Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Modèle de climat urbain"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся зі списками актуальних статей, книг, дисертацій, тез та інших наукових джерел на тему "Modèle de climat urbain".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Статті в журналах з теми "Modèle de climat urbain":
1
Alonso, Lucille, and Florent Renard. "Compréhension du microclimat urbain lyonnais par l’intégration de prédicteurs complémentaires à différentes échelles dans des modèles de régression." Climatologie 17 (2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/climat/202017002.
Анотація:
Le changement climatique est un phénomène majeur actuel générant de multiples conséquences. En milieu urbain, il exacerbe celui de l’îlot de chaleur urbain. Ces deux manifestations climatiques engendrent des conséquences sur la santé des habitants et sur la sensation d’inconfort thermique ressenti en milieu urbain. Ainsi, il est nécessaire d’estimer au mieux la température de l’air en tout point d’un territoire, notamment face à la rationalisation actuelle du réseau de stations météorologiques fixes de Météo France. La connaissance spatialisée de la température de l’air est de plus en plus demandée pour alimenter des modèles quantitatifs liés à un large éventail de domaines, tels que l’hydrologie, l’écologie ou les études sur les changements climatiques. Cette étude se propose ainsi de modéliser la température de l’air, mesurée durant 4 campagnes mobiles réalisées durant les mois d’été, entre 2016 et 2019, dans Lyon par temps clair, à l’aide de modèle de régressions à partir de 33 variables explicatives issues de données traditionnellement utilisées, de données issues de la télédétection par une acquisition LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) ou satellitaire Landsat 8. Trois types de régression statistique ont été expérimentés, la régression partial least square, la régression linéaire multiple et enfin, une méthode de machine learning, la forêt aléatoire de classification et de régression. Par exemple, pour la journée du 30 août 2016, la régression linéaire multiple a expliqué 89% de la variance pour les journées d’étude, avec un RMSE moyen de seulement 0,23°C. Des variables comme la température de surface, le NDVI ou encore le MNDWI impactent fortement le modèle d’estimation.
2
Hassani, Nassima, and Gilles Drogue. "Mesure et spatialisation de l’îlot de chaleur urbain dans l’aire urbaine de Metz Métropole : premiers résultats de la campagne de mesure 2019." Climatologie 17 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/climat/202017008.
Анотація:
Cet article s’intéresse à la mesure et à la cartographie de l’îlot de chaleur urbain (ICU) dans la couche de canopée urbaine au sein de l’aire urbaine de Metz Métropole entre juin et septembre 2019. L’ICU a été suivi à partir d’un réseau de 23 stations météorologiques fixes permettant d’observer en continu la température de l’air à 3 m du sol. Les sites d’observation ont été soigneusement sélectionnés de façon à être représentatifs de différents types d’environnement (urbain, suburbain et périurbain) et typologies de revêtement (surfaces imperméables bitumées, surfaces végétalisées, étendues d’eau, etc.). L’objectif est d’évaluer les propriétés spatiales et temporelles de l’ICU au cours de cette période remarquablement chaude, et de déterminer son intensité à partir des données relevées en continu par le réseau de mesure. La période d’observation est particulièrement intéressante dans la mesure où elle se caractérise par la survenue des deux séquences caniculaires (25-30 juin et 21-26 juillet), offrant la possibilité de mieux comprendre le comportement thermique du tissu urbain et la dynamique de l’ICU local lors d’extrêmes chauds. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en évidence un ICU de l’ordre de 3°C en moyenne au sein des zones densément urbanisées, pouvant atteindre 7,1°C en situation caniculaire ce qui est conforme au modèle prédictif de Oke (1973) fondé sur la relation population-ICU en Europe. Une importante présence de végétation est toutefois susceptible de réduire son intensité et ses effets contrairement aux étendues d’eau qui, la nuit, ne semblent pas jouer le rôle de puits de fraîcheur.
3
Masson, Valéry, and Aude Lemonsu. "Comment Joël Noilhan a influencé la modélisation et les études en climat urbain." La Météorologie, no. 108 (2020): 093. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2020-0022.
Анотація:
Bien que ce fait soit peu connu, Joël Noilhan a commencé sa carrière non pas dans l'étude de la végétation, mais dans celle du climat urbain. Ses résultats de thèse sur les échanges radiatifs entre les différentes faces d'un bâtiment, le ciel et le sol sont encore utilisés comme hypothèses dans la plupart des modèles de canopée urbaine, comme celui développé au CNRM, Town Energy Balance (TEB). Joël a contribué dans les années 2000 à l'essor de la météorologie urbaine au CNRM. Il a notamment encouragé les collaborations internationales avec l'équipe canadienne du professeur Tim Oke, spécialiste mondial du climat urbain, et initié un volet expérimental dédié à l'urbain sur la ville de Marseille, lors de la campagne Escompte en 2001. This is not well known, but Joël Noilhan did not start his career by studying vegetation processes, but rather urban climate. His PhD results on radiative exchanges around a building still form the basis of radiative processes in most urban canopy models such as the Town Energy Balance (TEB) developed at CNRM. In the 2000s, he contributed to the urban climate studies at CNRM. He encouraged an international collaboration with the team of Tim Oke, in Canada, an international expert in urban climate. He also initiated an experimental component dedicated to urban environment over the city of Marseille, during the Escompte campaign in 2001.
4
Clocheret, Benoît. "L’évolution des valeurs du foncier dans le cadre de la démarche ZAN." Administration N° 280, no. 4 (January 18, 2024): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/admi.280.0059.
Анотація:
Les rapports scientifiques internationaux incitent à la nécessaire décarbonation de nos systèmes de consommation et de production. En ce sens, ils démontrent le métabolisme ravageur de l’extension du fait urbain, par la combinaison de l’augmentation démographique et du développement automobile. Nous étions sur un modèle d’aménagement à faible coût économique, mais à fort rendement, un foncier agricole aménagé (espaces publics, équipements publics) et la cession à des tiers des charges foncières. Depuis vingt ans, les pouvoirs publics français mettent en place une régulation publique de l’artificialisation, avec notamment la loi Climat et Résilience de 2021 inscrivant l’objectif de zéro artificialisation nette (ZAN). Les collectivités devront tendre vers la sobriété foncière, notamment pour conjuguer la renaturation avec des objectifs de transport et de développement économique. Les zones d’activités dans la perspective du ZAN sont l’objet d’une attention particulière, de densification douce ou d’optimisation foncière, même si leurs mixités fonctionnelles ne sont pas encore envisagées. Cependant, la raréfaction et le renchérissement du foncier à venir devraient modifier cette tendance en faveur de l’implantation de programmes immobiliers. Dans les opérations d’aménagement en extension urbaine, le foncier représentait environ 10 % du montant des dépenses, contre 60 % des dépenses en renouvellement urbain (acquisition, déconstruction, dépollution), avec la difficulté de tendre vers des opérations à l’équilibre du fait des distorsions territoriales, fruit de l’attractivité. Les seules réponses à ce jour résident dans la densification ou la prise en charge financière du déficit foncier et donc opérationnel, déficits que les appels à projets ne peuvent compenser, d’où la nécessité d’un mécanisme de droit commun sur le traitement de ces friches. Il faut aussi mettre en place des montages d’opérations innovants, ne reposant plus forcément sur une intervention classique de l’aménageur et laissant davantage la place à un rôle d’accompagnateur.
5
Renard, Florent, and Lucille Alonso. "Editorial : numéro thématique ‘Climat urbain’." Climatologie 17 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/climat/202017001.
6
Diallo-Dudek, Julita, Thibaut Vairet, Yves Richard, Thomas Thevenin, Nadège Martiny, Julien Pergaud, Damien Roy, et al. "Cartographier la végétation et les Local Climate Zone dans six agglomérations de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté." Climatologie 20 (2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/climat/202320002.
Анотація:
Les recherches sur le climat urbain de Dijon Métropole ont révélé l’importance de l’îlot de chaleur urbain (ICU) dans les villes de taille moyenne (6°C) et les effets rafraîchissants des espaces verts (réduction de 1 à 4°C). Ces résultats mettent en évidence l’importance d’intégrer ces aspects dans la planification urbaine pour favoriser des environnements urbains plus frais. La classification Local Climate Zones (LCZ) permet de mieux comprendre et étudier le climat urbain à l’échelle locale. Elle permet de différencier les différentes structures et revêtements des zones urbaines et leur impact. De plus, l’analyse de l’imagerie satellite Pléiades a permis d’améliorer la représentation de la végétation et d’identifier les zones nécessitant la création d’îlots de fraîcheur urbains. Le pourcentage élevé de végétation privée par rapport à la superficie totale de la végétation urbaine souligne la nécessité d’un partenariat public-privé pour protéger les îlots de fraîcheur urbains existants. Le programme SAVE-IFU a permis une collaboration sur le climat urbain entre six agglomérations, dont Dijon Métropole.
7
Masson, Valéry, and Aude Lemonsu. "La 9e conférence internationale de climat urbain." La Météorologie 8, no. 91 (2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/57852.
8
Boucher, Olivier. "Utilisation d'un modèle de climat simplifié." La Météorologie 8, no. 87 (2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/54330.
9
Brun, Eric, Eric Martin, and Valery Spiridonov. "Couplage d'un modèle de neige avec un modèle de climat." La Houille Blanche, no. 7 (October 1997): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/1997067.
10
Leray, Alexis, Béatrice Plottu, and Éric Plottu. "Les espaces délaissés comme jachères urbaines, préfiguration d’un nouveau modèle urbain." Revue d’Économie Régionale & Urbaine Juin, no. 3 (May 29, 2024): 401–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reru.243.0401.
Анотація:
Si, de nos jours, les espaces délaissés urbains sont perçus négativement par l’imaginaire collectif en France, il n’en a pas toujours été ainsi. Nous proposons, au croisement de l’économie et de l’aménagement urbain, une relecture du concept des trois âges de l’urbanisme d’Albert Lévy (1998) sur les mutations de la ville française. L’objectif de l’article est de montrer, qu’à partir des années 1990-2000, l’évolution des perceptions et la réappropriation des espaces délaissés urbains par des réseaux d’acteurs informels reposent sur de nouvelles valeurs, marqueurs d’un nouveau modèle socio-économique émergeant en rupture avec celui du modèle productiviste en crise des années 1970. Nous montrons que ces valeurs préfigurent un nouveau modèle urbain où les espaces délaissés retrouvent un statut comme jachères urbaines dans les stratégies des villes, notion que nous conceptualisons comme potentiels d’expérimentation et d’adaptation d’un modèle urbain résilient.
