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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Motorcycles"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 1 серпня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Motorcycles"

Siu, Wing Hin Stanford, Wei-Sheng Peng, Wei-Min Chen, and Lai-Chu See. "The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on motorcycle crashes in Taiwan." Medicine 103, no. 16 (April 19, 2024): e37901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000037901.

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Taiwan is one of the countries with the highest motorcycle per capita globally, and motorcycle crashes are predominant among traffic crashes. This study examines the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 restrictions on motorcycle crashes. We analyzed the trend of motorcycle crashes in Taipei City from 2019 to 2020 using the dataset provided by the Department of Transportation, Taipei City Government, Taiwan. We found 47,108 and 51,441 motorcycle crashes in 2019 and 2020, involving 61,141 and 67,093 motorcycles, respectively. Mopeds had the highest risk in 2020, followed by heavy motorcycles [≥550 cubic capacity (cc)] and scooters compared to 2019. Food delivery motorcycle crashes increased for scooters (0.93% in 2019 to 3.45% in 2020, P < .0001) and heavy motorcycles (250 < cc < 550) (0.90% in 2019 to 3.38% in 2020, P < .0001). While fatalities remained under 1%, 30% to 51% of motorcyclists sustained injuries. Food delivery with scooters or heavy motorcycles (250 < cc < 550) was significantly associated with motorcyclist injuries and deaths. Compared with 2019, the adjusted odds ratios of motorcyclist injuries and deaths in 2020 were 1.43 (95% confidence interval = 1.05–1.94) for heavy motorcycles (≥550 cc) and 1.07 (95% confidence interval = 1.04–1.09) for scooters. This study shows that coronavirus disease 2019 restrictions was associated with elevated risks of crashes, injuries, and deaths among motorcyclists, reflecting the general preference for private transport over public transport. The popularity of food delivery services also contributed to increased motorcycle crashes.

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Mohd Zulkiffli, Nora Sheda, Jen Sim Ho, Rizati Hamidun, Azzuhana Roslan, Mohd Shafie Nemmang, Nor Aznirahani Mhd Yunin, Syed Tajul Malik Syed Tajul Arif, and Nur Zarifah Harun. "Motorcyclists’ Stopping Position at 4-Legged Signalised Intersections." CONSTRUCTION 3, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/construction.v3i2.9595.

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Malaysia was ranked seventh in the world for having the highest percentage of motorcycle fatalities. The majority of motorcycle fatalities occurred at intersections as a result of other motor vehicles failing to notice them. However, little is known about the behaviour of motorcyclists when they come to a stop at an intersection. This study was designed to examine the position of motorcycles during the red phase at 4-legged signalised intersections. Data from 4,133 motorcycles were collected at four locations in peninsular Malaysia throughout peak and off-peak hours. Motorcycles stopped at signalised intersections by stopping behind the stop line, at/in front of the stop line, at the yellow box, at the pedestrian crossing and at the island marking were collected through video recording. Therefore, to facilitate the analysis, motorcycle positions were classified as either stopping behind the stop line or stopping forward. As per findings, more than 63 percent of motorcyclist’s queue in front of the stop line and move forward during peak and off-peak hours to gain a clear view, which increases the likelihood of a motorcycle departing within a very short time during the initial period of the green signal. To improve the performance of signalised intersections, some traffic engineering approaches can be used, such as the provision of a dedicated area, known as a motorcycle red box, which separates motorcycles from other types of vehicles at traffic lights. Positioning motorcycles ahead of other drivers reduces the risk of motorcycles appearing out of nowhere when traffic begins. This segregation is expected to improve motorcyclist visibility and safety, as well as provide a buffer for pedestrian crossings at signalised intersections, providing better protection for vulnerable road users.

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Ciępka, Piotr, Wojciech Wach, and Jakub Zębala. "Deceleration of Engine-Braked Motorcycles." Machines 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2023): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11080812.

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One of the key parameters in the analysis of some motorcycle accident dynamics is the motorcycle’s deceleration during engine braking without applying the brakes. Since this issue lies far beyond what is usually of most interest—the critical states of movement—it is only sporadically addressed in the literature; however, these rare cases can be of fundamental importance. In our research, the results of engine-braking deceleration are presented for 26 motorcycles that were in gear with the throttle back. The tests were carried out at an initial speed of 140 km/h (if this was not possible, then from the maximum speed for a given gear) to the speed at which the motorcycle reached a constant speed or when engine operation became unstable. For all motorcycles and all gears, deceleration vs. speed and speed vs. time were plotted. Regression lines were determined, and their equations are provided, along with ±σ and ±2σ limit lines. Engine-braking deceleration was shown to be inversely proportional to both motorcycle speed (higher speed—lower deceleration) and gear number (higher gear—lower deceleration). Moreover, engine-braking deceleration at the top gear of the various motorcycles tested (i.e., 5th or 6th) was found to be close to each other. The data provided are of crucial importance from the motorcycle longitudinal dynamics and vehicle accident analysis standpoints.

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Triyono and Sutrisno Himawan Hadi. "Repair of The Bracket and Clutch Mechanism On Centrifugal Pump For Firefighter Motorcycle." MATEC Web of Conferences 218 (2018): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821804009.

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An addition of centrifugal pump on the engine of automatic motorcycles is expected to become one of the solutions for fire incidents in densely populated areas in big cities. Many cases of fire-related incidents have not been handled properly due to limitations of access for fire engines such as narrow alleys. The effectiveness of the centrifugal pump for firefighter motorcycles is determined by the optimum function of the pump performance according to the desired specification. The repair of the brackets and the clutch mechanism for the pump in the engine of automatic motorcycles may assist to the full effectiveness of the pump. The repair is based on the stability of the number of cycle on the centrifugal pump during the cycle of the motorcycle engine without any load. There is no disruption to the motorcycle cruise control or an increase of load due to the addition of centrifugal pump in the motorcycle’s engine. By using the magnetic clutch which uses the electrical energy in the connection and disconnection of the joint, this model will be useful since it does not disrupt the motorcycle cruise performance and does not add an extra load to the motorcycle torso.

