospects for consensus appear non-existent, WTO Members should design S&DT support focusing on objectively assessed negotiating and implementation needs to which targeted Aid for Trade would respond. A forward-looking approach to differentiation within the WTO requires that an altogether different narrative on trade and development take root in the organization, one that ascribes to trade (and to trade policy) a key supportive role in development trajectories. All too often, S&DT demands are formulated as if multilateral rules are inherently inimical to the development needs and aspirations of the world’s poorest nations. The note advances several reform options in charting a forward-looking S&DT agenda. Trade and development, trade governance, developing countries, least developed countries, special and differential treatment, World Trade Organization
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Akobeng, Eric. "Harnessing foreign aid for the poor: role of institutional democracy." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 7 (May 4, 2020): 1689–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-05-2019-0225.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThis paper examines the relationship between foreign aid, institutional democracy and poverty. The paper explores the direct effect of foreign aid on poverty and quantifies the facilitating role of democracy in harnessing foreign aid for poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).Design/methodology/approachThe paper attempts to address the endogenous relationship between foreign aid and poverty by employing the two-stage least squares instrumental variable (2SLS-IV) estimator by using GDP per capita of the top five Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries sending foreign aid to SSA countries scaled by the inverse of the land area of the SSA countries to stimulate an exogenous variation in foreign aid and its components. The initial level of democracy is interacted with the senders’ GDP per capita to also instrument for the interaction terms of democracy, foreign aid and its components.FindingsThe results suggest that foreign aid reduces poverty and different components of foreign aid have different effects on poverty. In particular, multilateral source and grant type seem to be more significant in reducing poverty than bilateral source and loan type. The study further reveals that democratic attributes of free expression, institutional constraints on the executive, guarantee of civil liberties to citizens and political participation reinforce the poverty-reducing effects of aggregate foreign aid and its components after controlling for mean household income, GDP per capita and inequality.Research limitations/implicationsThe methodological concern related to modeling the effects of foreign aid on poverty is endogeneity bias. To estimate the relationship between foreign aid, democracy and poverty in SSA, this paper relies on a 2SLS-IV estimator with GDP per capita of the top five aid-sending OECD countries scaled by the inverse of land area of the SSA countries as an external instrument for foreign aid. The use of the five top OECD's Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) countries is due to the availability of foreign aid data for these countries. However, non-OECD-DAC countries such as China and South Africa may be important source of foreign aid to some SSA countries.Practical implicationsThe findings further suggest that the marginal effect of foreign aid in reducing poverty is increasing with the level of institutional democracy. In other words, foreign aid contributes more to poverty reduction in countries with democratic dispensation. This investigation has vital implications for future foreign aid policy, because it alerts policymakers that the effectiveness of foreign aid can be strengthened by considering the type and source of aid. Foreign aid and quality political institution may serve as an important mix toward the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and the Africa Union Agenda 2063.Social implicationsAs the global economy faces economic and social challenges, SSA may not be able to depend heavily on foreign partners to finance the region's budget. There is the need for African governments to also come out with innovative ways to mobilize own resources to develop and confront some of the economic challenges to achieve the required reduction in poverty. This is a vision that every country in Africa must work toward. Africa must think of new ways of generating wealth internally for development so as to complement foreign aid flows and also build strong foundation for welfare improvement, self-reliance and sustainable development.Originality/valueThis existing literature does not consider how democracy enhances the foreign aid and poverty relationship. The existing literature does not explore how democracy enhances grants, loans, multilateral and bilateral aid effectiveness in reducing poverty. This paper provides the first-hand evidence of how institutional democracy enhances the poverty-reducing effects of foreign aid and its components. The paper uses exogenous variation in foreign aid to quantify the direct effect of foreign aid and its components on poverty.
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Rudner, Martin. "European Community Development Assistance to Asia: Policies, Programs and Performance." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 1 (February 1992): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015912.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The European Community is distinctive among the donors of international development assistance. Although it is categorized officially as a multilateral aid institution, the Community differs in structure, purpose and role compared to other, more familiar organizations of that genre. Like other multilaterals, the European Community derives its aid budget, as well as its other financial resources, from the fiscal contributions of its Member states (each of which provides its own bilateral assistance to developing countries). Yet, to be sure, the Community represents more than just a multilateral economic union, since it also constitutes a supra-European governmental authority in the making. Indeed, the European Community has begun to evolve a common foreign policy, which is reflected in its role in Official Development Assistance (ODA). Its aid effort, in giving expression to the Community's common international purpose, has taken on most of the attributes of government-to-government assistance. It is this combination of multilateral and quasi-bilateral characteristics that sets the European Economic Community (EEC, as the Community is styled in its ODA role) apart as a uniquely meta-national participant in international development cooperation.
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O'Brien, Robert. "Organizational Politics, Multilateral Economic Organizations and Social Policy." Global Social Policy: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Public Policy and Social Development 2, no. 2 (August 2002): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018102002002739.
