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Готові списки джерел за темами / Modelling studies

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Modelling studies"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 22 червня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Modelling studies":

1

Bhateja, Pranshu. "Energy Efficiency Studies - Modelling and Analysis of Solar Tracker System." Journal of Advanced Research in Alternative Energy, Environment and Ecology 06, no. 3&4 (December 25, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.3093.201902.

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2

Nuijten, Mark J. C., and John Starzewski. "Applications of Modelling Studies." PharmacoEconomics 13, no. 3 (1998): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199813030-00003.

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3

Godsland, I. F., C. Walton, D. Crook, and V. Wynn. "Insulin resistance ? modelling studies." European Journal of Epidemiology 8, S1 (May 1992): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00145366.

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4

Zhuang, Y. "Modelling studies of microstrip reflectarrays." IEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 142, no. 1 (1995): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-map:19951653.

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5

Bearchell, C. A., and D. M. Heyes. "Mesoscale modelling studies of microemulsions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 3, no. 23 (November 26, 2001): 5255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b105096f.

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6

Peter, T., R. Müller, S. Pawson, and H. Volkert. "POLECAT: Preparatory and modelling studies." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 20, no. 1 (February 1995): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-1946(95)00013-z.

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7

Rowland-Yeo, Karen. "Modelling methods and case studies." Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 32, no. 1 (January 2017): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.10.019.

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8

Wurbs, Ralph, Silvana Toneatti, and Joe Sherwin. "Modelling Uncertainty in Flood Studies." International Journal of Water Resources Development 17, no. 3 (September 2001): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900620120065138.

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9

Nikolenko, Sergey I., Sergei Koltcov, and Olessia Koltsova. "Topic modelling for qualitative studies." Journal of Information Science 43, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551515617393.

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Анотація:

Qualitative studies, such as sociological research, opinion analysis and media studies, can benefit greatly from automated topic mining provided by topic models such as latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA). However, examples of qualitative studies that employ topic modelling as a tool are currently few and far between. In this work, we identify two important problems along the way to using topic models in qualitative studies: lack of a good quality metric that closely matches human judgement in understanding topics and the need to indicate specific subtopics that a specific qualitative study may be most interested in mining. For the first problem, we propose a new quality metric, tf-idf coherence, that reflects human judgement more accurately than regular coherence, and conduct an experiment to verify this claim. For the second problem, we propose an interval semi-supervised approach (ISLDA) where certain predefined sets of keywords (that define the topics researchers are interested in) are restricted to specific intervals of topic assignments. Our experiments show that ISLDA is better for topic extraction than LDA in terms of tf-idf coherence, number of topics identified to predefined keywords and topic stability. We also present a case study on a Russian LiveJournal dataset aimed at ethnicity discourse analysis.

10

PERT, G. J. "MODELLING STUDIES OF XUV LASERS." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 47, no. C6 (October 1986): C6–177—C6–185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1986625.

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Дисертації з теми "Modelling studies":

1

Ismail, Raveem. "Modelling studies on global contrails." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669992.

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2

Cullum, Jodie. "Modelling studies of exoplanetary oceans." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2018. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/67833/.

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The ocean plays a key role in the climate of Earth, and it is therefore expected that any oceans present on an exoplanet would also be a crucial component of the climate system and hence have implications for the habitability of the planet. However, many planetary and oceanic properties cannot be assumed to be the same on an exoplanet as on Earth, and therefore the behaviour of the ocean cannot be assumed. Here, basic land configurations are explored and a single meridional barrier is used throughout the other experiments, as this is the simplest configuration of any substantial land mass. The effect of ocean salinity, at a level both higher and lower than on Earth, is explored for the first time and reversal of the Earth-like meridional overturning circulation is found. The proportionality between mean salinity and salinity gradients in the ocean is established. The impact of planetary rotation period is also investigated, and it is concluded that a longer rotation period results in a greater poleward ocean heat transport, with the additional novel conclusions of a shallower thermocline depth, increased horizontal ocean velocities, and stronger overturning circulation. Finally, existing ocean modelling of a tidally locked configuration is furthered by the addition of different land masses, the extent of the zonal circulation and magnitude of the zonal heat transport is found to have significant dependence on the location of a meridional barrier in the ocean, with resulting dark side mean temperatures varying by over 7 ̋C. The modelling presented here highlights the importance of the consideration of the ocean in exoplanetary climate studies, and its role in planetary habitability.