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Singh, Siddhartha, Padmini Mishra, Siddhartha Ojha, Mohd Shoaib, Shivendra Kumar, and Vivek Kumar Yadav. "Helmet and License Plate Detection." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 3184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52320.

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Abstract: Traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of death today. Motorcycle accidents lead to serious injuries. A helmet is important for every motorcyclist. However, many do not adhere to helmet laws. This is the software CNN uses to find motorcyclists without helmets. The structure consists of motorcycle detection, helmetless classification, and motorcycle licence plate recognition. The motorcycle is scanned with the feature vector HOG. Once the motorcycle is recognised by CNN, do motorcyclists wear helmets? Motorcycle licence plate if it is determined that the motorcyclist is not wearing a helmet. Motorcycles are recognised by Tesseract OCR.

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Shabestari, Zahra Badamchi, Ali Hosseininaveh, and Fabio Remondino. "Motorcycle Detection and Collision Warning Using Monocular Images from a Vehicle." Remote Sensing 15, no. 23 (November 28, 2023): 5548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15235548.

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Motorcycle detection and collision warning are essential features in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to ensure road safety, especially in emergency situations. However, detecting motorcycles from videos captured from a car is challenging due to the varying shapes and appearances of motorcycles. In this paper, we propose an integrated and innovative remote sensing and artificial intelligence (AI) methodology for motorcycle detection and distance estimation based on visual data from a single camera installed in the back of a vehicle. Firstly, MD-TinyYOLOv4 is used for detecting motorcycles, refining the neural network through SPP (spatial pyramid pooling) feature extraction, Mish activation function, data augmentation techniques, and optimized anchor boxes for training. The proposed algorithm outperforms eight existing YOLO versions, achieving a precision of 81% at a speed of 240 fps. Secondly, a refined disparity map of each motorcycle’s bounding box is estimated by training a Monodepth2 with a bilateral filter for distance estimation. The proposed fusion model (motorcycle’s detection and distance from vehicle) is evaluated with depth stereo camera measurements, and the results show that 89% of warning scenes are correctly detected, with an alarm notification time of 0.022 s for each image. Outcomes indicate that the proposed integrated methodology provides an effective solution for ADAS, with promising results for real-world applications, and can be suitable for running on mobility services or embedded computing boards instead of the super expensive and powerful systems used in some high-tech unmanned vehicles.

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Tuyen, Pham Huu, Pham Minh Tuan, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, and Preechar Karin. "UPDATING EMISSION FACTORS FOR IN-USE MOTORCYCLES FUELED BY GASOLINE, E5 AND E10 IN VIETNAM." ASEAN Engineering Journal 11, no. 3 (April 21, 2021): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v11.17055.

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Motorcycle is the most popular transportation means in Vietnam due to its low cost and flexibility. However, motorcycles emit substantial quantities of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and some amount of particulate matter. Emission factors for in-use motorcycles in Vietnam were studied and established quite a long time ago. The objective of this study is to update the emission factors, not only gaseous emissions but also particle number, for in-use motorcycles in Vietnam. Ten carbureted and electronic fuel injected motorcycles representative for in-use motorcycles were selected for investigation. Each motorcycle was fueled by conventional gasoline, E5 and E10 in turn, and was tested on a chassis dynamometer according to ECE R40 driving cycle. The gaseous emissions were sampled and determined by standard methods, while the particle number in exhaust gas was sampled by using the sampling system developed by Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engine, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam. The updated emission factors were then provided for carbureted motorcycles, EFI motorcycles and average motorcycle fleet in case of gasoline, E5 and E10 fueling.

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Chen, Han Shen. "Applying Technology Acceptance Model to Explore the Adoption of Hydrogen-Electric Motorcycle in Taiwan." Applied Mechanics and Materials 459 (October 2013): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.459.494.

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With the highest concentration of motorcycles in Asia, Taiwan was caused a major traffic congestion and air pollution. To effectively reduce these environmental burdens, Electric Motorcycle Industry Development and Promotion Plan was passed by Taiwanese government. With this plan, people was encouraged to invest in mass production of electric motorcycles. This paper uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to explore consumers behavioral intentions and their influencing factors regarding using hydrogen-electric motorcycles. This is a first in hydrogen battery research, and also one of this papers contributions. Results show that consumers' innovativeness towards hydrogen-electric motorcycles does not significantly affect behavioural intentions. To increase customers' behavioural intentions towards hydrogen-electric motorcycles, the customers' innovativeness towards hydrogen-electric motorcycles should be strengthened by motorcycle manufacturers, and perceived risk should be decreased. Then, to improve customers behavioural intentions towards hydrogen-electric motorcycles in the end.

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Kale, Tushar. "Helmet Detection and Number Plate Recognition." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 4036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52559.

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Abstract: Developing countries have always relied on motorcycles as their primary mode of transportation, but unfortunately, the number of motorcycle accidents has been on the rise in recent years. One of the leading causes of fatalities in these accidents is the lack of helmet usage by motorcyclists. To ensure that motorcyclists wear helmets, traditional methods include manual monitoring by traffic police at intersections or the use of CCTV footage to identify those not wearing a helmet. However, these methods require significant human effort and intervention. This system proposes an automated approach to identify nonhelmeted motorcyclists and retrieve their license plate information from CCTV footage. The system first differentiates moving objects as motorcycles or non-motorcycles. For classified motorcyclists, the system identifies whether they are wearing helmets or not. If the motorcyclist is not wearing a helmet, the system extracts the license plate number using an OCR algorithm.

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Waluyo, Tanto Adi, Muhammad Zudhy Irawan, and Dewanti. "Adopting Electric Motorcycles for Ride-Hailing Services: Influential Factors from Driver’s Perspective." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 11891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911891.