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Yernarkyzy Abdiraiymova, Akdana, Yerbol Musinovich Abaideldinov, and Bahyt Zhussipova Akylbayevna. "International legal cooperation of countries in ensuring the human rights to adequate food." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 1 (August 2022): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2022-001009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article discusses issues concerning international legal regulation of coopera-tion of states in resolving the problems related to ensuring the human rights to ad-equate food and food security in general, including in the context of a pandemic that has had a significant impact on the development of the world's economy. The work studies: the development of international legal regulation of partnership in the field of food security, the goals and authority of Food and Agriculture Organi-zation (FAO), the conditions of the food market and the world's economy. The study examines the right of everyone to access safe and healthy food, in accord-ance with the right to for adequate food and the basic right of everyone to be free from hunger. It is noted that the world food security system covers: the creation of national food supplies coordinated on the international level; provision of food aid to countries in need, organization of an early warning system on food shortage; an increase of the share of developing countries in international trade of agriculture products. One of the factors of the establishment of intranational food security is food sup-port to developing states. The article considers various principles like roman princi-ples of sustainable global food security; a comprehensive approach to food securi-ty; strategic coordinative cooperation; the principle of supporting national, region-al and international programs; close interaction with international organizations and principle of maintaining of assumed financial obligations. It is noted that the lack of positive results in a process of resolving issues concern-ing food supply requires improvement of the effectiveness of multilateral man-agement system dealing with ensuring world's food security, through the unifica-tion and coordination of efforts of states, international organizations, and other interested parties at local and global levels. A similar policy is proposed to be considered in complex with global and regional issues, including negotiations on the creation of a fair international trade regime, which will positively affect the strengthening of national food security potential of developing countries and improve the effectiveness of international food assis-tance programs. Such policy is proposed to be reflected and specified in agriculture doctrines of national and regional levels.
Дисертації з теми "Multilateral aid organization"
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Kim, Dong-Jin Dan. "The political economy of trade and development in the multilateral trading system : the World Trade Organisation's Aid for Trade agenda." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608191.
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RINALDI, DAVID. "GOVERNANCE AND SELECTIVITY IN MULTILATERAL AID ALLOCATION." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1930.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La tesi si incentra sulle questioni legate alla distribuzione degli aiuti multilaterali allo sviluppo; in particolare due temi sono affrontati: la selettività degli aiuti e la qualità della governance. L’elaborato si basa sulla letteratura concernente l’efficacia e la distribuzione degli aiuti ed unisce quest’ultima alla letteratura sulla political economy delle organizzazioni internazionali e sulla good governance. Attraverso un’analisi econometrica si intende capire se le organizzazioni multilaterali hanno a cuore la qualità della governance del paese ricevente al momento dell’allocazione degli aiuti. Con un modello GMM-Diff che adopera sia strumenti interni che esterni, si evidenzia come l’interesse per la governance da parte delle istituzioni multilaterali non sia solo retorica, come invece appare da uno studio preliminare. Inoltre, attraverso l’analisi di un panel a tre dimensioni, la tesi monitora l’applicazione della selettività degli aiuti. Viene rigettata l’ipotesi di un aumento della selettività e si evidenziano margini per un miglioramento dell’efficacia allocativa degli aiuti. Le agenzie multilaterali devono cercare di distribuire gli aiuti con criteri diversi da quelli di natura geopolitica.The thesis examines the allocation of multilateral aid flows with respect to two current issues of the development agenda: the selectivity of aid and the quality of governance. The dissertation brings together three strands of the relevant literature: firstly, the reference literature relating to aid effectiveness and aid allocation, which is then followed by the literature on good governance and, lastly, on the political economy of international organizations. We carry out an econometric study to understand whether international organizations care about the recipients’ performance on governance. With a GMM-Diff methodology using both internal and external instruments we show that the focus on governance by multilateral bodies is not only rhetoric, as it appears at first glance. Moreover, we explore how the selectivity of multilateral aid varies over time by employing a three-dimensional panel. Our analysis rejects the hypothesis of increasing selectivity and confirms that there is room to improve on the allocation of aid. Multilateral institutions need to strengthen their efforts to allocate aid on criteria other than political-strategic ones.