Дисертації з теми "Modèle de climat urbain":
1
Mauree, Dasaraden. "Développement d'un modèle météorologique multi-échelle pour améliorer la modélisation du climat urbain." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002270.
Анотація:
Ce travail a consisté à developper un modèle de canopée (CIM), qui pourrait servir d'interface entre des modèles méso-échelles de calcul du climat urbain et des modèles micro-échelles de besoin énergétique du bâtiment. Le développement est présenté en conditions atmosphériques variées, avec et sans obstacles, en s'appuyant sur les théories précédemment proposées. Il a été, par exemple, montré que, pour être en cohérence avec la théorie de similitude de Monin-Obukhov, un terme correctif devait être rajouté au terme de flottabilité de la T.K.E. CIM a aussi été couplé au modèle méso-échelle WRF. Une méthodologie a été proposée pour profiter de leurs avantages respectifs (un plus résolu, l'autre intégrant des termes de transports horizontaux) et pour assurer la cohérence de leurs résultats. Ces derniers ont montré que ce système, en plus d'être plus précis que le modèle WRF à la même résolution, permettait, par l'intermédiaire de CIM, de fournir des profils plus résolus près de la surface.
2
Foissard, Xavier. "L’îlot de chaleur urbain et le changement climatique : application à l’agglomération rennaise." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20027/document.
Анотація:
L’urbanisation engendre, par l’imperméabilisation des surfaces et la présence de bâtiments, une modification locale du climat et, plus spécifiquement, le phénomène d’îlot de chaleur urbain (ICU). Ce phénomène se traduit par l’augmentation de la température en ville la nuit. Lors des vagues de chaleur ce phénomène peut causer un inconfort voire une surmortalité. Dans le contexte du changement climatique et d’une dynamique démographique importante, la thèse est réalisée sur le territoire de Rennes Métropole. Au cours de cette thèse, plusieurs objectifs sont poursuivis. Dans un premier temps, l’étude porte sur l’analyse de la variabilité spatiale de l’ICU selon l’occupation du sol et des formes urbaines. Afin d’observer ce phénomène sur le territoire de Rennes Métropole, plusieurs réseaux de mesuressont mis en place. Le premier réseau concerne l’échelle de l’agglomération avec 22 stations météorologiques. Le second réseau est établi à l’échelle intra-urbaine avec l’installation de 20 capteurs de température. Enfin, le troisième réseau de mesures vise à observer la variabilité de l’ICU au sein de deux quartiers rennais et d’une petite ville, Vezin-le-Coquet. Dans un second temps, des modèles de spatialisation de l’ICU sont construits à l’échelle de l’agglomération, puis, à l’échelle intra-urbaine. Ces modèles permettent de réaliser des cartes de l’ICU pour ces deux échelles emboitées. Dans un troisième temps, l’analyse temporelle est établie par la relation entre les types de temps et l’ICU. Cette analyse permet de construire un modèle de prévision de l’ICU quotidien. A partir de ce modèle, l’ICU quotidien est projeté par les sorties régionalisées des modèles du changement climatique. Plusieurs outils d’aide à la décision sont proposés à partir des modèles développés de l’ICU. L’exposition de l’agglomération rennaise au changement climatique est évaluée à partir des cartes de l’ICU et de plusieurs indices projetés par les sorties régionalisées des modèles du changement climatiqueUrban development, characterized by the presence of buildings and impervious surfaces, modify the local climate and in particular, enhance the urban heat island (UHI). This phenomenon raises temperatures in cities at night, which could cause discomfort and over-mortality during heat waves. In the context of climate change and important population dynamics, this thesis is carried out in the Rennes Metropolitan area (in Brittany). Firstly, this thesis focuses on the spatial analysis of UHI variability according to land use and urban forms. To observe UHI in the Rennes Metropolitan area, a network of multiple measurement types were implemented at various scale. 1) a network of 22 permanents weather stations located in urban/rural sites; 2) a network of 20 temperature sensors placed in intra-urban area; and 3) a network of temperature measurements in two neighborhoods of Rennes and a small town, Vezin-le-Coquet. Secondly, spatial models of UHI were designed in this thesis at both the urban agglomeration and intra-urban scale. This multi-scale approach produced UHI map for these nesting-scales. Thirdly, this thesis determined the temporal variability of UHI by looking at the interaction between weather types and UHI. This analysis produced a statistical model of daily UHI magnitude according to meteorological observations. This model combined with data from downscaled climate change scenarios provided future projections of UHI. Lastly, this study deals with tools for town planning to prevent intensive UHI. UHI maps and downscaled climate change scenarios defined the risk assessment in the Rennes Metropolitan area
3
Ruiz, Margot. "Modélisation des transferts hygrothermiques à travers les parois dans un modèle de climat urbain : application aux centres-villes historiques à réhabiliter." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAT0045.
Анотація:
Améliorer l'efficacité énergétique des bâtiments et limiter l'ilot de chaleur urbain est une priorité, en particulier dans les centres-villes historiques, composés de bâtiments peu isolés. Un des leviers d’action envisagés est l'isolation des parois. Cependant, la rénovation des parois anciennes rencontre de nombreux obstacles (technologiques, architecturaux, urbains). Ces parois ont notamment un comportement hygrothermique spécifique, qu’il convient de prendre en compte pour éviter l’apparition de pathologies et estimer correctement les déperditions énergétiques. Il est donc primordial d’intégrer les transferts hygrothermiques à travers les parois pour simuler efficacement le bâti ancien. Néanmoins, la plupart des modèles à l’échelle urbaine négligent les transferts hydriques à travers les parois.Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthode de résolution numérique pour les transferts hygrothermiques, qui est adaptée aux différentes contraintes de la modélisation à l’échelle urbaine (résolutions spatio-temporelles, méthode numérique etc.). La validation est réalisée en deux temps : une partie numérique et une partie expérimentale. La validation numérique est effectuée par une comparaison inter-modèle, en s’appuyant sur quinze compositions de parois et trois climats. La validation expérimentale utilise les données enregistrées dans plusieurs bâtiments rénovés à partir de matériaux biosourcés et instrumentés dans le centre médiéval de la ville de Cahors.Ensuite, les transferts couplés de masse et de chaleur dans les parois sont intégrés dans le modèle de climat urbain TEB (Town Energy Balance), en utilisant la méthode développée et validée. La pertinence de cette nouvelle version de TEB pour représenter le centre-ville médiéval de Cahors est évaluée par comparaison avec des mesures in-situ. Une amélioration significative est constatée pour la simulation de l’humidité relative intérieure. L’impact des transferts d’humidité est discuté à plusieurs échelles.Finalement, la réhabilitation des parois anciennes des bâtiments du centre-ville de Cahors est étudiée à partir de plusieurs types d’isolant thermique positionnés à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur. Ces scénarios de réhabilitation sont simulés en utilisant la version modifiée de TEB incluant les transferts d’humidité à travers les parois. Leur pertinence est comparée, vis-à-vis des enjeux énergétiques, du confort intérieur et extérieur, de la conservation du patrimoine et de la durabilité des parois. Des recommandations sont formulées en fonction du type de paroisImproving the energy efficiency of buildings and mitigating the urban heat island is a priority, particularly in historical city centres, which are composed of poorly insulated buildings. One of the levers of action envisaged is wall insulation. However, the retrofit of old walls faces numerous obstacles (technological, architectural, urban). In particular, these walls have a specific hygrothermal behavior, which needs to be taken into account to avoid the appearance of pathologies and to correctly estimate energy losses. It is therefore essential to integrate hygrothermal transfers through the walls to effectively simulate old buildings. However, most urban-scale models neglect moisture transfer through walls.This thesis proposes a new numerical method for solving hygrothermal transfers, which is adapted to the various constraints of urban-scale modeling (spatio-temporal resolutions, numerical method, etc.). Validation is carried out in two steps: a numerical part and an experimental part. Numerical validation is based on an inter-model comparison, using fifteen wall compositions and three climates. Experimental validation uses data recorded in several buildings retrofitted with bio-based materials and instrumented in the medieval city centre of Cahors.Then, coupled heat and mass transfer through walls are integrated into the TEB (Town Energy Balance) urban climate model, using the developed and validated method. The suitability of this new version of TEB to represent the medieval town center of Cahors is assessed by comparison with in-situ measurement. A significant improvement is observed when simulating indoor relative humidity. The impact of moisture transfer is discussed at several scales.Finally, the retrofit of the old walls of buildings in the city center of Cahors is studied using several types of thermal insulation positioned inside or outside. These retrofitting scenarios are simulated with the modified version of TEB, including moisture transfer through the walls. Their relevance is compared with regard to energy issues, indoor and outoor comfort, heritage conservation and wall durability. Recommendations are given according to the type of wall
4
Kohler, Manon. "Assessement of the building energy requirements : added value of the use of the urban climate modeling." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH004/document.
Анотація:
Les bâtiments représentent 40 pourcents de la consommation finale d'énergie. Ils sont ainsi le fer de lance des politiques de réduction des dépenses énergétiques. Récemment, des systèmes de modèles climatiques qui incluent un modèle atmosphérique régional et des paramétrisations urbaines sophistiquées ont été développés. Ils considèrent la complexité de l’îlot de chaleur urbain et ses interactions avec les besoins énergétiques des bâtiments. Dans quelle mesure ces systèmes constituent-ils des outils d’aide à la décision pour les autorités locales ? Cette étude menée sur le territoire de l'Eurodistrict (Strasbourg - Kehl) en 2010, puis en 2030, à l’aide du système de modèles de climat WRF/ARW-BEP+BEM a démontré que si le système de modèles estimait de manière fiable les besoins en chauffage des bâtiments, ces derniers étaient davantage sensibles aux caractéristiques intrinsèques des bâtiments qu'aux formes urbaines et à l'îlot de chaleur urbain induit par ces formesBuildings represent 40 percent of the end-use energy. Thus, they constitute a key point of the energy saving policies. Recently, climate modeling systems that include a mesoscale atmospheric model, sophisticated urban parameterizations have been developed to account for the complexity of the urban climate and its interactions with the building energy loads. This study aims to assess the capability of such climate modeling systems to provide climate and energy guidelines to urban planners. For this, we used the research collaborative WRF/ARW-BEP+BEM climate modeling system and performed sensitivity tests considering the territory of the Eurodistrict in 2010, and then in 2030. The results reveal that the climate modeling system achieves estimating the building energy needs over the study area, but also indicate that the building energy needs are more sensitive to the building intrinsic properties and occupant behavior than to the urban forms and their induced urban heat island
5
Goret, Marine. "Etude des interactions entre le climat urbain et le CO2 : modélisation des flux de CO2 et application à l'échelle d'une ville." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0119.