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Recently, the Indonesian government has been increasingly encouraging the population to utilize electric vehicles. In the public transportation sector, including ride-hailing services, the use of electric vehicles, especially motorcycles, is promoted. This study aims to explore the willingness to adopt electric motorcycles among ride-hailing drivers by specifying the preference for buying or renting in adopting electric motorcycles. Using a stated preference method, an interview survey was conducted on 416 ride-hailing drivers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Nine variables were tested to understand the determinants of electric motorcycle adoption, including purchase or rental costs, cost for motorcycle title transfer, fuel price, maximum coverage distance, maximum speed, the distance between battery exchange stations, annual tax, and credit payment. By using the ordered logit model, the results revealed two variables affecting the purchase of electric motorcycles: purchase price and maximum coverage distance. Meanwhile, four variables significantly influenced the determination of electric motorcycle rental: coverage distance, fuel price, rental fees, and the distance between battery exchange stations. Sociodemographic variables also significantly affect the decision to rent but not purchase electric motorcycles. Meanwhile, full-time drivers and students who work part-time as drivers are more likely to rent electric motorcycles. This study also found that renting electric motorcycles had a better likelihood of adoption than owning them. Finally, several policies were proposed to boost the adoption of electric motorcycles among ride-hailing drivers, including subsidy provisions, technology improvement, and priority provisions for drivers who use electric motorcycles.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Motorcycles"

Holz, Raquel da Fonseca. "Realidade da motocicleta no ambiente urbano com foco no Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/108507.

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Анотація:

A tese apresenta um panorama global e atual da inserção da motocicleta em países representativos dos sete continentes, com ênfase no Brasil. Para isso, foram feitas análises sobre quatro elementos da realidade da motocicleta no mundo: (i) a propriedade, analisada através dos dados das frotas mundiais; (ii) os diferentes usos das motocicletas; (iii) os acidentes com motociclistas, através de uma reflexão sobre dados de acidentalidade, suas consequências para a sociedade e possíveis intervenções; (iv) as práticas de operação das motocicletas empregadas em algumas cidades do mundo. Após, foi proposto o desenvolvimento de procedimentos padronizados para a coleta de dados na identificação do corredor virtual e a criação de um método para análise desses corredores, quanto as suas diversas características. O método proposto incorpora análises quantitativas e qualitativas da operação da motocicleta em corredor virtual. Foram escolhidos como parâmetros para a criação do método alguns elementos físicos para caracterizar o corredor virtual, como velocidades praticadas pelas motocicletas ao estarem operando no corredor, acelerações, desacelerações e larguras do corredor virtual. Foi realizada, também, uma análise observacional do comportamento de cada motocicleta pesquisada, com ênfase nas particularidades dos movimentos. A aplicação do método envolveu a análise de dados coletados na cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Na aplicação do método, os resultados mostram que a velocidade média adquirida pela motocicleta não depende somente da variável largura do corredor virtual. Também identificam as larguras mínimas e máximas usadas pelos motociclistas nos corredores virtuais, nos ambientes estudados. O estudo de caso mostrou que a aplicação do método proposto é simples, sendo possível a sua transferência a outras realidades brasileiras.
This thesis presents a global and current overview of the insertion of motorcycle in representative countries of the seven continents, with an emphasis on Brazil. For that, four elements about reality’s motorcycle in the world were analyzed: (i) ownership, analyzed through the data of world fleet; (ii) the different uses of motorcycles; (iii) accidents involving motorcyclists, its consequences for society and interventions possible; (iv) operation practices currently in place in some cities of the world. Beyond that, it was development standardized procedures to collection data that identified the lane sharing and was created a method to analyzing these lanes, about its some characteristics. The method analyzed quantitative and qualitative data around the motorcycle’s operation on a lane sharing, and the parameters used were some physical elements to characterize the lane sharing, as speeds practiced by the motorcycles in operation in the corridor, accelerations, decelerations and widths of the lane sharing. Was also performed an observational analysis on the behavior of each motorcycle researched, with emphasis in a particularities of the movements. The model was applied based on data collect in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. The results showed that the average speed acquired by motorcycle not depends only on the width of the lane sharing. Also identified the minimum and maximum widths used by motorcyclists in lane sharing in the study’s place. The case showed that the application of the proposed method is simple, and may be transferred to other Brazilian’s realities.

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Storozheva, Yulia, and Stephen Young. "Building brand equity at Huskvarna Motorcycles." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9533.

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Анотація:

Purpose

The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the current challenges facedby Husqvarna Motorcycles in their brand building process, and todescribe ways in which applying the brand equity principles will enablean increase of the value of their brand.

Background

In the complex world of organizations and companies where thecompetitive position plays an important role in successful achievementsof the company, managers seek after building a sustainablecompetitive advantage. Building brand equity is an important focusfor a large company' improvement, since it raises interest of existingand new customers. The process of building brand equity takestime but through this process a company will have a stronger marketposition which creates brand value.

Method

In order to answer the purpose, the qualitative method with implementation of semi-structured interviews for collecting data wasused. The data was interpreted and then structured and analyzedusing theoretical framework.

Conclusions

During the research performed it was found out that the managersare facing several challenges in respect to building brand equity.Therefore, five components of building brand equity were implementedto draw the conclusions of how the managers could strengthentheir brand.

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Sharma, Amrit. "Stability Analysis of Bicycles & Motorcycles." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516175.

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Bello, Ceferino Cristhian Yesid. "Eco-driving strategy for electric motorcycles." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPAST072.