3

Henderson, Ian A. "Studies related to measurement and modelling." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248871.

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4

Oliver, Sophia. "Modelling studies of the atmospheric tides." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365773.

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5

Downing, Anna Kristina. "NMR structural studies and modelling proteins." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334225.

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6

Sands, Zara Amanda. "Modelling studies of DNA recognition events." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428950.

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7

Ledezma, RosaliÌa Diana DiÌaz. "Three studies in credit risk modelling." Thesis, City University London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397858.

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8

Square, Lynndle Caroline. "Proton conductivity stability studies by modelling." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6121.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Physics)
In this thesis, some of the challenges experienced by high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are explored through material modelling techniques. A very important aspect for a fuel cell is that it should have high proton conductivity. As hydrogen enters a fuel cell it gets broken down into its constituents, protons and electrons. The electrons travel to an external load, whilst the protons travel through a diffusive layer, catalyst layer and membrane area, before recombining with oxygen to form water and leave the system. In this particular study, polytetrafluoroethylene and carbon form the diffusive layer, platinum the catalyst and poly(2,5-benzimidazole) doped with phosphoric acid the membrane area. The effects to proton conductivity are investigated as a result of the mixing of materials and adsorption of the phosphoric acid on the platinum active sites. A third study as an alternative avenue for proton conductivity improvements, is also explored. The results from these investigations promotes the idea that polytetrafluoroethylene, which is found in the ionomer layer, should be replaced as its mechanical properties decrease significantly with increase in temperature. Increasing pressure would further promote proton transfer over the doped polymer membrane region.

9

Walker, Jemma. "Bayesian modelling in genetic association studies." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2012. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1635516/.

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Bayesian Model Selection Approaches are flexible methods that can be utilised to investigate Genetic Association studies in greater detail; enabling us to more accurately pin-point locations of disease genes in complex regions such as the MHC, as well as investigate possible causal pathways between genes, disease and intermediate phenotypes. This thesis is split into two distinct parts. The first uses a Bayesian Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline Model to search across many highly correlated variants to try to determine which are likely to be the truly causal variants within complex genetic regions and also how each of these variants influences disease status. Specifically, I consider the role of genetic variants within the MHC region on SLE. The second part of the thesis aims to model possible disease pathways between genes, disease, intermediate phenotypes and environmental factors using Bayesian Networks, in particular focussing upon Coronary Heart disease and numerous blood biomarkers and related genes. Bayesian Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline Model: Genetic association studies have the problem that often many genotypes in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) are found to be associated with the outcome of interest. This makes it difficult to establish the actual SNP responsible. The aim of this part of the thesis is to investigate Bayesian variable selection methods in regions of high LD. In particular, to investigate SNPs in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region associated with systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Past studies have found several SNPs in this region to be highly associated with SLE but these SNPs are in high LD with one another. It is desirable to search over all possible regression models in order to find those SNPs that are most important in the prediction of SLE. The Bayesian Multivariate Adapative Regression Splines (BMARS) model used should automatically correct for nearby associated SNPs, and only those directly associated should be included in the model. The BMARS approach will also automatically select the most appropriate disease model for each directly associated variant. It was found that there appear to be 3 separate SNP signals in the MHC region that show association with SLE. The rest of the associations found using simple Frequentist tests are likely to be due to LD with the true signal. Bayesian Networks for Genetic Association Studies: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is one of many diseases that result from complicated relationships between both genetic and environmental factors. Identifying causal factors and developing new treatments that target these factors is very difficult. Changes in intermediate phenotypes, or biomarkers, could suggest potential causal pathways, although these have a tendency to group amongst those patients with higher risk of CHD making to difficult to distinguish independent causal relationships. I aim to model disease pathways allowing for intermediate phenotypes as well as genetic and environmental factors. Statistical methodology was developed using directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). Disease outcomes, genes, intermediate phenotypes and possible explanatory variables were represented as nodes in a DAG. Possible models were investigated using Bayesian regression models, based upon the underlying DAG, in a reversible jump MCMC framework. Modelling the data this way allows us to distinguish between direct and indirect effects as well as explore possible directionality of relationships. Since different DAGs can belong to the same equivalence class, some directions of association may become indistinguishable and I am interested in the implications of this. I investigated the integrated associations of genotypes with multiple blood biomarkers linked to CHD risk, focusing particularly on relationships between APOE, CETP and APOB genotypes; HDL- and LDL- cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, fibrogen and apolipoproteins A and B. Overview: I will begin by introducing the topics of genetics, statistics and directed acyclic graphs with a background on each (Chapters 2,3 and 4 respectively). Chapter 5 will then detail the analysis and results of the BMARS model. The analysis and results of Bayesian networks for genetic association studies will then be covered in Chapter 6.