Анотація:
Climat et CO2 sont intimement liés. Le lien entre les deux et si bien établi que les objectifs de limitation du réchauffement climatique s’expriment en quantité maximale d’équivalent CO2 que l’on s’autorise à émettre. La quantité de CO2 présente dans l’atmosphère à un instant donné est le résultat d’échanges et d’équilibres complexes entre l’atmosphère et la surface terrestre. Cette dernière est composée non seulement des océans, de la végétation et des sols naturels mais également des villes. Les échanges entre l’atmosphère et les surfaces urbaines proviennent majoritairement de quatre contributeurs : les émissions des bâtiments, le trafic routier, la respiration humaine et la végétation urbaine. Deux de ces contributeurs dépendent du climat : les bâtiments et la végétation. En effet, aux hautes et aux moyennes latitudes, les émissions des bâtiments sont fortement liées au chauffage, et fluctuent donc avec la température extérieure. La végétation quant à elle croît et s’épanouit plus ou moins vite en fonction des conditions météo-climatiques et plus particulièrement de la température, des précipitations et de l’ensoleillement. Le CO2 émit par la ville est ensuite transporté à travers l’atmosphère suivant la circulation atmosphérique locale qui est le résultat de la situation synoptique modifiée par la présence de la ville. Il existe donc, à l’échelle de la ville, des interactions fortes entre climat et CO2 : le bilan carbone de la ville dépend du climat local, et le transport du CO2 à travers l’atmosphère est influencé par la circulation atmosphérique induite par la ville. Cette thèse vise à étudier ces interactions. Pour cela, on a ajouté la modélisation des échanges de CO2 entre les surfaces urbaines et l’atmosphère dans le modèle de micro-climat urbain TEB. Cela a permis de vérifier que les processus physiques qui relient les émissions/captations de CO2 en ville et le climat urbain étaient bien identifiés et compris. Le modèle a été évalué sur deux cas d’étude permettant chacun d’évaluer plus spécifiquement l’un des contributeurs aux échanges de CO2 ville/atmosphère qui soit météosensible : les bâtiments sur le site de Toulouse, et la végétation sur le site de Kumpula (Finlande). Ces deux sites ont prouvé la capacité du modèle à reproduire les échanges de CO2 entre les surfaces urbaines et l’atmosphère ainsi que leurs cycles journaliers et saisonniers. Le site de Toulouse a souligné l’importance de connaître finement le comportement énergétique des habitants pour simuler les émissions de CO2 des bâtiments. Celui de Kumpula a démontré la capacité du modèle ISBA, conçu pour décrire les interactions entre la végétation en milieu non urbain et l’atmosphère, à décrire les échanges de CO2 entre la végétation urbaine et l’atmosphère. Le modèle, ainsi validé, a été utilisé pour réaliser des simulations d’émissions de CO2 par les bâtiments à l’échelle de l’ensemble de l’agglomération urbaine de Toulouse. Ces simulations ont mis à nouveau en évidence l’intérêt de la bonne connaissance des comportements énergétique des habitants : sur notre cas d’étude (quatre jours en hiver), l’abaissement de 2°C de la température de consigne du chauffage la nuit réduit de 33% les émissions de CO2. Lors de ces simulations, le transport du CO2 émis par la ville à travers l’atmosphère a également été suivi. On a ainsi mis en évidence que, malgré une situation météorologique de vent calme, le panache de CO2 créé par la ville se dissipe rapidement (moins d’une journée), ce qui limite l’augmentation de la concentration en CO2 au-dessus de la ville. Des simulations sur d’autres villes sont nécessaires pour savoir si ce résultat se généralise. Lors de cette thèse, on a étudié les interactions climat/CO2 à l’échelle d’une ville. Par la suite, il serait intéressant de réaliser des simulations en climat futur ou bien en mode couplé avec des modèles de climat afin d’étudier les rétroactions entre les liens climat/CO2 aux échelles locale et globaleClimate and CO2 are closely tied. The link between them is so well established that the objectives for global warming mitigation are expressed in terms of the maximum amount of CO2 equivalent that can be emitted. The amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere at a given time is the result of complex exchanges and equilibriums between the atmosphere and the earth's surface. The latter is composed not only of oceans, vegetation and natural soils, but also cities. Exchanges between the atmosphere and urban surfaces come mainly from four contributors: building emissions, road traffic, human respiration and urban vegetation. Two of these contributors depend on climate: buildings and vegetation. Buildings emissions, at least at high and medium latitudes, are strongly related to space heating, and therefore fluctuate with the outside temperature. As for the vegetation, its growth and open-up speed depends on the weather and climate conditions and more particularly on temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. The CO2 emitted by the city is then transported through the atmosphere by the local atmospheric circulation which is the result of the synoptic situation modified by the city's influence. Therefore there are strong interactions between climate and CO2 at the city scale: the city's carbon footprint depends on the local climate, and the transport of CO2 through the atmosphere is influenced by the atmospheric circulation induced by the city. The aim of this thesis is to study these interactions. That's why, the modeling of CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere has been added to the urban micro-climate model TEB. This allows to verify that the physical processes that link CO2 emissions/uptakes in the city and the urban climate are well identified and understood. The model is evaluated on two case studies each of which specifically assessed one of the contributors to city/atmosphere CO2 exchanges that is weather-sensitive: the buildings on the Toulouse site (France), and the vegetation on the Kumpula site (Finland). These two sites demonstrate the model's ability to reproduce CO2 exchanges between urban surfaces and the atmosphere as well as their daily and seasonal cycles. The Toulouse site underlines the importance of a detailed knowledge of the inhabitants' energy behaviour in order to simulate the CO2 emissions of buildings. Kumpula site demonstrates the ability of the ISBA model, designed to describe the interactions between non-urban vegetation and the atmosphere, to describe the CO2 exchanges between urban vegetation and the atmosphere. The model, thus validated, is used to carry our simulations of CO2 emissions from buildings on the scale of the entire urban agglomeration of Toulouse. These simulations once again highlighted the necessity of a good knowledge of the inhabitant's energy behaviors: on our case study (four days in winter), the 2°C reduction of the nigth-time space heating setpoint temperature reduces CO2 emissions by 33%. During these simulations, the transport of CO2 emitted by the city through the atmosphere is also monitored. This shows that, despite a calm wind situation, the CO2 plume created by the city dissipates rapidly (less than a day), limiting the increase in CO2 concentration over the city. Simulations on other cities are neeeded to determine if this result can be generalized. During this thesis, we studied climate/CO2 interactions at the city scale. In the future, it would be interesting to carry out simulations in future climate or in coupled mode with climate models in order to study the feedback between local and global climate/CO2 links
6
Mauree, Dasaraden. "Development of a multi-scale meteorological system to improve urban climate modeling." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01037982.
Анотація:
This study consisted in the development of a canopy model (CIM), which could be use as an interface between meso-scale models used to simulate urban climate and micro-scale models used to evaluate building energy use. The development is based on previously proposed theories and is presented in different atmospheric conditions, with and without obstable. It has been shown, for example, that to be in coherence with the Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory, that a correction term has to be added to the buoyancy term of the T.K.E. CIM has also been coupled with the meteorological meso-scale model WRF. A methodology was proposed to take advantage of both models (one being more resolved, the other one integrating horizontal transport terms) and to ensure a coherence of the results. Besides being more precise than the WRF model at the same resolution, this system allows, through CIM, to provide high resolved vertical profiles near the surface.
7
Sajjad, Sajjad Hussain. "Observational and modelling approaches to study urban climate : application on Pakistan." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01044727.
Анотація:
The objective of this work is to study the urban climate, mainly by focusing on urban temperature trends. The specific focus is to understand the reasons of increase in minimum temperature through observational and modelling techniques. For this purpose, the temperatures data from 1950 to 2004 measured on several meteorological stations of Pakistan is studied and analyzed. Daily averaged annual and seasonal minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperature data of 37 meteorological observatories of Pakistan (17 urban, 7 town and 13 rural) from 1950 to 2004 is first homogenized and then analyzed. The results show that after 1980s Tmin and Tmax increase faster than the period before 1980s at urban areas. During 1980-2004, the increase in Tmin at major urban stations is observed higher than the smaller towns and rural stations. To understand, the effect of the size of the city, changing land use and the building height on the evolution of minimum and maximum temperatures in urban areas has been studied by using the FVM (Finite Volume Model) model and the simulations are run for three days starting at 00:00 (GMT) on 19th day of each month and ending at 00:00 (GMT) on 22nd day of each month. For each month, 48 possible combinations of simulation scenarios are run (4*4*3) and in total, 576 simulations (48*12) are run for a year. The main results show that Tmin and Tmax increase when urban fraction u, city size r and building height h increase. But it is noticed that Tmax increases more than the Tmin when u increases, Tmin increases more than the Tmax when r increases and Tmin increases more than the Tmax when h increases. Among all urban factors (urban fraction u, city size r and building's height h), city size is the major factor that mainly contributes to increase the minimum temperature more than the maximum temperature in urban areas.
8
Savidan, Lise. "L'appropriation du modèle de quartiers durables sous climat tropical : mise en place d'une grille d’indicateurs de durabilité urbaine appliquée au quartier de Ravine Blanche sur l'île de La Réunion." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0028/document.