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Les stratégies d’éco-conduite sont des approches dédiées matérialisées par des algorithmes capables d'utiliser des informations internes et externes liées à l’environnement du véhicule afin de créer des recommandations et/ou des limitations au conducteur et de générer automatiquement un profil d’usage pour le cas d’un véhicule autonome. Elles permettent notamment de réduire la consommation d'énergie et limiter les émissions de polluants, mais souvent n’intègrent pas directement l'autonomie et les performances requises par le conducteur en temps réel. Ces travaux de thèse visent à développer une stratégie d'éco-conduite adaptée aux motos électriques en intégrant les contraintes d’usage. En effet, la stratégie proposée utilise un contrôleur optimal basé sur une approche d’optimisation en temps réel. Cette dernière est orientée pour garantir que l'énergie disponible soit suffisante pour effectuer le trajet demandé, en adaptant le profil de vitesse suivant les conditions d’usage et les contraintes énergétiques. Pour ce faire, cette stratégie a mobilisé différents modèles considérant des contraintes multi-physiques (électriques, mécaniques, thermiques, ...etc.) des principaux éléments constituant la chaine de conversion : machine électrique, convertisseurs d’électronique de puissance et batterie, afin de tenir compte le comportement énergétique global. La stratégie proposée s’appuie sur un modèle non linéaire prédictif de commande (NMPC) associé à une optimisation unidimensionnelle non linéaire avec une fonction coût évolutive. Cette fonction intègre d’une manière progressive, au même niveau, plusieurs critères qui ont été départagés par une étude de sensibilité des coefficients de pondération, en tenant compte du temps de compilation pour satisfaire les besoins du temps réel. Ces travaux ont été validés en simulation et expérimentation sur un banc de test développé à échelle réduite. Cette validation a montré que la stratégie permet d'augmenter de 20% l'autonomie avec une limitation maximale de 30% de la vitesse et l’accélération pour les cas d’usage les plus contraignants (conduites dynamiques). En outre, la stratégie est capable de garantir la fin du trajet à 98% avec une erreur de distance inférieure à 1,5%, en présence de bruits de capteurs et d'actionneur
The eco-driving strategies are dedicated approaches based on algorithms capable to use external and internal vehicle data to create recommendations and/or limitations over the driver or to generate automatically a complete reference to be followed in the case of autonomous vehicle. They let to reduce the energy consummation and to limit the pollution emissions, but currently, their usage is not directly related to the autonomy and the performance required by the driver in real time. In this context, this thesis work proposes an Eco-Driving strategy suitable for electric motorcycle with usage limitations. In fact, this strategy uses an optimal controller able to make an online optimization process. This controller is oriented to ensure that the energy available is enough to complete a demanded trip and to adapt the speed profile according to the usage requirements and the energetic constraints. The developed strategy integrates dynamic models carrying out an optimization under multi-physic constraints (electric, mechanic, thermal …etc) present in the main elements of the power chain: electric machine, power electronics converters and battery. Those models let to make a global energy behavior representation. The NMPC optimization technic (non-linear model predictive controller) is supported on a non-linear mechanical model joined to a weight unidimensional non-linear optimization. This means that the NMPC cost function weights can evolve in function of energy behavior and external constraints. This multi-objective cost function integrates (in a progressive way) different behaviors that related to the energy consumption classified by a weighting sensitivity study. This process lets to find a good balance between the optimization goal and the compilation time to satisfy real-time needs. The developed approach has been validated in simulation and in experimental with a reduced scale developed test bench. The validation shows that the algorithm is able to increase around 20% the autonomy with a maximum limit of 30% of the speed and acceleration for the strict usage cases (dynamic driving). In addition, the algorithm is capable to ensure completing the travel in the 98% of cases with a distance error lower than 1.5% in the presence of sensors and actuator noises
Las estrategias de conducción ecológica son enfoques basados en algoritmos capacesde utilizar los datos del vehículo para crear recomendaciones sobre el conductor o generar una referencia completa a seguir en el caso de un vehículo autónomo. Estos, permiten reducir el consumo de energía pero actualmente su uso no está directamente relacionado con la autonomía y el rendimiento requerido por el conductor en tiempo real. En este contexto, este trabajo de tesis propone una estrategia de conducción ecológica adecuada para motocicletas eléctricas. De hecho, esta estrategia utiliza un controlador óptimo capaz de realizar un proceso de optimización online. Este controlador está orientado a garantizar que la energía disponible sea suficiente para completar un viaje demandado. Para cumplir esa meta, el control optimo adapta el perfil de velocidad de acuerdo con los requisitos de uso y las limitaciones energéticas. El enfoque desarrollado ha sido validado con un banco de pruebas desarrollado a escala reducida. La validación muestra que el algoritmo puede aumentar un 20 % la autonomía con una límitacion máxima del 30 % de la velocidad y aceleración para los casos de uso estricto. Además, el algoritmo es capaz de asegurar la capacidad para completar el recorrido en el 98 % de los casos con un error de distancia inferior al 1,5 %

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Gouws, Aldo. "An investigation into the promotional activities employed by the motorcycle businesses in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan area." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/250.

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Анотація:

The motorcycle industry is well established in South Africa, but has not nearly reached its full potential. This study investigates how this situation can be improved by enhancing the promotions of motorcycles in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM) area under investigation. Motorcycle businesses in this area currently compete with a disadvantage in the transportation market. Motor vehicles are assembled in this area whereas motorcycles are not, and this creates various work opportunities and brand loyalty for the motor industry. The Government also offers import rebates to motor vehicle exports. The cost, prejudicial attitudes and road safety of motorcycles contribute toward the difficulties faced by the motorcycle industry, which prevent the growth of this market. This market usually requires potential customers to have a passion for motorcycles to turn them into actual customers. To overcome these difficulties an investigation was conducted to determine which promotional activities the motorcycle businesses in the NMMM area employ. This study identifies the motorcycle businesses’ promotional shortcomings and makes suggestions for improvement. Promotional activities are vital since motorcycles are at a disadvantage when compared to motor vehicles in the NMMM area. One of the best ways the motorcycle businesses can successfully compete in the transportation market is to make use of promotions to make potential customers aware and enhance their support of the motorcycle businesses. For this reason the promotional variables (advertising, direct marketing, personal selling, sales promotions and public relations) should be exploited to its fullest to enhance potential customers’ support of motorcycles. This process can also create brand loyalty and equity, which will retain customers over the long term. Communication with a market is essential to achieve this and to inform and remind potential customers about the products available.