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RINALDI, DAVID. "GOVERNANCE AND SELECTIVITY IN MULTILATERAL AID ALLOCATION." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1930.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La tesi si incentra sulle questioni legate alla distribuzione degli aiuti multilaterali allo sviluppo; in particolare due temi sono affrontati: la selettività degli aiuti e la qualità della governance. L’elaborato si basa sulla letteratura concernente l’efficacia e la distribuzione degli aiuti ed unisce quest’ultima alla letteratura sulla political economy delle organizzazioni internazionali e sulla good governance. Attraverso un’analisi econometrica si intende capire se le organizzazioni multilaterali hanno a cuore la qualità della governance del paese ricevente al momento dell’allocazione degli aiuti. Con un modello GMM-Diff che adopera sia strumenti interni che esterni, si evidenzia come l’interesse per la governance da parte delle istituzioni multilaterali non sia solo retorica, come invece appare da uno studio preliminare. Inoltre, attraverso l’analisi di un panel a tre dimensioni, la tesi monitora l’applicazione della selettività degli aiuti. Viene rigettata l’ipotesi di un aumento della selettività e si evidenziano margini per un miglioramento dell’efficacia allocativa degli aiuti. Le agenzie multilaterali devono cercare di distribuire gli aiuti con criteri diversi da quelli di natura geopolitica.The thesis examines the allocation of multilateral aid flows with respect to two current issues of the development agenda: the selectivity of aid and the quality of governance. The dissertation brings together three strands of the relevant literature: firstly, the reference literature relating to aid effectiveness and aid allocation, which is then followed by the literature on good governance and, lastly, on the political economy of international organizations. We carry out an econometric study to understand whether international organizations care about the recipients’ performance on governance. With a GMM-Diff methodology using both internal and external instruments we show that the focus on governance by multilateral bodies is not only rhetoric, as it appears at first glance. Moreover, we explore how the selectivity of multilateral aid varies over time by employing a three-dimensional panel. Our analysis rejects the hypothesis of increasing selectivity and confirms that there is room to improve on the allocation of aid. Multilateral institutions need to strengthen their efforts to allocate aid on criteria other than political-strategic ones.
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Blemings, Travis I. "The Politics of Development Aid: Understanding the Lending Practices of the World Bank Group." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/454225.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Political SciencePh.D.
This study examines variations in the lending strategies of the four main agencies of the World Bank. Countries with similar basic development and demographic attributes often receive very different amounts of financial support from the different agencies of the World Bank. Utilizing regression analysis of panel-data covering the years between 1990 through 2011, the study finds that variation in the allocation of development aid both within and between the different World Bank agencies (IBRD, IDA, IFC, and MIGA) do not generally reflect patterns in objective indicators of economic need or institutional quality among recipients. Rather, statistical analysis shows that World Bank aid is positively correlated with several measures of donor influence. Utilizing a multi-donor model of political influence, the study finds evidence that the Bank’s top donors, countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Japan disproportionately influence the Bank to lend in ways that support their foreign policy interests. Countries with close economic, political, and geostrategic ties to powerful donors tend to receive more aid on average than their less well-connected peers. The data show that the Bank often lends in ways that contradict its own lending criteria. Despite the Bank’s explicit emphasis on economic need and institutional quality, the agencies of the World Bank often provide greater amounts of assistance to those with less need and poor quality governance. The study has implications for the study of international organizations, institutional design, and how donor influence at the World Bank is mediated by variations in internal agency structures.
Temple University--Theses
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BONIBURINI, ILARIA. "Multilateral aid organizations’ imaginaries for the city of ‘developing countries’. Semiotic and material practices in the case of Nairobi." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/592741.
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Nsenduluka, Annie Senkwe. "Trade capacity building in the multilateral trading system: how can developing and least developed countries benefit? a case study of Kenya and Zambia." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3477.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) generally give favourable consideration to developing and least developed countries.1 Firstly, at the core of these provisions is the principle of special and differential treatment of these countries. As such developing countries are to meet their obligations under the WTO agreements as and when the special needs of their economies permit. The GATT 1994 provisions exempt least developed countries from participating in the obligations under the WTO agreements until such a time that they attain a reasonable level of development.Secondly, the Ministerial Meeting in Doha in November 2001 adopted a development agenda (that described capacity building activities as “core elements of the development dimension of the multilateral trading system”) and called for more co-ordinated delivery of trade related technical assistance and capacity building.2 In this regard, developed members of the WTO have committed to provide technical assistance to developing and least developed members in order to build their capacity to participate effectively under the WTO.The reality of the situation on the ground is that developing and least developed countries still face a lot of challenges which hinder their full participation and realization of the benefits under the multilateral trading system. It must be appreciated, at the same time that developing countries like China and India have been active and influential in the multilateral trading system, and additionally, their economies have and are experiencing overt growth. What lessons does Africa need to learn from China and India?This study examines the causes of the poor performance of Sub Saharan Africa’s developing and Least Developed Countries in the multilateral trading system. In this regard, examples are drawn from two countries, namely, Kenya and Zambia.Further, the study examines the initiatives the WTO provides to enhance the trade capacity of its developing and least developed members. In addition, the study examines African trade capacity building initiatives such the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and the African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF) Initiatives, as well as the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Initiative in order to establish how these initiatives can assist in enhancing the trade capacity of developing and least developed countries.The study further examines the role of regional trade integration in enhancing the trade capacity building of developing and least developed countries. In this case, examples are drawn from the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa-Developing Countries (COMESA). In this regard, the study concludes that fully-fledged regional integration has the potential to promote economic growth and industrial development in Africa.The study also demonstrates the importance of the participation of governments and the private sector in improving a country’s participation in the multilateral trading system. This study particularly takes key interest in the crucial role of the public-private partnerships in enhancing competitive forces and competitiveness necessary to maximize trade opportunities, which in turn produces economic development.It is observed and concluded in this study that sustainably financed technical assistance and capacity building programmes have important roles to play in so far as integration of Sub Saharan Africa into the global trading system is concerned; and that developing countries in general and LDCs in particular are to be provided with enhanced Trade-Related Technical Assistance (TRTA) and capacity building to increase their effective participation in the negotiations, to facilitate their implementation of GATT/WTO rules and to enable them adjust and diversify their economies.