Анотація:
La durabilité urbaine est un sujet de préoccupation contemporain qui a émergé à la fin du 20ème siècle suite à la prise de conscience internationale d'un contexte environnemental et social se dégradant. Les éco-quartiers ou quartiers durables sont une solution proposée pour proposer à une échelle adéquate de nouveaux principes d'aménagements adaptés aux nouveaux enjeux de société.Cette thèse aborde la question de la durabilité urbaine dans les territoires tropicaux, à l'échelle des quartiers. Dans une première partie le débat sur le concept général de durabilité urbaine issu d'Europe du Nord est posé. Il permet de replacer les conditions d'émergence de l'urbanisme durable vis-à-vis de son prédécesseur l'urbanisme moderne. Les principes généraux du concept sont décrits et les sujets qui rassemblent ou séparent la communauté scientifique à ce sujet sont présentés. Dans une seconde partie, le parti de se focaliser sur un éco-quartier adapté au climat local et favorisant le développement de la végétation et d'un mode de vie en extérieur est pris. Des pistes de solutions de conceptions urbaines tropicales sont proposées. Nous créons un outil d'évaluation de durabilité urbaine des éco-quartiers dans ce contexte tropical. Composé de 50 indicateurs séparés en trois axes majeurs considérant les spécificités du terrain tropical, il permet de dresser un portrait global du niveau de durabilité urbaine vis-à-vis de trois niveaux de durabilité : de Base, Performant, Très Performant. Une troisième partie de la thèse, permet d'appliquer cette grille sur le quartier de Ravine Blanche, situé sous un climat tropical humide à La Réunion (Océan Indien), ceci, vis-à-vis des critères de durabilité urbaine. Il s'avère que le quartier passe d'un niveau Non Durable à un niveau de durabilité de Base après rénovation urbaine. Cette thèse permet d'observer l'avancée de la prise en compte du concept de durabilité urbaine dans un territoire tropical humide avec des épisodes de sécheresse. Elle propose aux monteurs de projets souhaitant intégrer le concept de durabilité urbaine, des pistes validées par des principes scientifiques et/ou émanant de praticiens expérimentant depuis plusieurs années les principes de conceptions urbaines et architecturales douces adaptées aux territoires tropicauxThe urban sustainability is a contemporary preoccupation, because of the international environnemental & social events which take place at the end of the 20th century. Sustainable neighbourhoods are solutions proposed to take in account the new societal stakes into the urban sphere. The intervention scales seems to be adequate to test new conceptions solutions. This phd tried to describe how the concept is adapted into tropical field. In a first part we propose to describe the general concept of sustainability, its emergence conditions, its majors principles and the subjects that gathered or drove apart the scientific community. In a second part we present some specificities of tropical cities, we propose conceptions principles adapted to the climate. We create a tool to evaluate urban sustainability in tropical neigbourhoods. Composed of fifty urban indicators separated into three majors axis, this tool allows to evaluate the durability nivel of urban projects at a quarter scale. We propose three nivel of performance to evaluate durability: Basis, Performant, Very Performant. In a third part of the document, we apply the tool on Ravine Blanche quarter, located into a humide tropical climate, in Reunion island (Indian Ocean). According to the results, thanks to sustainable project of renovation applied on the quarter, Ravine Blanche reaches a Basis level of durability.This phd, allows to evaluate in tropical territories how the concepters take in account the sustainability, comparing to the general concept. It proposes to the urban concepters adapted solutions to deal with the hot climate
9
Savidan, Lise. "L'appropriation du modèle de quartiers durables sous climat tropical : mise en place d'une grille d’indicateurs de durabilité urbaine appliquée au quartier de Ravine Blanche sur l'île de La Réunion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0028.
Анотація:
La durabilité urbaine est un sujet de préoccupation contemporain qui a émergé à la fin du 20ème siècle suite à la prise de conscience internationale d'un contexte environnemental et social se dégradant. Les éco-quartiers ou quartiers durables sont une solution proposée pour proposer à une échelle adéquate de nouveaux principes d'aménagements adaptés aux nouveaux enjeux de société.Cette thèse aborde la question de la durabilité urbaine dans les territoires tropicaux, à l'échelle des quartiers. Dans une première partie le débat sur le concept général de durabilité urbaine issu d'Europe du Nord est posé. Il permet de replacer les conditions d'émergence de l'urbanisme durable vis-à-vis de son prédécesseur l'urbanisme moderne. Les principes généraux du concept sont décrits et les sujets qui rassemblent ou séparent la communauté scientifique à ce sujet sont présentés. Dans une seconde partie, le parti de se focaliser sur un éco-quartier adapté au climat local et favorisant le développement de la végétation et d'un mode de vie en extérieur est pris. Des pistes de solutions de conceptions urbaines tropicales sont proposées. Nous créons un outil d'évaluation de durabilité urbaine des éco-quartiers dans ce contexte tropical. Composé de 50 indicateurs séparés en trois axes majeurs considérant les spécificités du terrain tropical, il permet de dresser un portrait global du niveau de durabilité urbaine vis-à-vis de trois niveaux de durabilité : de Base, Performant, Très Performant. Une troisième partie de la thèse, permet d'appliquer cette grille sur le quartier de Ravine Blanche, situé sous un climat tropical humide à La Réunion (Océan Indien), ceci, vis-à-vis des critères de durabilité urbaine. Il s'avère que le quartier passe d'un niveau Non Durable à un niveau de durabilité de Base après rénovation urbaine. Cette thèse permet d'observer l'avancée de la prise en compte du concept de durabilité urbaine dans un territoire tropical humide avec des épisodes de sécheresse. Elle propose aux monteurs de projets souhaitant intégrer le concept de durabilité urbaine, des pistes validées par des principes scientifiques et/ou émanant de praticiens expérimentant depuis plusieurs années les principes de conceptions urbaines et architecturales douces adaptées aux territoires tropicauxThe urban sustainability is a contemporary preoccupation, because of the international environnemental & social events which take place at the end of the 20th century. Sustainable neighbourhoods are solutions proposed to take in account the new societal stakes into the urban sphere. The intervention scales seems to be adequate to test new conceptions solutions. This phd tried to describe how the concept is adapted into tropical field. In a first part we propose to describe the general concept of sustainability, its emergence conditions, its majors principles and the subjects that gathered or drove apart the scientific community. In a second part we present some specificities of tropical cities, we propose conceptions principles adapted to the climate. We create a tool to evaluate urban sustainability in tropical neigbourhoods. Composed of fifty urban indicators separated into three majors axis, this tool allows to evaluate the durability nivel of urban projects at a quarter scale. We propose three nivel of performance to evaluate durability: Basis, Performant, Very Performant. In a third part of the document, we apply the tool on Ravine Blanche quarter, located into a humide tropical climate, in Reunion island (Indian Ocean). According to the results, thanks to sustainable project of renovation applied on the quarter, Ravine Blanche reaches a Basis level of durability.This phd, allows to evaluate in tropical territories how the concepters take in account the sustainability, comparing to the general concept. It proposes to the urban concepters adapted solutions to deal with the hot climate
10
Waisman, Henri. "Les politiques climatiques entre prix du carbone, rente pétrolière et dynamiques urbaines." Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799199.
Анотація:
Cette thèse analyse les effets de contraintes sur les interactions économiques imposées par les ressources naturelles, parmi lesquelles le pétrole et la terre urbaine jouent un rôle crucial dans le contexte du changement climatique. Ces dimensions, souvent négligées dans les études existantes, ont un effet ambigu puisqu’elles suggèrent à la fois le risque de coûts exacerbés par les contraintes, mais aussi de potentiels de co-bénéfices si la politique climatique aide à corriger certaines sous-optimalités des trajectoires socio-économiques. Pour analyser ces effets, une architecture de modélisation innovante des interactions énergie-économie est développée, qui prend en compte les spécificités du déploiement des capacités de production pétrolières et les enjeux de l’organisation spatiale dans les aires urbaines. Nous montrons en particulier que, au-delà de la tarification du carbone, les coûts d’une politique climatique dépendent du tuilage des différentes mesures d’accompagnement mises en œuvre, avec un rôle essentiel pour les politiques spatiales construites pour contrôler les émissions liées au transport via la mobilitéThis thesis investigates the effects of constraints imposed on economic interactions by limitations due to natural resources, among which oil and urban land play a curcial role in the context of climate change. These dimensions, often neglected in existing analyses, have an ambiguous effect since they suggest both the risk of enhanced costs if carbon limitations reinforce the sub-optimalities caused by pre-existing constraints, but also, conversely, the possibility of co-benefits if the climate policy helps to correct some pre-existing imperfections of socio-economic trajectories. To investigate this issue, an innovative modeling framework of the energy-economy interactions is elaborated that embarks the specificities of the deployment of oil production capacities and the issues related to the spatial organization in urban areas. We demonstrate that, beyond the carbon price, the costs of climate policy essentially depend on the sequencing of complementary measures, with a crucial role of spatial policy designed to control transport-related emissions through mobility
Книги з теми "Modèle de climat urbain":
1
Charlot, Antoine. Vers un nouveau modèle urbain: Du quartier à la ville durable. Paris: Victoires Éditions, 2012.
2
Tchawé, Hatcheu Emil. L'Afrique en quête de modèle de développement urbain: Entre Brasilia et la Silicon Valley. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2020.
3
Hengeveld, Henry. Projections for Canada's climate future : a discussion of recent simulations with the Canadian Global Climate Model =: Projections du climat futur du Canada : discussion de simulations récemment effectuées avec le modèle canadien du climat du globe. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada = Environnement Canada, 2000.
4
Schuhmacher, Peter. Messung und numerische Modellierung des Windfeldes über einer Stadt in komplexer Topographie. Zürich: Verlag der Fachvereine Zürich, 1992.
5
Rotach, Mathias W. Turbulence within and above an urban canopy. Zürich: Verlag der Fachvereine Zürich, 1991.
6
Association internationale de climatologie. Colloque. Applications de la climatologie aux échelles fines: Bioclimatologie, topoclimatologie, climat urbain, pollution, risques. Précipitations : tendances, variabilité temporelle, mesure radar. Températures : tendances, environnement et variations séculaires. Changement climatique, indicateurs. Aix-en-Provence: Association internationale de climatologie, Institut de géographie, 2003.
7
C, Hughes Trevor, Wang Yi-Min, and United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Provo Projects Office., eds. Impacts of projected climate change on urban water use: An application using the Wasatch Front water demand and supply model. Provo, Utah: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Provo Projects Office, 1994.
8
Hansen, Roger. Impacts of projected climate change on urban water use: An application using the Wasatch Front water demand and supply model. Provo, Utah: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Provo Projects Office, 1994.
9
Carlson, Toby N. A remotely sensed index of deforestation/urbanization for use in climate models: Annual performance report for the period 1 January 1995 - 31 December 1995. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 1995.
10
Carlson, Toby N. A remotely sensed index of deforestation/urbanization for use in climate models: Annual performance report for the period 1 January 1995 - 31 December 1995. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 1995.
Частини книг з теми "Modèle de climat urbain":
1
Brownlee, Timothy Daniel. "Temporary Climate Change Adaptation: 5 Measures for Outdoor Spaces of the Mid-Adriatic City." In The Urban Book Series, 801–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_71.