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Scoville, Carrie Tokarczyk. "Women and motorcycles: feminism, propaganda and pornography." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1334241223.

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Gaskill, Adam. "The influence of consumption values on motorcycle brand choice this thesis is submitted to the Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Business, 2004." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004.

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Stjärnqvist, Anna. "THE MYSTERIOUS MC-CLUBS: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE, SYMBOLS, BROTHERHOOD, AND CRIMINAL INVOLVEMENT AMONG LEGAL AND ILLEGAL MC-CLUBS." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26821.

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Mc-clubs are marked as mysterious with dangerous motorcycles and deviant. Research has noticed both the illegal and legal clubs, but few have performed a comparison. The paper describes the similarities, differences, and the characteristics among legal and illegal mc-clubs. The comparison is done by looking at the structure, symbols, brotherhood, and criminal involvement. The depiction of the clubs is done by the help of Edwin M. Lemert’s terms primary and secondary deviance and Lewis Yablonsky’s definition of the social, delinquent, and violent gang. A content analysis based on 28 previous and current articles has been used to find the specific themes the clubs have in common and what characterizes and separates them. The clubs were shown to have similar structure, symbols and brotherhood, the difference lying in the intensity of the three components. The major difference is the criminal involvement. The illegal clubs reject the conventional society where the deviance is a form of identity, sharing it with like-minded in a violent setting. The legal clubs, however, conform and simultaneously deviate and have their own community with values and beliefs. Implications and future research is discussed.

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Shaeri, Arash. "Theoretical analysis of forced nonlinear oscillations in motorcycles." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412451.

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Cronin, Kevin. "An investigation into mechanical antilock brakes for motorcycles." Thesis, Brunel University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333479.

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Книги з теми "Motorcycles"

Savage, Jeff. Motorcycles. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2006.

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Savage, Jeff. Motorcycles. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

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Kahaner, Ellen. Motorcycles. Mankato, Minn., USA: Capstone Press, 1991.

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Flint, Russ. Motorcycles. Nashville, Tenn: Ideals Children's Books, 1989.

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Paul, Mason. Motorcycles. London: Franklin Watts, 2009.

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Young, Jesse. Sidecar motorcycles. Minneapolis: Capstone Press, 1995.

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Hatfield, Jerry H. American racing motorcycles. Osceola, Wis., USA: Motorbooks International, 1989.

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Woods, Bob. World's hottest motorcycles. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2008.

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Hofer, Charles. Motorcycles. New York: PowerKids Press, 2008.

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Paul, Mason. Motorcycles. Mankato, Minn: Smart Apple Media, 2011.

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Частини книг з теми "Motorcycles"

Giakoumis, Evangelos G. "Motorcycles." In Driving and Engine Cycles, 167–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49034-2_3.

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Livesey, Andrew. "Electric motorcycles." In Motorcycle Engineering, 133–42. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367816858-8.

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Livesey, Andrew. "Materials for motorcycles." In Motorcycle Engineering, 111–22. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367816858-6.

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Moraes Sarmento, Gonçalo, and Ana Luísa Neto. "Motorsports by Motorcycles." In Injury and Health Risk Management in Sports, 593–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60752-7_90.

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Livesey, Andrew. "Brief history of motorcycles." In Motorcycle Engineering, 331–50. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367816858-20.

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Zhang, Yizhai, Jingang Yi, and Dezhen Song. "Autonomous Control of Riderless Motorcycles." In Modelling, Simulation and Control of Two-Wheeled Vehicles, 293–318. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118536391.ch12.

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Łuczak, Sergiusz. "Tilt Measurements in BMW Motorcycles." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 287–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46490-9_39.

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Ball, Roger, Xiaoyu Chen, Wei Wang, and Heidi Overhill. "Merging Motorcycle and Smart Phone Controls for Ride-share Electric Motorcycles." In [ ] With Design: Reinventing Design Modes, 1474–82. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4472-7_96.

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Gupta, Nischal, Ch Ravi Sekhar, and A. U. Ravi Shankar. "Speed and Headway Behaviour of Motorcycles on an Exclusive Motorcycle Lane." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 61–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8259-9_4.

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Schröter, Kai, Raphael Pleß, and Patrick Seiniger. "Vehicle Dynamics Control Systems for Motorcycles." In Handbook of Driver Assistance Systems, 969–1006. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12352-3_42.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Motorcycles"

SAKAMOTO, Moriyuki, Sadao KUBO, Tetsuya KUBOTA, Tadashi INUKAI, and Eiichi YAGI. "Optimal Motorcycle Configuration with Performance Limitations." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-32-0123.

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<div class="htmlview paragraph">Motorcycle configurations, such as CG (center of gravity) location, have come to be fixed to the current ones by trial and error since motorcycle was born. Generally motorcycles' ratio of CG height to wheelbase is relatively higher than four-wheel cars'. We have analyzed the optimal motorcycle CG location with relatively simple formulas, which we have derived to calculate the maximum acceleration with three performance limitations and calculate the maximum speed and the shortest time to run through a course. The results show that the calculated speed is significantly close to actual sport motorcycle's and that the optimal CG locations for various courses are bounded in a certain limited area which is near actual sport motorcycle's.</div>

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Salman, Muhammad. "Motorcycle No Fall Over Kickstand." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11032.

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Abstract Motorcycles have been a mode of transportation since 1894, when the first batch of motorcycles were manufactured for consumer use by Hildebrand & Wolfmüller. Motorcycles provide a fast and cost effective, specifically fuel economy, way to commute. They are also used in recreational settings such as motocross and performance racing activities. Over the years, there have been many different design generations for the various manufactures and custom shops. The customer demand for motorcycles is always increasing as well. However, the biggest drawback to someone owning and operating a motorcycle has always been safety concerns. One of these safety concerns is the motorcycle falling over and being damaged while being parked. Fall overs occur for a multitude number of reasons, the most common occurrences due to being parked on an uneven level or someone pushing the motorcycle over. Current safety devices to prevent this from occurring are crash bars and center stands. However, these devices are either not applicable to all motorcycle makes and models or do not appeal to the motorcycles look per the owner’s discretion. A “no fall over” automated mechanical kickstand would solve both of these problems and, at the same time, prevent fall over accidents.