10

Boyett, Robin Ernest. "Computational studies of hydrophobic porphyrins." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241621.

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Книги з теми "Modelling studies":

1

Caldwell, J. Mathematical modelling: Concepts and case studies. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1999.

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2

Lichtenberger, Achim, and Rubina Raja, eds. Environmental Studies, Remote Sensing, and Modelling. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.jp-eb.5.120490.

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3

Grow, André, and Jan Van Bavel, eds. Agent-Based Modelling in Population Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32283-4.

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4

Singh, Pratap. Status report on snowmelt modelling studies. Jammu Cantt: National Institute of Hydrology, Western Himalayan Regional Centre, 1991.

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5

G, Wilson A. Urban modelling: Critical concepts in urban studies. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012.

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6

Verhagen, Philip. Case studies in archaeological predictive modelling [sic. [Leiden]: Leiden University Press, 2007.

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7

Verhagen, Philip. Case studies in archaeological predictive modelling [sic. [Leiden]: Leiden University Press, 2007.

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8

Palme, Massimo, and Agnese Salvati, eds. Urban Microclimate Modelling for Comfort and Energy Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65421-4.

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9

Alston, Clair L., Kerrie L. Mengersen, and Anthony N. Pettitt, eds. Case Studies in Bayesian Statistical Modelling and Analysis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118394472.

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10

I, Pallai, Fonyó Zsolt, and Veress G. E, eds. Studies in computer-aided modelling, design, and operation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "Modelling studies":

1

Memmesheimer, M., A. Ebel, H. J. Bock, H. Elbern, H. Hass, H. J. Jakobs, G. Piekorz, et al. "Modelling Studies." In Tropospheric Ozone Research, 441–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58729-0_12.

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2

Coyle, R. G. "Influence diagram case studies." In System Dynamics Modelling, 48–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2935-8_3.

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3

Coyle, R. G. "Case studies in modelling." In System Dynamics Modelling, 140–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2935-8_6.

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4

Stroud, Ian Anthony, and Hildegarde Nagy. "Case Studies." In Solid Modelling and CAD Systems, 1–63. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-259-9_1.

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5

Eide, Øyvind. "Case Studies." In Media Boundaries and Conceptual Modelling, 77–113. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137544582_4.

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6

Shen, Baotang, Ove Stephansson, and Mikael Rinne. "Application Case Studies." In Modelling Rock Fracturing Processes, 123–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6904-5_14.

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7

Demir, Teyfik, and Cemile Başgül. "Finite Element Modelling Studies." In The Pullout Performance of Pedicle Screws, 77–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16601-8_7.

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8

Martin, Mike, and Graeme Oswald. "Modelling the case studies." In Cooperation Among Organizations, 41–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84871-1_4.

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9

Sadsad, Rosemarie, Geoff McDonnell, Joe Viana, Shivam M. Desai, Paul Harper, and Sally Brailsford. "Hybrid modelling case studies." In Discrete-Event Simulation and System Dynamics for Management Decision Making, 295–317. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118762745.ch14.