Анотація:
AbstractThe paper aims to identify a set of systemic measures that, through the temporary use of devices, space configurators, and installations, is capable of responding promptly to the vulnerability factors of a given outdoor space, flanking adaptation plans which require time to be assimilated into ordinary territory management tools. Based on the INTERREG Italy-Croatia Joint_SECAP project data of 9 target areas located on the two sides of the Adriatic Sea the document refers to a reference framework on risks and vulnerabilities of urban coastal areas and recurring climatic events. From a case studies analysis, built on climate hazards and on outdoor space configurations, the paper extracts replicability features and attempts to propose feasible models based on reversible and reconfigurable matrices that can be exported into contexts with similar characteristics. It follows that a technological design sensitivity capable of enhancing elastic spatial setups must be consolidated in order to address the needs of a specific outdoor space, during a climatic—or non-climatic—event, assuming that the city is a continuously evolving organism, with an in-grown ability to accommodate the variability of events.
2
Ortiz, L., A. Mustafa, B. Rosenzweig, and Timon McPhearson. "Modeling Urban Futures: Data-Driven Scenarios of Climate Change and Vulnerability in Cities." In Resilient Urban Futures, 129–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63131-4_9.
Анотація:
AbstractCities are complex systems where social, ecological, and technological processes are deeply coupled. This coupling complicates urban planning and land use development, as changing one facet of the urban fabric will likely impact the others. As cities grapple with climate change, there is a growing need to envision urban futures that not only address more frequent and intense severe weather events but also improve day-to-day livability. Here we examine climate risks as functions of the local land use with numerical models. These models leverage a wide array of data sources, from satellite imagery to tax assessments and land cover. We then present a machine-learning cellular automata approach to combine historical land use change with local coproduced urban future scenarios. The cellular automata model uses historical and ancillary data like existing road systems and natural features to develop a set of probabilistic land use change rules, which are then modified according to stakeholder priorities. The resulting land use scenarios are evaluated against historical flood hazards, showcasing how they perform against stakeholder expectations. Our work shows that coproduced scenarios, when grounded with historical and emerging data, can provide paths that increase resilience to weather hazards as well as enhancing ecosystem services provided to citizens.
3
Newton, Peter W., Peter W. G. Newman, Stephen Glackin, and Giles Thomson. "Climate Resilience and Regeneration: How Precincts Can Adapt to and Mitigate Climate Change." In Greening the Greyfields, 105–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6238-6_5.
Анотація:
AbstractHealthy urban ecosystems are increasingly recognised as important for resilient cities and need to be considered as part of GPR. Urban nature-based solutions (NBS) comprising green (vegetation) and blue (water) infrastructure need to be considered at multiple scales from the bioregions, through to catchments, neighbourhoods/precincts, blocks, streets, and buildings, including linkages through and in GPR areas. This chapter describes how climate change—particularly extreme urban heat—is expected to affect Australian cities, and how green and blue infrastructure can help GPR to be incorporated into urban adaptation and mitigation solutions. Topics covered include water-sensitive urban design, nature-based solutions, and urban cooling. The chapter outlines how nature-based solutions can be incorporated into higher-density regenerative urban redevelopment through new technologies and supported by planning models, many of which can be best designed and managed at precinct scale. The ‘additionality’ of green and blue nature-based solutions can offer residents of GPR areas increased liveability and enhanced resilience in both normal and extreme weather.
4
Fallmann, Joachim, Stefan Emeis, Sven Wagner, Christine Ketterer, Andreas Matzarakis, Ilona Krüzselyi, Gabriella Zsebeházi, et al. "Forecasting Models for Urban Warming in Climate Change." In Counteracting Urban Heat Island Effects in a Global Climate Change Scenario, 3–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10425-6_1.
5
Bologna, Roberto, and Giulio Hasanaj. "A Systematic Catalogue of Design Solutions for the Regeneration of Urban Environment Contrasting the Climate Change Impact." In The Urban Book Series, 601–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_54.
Анотація:
AbstractThe article illustrates a research for the definition of a catalogue of design solutions for climate change adaptation in the process of urban regeneration, reducing the vulnerability to climate change impacts and increasing the city resilience. Based on the analysis of relevant case studies of architectural and urban projects in the main biogeographical regions of Europe, the paper describes the research methodology applied for the construction of a catalogue of spatial and technological adaptive design models mainly focusing on the category of “nature-based solutions” but also considering “artificial solutions”. In order to assess their effectiveness, different design alternatives are tested in a specific urban contest (a school courtyard in the City of Scandicci–Metropolitan City of Florence) prone to climate hazards of urban heat islands and pluvial flooding, simulating the impact on the more vulnerable user (children between 11 and 14 years old). For an adequate performance evaluation of multi-hazard effectiveness of the different adaptive design solutions, appropriate IT software and procedural models have been applied: ENVI-met microclimatic simulation software for thermal analysis and predictive method for hydraulic assessment. By comparing the results before and after the application, the climate-adaptive performance of alternative design solutions is measured through specific indicators. This approach is coherent to the design process management aiming to a predictive definition of performance evaluation through procedural models and digital instruments in order to properly address the complexity of architectural and urban project. The systematic catalogue of adaptive design solution offers useful tools and methods to designers and decision makers for the construction of climate change adaptation and mitigation plans in order to build a healthy and safe urban environment for citizens and drive an ecological and sustainable transition to green cities.
6
Giovanardi, Matteo, Matteo Trane, and Riccardo Pollo. "Environmental Sensing and Simulation for Healthy Districts: A Comparison Between Field Measurements and CFD Model." In The Urban Book Series, 921–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_82.
Анотація:
AbstractAtmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) is considered among the main risk factors for cardiovascular, respiratory, and carcinogenic diseases. Besides, heat waves accounted for 68% of natural hazard-related deaths in Europe between 1980 and 2017 and many climate models project a global rise in climate hazards. Environmental Monitoring (EM) is a key resource to control health determinants, addressing threats arising from unhealthy external conditions. Forecasting models may need data coming from pervasive distributed sensor networks and computational simulations. Moreover, district-scale Environmental Sensing (ES) and Environmental Modelling Simulation (EMS) may identify criticalities and specific strategies to mitigate climate risk affecting physical health. This paper compares the output from ES, by field measurements during a “climate walk” joined by more than 60 people, with EMS, by a Computational Fluid Dynamic software (CFD). The assessment has been performed on a real urban district. For on-site measurements, data were acquired by low-cost IoT-based sensors developed by the authors. For simulations, we used ENVI-met, a prognostic non-hydrostatic CFD. Potential Air Temperature and PM 10-2.5 concentration parameters have been measured and simulated on a specific winter day. Results are presented and discussed through a visualisation matrix making the comparison direct. The analysis of the results pointed out the role of ES and EMS for high-resolution scenarios assessment. Although real-time monitoring needs extensive infrastructure at the urban scale, the use of low-cost sensors and a citizen science approach could provide precise input data to support even more accurate models, towards a healthy district site-specific design perspective. This may finally contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goal 11.6, aiming at reducing the adverse environmental impact of cities, thus paying particular attention to air quality.
7
Cangelli, Eliana. "Climate Change: New Ways to Inhabit the Earth." In The Urban Book Series, 537–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_48.
Анотація:
AbstractThe text begins by proposing a critical reading of the climate crisis, aimed at pointing out the need for a collective consciousness allowing solutions to be found that are unbound by having to maintain the current economic model. After a brief history of the environmental issue identifying the commitment of the technology of architecture in this topic, a research framework linked to the environmental and technological design of the built environment is proposed. The paper closes with considerations on research prospects for the transformation of cities, of use for pursuing the reduction of climate change, as emerged at the conference.
8
Kim, Yeowon, Lelani M. Mannetti, David M. Iwaniec, Nancy B. Grimm, Marta Berbés-Blázquez, and Samuel Markolf. "Social, Ecological, and Technological Strategies for Climate Adaptation." In Resilient Urban Futures, 29–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63131-4_3.
Анотація:
AbstractResilient cities are able to persist, grow, and even transform while keeping their essential identities in the face of external forces like climatechange, which threatens lives, livelihoods, and the structures and processes of the urban environment (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, How to make cities more resilient: a handbook for local government leaders. Switzerland, Geneva, 2017). Scenario development is a novel approach to visioning resilient futures for cities. As an instrument for synthesizing data and envisioning urban futures, scenarios combine diverse datasets such as biophysical models, stakeholder perspectives, and demographic information (Carpenter et al. Ecol Soc 20:10, 2015). As a tool to envision alternative futures, participatoryscenario development explores, identifies, and evaluates potential outcomes and tradeoffs associated with the management of social–ecological change, incorporating multiple stakeholder’s collaborative subjectivity (Galafassi et al. Ecol Soc 22:2, 2017). Understanding the current landscape of city planning and governance approaches is important in developing city-specific scenarios. In particular, assessing municipal planning strategies through the lens of interactive social–ecological–technological systems (SETS) provides useful insight into the dynamics and interrelationships of these coupled systems (da Silva et al. Sustain Dev 4(2):125–145, 2012). An assessment of existing municipal strategies can also be used to inform future adaptation scenarios and strategic plans addressing extreme weather events. With the scenario development process guiding stakeholders in generating goals and visions through participatory workshops, the content analysis of governance planning documents from the SETS perspective provides key insight on specific strategies that have been considered (or overlooked) in cities. In this chapter, we (a) demonstrate an approach to examine how cities define and prioritize climate adaptation strategies in their governance planning documents, (b) examine how governance strategies address current and future climate vulnerabilities as exemplified by nine cities in North and Latin America where we conducted a content analysis of municipal planning documents, and (c) suggest a codebook to explore the diverse SETS strategies proposed to address climate challenges—specifically related to extreme weather events such as heat, drought, and flooding.
9
Theurer, W. "Point Sources in Urban Areas: Modelling of Neutral Gas Clouds with Semi-empirical Models." In Wind Climate in Cities, 485–502. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3686-2_22.
10
Milardi, Martino. "Adaptive Building Technologies for Building Envelopes Under Climate Change Conditions." In The Urban Book Series, 695–702. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_62.