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Geieregger, M., A. Mair, B. Pollak, and Andreas Bilek. "Double Clutch Transmission for Motorcycles." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-32-0006.

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<div class="htmlview paragraph">Until now automatic or automated transmissions are not common in motorcycles whereas in passenger cars a clear trend towards various types of automatic shifting transmissions could be observed during the recent years. For 2-wheelers CVT drives are well known for 50 cc scooters and in the scooter class a trend towards CVTs for bigger displacement vehicles is obvious. Evidence for this is the introduction of scooters with a displacement up to 800 cc which use CVT drives. Reflecting the overall CO<sub>2</sub> targets and their impact on individual transportation and the demand for sportiveness in the area of motorcycles dual clutch transmissions (DCT) are certainly a valid alternative.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Meanwhile automated manual transmissions (AMT, clutch actuation and gear shifting by actuators) are available in series production. Other than in the most passenger car applications the shifts are initiated by the rider. As in the car area a full “by-wire” interface is utilized.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">From its driving performance a double clutch transmission (DCT) would fit very well into motorcycle applications. Compared to an automated manual transmission (AMT) a double clutch transmission does not have any interruption of the tractive force during the shifting and a DCT features instantaneous acceleration and the feeling of a “direct” connection of the engine with the rear wheel which is highly appreciated by motorcycle riders. Using a DCT for the motorcycle application it has to be guaranteed that the driver has the same or even better control abilities compared to the manual transmission (MT). To fulfill the driver's demand of direct response and control of gear shift and clutch operation the motorcycle DCT needs to have driver controlled overrule functionalities of the automation system.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Although there are several reasons which make it worth using a DCT for motorcycles there is currently no DCT for motorcycles in production. An investigation to apply passenger car DCT technology to motorcycles is the focus of this paper. The main objective is the study of the installation space requirements and the packaging of the double clutch into a motorcycle. Special attention is paid to find an arrangement which ensures that there is no negative effect on the riding performance (e.g. no reduction of the achievable lean angle) but also on the visual appearance of the motorcycle.</div>

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Diaz Lankenau, Guillermo F., Lea Daigle, Samuel H. Ihns, Eric Koch, Jana Saadi, Patrick Tornes, Jessica M. Wu, and Amos G. Winter. "Design of a Human-Powered Roll Stabilization Attachment for Utilitarian Two-Wheeled Vehicles." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98469.

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Abstract This paper describes the motivation and development of a human-powered roll stabilization attachment for utilitarian two-wheeled vehicles. The proposed design has been built and tested by the authors in both on- and off-road conditions. It provides balance by providing a rolling platform underneath the two-wheeled vehicle (motorcycle) for the user to push against with their feet. This platform is placed under the driver’s sitting position and is towed from a three degree-of-freedom joint behind the front axle (i.e. one of the implementations uses a ball hitch joint). Fifty eight percent of the world’s motorcycles are in Asia Pacific, and Southern and Eastern Asia. In most of those countries, motorcycles greatly outnumber cars and many of these motorcycles function as utility vehicles. The uses of motorcycles include transportation of goods on the bike frame, transportation of goods on a trailer, and even pulling agricultural implements in farms. If no modifications are made to the motorcycle, at slow speeds operators of motorcycles must drag their feet on the ground and lightly push upwards as needed to retain balance. Attaching conventional outrigger wheels, similar to a motorcycle side-car, can negate some of the advantages of motorcycles that users value by: (A) preventing leaning into turns when rigid outriggers arms are used, (B) significantly increasing complexity and mass when outrigger arms mounted on suspension systems are used, and (C) increasing the vehicle’s width such that it can no longer travel between car lanes or between rows of growing crop. An additional design consideration for balancing motorcycles is the user’s need for quick conversion between a statically balanced vehicle and a vehicle can lean dynamically in turns, for example for someone who wishes to operate a motorcycle on farms but also travel quickly between agricultural fields. This conversion convenience is affected not only by the ease of attaching and detaching the balancing system but also by the ability to comfortably carry on the balancing system on the motorcycle even when it is not being used, such that it can be deployed when it is needed. This paper describes a design for a human-powered roll stabilization attachment that address these concerns and other identified user needs. It also provides with general equations to design similar human-powered roll stabilization systems for motorcycles.

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Kraft, Jiří, and Ivana Kraftová. "Regionální kapacita poptávky po elektromotocyklech v České republice." In XXIV. mezinárodního kolokvia o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9896-2021-42.

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The aim of this paper is to assess the absorption capacity of sui generis innovations of the Czech regions, as well as to estimate their demand capacity for the JAWA electric motorcycle. The starting point is data capturing the reactions of regions to the innovative product line of JAWA motorcycles in the years 2017-2020. Variability analysis was used during the processing, and in the creation of the model for estimating the capacity of regional demand for electric motorcycles also correlation analysis. The real variability of regional sales of the innovative JAWA motorcycle line was high in the monitored period, moreover with a growing trend. Regions also differ in the different speed of acceptance of product innovation. The model for estimating the capacity of regional demand for the JAWA electric motorcycle takes into account both the parameters relevant for the sale of motorcycles in general, and the parameters associated with the elimination of the negative impact of internal combustion engine emissions on the environment. Just they cause a decrease in the variability of the capacity of regional demand for the JAWA electric motorcycle in the Czech regions.