Книги з теми "Multilateral aid organization"
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Organization, World Trade, ed. 50th anniversary of the multilateral trading system =: Cinquantième anniversaire du système commercial multilatéral = Cincuentenario de sistema multilateral de comercio. [Geneva]: World Trade Organization, 1998.
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The WTO and the multilateral trading system: Past, present and future. London: Zed Books, 2003.
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization), ed. Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Washington, D.C: Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, Executive Office of the President, 1994.
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John, Whalley, and Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada., eds. Canada and the multilateral trading system. Toronto: Published by the University of Toronto Press in cooperation with the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada, 1985.
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Law and its limitations in the GATT multilateral trade system. London: Graham & Trotman/M. Nijhoff, 1987.
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Law and its limitations in the GATT multilateral trade system. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1985.
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Multilateral rules on cross-border investment and the Word Trade Organisation. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2009.
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Peter, Marcus. Multilateral rules on cross-border investment and the Word Trade Organisation. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2009.
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Xing, Lijuan. Behind the multilateral trading system: Legal indigenization and the WTO in comparative perspective. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2014.
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., ed. Multilateral trade negotiations on agriculture: A resource manual. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2000.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Multilateral aid organization"
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Xiong, Hou. "China’s Foreign Aid and Multilateral Development Organizations." In Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path, 49–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2128-2_2.
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Morin, Jean-Frédéric, and Sara Bannerman. "Tigers and Dragons at the World Intellectual Property Organization." In Rising Powers and Multilateral Institutions, 219–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137397607_12.
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Rao, P. K. "Multilateral Environmental Agreements." In The World Trade Organization and the Environment, 55–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333993958_3.
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Chin, Gregory T. "The State of the Art: Trends in the Study of the BRICS and Multilateral Organizations." In Rising Powers and Multilateral Institutions, 19–41. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137397607_2.
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Eagleton-Pierce, Matthew. "Multilateral Trade Organizations, Food, and Agriculture." In Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 1–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6167-4_354-1.
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Eagleton-Pierce, Matthew. "Multilateral Trade Organizations, Food, and Agriculture." In Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 1404–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0929-4_354.
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Eagleton-Pierce, Matthew. "Multilateral Trade Organizations, Food, and Agriculture." In Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics, 1842–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1179-9_354.
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DeJaeghere, Joan, and Erin Murphy-Graham. "Introduction." In Life Skills Education for Youth, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85214-6_1.
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AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of how life skills are conceptualized and taken up in curriculum, teaching, and measurement in different educational settings around the world, as discussed in the chapters in this book. We focus on life skills programming in low- and middle-income countries because bilateral and multilateral aid organizations have significantly shaped discourse and programming in life skills education. We intentionally included studies utilizing a variety of research methodologies, which allow for a deep understanding of both the micro level (curriculum, pedagogy, and youth engagement and outcomes) and macro level (organizational processes and assumptions) in life skills programming and policy. Chapters in the book highlight a disconnect between the dominant individualistic behavioral approach used by many organizations and programs and the life skills that youth and local communities emphasize as important to change social and economic problems. To respond to this disconnect, this chapter provides an overview of a capabilities approach to life skills, with the purpose of focusing on wellbeing. We suggest that life skills education should develop the capabilities that societies and individuals have reason to value.
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Alemanno, Alberto. "The Multilateral Governance Framework for Food Safety: A Critical and Normative Overview." In Food Safety, Market Organization, Trade and Development, 9–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15227-1_2.
Повний текст джерела
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Miller, Carol. "6. Gender advocates and multilateral development organizations: promoting change from within." In Missionaries and Mandarins, 138–71. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780442846.006.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Multilateral aid organization"
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Ohashi, Hideo. "From Organization-Based Toward Individuals-Based Engineers: Current Reforms in Japan." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1189.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Torrent of globalization forced us to reform our once renowned Japanese style management system that featured lifetime employment and seniority-based payment. The direction of the reform is definitely from organization-based toward individuals-based society. The establishment of engineering profession is the key issue of this reform. Multilateral efforts, for example, foundation of accreditation body for engineering education, revision of Professional Engineers Law, introduction of integrated CPD system, are ongoing. Engineering societies are essential contributors for the design and implementation of such systems.