Анотація:
AbstractFollowing the widespread recognition of the urgency of environmental and energy issues, cities, now under the influence of the pandemic crisis, are called to cope with them through adaptation strategies to future scenarios that are constantly changing. At the same time, the implementation of adaptive building envelopes seems to be a promising alternative to achieve higher quality levels in the built environment, especially to counter and mitigate climate change, in line with EU directives. Adaptive envelopes can modify physical or chemical characteristics, exploiting environmental stimuli such as solar heat, temperature, airspeed, or atmospheric humidity. In this scenario, the experimental research in progress wants to define a new adaptive model by using innovative materials. It can be applied to curtain wall systems, intended as an element vulnerable to the effects of extreme events in a Mediterranean climate and more stressed by external energy flows. In this work, the author presents some parts of the research results, in which a necessary phase involved the reasoned recognition of adaptive materials for extreme applications or materials that can respond actively to possible external stresses. Research efforts are focused on the choice of the most suitable material to define the levels of environmental adaptability of the model, its constructability, and technological characterization. Finally, the performance verification of the adaptive model will be carried out at the TCLab section of the BFL of the Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria to develop prototypical lines that can facilitate the new approach to high environmental quality adaptive envelopes.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Modèle de climat urbain":
1
HILALI, Farah, Ibtissam KARA, and Hicham ElYousfi. "Enjeux et perspectives de l’amélioration du climat des affaires à l’ère du Nouveau Modèle de Développement." In Quelles politiques économiques en faveur de l’investissement et de l’emploi en période de crises et de reconstitution de l’économie mondiale ? Francisco Baptista Gil, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23882/eb.23.0535-03.
2
Kamal, Athar, Ibrahim Hassan, Liangzhou (Leon) Wang, and Mohammad Azizur Rahman. "Estimating Combined Impact of Urban Heat Island Effect and Climate Change on Cooling Requirements of Tall Residential Buildings in Hot-Humid Locations." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94272.
Анотація:
Abstract Climate change estimates are critical in developing long-term solutions to the dwelling problems that we currently face. This study combines the impact of climate change and the urban heat island effect to study the outcomes of future weather conditions on the cooling of tall residential buildings in hot and humid climates. For the year 2050, we calculate the impact of urban characteristics through the urban weather generator and climate change through the world weather gen tool on the micro-climatic condition of a district in a newly constructed city near Doha, Qatar, the Lusail City. A total of four weather files are compared to the weather data gathered from the established weather station in the city (two for the year 2020 and three for the year 2050). Results reveal that once the open weather map file has been processed through the urban weather generator (UWG) first and then the climate change model, the MAE increases to 3.30, and the RMSE goes to 3.8 with a maximum deviation of 11.4°c occurring. If the process is done the other way around, the climate change model is applied first, and then the UWG file is applied, the MAE of 3.46 is with RMSE of 3.94 with a maximum deviation of 11.3°c occurring. The impact of these weather files is then assessed on a tall residential building in Lusail. A significant increase of 777197 kwh or 20% is seen in the openweather map file that has been processed first through the climate change model and then through the urban weather generator (as compared to the rural weather file); an increase of 739983 kwh or 19% is seen in the openweather map file that has been processed first through the UWG and then through the climate change model; finally close to 22.6 percent increase or 874088 kwh is seen in the openweather map file that has been processed first through the climate change model and then through the climate change model.
3
Savin, Cristina, Florica Moldoveanu, and Alin Moldoveanu. "SIMULATION AND VISUALIZATION TOOL TO EXPLORE THE IMPACTS OF COMPLEX AND CROSS-RELATED ENVIRONMENT CHANGES." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-083.
Анотація:
The current trend concerning global climate conditions is one of change and is negatively affecting all major sectors of society and environment at all levels, from the national to the local and continental. As a consequence of the strong impact that climate change has on future society, the need of an e-learning tool to raise awareness on the effects of these changes appears more than necessary. The solution presented in this paper (CLIMSAVE IAP - Integrated Assessment Platform) is a user friendly interactive web-based tool intended for free use that simulates an extensive range of impact indicators at European and local scale (Scotland) based on a series of interactive climatic and socio-economic scenarios. The simulated impact indicators cover a wide range of sectors: agriculture, biodiversity, coasts, forests, water and urban and are displayed as a geospatial map that allows users to evaluate and understand the climate impacts. The tool is a web software based on the Client/Server architecture having on the Client side the Client Interface Module that collects the input information needed to run the user's simulation and displays the outputs on interactive geospatial maps. The Server Side is comprised of the project's main database, a series of 12 meta-models to simulate the above mentioned sectors and a main Running Module that links the Client and the Server side. The tool was developed with the help of representative stakeholders that have also contributed to its calibration and testing. The novelty of this platform is that it allows users to explore and understand the interactions between various sectors rather than viewing a sectorial area in isolation.
4
Conry, Patrick, H. J. S. Fernando, L. S. Leo, Ashish Sharma, Mark Potosnak, and Jessica Hellmann. "Multi-Scale Simulations of Climate-Change Influence on Chicago Heat Island." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21581.
Анотація:
Over the past half century, burgeoning urban areas such as Chicago have experienced elevated anthropogenic-induced alteration of local climates within urbanized regions. As a result, urban heat island (UHI) effect in these areas has intensified. Global climate change can further modulate UHI’s negative effects on human welfare and energy conservation. Various numerical models exist to understand, monitor, and predict UHI and its ramifications, but none can resolve all the relevant physical phenomena that span a wide range of scales. To this end, we have applied a comprehensive multi-scale approach to study UHI of Chicago. The coupling of global, mesoscale, and micro-scale models has allowed for dynamical downscaling from global to regional to city and finally to neighborhood scales. The output of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM5), a general circulation model (GCM), provides future climate scenario, and its coupling with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model enables studies on mesoscale behavior at urban scales. The output from the WRF model at 0.333 km resolution is used to drive a micro-scale model, ENVI-met. Through this coupling the bane of obtaining reliable initial and boundary conditions for the micro-scale model from limited available observational records has been aptly remedied. It was found that the performance of ENVI-met improves when WRF output, rather than observational data, is supplied for initial conditions. The success of the downscaling procedure allowed reasonable application of micro-scale model to future climate scenario provided by CCSM5 and WRF models. The fine (2 m) resolution of ENVI-met enables the study of two key effects of UHI at micro-scale: decreased pedestrian comfort and increased building-scale energy consumption. ENVI-met model’s explicit treatment of key processes that underpin urban microclimate makes it captivating for pedestrian comfort analysis. Building energy, however, is not modeled by ENVI-met so we have developed a simplified building energy model to estimate future cooling needs.
5
Ferrer y Arroyo, Mercedes, José Fariña Tojo, Ramón Reyes Arrieta, and Nersa Gómez De Perozo. "Paisajes urbanos híbridos-dispersos: tecnovación en gestión urbana sostenible." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7540.
Анотація:
El creciente proceso de dispersión territorial de las ciudades latinoamericanas y venezolanas (Maracaibo),
deriva de la expansión incontrolada de la periferia urbana por ausencia o trasgresión de las restricciones
físico-geográficas y legales y es consecuencia de la migración, el laissez faire territorial, la poca
capacidad de gestión y la ausencia de cultura de sostenibilidad. Resulta de formas de producción del
hábitat -paisajes urbanos híbridos-dispersos, donde coexisten y se mezclan en un continuo espaciotemporal
desarticulado, fragmentos urbanos con diferentes códigos genéticos (urbanización espontánea y
planificada). Este patrón de ocupación y desarrollo urbano, basado en tipologías extensivas de bajo
rendimiento-intensidad de uso, genera fuertes presiones frente a las que parece no existir capacidad de
respuesta institucional o a las que muchas veces no se quiere responder por razones políticas e
ideológicas. La dispersión urbana en Maracaibo se ha traducido en el aumento de los costos de
urbanización, del incremento del déficit de los servicios infraestructurales, de las asimetrías en la
distribución espacial de calidad de vida y la precariedad. Este modelo disperso-insostenible que
caracteriza a Maracaibo - con 1,6 millones de habitantes - ha desbordado los límites de la ciudad,
ocupando los bordes de los corredores urbanos metropolitanos que desde la ciudad atraviesan la Zona
Protectora (ZP). La ZP es un green belt plurimunicipal de 20.800 Has, que bordea y define el limitefrontera
urbana del Archipiélago Metropolitano de Maracaibo (AMM). La ZP fue decretada en 1989 por el
Ministerio del Ambiente (MARN) para frenar la expansión anárquica de Maracaibo y actuar como agente regulador del clima y el medio ambiente en beneficio de la calidad de la vida urbana y como políticacontenedor
del crecimiento urbano de la ciudad, actualmente en proceso de ocupación por rituales
urbanos en expansión. La ponencia presenta la metodología -estrategia de planificación-evaluación
innovadora- (EPE+i) y resultados de un Estudio realizado para el Ministerio del Ambiente, con el fin de
decidir sobre la desafectación total o parcial de la ZP. Con ese propósito se evalúa el impacto de los
posibles futuros escenarios de ocupación urbana de la ZP, en la sostenibilidad del AMM. La EPE+i llena el
vacío de la planificación-gestión urbana en Venezuela, asumiendo el principio de sostenibilidad y
trenzando estratégicamente el proceso de Planificación-Gestión Urbana (PGU), con el modelo Presión-
Estado-Respuesta (PER) y el apoyo de Tecnologías de Información Geográfica (TIG) -imagen satelital y
SIG- para desarrollar modelos urbanos y atributos e Indicadores de Sostenibilidad Urbana (ISU)
específicos. La sostenibilidad y gobernanza (participación-interacción política y social multinivel), se
asumieron como principios clave del estudio, para la toma de decisión ética y construir una visiónhipótesis
territorial integral y concertada de futuro para el conjunto urbanos ZP-AMM. La ponencia
concluye presentando el resultado de la aplicación de la estrategia metodológica, EPE+i =
[PGU+PER+TIG] (tecnovación creativa), donde los modelos SIG de vulnerabilidad, consolidación y
conformidad de uso y el modelo síntesis, conformidad-adecuación ambiental y legal de la ocupación
urbana de la ZP, constituyen los atributos e ISU de Estado; los escenarios se transforman en atributos e
ISU de Presión y la gobernanza, evaluada a través de tres variables, legitimidad por desempeño,
gobernabilidad y participación, conforman los atributos de Respuesta y seleccionado como política urbana
y visión-hipótesis territorial integral para el conjunto ZP-AMM, el escenario E2: Corredores de Expansión
Tendencial, porque organiza la ocupación lineal urbana actual, a lo largo de los corredores
metropolitanos, manteniendo las áreas intermedias como zonas verdes de protección. Urban sprawl in Latin-American and Venezuelan cities derives from uncontrolled urban expansion of the
periphery, due to the absence or infringement of geographical and legal restrictions through planned and
spontaneous urban occupation (hybrid urbanization). This in turn results from migration and territorial
laissez faire; limited urban management capacity and sustainability culture in public, private and
community institutions although they perceived and inhabit a precarious environment and frequently
protest demanding services, security and houses. For Sempere (2005, is caused by illegal ways of habitat
production based on low density and extensive typologies. This urban pattern generates strong pressures
against which there is no institutional capacity or will to respond due to political or ideological reasons. This
disperse-unsustainable model in Maracaibo (capital of the Zulia State, located at the western extreme of
Venezuela) has led to the explosion of the city boundaries, and the occupation of the edges of the
metropolitan urban corridors, which run from the city across the Protective Zone (PZ). The PZ is a green
belt of 20.800 Hectares, decreed in 1989 to act as a policy-container of urban growth by defining the city
west boundaries and is in the process of transformation-mutation by urban rituals in expansion. It is the
territorial expression of the contemporary forms of making city which result from the practice of the visible
management government (VMG) in metropolitan Maracaibo, referred by Ferrer and others (2005) as
Maracaibo’s metropolitan archipelago (MAM). The paper describes the method, innovative planningevaluation
strategy (IPES) and the results of a study that evaluates the impact of sprawl -urban occupation
of the Protective Zone (PZ)-, in Maracaibo’s -hybrid metropolitan archipelago- (HMA) sustainability. The
IPES fills the gap of the local urban planning assuming the principles of sustainable development (SD) by
means of braiding the urban planning process (UPP) with the Pressure-State-Response Model (PSR) and
Geographical Information Technologies (GIT) -satellite images and GIS- to develop urban models, specific
attributes and urban sustainable indicators (USI). The IPES (UPP+PSR) is a multilayered-relational model
that works, within the PSR model and grapping this model with the UPP. In this model, the causes of
environmental changes, Pressure are correlated with the urban-spatial scenarios, their effects State, with
the diagnose synthesis and, the Response with the multilevel government and stakeholders, urban
projects, actions and policies, proposed and undertaken to deal with these changes. To reach an ethical
decision, a concerted vision of the future scenarios and to build an integral territorial hypothesis for the PZHMA,
sustainability and governance -stakeholders’ participation- were the key principles of the study. The
paper concludes presenting the IPES model (creative technovation), where the GIS models of
vulnerability, consolidation, conformity of usage and the model synthesis, environmental and legal
conformity-adequation of the urban occupation, serve as specific State Attributes; the envisioned urban - spatial scenarios constituted the Attributes of Pressure and urban governance, measured through three
variables, legitimacy by performance, governability and participation, configured the Response Attributes
and selecting as policy and integral hypothesis –vision for the PZ-MAM the E2 Scenario: Corridors of
Tendencial Expansion because controls, adjusts and organises the present lineal urban occupation along
the metropolitan corridors maintaining intermediate areas of green protection and re-creates a new hybrid
sustainable urban landscape, a compact, dense and multifunctional-polycentric PZ-MAM.