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WENGERT, Jörg, Dierk ROMMEL, and Ronny KRZOK. "Electronic Throttle Control for Motorcycles." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-32-0044.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Gasoline engines use throttle valves to control the intake air flow and thereby power and torque output. Throttle valves in today's motorcycles are mechanical; they are linked to the accelerator hand grip by a throttle cable. In cars, this type of system has mostly been replaced by electronic throttle control (ETC). An electronic throttle device is controlled by an electronic control unit (ECU) based on the input from a sensor in the accelerator pedal.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the motorcycle market, the first ETC systems that have appeared on the market have been intermediate solutions with remaining mechanical links. Detailing benefits of an ETC system without these mechanics, the paper proposes a full ETC system without mechanical links for motorcycles. Components required for the realization of an ETC system are an electronic throttle device or a throttle actuator, an accelerator hand grip sensor and an ECU.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">A study has been conducted on a mass production on-road sport motorcycle in order to prove feasibility of an ETC system. Exemplary evaluation results show improvements in emission technology (catalyst heating) and driveability.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper points out that a task remaining is the definition of an industry wide motorcycle ETC safety concept for detection of malfunction and proper failure reaction.</div></div>

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Minoha, Misaki, Koji Yoneyama, Ryoichi Imai, Hidenori Kitazawa, Osamu Mano, and Shinya Miyagawa. "Optimum Design of an Assist Mechanism for a Motorcycle Multi-Plate Clutch." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-32-0523.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In recent years, the popularity of leisure-motivated large motorcycles has increased as the demand for high-added value motorcycles is growing. Therefore, large motorcycle engines have become more powerful. Due to this trend, the capacity of the clutch is also required to increase. Contrary to the demand for high engine power and high clutch capacity, reductions in weight, space, operational load, and shock at deceleration are permanent issues of motorcycle development. The consideration of all these issues are required during development of a clutch for large motorcycles. Considering the above issues, a clutch with an assist cam and slipper cam mechanism is effective for cost and performance. The assist cam mechanism allows the clutch to have a larger transmittable torque without an increase of the clutch lever load. The slipper cam mechanism can automatically reduce the transmitted torque when shock from sudden engine braking happens during downshifting. Therefore, the installation of the clutch with cam mechanism on large motorcycles is becoming standard in the motorcycle industry. Regarding smaller motorcycles, the reduction of the number of clutch discs can be realized by adopting an assist mechanism, which enables reductions in weight, space, and the operational amount of the clutch lever. On the other hand, the riding experience while operating a clutch with assist mechanism is considered to be unfavorable compared with a conventional non-assist clutch mechanism; a phenomenon which is anticipated to occur based on the assist mechanism structure and confirmed with our evaluations. This paper focuses on the clutch assist mechanism, specifically the development of the basic theory of a cam to make it applicable for a motorcycle assist clutch and prove the validity of the theoretical formula with test results. The results clarified an efficient setting range of the cam shape of the assist mechanism for the clutch. Furthermore, the practical range of the cam shape was determined to ensure proper operator comfort. From this research, we achieved the optimum design of the assist clutch, which enables comparable riding experience to the conventional non-assist clutch but with all the benefits that the assist mechanism brings.</div></div>

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Matsuo, Masashi, Takeshi Morioka, and Hitoshi Watanabe. "Development of Data Logger for Motorcycles." In JSAE/SAE 2015 Small Engine Technologies Conference & Exhibition. 10-2 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan: Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-32-0828.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The data loggers that are used on motorcycles are intended to measure the running data during races and when driving on closed courses [<span class="xref">1</span>]. These data loggers are small in size, lightweight, and optimized for mounting on motorcycles so that they do not affect the vehicle dynamics. Consequently, almost all of these data loggers are not equipped with the amplifiers and filters necessary for taking measurements from strain sensors. Most of the data loggers that have amplifiers and filters built into them are large in size and cannot be used on a motorcycle while it is being driven because of their poor durability, poor water resistance, and poor dust resistance. However, it is necessary to carry out strain and acceleration measurements when developing a new motorcycle body so that the body strength and motion characteristics can be understood [<span class="xref">2</span>][<span class="xref">3</span>]. Furthermore, the ability to increase the number of measurement channels and acquire position information is also being demanded to improve the efficiency of development and deepen our understanding of the phenomena that occur during driving.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Consequently, a new data logger was developed for use during the development of new motorcycle bodies. In the data logger that was developed, both amplifiers and filters are built in and it is able to measure the information coming from each of the various sensors. The number of channels was also increased by synchronizing multiple data loggers. In addition, the durability, water resistance, and dust resistance of the data logger were all improved by injecting resin inside the data logger case. As a result, the most suitable data logger for use during the development of new motorcycle bodies was developed.</div></div>

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Yuan, Wanli, Tiande Mo, Yu Li, Baomin Duan, and Wei Zhong. "ptimization Design of Large-displacement Motorcycle Emission Testing Procedures." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-epv-014.

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Economic and/or practical points to be addressed The large-displacement motorcycles, which engine displacements above 600cc, usually have good acceleration, strong power and large heat dissipation. Due to strict emission requirements leads by the new China IV emission standards that give rise to various problems during tests cycles, and the existing testing facilities and conditions cannot fully meet the testing requirements for such motorcycles. Therefore, the test cycle for the emission of pollutants from large-displacement motorcycles needs to be optimized to further ensure the detection accuracy and better provide accurate data support for large-displacement motorcycles. Methodology China is currently implementing the China IV emission standards (GB 14622-2016, GB 18176-2016) for motorcycles. Compared with European Union IV emission standards, the most important feature is the durability assessment for actual pollution control devices. This paper makes a detailed comparative analysis for the limitation and detection method of the Type I test, Type II test, Type III test, Type IV test, Type V test and On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system test for the large-displacement motorcycles, and designed an optimized emission testing technology for large-displacement motorcycle emission test procedures.</p><p class="font_7"><br></p> <p class="font_7">Main scientific and technical<br>Through the analysis for a large number of test results of large-displacement motorcycles, it is considered that they are similar to other types of motorcycles in single emission test procedures for type II test, type III test, type IV test, and OBD system test. However, special features are found in Type I test and Type-V test because of differences in displacement, acceleration and heat dissipation in large-displacement motorcycles. In consequence, it is necessary to optimize the testing technology to provide improvement in emission detection method to ensure the data accuracy. It is believed that the following factors will have an impact on the emission results and shall be strictly controlled and improved: 1. Impact from the fuel; 2. Impact from the driving behavior; 3. Impact from the testing equipment and the ambient environment during the test; 4. Impact from the vehicle maintenance during the test. Through a large number of motorcycle tests, it has been fully verified that the above four factors have significant impacts on the emission results. The research and verification carried out on the emission test of large-displacement motorcycles can determine how to optimize these four factors to ensure the data accuracy for the emission test of large-displacement motorcycles. Achieved results Several factors that impact the large-displacement motorcycles emission test have been fully verified, indicating that the test procedures need to be precisely optimized that suggesting for testing procedures are summarized and given in the following four factors, thereby reducing emission detection errors and ensuring the test accuracy. 1. Standardized training method for the driver 2. Environmental condition control method 3. Environmental background gas concentration control method 4. Fuel control method and requirements