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Andreadis, George O., Christos Papaleonidas, and Dimitrios V. Lyridis. "Evaluating the Operations of an LNG Shipping Company with Business Process Modelling." In SNAME 7th International Symposium on Ship Operations, Management and Economics. SNAME, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/some-2021-018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) industry is a typical example for which various business models, strategies, and affiliated interests exist, making it highly complex in terms of operations. The extended supply chain, from liquefaction to regasification, combined with multilateral contractual relationships that crossover, make efficient operation a challenging task. Considering barriers such as the volume of transactions, communication hurdles, etc., and the lack of contemporary management tools by shipping companies contrary to other industries, the paper proposes a model structure based on Business Process Modelling (BPM). The proposed BPM concept offers a holistic view of company organization and operations, as well as enables control of key performance indicators. Implementing intelligent computer systems to model an inter-organizational business environment to highlight and overcome such problems, is the ultimate goal of the study. This paper offers a coherent perspective of business process visualization across the midstream section of the LNG supply chain, including roles, tasks and resources. The research highlights commonly used business models, the contractual framework, and the physical processes. The volume of the information leads to knuckle points and dysfunctions related to time, transparency and work assignment. It is underlined that the occurring issues relate to the nature of LNG projects, business policies, safety and compliance issues, document transaction load and mishandling, disputes over SPAs, as well as to subjects of goodwill and partnership, unstandardized procedures executed empirically, and concurring office intervention. The aim of the study is the identification of the aforementioned problems that prevent an LNG shipping company from extracting the added value from its operation.
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Romanciuc, Gabriela. "Unele aspecte privind implementarea tratatului internațional privind resursele genetice vegetale pentru alimentație și agricultură incluse în raportul național privind conformitatea cu prevederile acestuia." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.69.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources (ITPGRFA) was adopted in 2001 during the Thirty-first Session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. It aims to achieve the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits derived from their use to achieve sustainable agriculture. The treaty has implemented a Multilateral System (MLS) of access and benefit sharing, for a list of 64 of some of the most important food and forage crops essential for food security. Republic of Moldova has ratified the ITPGRFA in 2001, based on Law nr. 94 of 14-05-2015 on the accession of the Republic of Moldova to the ITPGRFA. In order to put in evidence the weaknesses and strengths of ITPGRFA imple-mentation at national level, the country report on compliance – ITPGRFA was developed.
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Pachankis, Yang. "Mass Surveillance, Behavioural Control, And Psychological Coercion the Moral Ethical Risks in Commercial Devices." In 12th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (CCSIT 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.121313.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research observed, in parallel and comparatively, a surveillance state’s use of communication & cyber networks with satellite applications for power political & realpolitik purposes, in contrast to the outer space security & legit scientific purpose driven cybernetics. The research adopted a psychoanalytic & psychosocial method of observation in the organizational behaviors of the surveillance state, and a theoretical physics, astrochemical, & cosmological feedback method in the contrast group of cybernetics. Military sociology and multilateral movements were adopted in the diagnostic studies & research on cybersecurity, and cross-channeling in communications were detected during the research. The paper addresses several key points of technicalities in security & privacy breach, from personal devices to ontological networks and satellite applications - notably telecommunication service providers & carriers with differentiated spectrum. The paper discusses key moral ethical risks posed in the mal-adaptations in commercial devices that can corrupt democracy in subtle ways but in a mass scale. The research adopted an analytical linguistics approach with linguistic history in unjailing from the artificial intelligence empowered pancomputationalism approach of the heterogenous dictatorial semantic network, and the astronomical & cosmological research in information theory implies that noncomputable processes are the only defense strategy for the new technology-driven pancomputationalism developments.`
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Capello, Maria Angela, Cristina Robinson-Marras, Kankana Dubay, Harikrishnan Tulsidas, and Charlotte Griffiths. "Progressing the UN SDGs: Focusing on Women and Diversity in Resource Management Brings Benefits to All." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205898-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Gender equality in the energy sector is still a challenge for the timely attainment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 on empowering women. To enable solutions roadmaps, the UN Expert Group on Resource Management launched "Women in Resource Management" in April 2019. This paper summarizes the initiative's progress to date and how it maneuvered through the pandemic, delivering several quick wins benefitting women in oil and gas, geothermal, and mining. The initiative focuses on the energy sector (Oil & Gas, Renewables, Mining). As per the UNECE - Gender 2020 annual report, "The Women in Resource Management aims to determine achievable, global outreach goals to explore how resource management can help attain SDG 5, recognizing the importance to provide women and girls with, inter alia, equal access to education and decent work, and that their representation in economic decision-making processes will fuel sustainable economies and benefit societies". Work done till May 2021 includes:Review of a series of resource management projects to evaluate challenges and opportunities in enhancing performance from the perspective of gender.Selection of cases and country-specific study cases that exemplify how SDG 5 aims could be applied in resource management. The initiative deliverables and timeline for the future include:Dialogues on policy, aimed to boost gender participation in resource managementA network of women engaged in resource management projectsWebinars with global outreachIssue recommendations for the consideration and incrementing the participation of gender in resource management A comparison of critical elements considered diagnostic for women's empowerment such as female workforce percentages, participation of women in leadership and technical roles across several segments of resource management will be assessed per region with a global outlook. Other indicators valuable for the proposed assessment will be shared in this paper covering communication programmes and tools, empowerment and knowledge-sharing workshops, strategies and frameworks to increase active participation and awareness of women and men on the importance of gender equality for the sustainability of the energy sector. The initiative's roadmap was shared to collectively join efforts in an initiative that needs to compel the related organizations and stakeholders to generate step-changing actions to attain SDG 5 by 2030 and fully benefit from the impacts of diversity and inclusion in resource management, which benefit the sector. The participation of women in technical, organizational and leadership roles in resource management is imperative to ensure the sustainability of the energy sector in actionable paths. The roadmap and quick wins shared in this paper will inspire governmental, private, not-for-profit, multilateral, and other organizations dealing with the complex objective of incrementing the participation of women in resource management. The pursuit of gender equality strategies enables the success of SDG 5, especially if done with a collaborative effort that creates social and economic value at a global scale. Immediate objectives of the future activities of this initiative are to shape teams to address and advance research, communication of best practices and opportunities in mining (minerals and U/To resources), Oil and Gas, Renewables (including groundwater) and Public Sector and Talent Development.