6
Camagni, Sara, and Joana Goncalves. "Enhancing Contemporary Envelope Design for Hot and Arid Climates: Integrating Vernacular Strategies for Window-to-Wall Ratios and Shading Devices." In Comfort at The Extremes 2023. CEPT University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62744/cate.45273.1121-406-414.
Анотація:
In the context of various scenarios of global climate change and the imminent threats posed by escalating global temperatures, architects and urban planners must reflect on the lessons to be learned from the established model of vernacular architecture in arid climates. When closely examined and comprehended accurately, vernacular architecture offers a repository of readily applicable strategies that can be expanded upon and implemented in contemporary construction. This paper focuses on the benefits derived from incorporating height-to-width ratio (H/W) in urban settings, window-to-wall ratios and shading mechanisms inferred from vernacular architecture into envelope design for contemporary residential development. It employs the hot-arid climate of Cairo City, Egypt, as a reference context for this research proposed study. The paper elaborates on the methodologies and processes utilized to transform principles of vernacular strategies into quantifiable benchmark. This is accomplished through the integration of environmental performance simulations, including thermal and daylight conditions, which informed the exploration of potential architectural solutions. The outcome is a characterization of design elements inherent in vernacular architecture, leading to design recommendations for contemporary residential buildings in hot and arid climates, with emphasis on window-to-wall ratios and shading mechanisms.
7
PASSE, ULRIKE. "Assessing a Community-Engaged Decision Framework for Increased Urban Neighborhoods Resilience in a Warming Climate." In 2021 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.21.29.
Анотація:
Successful urban systems-related climate-action-support tools enable urban stakeholders to communicate and collabo- rate across and beyond their respective disciplines to identify innovative, transformative solutions to increase urban infra- structure resilience and sustainability. The actions of humans within buildings and the relationship of buildings to their near-building environments (aka microclimate) constitute one understudied urban system with significant impact on urban energy use strongly impacted by a warming urban climate. This interdisciplinary research team lead by an architect at a large research university collaborates with local community partners to identify evidence-based approaches for the integration of human behavior data, building energy use characteristics, future climate scenarios, and near-building microclimate data. The team has built a prototypical model, which integrates urban trees into urban energy models based on a large-scale inventory and probabilistic occupancy data based on a neighborhood wide energy use survey. To ensure that these urban energy models are equitable, however, the needs of marginalized populations must be included- especially those most vulnerable to the consequences of a changing climate. The paper reports on two intertwined research strands. First of all, the team’s best practices for gathering data from individuals facing marginalization as well as the application of this residential occupancy data into neighbor- hood energy models. The second strand addresses trees in urban landscapes and their capacity to modify temperatures in the near-building environment, which is important for reducing summer heat loads on building surfaces. Preliminary results for an urban neighborhood strategies are reported.
8
HOSSAIN, MD MARUF, and José-Miguel Fernández-Güell. "DESARROLLO URBANO CLIMÁTICO VULNERABLE EN BANGLADESH." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10093.
Анотація:
This article investigates the impact of climate change on the functional systems of intermediate cities in Bangladesh. The aim is to mitigate the immediate challenges posed by the global climate change for small and middle sized cities as future populated urban centers in developing countries. The objective of this study is to formulate a comprehensive framework for climate change resilient urban governance. The conceptual framework of this research adopted the modified structure of S Tyler and M Moench (2012) CRF model incorporating three major components, urban functional system, local urban governance and climate resilience. Five case study cities in Bangladesh have been conceptualized as functional system to identify the change factors. The vulnerability assessment of climate change is to provide the city’s exposure of future climate risks on city’s functional system. The research initiates a resilience building process based on Mehta’s good governance (1998) through a shared learning dialogue (SLD) involving stakeholders.
Key words: Urban functional system, Local urban governance, Climate resilience, Intermediate city
9
M. Orozco-Meza, Alejandra, and Jorge M. Frazão-Cancela. "SDMs, HERRAMIENTA PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN CIUDADES Caso de Estudio: Ponte Verde de Queluz (Sintra, Portugal)." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Grup de Recerca en Urbanisme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.12772.
Анотація:
This study explores the applicability of species distribution models (SDMs) in land use planning through the Ponte Verde de Queluz project, Sintra (Portugal), which proposes the use of 17 native plant species to promote ecological continuity. Among these species is Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch, the focus of this scientific article. The resulting cartography highlights areas that could be recognized as climate refugia for retention and displacement under two climate change scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). In conclusion, this study provides a replicable and scalable methodology, useful and easy to understand for the conservation and restoration of biodiversity in cities, with important practical implications for land use planning and urban management in identifying and optimizing urban climate refugia and establishing urban climate corridors. Keywords: species distribution, Cephalanthera longifolia, climate change, ecological restoration En este estudio se explora la aplicabilidad de los modelos de distribución de especies (SDMs) en el ordenamiento del territorio desde el Proyecto Ponte Verde de Queluz en Sintra (Portugal), el cual propone el uso de 17 especies vegetales autóctonas para fomentar la continuidad ecológica. Entre estas especies se encuentra Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch, objeto de estudio de este artículo científico. La cartografía resultante destaca las zonas que podrían ser reconocidas como refugios climáticos de retención y desplazamiento en dos escenarios de cambio climático (SSP2-4.5 y SSP5-8.5). En conclusión, este estudio proporciona una metodología replicable y escalable, útil y de fácil comprensión para la conservación y restauración de la biodiversidad en las ciudades, con implicaciones prácticas importantes para el ordenamiento del territorio y gestión urbana en la identificación y la optimización de refugios climáticos urbanos y establecimiento de corredores climáticos urbanos. Palabras clave: distribución de especies, Cephalanthera longifolia, cambio climático, restauración ecológica
10
Gonçalves, Pedro Henrique, João Pedro Silva Ribeiro, Clarissa Sartori Ziebell, Marília Guimarães Rodrigues, Ernestina Rita Meira Engel, and Tábata Hada Passos. "Estudo da interferência da camada limite planetária (CLP) no efeito da ilha de calor urbano (ICU) através da simulação urban weather generator (UWG)." In XVII ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE CONFORTO NO AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO. ANTAC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/encac.v17i1.3762.
Анотація:
Cada vez mais, nota-se a importância dos estudos climáticos em contextos urbanos. O efeito da Ilha de Calor Urbano (ICU) é influenciado pela urbanização, sendo cada vez mais frequente nas cidades. Nesse contexto, torna-se essencial avaliações do clima local e suas implicações. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar a influência da variação da altura da camada limite planetária (CLP) como dado de entrada do componente Urban Weather Generator. A delimitação espacial corresponde a uma área urbana do município de Anápolis, Goiás. A metodologia foi desenvolvida em cinco etapas: (1) definição do recorte e levantamento de dados; (2) modelagem da geometria; (3) definição das características construtivas das geometrias; (4) entrada de dados no DragonFly; e (5) simulação e análise dos resultados. Os resultados mostram as diferentes variações exercidas pelos parâmetros no modelo. De forma geral, há aumento da temperatura média durante todo o ano em relação ao arquivo climático meteorológico. A partir do modelo, observa-se que quanto menor a altura da camada limite noturna, maior é a temperatura média do ar. A variação da altura da camada limite noturna afeta mais os resultados das temperaturas médias do que a diurna. A partir do estudo, nota-se que a modificação do uso do solo com impermeabilização leva a mudanças significativas na temperatura da camada limite e na qualidade do ar. Assim, o estudo dos fenômenos climáticos se mostra importante, para análise dos efeitos adversos da urbanização no clima local e regional.
Звіти організацій з теми "Modèle de climat urbain":
1
Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge, and Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.
Анотація:
The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.
2
Hasan, Abdulghani. Flood Modelling Tool : an integrated GIS and hydrological modelling tool for planning nature-based solutions in the urban environment. Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.5s9t2ca774.