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Imanaga, Hisashi, Keisuke Fukuyama, Azhar Hamzah, Shuichi Enokida, and Hajime Ishida. "Traffic situation analysis between Vehicle and Motorcycle safety at Malaysia." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-pif-015.

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"Motorcycle behavior in the ASEAN region strongly affects the quality of road transport safety where many fatal traffic accidents, including motorcycle accidents, occur. To develop accident avoidance safety systems, it is important to understand motorcycle behavior. This study focuses on uncovering basic information about motorcycle behavior in situations where they overtake vehicles in the Kuala Lumpur area, Malaysia. The accident pattern among go straight vehicles and overtaking motorcycles is one of the most common patterns of fatal accidents in this country. It will be very useful information of motorcycle behaviors before accident occurring. Unfortunately, such important dataset of information can not be investigated yet. However behaviors at not so dangerous or risky situation can be acquired to understand traffic situation between vehicle and motorcycle. These data also give some important information about motorcycle behaviors. To identify these traffic situations, more than 500 hours of traffic situation data (the surrounding environment of the test vehicle) were monitored by a camera mounted on the front side of a test vehicle that drove around the Kuala Lumpur area. Some basic information, namely, overtaking patterns and their frequency, the relative speed of the test vehicle overtaken by motorcycles and the closeness of the motorcycle that is just behind the overtaken test vehicle starts overtaking, were revealed through the analysis. Regarding the overtaking pattern, most motorcycles overtook through a straight trajectory, especially in a congested situation. However the relative frequency of overtaking from just behind the test vehicle pattern increased in a non congested situation. The overtaking speed was less than 10[km/h] in half of the overtaking cases, while the other half varied from 10 to 50 [km/h]. Finally, the closeness of the motorcycle to the vehicle before it started overtaking was less than 5 [m] in some cases (for example, in case of 40-60[km/h] overtaking, around 20% of distances were less than 5[m]), which is a very short distance, and one that occurred frequently in fast driving situations."

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Звіти організацій з теми "Motorcycles"

Tsai, Hsien-Chi, Bo-Yu Gao, Ming-Hao Chiang, Bo-Chiuan Chen, and Yuh-Yih Wu. Misfire Diagnostic Strategy for Motorcycles. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9058.

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Beal, J. R. Should the Marine Corps Ban Motorcycles? Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada509849.

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Ning, Liu, Lin Manqun, Jia Bin, Zhang Yongguang, Jing Yabing, Sun Yaqin, and Yan Xicheng. Applicability Investigation of Ethanol Gasoline for Motorcycles. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-32-0053.

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Zinner, C., M. Abart, O. Sch\argl, St Schmidt, S. Leiber, and T. Schabetsberger. Charging and Powersport for Motorcycles: A Contradiction? Warrendale, PA: SAE International, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-32-0585.

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Tomizawa, Tsutomu, Fujio Umebayashi, and Seiji Tsuchiya. Management Technique of Environment Impact Substances in Motorcycles. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0535.

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Mcdonald, Joseph, John Menter, Jane Armstrong, and Jitendra Shah. Evaluation of Emissions from Asian 2-stroke Motorcycles. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-32-0114.

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Nishimura, Masatsugu, Yoshitaka Tezuka, Enrico Picotti, Mattia Bruschetta, Francesco Ambrogi, and Toru Yoshii. Study of Rider Model for Motorcycle Racing Simulation. SAE International, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-32-0572.

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Various rider models have been proposed that provide control inputs for the simulation of motorcycle dynamics. However, those models are mostly used to simulate production motorcycles, so they assume that all motions are in the linear region such as those in a constant radius turn. As such, their performance is insufficient for simulating racing motorcycles that experience quick acceleration and braking. Therefore, this study proposes a new rider model for racing simulation that incorporates Nonlinear Model Predictive Control. In developing this model, it was built on the premise that it can cope with running conditions that lose contact with the front wheels or rear wheels so-called "endo" and "wheelie", which often occur during running with large acceleration or deceleration assuming a race. For the control inputs to the vehicle, we incorporated the lateral shift of the rider's center of gravity in addition to the normally used inputs such as the steering angle, throttle position, and braking force. We compared the performance of the new model with that of the conventional model under constant radius cornering and straight braking, as well as complex braking and acceleration in a single (hairpin) corner that represented a racing run. The results showed that the new rider model outperformed the conventional model, especially in the wider range of running speed usable for a simulation. In addition, we compared the simulation results for complex braking and acceleration in a single hairpin corner produced by the new model with data from an actual race and verified that the new model was able to accurately simulate the run of actual MotoGP riders.

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Asumi, Michio, Hideo Ishikawa, Kazuhiko Mori, and Naotada Matsudaira. Development of Electronically Controlled Belt-type CVT for Motorcycles. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-32-0024.

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Wengert, Joerg. On-Board Diagnostics in Engine Management Systems for Motorcycles. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-32-0103.

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Kimura, Tetsuya, Yusuke Ando, and Eiichiro Tsujii. Development of New Concept Two-Wheel Steering System for Motorcycles. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9106.

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