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"Perspectives on Historically Marginalized Doctoral Students in the United States and South Africa." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of the International Journal of Doctoral Studies, Volume 14] Aim/Purpose: This work expands discussions on the application of cultural frameworks on research in doctoral education in the United States and South Africa. There is an emphasis on identifying and reinterpreting the doctoral process where racial and cultural aspects have been marginalized by way of legacies of exclusions in both contexts. An underlying premise of this work is to support representation of marginalized students within the context of higher education internationalization. Background: Decades of reporting provide evidence of statistical portraits on degree attainment. Yet, some large-scale reporting does not include representation of historically marginalized groups until the 1970’s in the United States, and the 2000’s for South Africa. With the growth of internationalization in higher education, examination of the impact of marginalization serves to support representation of diversity-focused discussions in the development of regional international education organizations, multilateral networks, and cross-collaborative teaching and research projects. Methodology: Qualitative research synthesis of literature focused on a dimensional framework of diversity provides a basis for this discussion paper regarding the potential of Sankofa as a cultural framework for examining the historically marginalized doctoral experience in the United States and South Africa. Contribution: A major contribution of this work offers critical questions on the use of cultural frameworks in doctoral education in the US and South Africa and broader dynamics of higher education internationalization. Findings: Sankofa reveals critical insight for reinterpretation of the doctoral process through comparison of perspectives on the historically marginalized doctoral experience in the United States and South Africa. They include consideration of the social developments leading to the current predicament of marginalization for students; awareness of the different reporting strategies of data; implementation of cultural frameworks to broaden the focus on how to understand student experiences; and, an understanding of the differences in student-faculty relationships. Recommendations for Practitioners: Recommendations for practitioners highlight the application of cultural frameworks in the development and implementation of practical strategies in the support of historically marginalized doctoral students. Recommendations for Researchers: Recommendations for researchers consider the application of cultural frameworks in the development of scholarship supporting historically marginalized doctoral students within a global context. Impact on Society: Intended outcomes for this work include increasing awareness about historically marginalized doctoral students. Recommendations are focused on improving their academic and career experiences in the United States and South Africa with global implications for this student population. Future Research: Future research should consider the application of cultural frameworks when examining the historically marginalized doctoral experience within global, national, and local contexts.
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Fitnawan, Eko Awan Yudha, Wibi Aulia Harsum, Agus Hasan, Muhammad Iffan Hannanu, Steven Leonardus Paulus, Surya Dharma, Boya Subhono, et al. "Towards Achieving Indonesia's Oil Production Target of 1 MMBOPD by 2030: An Outlook from IATMI Norway." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205753-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Indonesia has become a net-oil importer since 2004 as the growing internal demand exceeds Indonesia's oil production. As many fields go into mature phase and combined with other challenges, the national oil production in the last decade has been decreasing from 945 MBOPD to 745 MBOPD with a decline rate of 3-5% per year. Thus, the contribution of the oil and gas sector to the state revenues has also shown a downward trend from 21% in 2010 to only 9.2% in 2019. However, oil production is still strategically important for the national economy. It is important for economic value creation, power generation, transportation, and industries as most of the archipelago's infrastructures are still based on fossil energy. If no effort is made to increase production, the country will be fully dependent on crude oil imports, which poses a threat to national energy security. It is therefore in the nation's great interest to enhance oil production, minimizing the deficit gap between export and import. Several key strategies may be considered to achieve this ambitious target. These strategies can be categorized into the following: 1) People and high performing organization; 2) Exploration, as critical factor for future production; 3) Improved oil recovery (including enhanced oil recovery) technologies, to grow production from the maturing fields; 4) Fast track and simplified project to develop small field discoveries; 5) Strong collaboration between government, industry, academia, and professional associations; and 6)Cost conscious culture. The derivatives of the above-mentioned strategies are among others: standardized resource data management, open source & digitalized geoscience data library, reimbursement system for exploration costs, near field/infrastructure exploration, new play concept, cluster license collaboration, infill wells campaign, multilateral wells, waterflooding, gas injection, stimulation and hydraulic fracturing campaign, well interventions, EOR screening, perfect-well optimization, standardize subsea and/or topside production system, digitalization, and attractive fiscal and regulation that encourages not only the ‘big operator’ to participate in the petroleum sector. The foundation of these strategies should be the legal certainty and effective & proactive bureaucracy. Above all, it is also important to emphasize the common ground of having early HSE involvement as part of the solution. In this paper, the authors would like to contribute in sharing the knowledge, technology and perspectives to all petroleum industry professionals in Indonesia based on the authors exposure in the Norwegian petroleum activities. The paper will also review the strategies, short term and long-term opportunities that may inspire Indonesian petroleum authorities and industry in transforming the ambition into action to achieve the national production target of 1 MMBOPD and 12 BCFD gas by 2030.