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10

Collett, D. "Modelling data from epidemiological studies." In Modelling Binary Data, 223–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4475-7_7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Modelling studies":

1

MARANGI, C., L. ANGELINI, M. MANNARELLI, M. PELLICORO, S. STRAMAGLIA, M. ATTIMONELLI, M. DE ROBERTIS, et al. "CLUSTERING mtDNA SEQUENCES FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION STUDIES." In Modelling Biomedical Signals. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812778055_0016.

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2

Szarka, L., Z. Nagy, and S. Szalai. "3D Csamt analogue modelling studies." In 56th EAEG Meeting. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201410071.

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3

Denboer, N., C. Karawita, and M. Mohaddes. "Modelling requirements for harmonic studies." In 15th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2019). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2019.0052.

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4

Yates, M., J. Li, M. Paul, A. Cleary, J. Behaim, and N. F. Pedro. "Probabilistic modelling for connection studies." In Renewable Power Generation and Future Power Systems Conference 2023 (RPG 2023 UK). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2023.3238.

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5

Aversano, Lerina, and Maria Tortorella. "A Review of Enterprise Modelling Studies." In 17th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005468003460351.

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6

Wijnhoven, T., J. Tant, and G. Deconinck. "Inverter modelling techniques for protection studies." In 2012 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pedg.2012.6253999.

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7

Uremović, Boris, and Ivica Završki. "Parametric modelling using mathematical functions." In 8th Symposium on Doctoral Studies in Civil Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/phdsym.2022.22.

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Анотація:

This paper has a goal to show basic terms regarding parametric modelling, regarding the fact that it has become an unavoidable tool for designers in architecture and civil engineering as well as in other fields of engineering. Basic tools from one of the most widespread modelling application Rhinoceros 3D and its parametric modelling addon Grasshopper will be shown, and also will be shown a development of a conceptual model and the making of variant solutions based on parameter change. References and guidelines for future research of parametric modelling will also be given.

8

"Evaluation of Water Needs Index case studies." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.g3.alexander.

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9

Browne, D. R., J. A. Flint, and S. C. Pomeroy. "Raindrop modelling for high frequency propagation studies." In Propagation Conference (LAPC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2011.6114080.

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10

"Reflections on case studies, modelling and theory building." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.g3.moglia.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Modelling studies":

1

Wunsch, Carl. Studies Toward Observing and Modelling Large Energetic Ocean Regions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229478.

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2

Attansio, Orazio, and Debbie Blair. Structural modelling in policymaking. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cip9.

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Анотація:

Structural modelling, that is the use of behavioural models to add a framework to the decision problem of an agent, is a useful yet underused tool in evaluation. This paper provides a general introduction to structural modelling, as well as an overview of other commonly used evaluation techniques in Economics and other social sciences. It then goes on to show with three key case studies, how structural models can be used to enrich the findings from randomised control trials. The case studies cover a wide range of policy questions: examining demand for health products in Kenya, incentivising teachers to attend school in India, and evaluating conditional cash transfers for education in Mexico. The case studies show how structural models add to our understanding of the mechanisms behind a given treatment effect, how the findings may change when the policy is rolled out under different circumstances, as well as allowing for the evaluation of different policies that were not originally trialled. The common pitfalls of structural models are discussed, with guidance provided throughout on how to conduct sensitivity analysis and model validation. It is hoped that this paper will persuade other researchers to use structural models, in conjunction with randomised control trials, that will lead to improved evaluation results, a deeper understanding of important problems, and better informed policymaking in the future.

3

Pestov, I. Modelling Studies of the Evolution of Vapour-Dominated Geothermal Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895953.

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4

Marshall, John C. Modelling Studies in Support of Open-Ocean Convection Field Programs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada258324.

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5

Maggio, G., V. Recupero, R. Di Leonardo, and M. Lagana. Modelling studies to proper size a hydrogen generator for fuel cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/460337.

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6

Bauer, K., R. G. Pratt, M. H. Weber, T. Ryberg, C. Haberland, and S. Shimizu. Mallik 2002 cross-well seismic experiment: project design, data acquisition, and modelling studies. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/220866.