Анотація:
The risk of pluvial flooding is going to increase as climate change causes an increase in intense precipitation along with urbanisation leading to an increase in impermeable surfaces. In the last decade, cities such as Malmö and Copenhagen have already experienced severe pluvial flooding that has caused extensive damage. Adapting to climate change by creating flood resilient urban areas is therefore important and blue-green infrastructure (BGI) may be one measure to accomplish this. A hydrological model called TFM-DYN has been used to investigate whether BGI can aid the mitigation of pluvial flooding. TFM-DYN can also assist in selecting the best locations of BGIs. The problem of modeling urban floods using distributed high resolution hydrological models while considering the hydrological process in the upstream area is difficult due to the limited current computation capacity. However, coupling a distributed hydrological model (TFM-DYN) with an other semi distributed models (HYPE) is crucial to enable simulate, predict and map floods with high-resolution for an urban area while considering its catchment area. With the using of the new suggested coupled hydrological model, it is possible to connect and use the output results from HYPE model as an input to a distributed model (TFM-DYN). The interaction between HYPE and TFM-DYN will consider the hydrologic process occurred outside the model boundary of the interested urban area. The coupling of the two models will help initiating the model with real water depth data that may lead to more realistic simulation. The procedure of input data manipulation using the two model interactions is explained in details. The model is tested on a selected urban area to dynamically simulate the changes in the water depth with time using high resolution gridded data. The new coupled model can be of a great tool for wide range of user and stakeholders as an example to municipalities, water experts, insurance companies and to all other interested water organizations who have access to regional catchment models and in need for a high-resolution, flood simulation and mapping model.
3
Chiara Tornaghi, Chiara Tornaghi, and Michiel Dehaene Michiel Dehaene. AGROECOLOGICAL URBANISM: What is it, why we need it, and the role of UN-Habitat. Coventry University, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/cawr/2024/0001.
Анотація:
Current urbanisation approaches drive climate change, soil destruction, biodiversity loss, people’s alienation from nature, and unsustainable and unhealthy diets. To achieve sustainable urbanisation we need coherent and integrated urban and agricultural policies, that radically transform how we urbanise. Agroecological urbanism is a promising model, addressing simultaneously the challenges of climate change, soil regeneration, resource conservation and sustainable farming, while developing sustainable and socially just urban habitats and livelihoods. This brief suggests ways in which UN-Habitat, whose influence is key at the rural-urban interface, can adopt and promote this approach.
4
Oakil, Abu Toasin, Ahm Mehbub Anwar, Alma Alhussaini, Nourah Al Hosain, Abdelrahman Muhsen, and Anvita Arora. Urban Transport Energy Demand Model for Riyadh: Methodology and Preliminary Analysis. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-mp03.
Анотація:
Saudi Arabia intends to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 278 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent annually by 2030, according to its Nationally Determined Contribution to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Among many policies it is introducing, a mass transit system and transit-oriented development are being advanced with the expectation of reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions in Riyadh. To what extent such an initiative can reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions is an important question. In this paper, a methodology is developed to systematically measure the impact of mass transit and transit-oriented development in Riyadh on energy demand.
5
Klobucar, Blaz. Urban Tree Detection in Historical Aerial Imagery of Sweden : a test in automated detection with open source Deep Learning models. Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.7kn4q7vikr.
Анотація:
Urban trees are a key component of the urban environment. In Sweden, ambitious goals have been expressed by authorities regarding the retention and increase of urban tree cover, aiming to mitigate climate change and provide a healthy, livable urban environment in a highly contested space. Tracking urban tree cover through remote sensing serves as an indicator of how past urban planning has succeeded in retaining trees as part of the urban fabric, and historical imagery spanning back decades for such analysis is widely available. This short study examines the viability of automated detection using open-source Deep Learning methods for long-term change detection in urban tree cover, aiming to evaluate past practices in urban planning. Results indicate that preprocessing of old imagery is necessary to enhance the detection and segmentation of urban tree cover, as the currently available training models were found to be severely lacking upon visual inspection.
6
Tran, My-Thu, and Bo Yang. Using Thermal Remote Sensing to Quantify Impact of Traffic on Urban Heat Islands during COVID. Mineta Transportation Institute, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2207.
Анотація:
A three-month lockdown in the U.S. at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 greatly reduced the traffic volume in many cities, especially large metropolitan areas such as the San Francisco Bay Area. This research explores the impact of transportation on climate change by using remote sensing technology and statistical analysis during the COVID-19 lockdown. Using thermal satellite data, this research measures the intensity of the urban heat island, the main driver for climate change during the urbanization process. The research team acquired morning and afternoon MODIS data in the same periods in 2019 before the pandemic and 2020 during the pandemic. MODIS imagery provides a wall-to-wall land surface temperature map to precisely measure the dynamics of the urban heat effect. In situ meteorological data were also acquired to build an urban surface energy budget and construct statistical models between solar radiation and the intensity of heat dynamics. The team implemented this urban heat budget in six counties in Northern California. This research quantifies the impact of lockdown policies on heat intensity in urban areas and human mobility in the context of COVID-19 and future pandemics. The quantitative results obtained in this study provide critical information for analyses of climate change impact on an urban scale.
7
Turmena, Lucas, Flávia Maia, Flávia Guerra, and Michael Roll. TUC City Profile: Teresina, Brazil. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/eycc5652.
Анотація:
Climate injustice is obvious in Teresina. Although the city makes a small contribution to national and global emissions, it is situated in a global warming hotspot. Teresina is already affected by extreme heat, and models anticipate that it will become even hotter and drier in the coming years. The city's high vulnerability to climate change particularly affects Black, Indigenous and People of Colour (BIPOC) groups living in low-income neighbourhoods. Social injustice and racism are tied together in the urban development process of Teresina. Flood-prone areas often overlap with vulnerable neighbourhoods at the fringes of the city, resulting in precarious living conditions. Climate action at the city level must simultaneously favour racial and climate justice to promote transformative changes towards sustainability. Teresina will likely have to absorb climate-induced migration from its surroundings, which may increase the challenges of already overloaded basic services and infrastructure. Urban planning in Teresina must accommodate future projections by combining climate mitigation with adaptation to provide low-carbon and resilient development. Urban climate governance is still emerging in Teresina, which makes this a key moment for transformative action towards sustainability. Entry points for transformation in the city include: promoting vertical and horizontal coordination to implement the climate agenda; increasing climate-related technical knowledge within the municipal government and awareness at the community level; fostering collaboration to generate and disseminate municipal climate data and amplify bottom-up climate initiatives; creating new climate narratives; strengthening citizen participation while recognizing and including vulnerable groups; declaring a climate emergency; and leveraging additional public and private funds for climate action.
8
Chisari, Omar O., and Sebastián J. Miller. Climate Change and Migration: A CGE Analysis for Two Large Urban Regions of Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011724.
Анотація:
Migration is one of the strategies used by populations to adapt to natural shocks and also to respond to economic policies. Climate change will probably have an impact on the productivity of factors and on the health of the population of the Latin America and Caribbean region, triggering migrations. In addition, policies aimed at reducing emissions (like carbon taxes) will change relative prices and the remuneration of factors and, in turn, will alter the allocation of labor between urban and rural areas. This paper explores the potential quantitative relevance of those population movements using a CGE version of the Harris-Todaro model. Two paradigmatic cases are considered: i) domestic or internal migrations, focusing on the case of Sao Paulo (Brazil) and ii) international migrations, analyzing the displacement of population from Bolivia and Paraguay to Argentina.
9
Moreda, Fekadu, Benjamin Lord, Mauro Nalesso, Pedro Coli Valdes Daussa, and Juliana Corrales. Hydro-BID: New Functionalities (Reservoir, Sediment and Groundwater Simulation Modules). Inter-American Development Bank, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009312.
Анотація:
The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) provides financial and technicalsupport for infrastructure projects in water and sanitation, irrigation, flood control, transport, and energy, and for development projects in agriculture, urban systems, and natural resources. Many of these projects depend upon water resources and may be affected negatively by climate change and other developments that alter water availability, such as population growth and shifts in land use associated with urbanization, industrial growth, and agricultural practices. Assessing the potential for future changes in water availability is an important step toward ensuring that infrastructure and other development projects meet their operational, financial, and economic goals. It is also important to examine the implications of such projects for the future allocation of available water among competing users and uses to mitigate potential conflict and to ensure such projects are consistent with long-term regional development plans and preservation of essential ecosystem services. As part of its commitment to help member countries adapt to climate change, the IDB is sponsoring work to develop and apply the Regional Water Resources Simulation Model for Latin America and the Caribbean, an integrated suite of watershed modeling tools known as Hydro-BID. Hydro-BID is a highly scalable modeling system that includes hydrology and climate analysis modules to estimate the availability of surface water (stream flows) at the regional, basin, and sub-basin scales. The system includes modules for incorporating the effects of groundwater and reservoirs on surface water flows and for estimating sediment loading. Data produced by Hydro-BID are useful for water balance analysis, water allocation decisions, and economic analysis and decision support tools to help decision-makers make informed choices among alternative designs for infrastructure projects and alternative policies for water resources management. IDB sponsored the development of Hydro-BID and provides the software and basic training free of charge to authorized users; see hydrobidlac.org. The system was developed by RTI International as an adaptation of RTI's proprietary WaterFALL® modeling software, based on over 30 years of experience developing and using the U.S. National Hydrography Dataset (NHDPlus) in support to the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In Phase I of this effort, RTI prepared a working version of Hydro-BID that includes: (1) the Analytical Hydrography Dataset for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC AHD), a digital representation of 229,300 catchments in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean with their corresponding topography, river, and stream segments; (2) a geographic information system (GIS)-based navigation tool to browse AHD catchments and streams with the capability of navigating upstream and downstream; (3) a user interface for specifying the area and period to be modeled and the period and location for which water availability will be simulated; (4) a climate data interface to obtain rainfall and temperature inputs for the area and period of interest; (5) a rainfall-runoff model based on the Generalized Watershed Loading Factor (GWLF) formulation; and (6) a routing scheme for quantifying time of travel and cumulative flow estimates across downstream catchments. Hydro-BID generates output in the form of daily time series of flow estimates for the selected location and period. The output can be summarized as a monthly time series at the user's discretion. In Phase II of this effort, RTI has prepared an updated version of Hydro-BID that includes (1) improvements to the user interface; (2) a module to simulate the effect of reservoirs on downstream flows; (3) a module to link Hydro-BID and groundwater models developed with MODFLOW and incorporate water exchanges between groundwater and surface water compartments into the simulation of sur
10
Rezaie, Shogofa, Fedra Vanhuyse, Karin André, and Maryna Henrysson. Governing the circular economy: how urban policymakers can accelerate the agenda. Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.027.
Анотація:
We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.