Звіти організацій з теми "Multilateral aid organization"
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Soder, Kirsten. Multilateral Peace Operations: Personnel, 2009. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/anmf8652.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This SIPRI Fact Sheet presents data from the SIPRI Multilateral Peace Operations Database to illuminate some of the most significant developments in peace operations personnel in 2009 as well as trends over the decade since 2000. It includes statistical data on numbers and type of peacekeeping personnel, the organizations and countries mounting operations and deploying personnel.
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Pfeifer, Claudia. Women in Multilateral Peace Operations in 2022: What is the State of Play? Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/kijm3695.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the year 2000, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security stressed the importance of the full and equal participation of women in all efforts towards the maintenance and promotion of peace and security, including UN peace operations. Following the resolution, organizations and member states involved in multilateral peace operations affirmed their commitment to increase women’s participation in these activities. More than 20 years after the adoption of the resolution, some progress has been achieved in enhancing women’s representation in multilateral peace operations, but much remains to be done. This booklet provides data on aggregate personnel trends, annual snapshots of data on women’s representation in leadership, and annual averages of women personnel in peace operations and in member state contributions. It looks at UN peace operations, European Union Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions and operations, and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) field operations. The objective is to support the efforts of multilateral organizations and their member states to increase the representation of women in multilateral peace operations. The statistics presented in the booklet aim to inform and foster the debate on the future of the women and peace and security agenda within the context of multilateral peace operations. They illustrate to what extent the organizations deploying multilateral peace operations and their member states are making progress towards increasing women’s representation in multilateral peace operations. This overview also enhances the transparency of multilateral peace operations and provides insights into recent trends and developments.
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Soder, Kirsten. Multilateral Peace Operations: Europe, 2009. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/wkwc3096.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This SIPRI Fact Sheet presents data from the SIPRI Multilateral Peace Operations Database to illuminate some of the most significant developments in peace operations in Europe in 2009 as well as trends over the decade since 2000. It includes statistical data on numbers and type of peacekeeping personnel, the organizations and countries mounting operations and deploying personnel, along with maps of peace operations that were active during 2009.
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Soder, Kirsten. Multilateral Peace Operations: Asia, 2009. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/zsky7548.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This SIPRI Fact Sheet presents data from the SIPRI Multilateral Peace Operations Database to illuminate some of the most significant developments in peace operations in Asia in 2009 as well as trends over the decade since 2000. It includes statistical data on numbers and type of peacekeeping personnel, the organizations and countries mounting operations and deploying personnel, along with maps of peace operations that were active during 2009.
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Soder, Kirsten. Multilateral Peace Operations: Africa, 2009. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/vzqd8188.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This SIPRI Fact Sheet presents data from the SIPRI Multilateral Peace Operations Database to illuminate some of the most significant developments in peace operations in Africa in 2009 as well as trends over the decade since 2000. It includes statistical data on numbers and type of peacekeeping personnel, the organizations and countries mounting operations and deploying personnel, along with maps of peace operations that were active during 2009.
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Smit, Timo, Sofia Sacks Ferrari, and Jaïr van der Lijn. Trends in Multilateral Peace Operations, 2019. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ixjs4170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite evidence of their positive impacts, United Nations peacekeeping operations continue to face budget cuts, cynicism in the political arena and concern over personnel physical safety. This context underpins the global and regional trends in multilateral peace operations in 2019. This SIPRI Fact Sheet gives a snapshot of multilateral peace operations in 2019, with statistics on personnel, country contributions and fatalities for operations conducted by the UN, regional organizations or alliances, and ad hoc coalitions of states. Global and regional trends in 2019 follow developments from recent years, including the downward trends associated with the reductions and closures of many UN peace operations since 2015. Sub-Saharan Africa continues to host the majority of operations and personnel, although these numbers have decreased, while the Middle East and North Africa is drawing attention for increasing numbers of operations and personnel. Hostile death rates for 2019 are largely attributed to the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, the deadliest operation since its establishment in 2013, with all other operations demonstrating relatively low numbers of fatalities.
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Findlay, Trevor. The Role of International Organizations in WMD Compliance and Enforcement: Autonomy, Agency, and Influence. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/20/wmdce9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Major multilateral arms control and disarmament treaties dealing with weapons of mass destruction (WMD) often have mandated an international organization to monitor and verify State party compliance and to handle cases of non-compliance. There are marked differences in the mandates and technical capabilities of these bodies. Nonetheless, they often face the same operational and existential challenges. This report looks at the role of multilateral verification bodies, especially their secretariats, in dealing with compliance and enforcement, the extent to which they achieve “agency” and “influence” in doing so, and whether and how such capacities might be enhanced. In WMD organizations it is the governing bodies that make decisions about noncompliance and enforcement. The role of their secretariats is to manage the monitoring and verification systems, analyse the resulting data – and data from other permitted sources – and alert their governing bodies to suspicions of non-compliance. Secretariats are expected to be impartial, technically oriented and professional. It is when a serious allegation of non-compliance arises that their role becomes most sensitive politically and most vital. The credibility of Secretariats in these instances will depend on the agency and influence that they have accumulated. There are numerous ways in which an international secretariat can position itself for maximum agency and influence, essentially by making itself indispensable to member States and the broader international community. It can achieve this by engaging with multiple stakeholders, aiming for excellence in its human and technical resources, providing timely and sustainable implementation assistance, ensuring an appropriate organizational culture and, perhaps most of all, understanding that knowledge is power. The challenge for supporters of international verification organizations is to enhance those elements that give them agency and influence and minimize those that lead to inefficiencies, dysfunction and, most damaging of all, political interference in verification and compliance judgements.
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ЛИЗИКОВА, М. С. ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В ОБЛАСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПАНДЕМИИ: ПРАВОВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ. DOI CODE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/0601-8976-2020-14414.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the article poses the problem of ensuring safety in the field of the use of atomic energy in the conditions of pandemia. Based on an analysis of measures taken by national regulatory organizations to ensure the safe operation of nuclear power plants during this period, as well as the activities of the IAEA and other international organizations to provide assistance to nuclear power plant operators and exchange experience on mitigating the impact of a pandemic on the nuclear industry and minimizing its consequences, it concluded on the necessity of comprehensive study of the problem posed, the lessons learned from the pandemic for nuclear energy, and multilateral cooperation to contain the pandemic and mitigate its consequences.
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Rodrigues Bastos, Fabiano, Diego Gutiérrez, and Virginia Queijo Von Heideken. No Time for Later: Rebuilding Macro Buffers in the Southern Cone amid a Revamped Global Financial Landscape. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004571.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global financial shocks under a revamped global financial landscape can produce unexpected, multi-faceted, and disruptive implications for emerging market economies. Using the VIX index as a proxy for global financial stress, we argue that Southern Cone macro conditions can undergo significant pressure under adverse global financial shocks. The region needs to start rebuilding macro buffers now -in addition to simultaneously correcting macro imbalances and enhancing policy frameworks- to cope with the emerging global financial environment. International organizations, including multilateral development banks, can play several key roles in supporting the rebuilding of macro buffers.
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Kelly, Luke. Characteristics of Global Health Diplomacy. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.09.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This rapid review focuses on Global Health Diplomacy and defines it as a method of interaction between the different stakeholders of the public health sector in a bid to promote representation, cooperation, promotion of the right to health and improvement of health systems for vulnerable populations on a global scale. It is the link between health and international relations. GHD has various actors including states, intergovernmental organizations, private companies, public-private partnerships and non-governmental organizations. Foreign policies can be integrated into national health in various ways i.e., designing institutions to govern practices regarding health diplomacy (i.e., health and foreign affairs ministries), creating and promoting norms and ideas that support foreign policy integration and promoting policies that deal with specific issues affecting the different actors in the GHD arena to encourage states to integrate them into their national health strategies. GHD is classified into core diplomacy – where there are bilateral and multilateral negotiations which may lead to binding agreements, multistakeholder diplomacy – where there are multilateral and bilateral negotiations which do not lead to binding agreements and informal diplomacy – which are interactions between other actors in the public health sector i.e., NGOs and Intergovernmental Organizations. The US National Security Strategy of 2010 highlighted the matters to be considered while drafting a health strategy as: the prevalence of the disease, the potential of the state to treat the disease and the value of affected areas. The UK Government Strategy found the drivers of health strategies to be self-interest (protecting security and economic interests of the state), enhancing the UK’s reputation, and focusing on global health to help others. The report views health diplomacy as a field which requires expertise from different disciplines, especially in the field of foreign policy and public health. The lack of diplomatic expertise and health expertise have been cited as barriers to integrating health into foreign policies. States and other actors should collaborate to promote the right to health globally.