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Schultz, Peter A. Modelling Charged Defects in Non-Cubic Semiconductors for Radiation Effects Studies in Next Generation Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1481589.

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Boyer, A., and N. R. Billette. Orebodies and mining environment, links between geology and quantification. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331774.

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The application of quantitative techniques to solve geological and geoengineering problems is relatively recent. Often borrowed from other fields, models must be selected with care to ensure that they are appropriate. The introduction, increasing use and rapid development of these techniques follows the fast evolution of more powerful computer hardwares and softwares. Studies have been carried out to establish the usefulness of several quantitative techniques in solving typical geological/geotechnical problems using available exploration and production drillhole data. Results derived from these studies show the techniques are suitable for use in orebody modelling and mine planning. Practical case studies are presented in the report. Following these studies, modelling of bulk material handling systems is used to control mineral or metal feed fluctuations.

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Björk, Nils Folke. Studies of hygrothermal processes in a façade by long term high resolution measurements. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541637898.

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Processes for moisture concentration and temperature at different depths in a rather thick wall with mineral wool insulation are studied with a resolution of 1 minute. Damp processes in walls with thick layers of mineral wool differs a lot depending on the weather conditions. Any modelling of heat and moisture in building constructions need to consider this. The fact that the peaks in moisture concentration in some cases come hours before the peak in temperature is something that takes an explanation. It is possible, but not really sure, that this also may have influence on the risk for damage on the structures.

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Committee on Toxicology. COT FSA PBPK for Regulators Workshop Report 2021. Food Standards Agency, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tyy821.

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The future of food safety assessment in the UK depends on the Food Standards Agency’s (FSA) adaptability and flexibility in responding to and adopting the accelerating developments in science and technology. The Tox21 approach is an example of one recent advancement in the development of alternative toxicity testing approaches and computer modelling strategies for the evaluation of hazard and exposure (New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). A key aspect is the ability to link active concentrations in vitro to likely concentrations in vivo, for which physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling is ideally suited. The UK FSA and the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products, and the Environment (COT) held an “PBPK for Regulators” workshop with multidisciplinary participation, involving delegates from regulatory agencies, government bodies, academics, and industry. The workshop provided a platform to enable expert discussions on the application of PBPK to health risk assessment in a regulatory context. Presentations covered current application of PBPK modelling in the agrochemical industry for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), pharmaceutical industry for drug absorption related issues (e.g., the effect of food on drug absorption) and drug-drug interaction studies, as well as dose extrapolations to special populations (e.g., those with a specific disease state, paediatric/geriatric age groups, and different ethnicities), environmental chemical risk assessment, an overview of the current regulatory guidance and a PBPK model run-through. This enabled attendees to consider the wide potential and fitness for purpose of the application of PBPK modelling in these fields. Attendees considered applicability in the context of future food safety assessment for refining exposure assessments of chemicals with narrow margins of exposure and/or to fill data gaps from more traditional approaches (i.e., data from animal testing). The overall conclusions from the workshop were as follows: PBPK modelling tools were applicable in the areas of use covered, and that expertise was available (though it is in small numbers). PBPK modelling offers opportunities to address questions for compounds that are otherwise not possible (e.g., considerations of human variability in kinetics) and allows identification of “at risk” subpopulations. The use of PBPK modelling tends to be applied on a case-by-case basis and there appears to be a barrier to widespread acceptance amongst regulatory bodies due to the lack of available in-house expertise (apart from some medical and environmental agencies such as the European Medicines Agency, United States Food and Drug Administration, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, respectively). Familiarisation and further training opportunities on the application of PBPK modelling using real world case studies would help in generating interest and developing more experts in the field, as well as furthering acceptance. In a regulatory context, establishing fitness for purpose for the use of PBPK models requires transparent discussion between regulatory agencies, government bodies, academics, and industry and the development of a harmonised guidance such as by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) would provide a starting point. Finally, PBPK modelling is part of the wider “new approach methodologies” for risk assessment, and there should be particular emphasis in modelling both toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics.