Готові списки джерел за темами / MNMs

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "MNMs"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "MNMs"

1

Han, Jiaqi, Long Li, Tianliang Zhang, and Rui Xi. "Control and improvement of antenna gain by using multilayer non-uniform metasurfaces." EPJ Applied Metamaterials 6 (2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjam/2019003.

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Анотація:
In this paper, a new high-gain antenna with beam control based on multilayer non-uniform metasurfaces (MNMSs) is proposed. The MNMS consists of multilayer non-uniform square and ring metal patches array. The phase-shift of the MNMS element can achieve 310° with the variation of geometrical sizes. Moreover, four high-gain antennas based on MNMS element are designed, fabricated, and measured to realize 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60° beam control in pitching plane, respectively. Relative bandwidth of the proposed high-gain antenna is above 12%. The simulated and measured results of the proposed antennas show that the wide-angle and azimuth direction beam control capability can be effectively realized by integrating different MNMS with the feeding horn antenna.
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2

Abdullah, Mahmood M. S., Ayman M. Atta, Hamad A. Al-Lohedan, Hamad Z. Alkhathlan, Merajuddin Khan, and Abdelrahman O. Ezzat. "Synthesis of Green Recyclable Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanomaterials Coated by Hydrophobic Plant Extracts for Efficient Collection of Oil Spills." Nanomaterials 9, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101505.

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Анотація:
A facile method for synthesis of environmentally friendly magnetite nanomaterials (MNMs) was applied using hydrophobic biocomponents as capping and stabilizing agents. The biocomponents were extracted from Matricaria aurea (MAE) and Ochradenus baccatus (OBE) and used for the surface modification of MNMs to increase their dispersion efficiency on the collection of heavy crude oil spills. Synthesized MNM samples (MAE-MNMs and OBE-MNMs) were verified using thermogravimetric analysis; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; transmission electron microscopy; dynamic light scattering, and vibrating-sample magnetometry. The application of these nanomaterials in the collection of oil spill showed that the MAE-MNMs and OBE-MNMs successfully collected 95% and 91% of the oil spill, respectively. These results support the potential use of these materials as eco-friendly composites for the successful collection of oil spills that might occur during offshore operations.
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3

Zhou, Dekai, Rencheng Zhuang, Xiaocong Chang, and Longqiu Li. "Enhanced Light-Harvesting Efficiency and Adaptation: A Review on Visible-Light-Driven Micro/Nanomotors." Research 2020 (August 25, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/6821595.

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Анотація:
As visible light accounts for a larger proportion of solar energy and is harmless to living organisms, it has the potential to be the energy source of micro/nanomotors, which transform visible-light energy into mechanical motion, for different applications, especially in environmental remediation. However, how to precisely control the motion of visible-light-driven micro/nanomotors (VLD-MNMs) and efficiently utilize the weak visible-light photon energy to acquire rapid motion are significant challenges. This review summarizes the most critical aspects, involving photoactive materials, propulsion mechanisms, control methods, and applications of VLD-MNMs, and discusses strategies to systematically enhance the energy-harvesting efficiency and adaptation. At first, the photoactive materials have been divided into inorganic and organic photoactive materials and comprehensively discussed. Then, different propulsion mechanisms of the current VLD-MNMs are presented to explain the improvement in the actuation force, speed, and environmental adaptability. In addition, considering the characteristics of easy control of VLD-MNMs, we summarized the direction, speed, and cluster control methods of VLD-MNMs for different application requirements. Subsequently, the potential applications of VLD-MNMs, e.g., in environmental remediation, micropumps, cargo delivery, and sensing in microscale, are presented. Finally, discussions and suggestions for future directions to enhance the energy-harvesting efficiency and adaptation of VLD-MNMs are provided.
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4

Contreras, Enrique, Christian Palacios, I. Becerril-Castro, and José Romo-Herrera. "Plasmon Induced Photocatalysts for Light-Driven Nanomotors." Micromachines 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12050577.

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Анотація:
Micro/nanomachines (MNMs) correspond to human-made devices with motion in aqueous solutions. There are different routes for powering these devices. Light-driven MNMs are gaining increasing attention as fuel-free devices. On the other hand, Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) and their photocatalytic activity have shown great potential for photochemistry reactions. Here we review several photocatalyst nanosystems, with a special emphasis in Plasmon induced photocatalytic reactions, as a novel proposal to be explored by the MNMs community in order to extend the light-driven motion of MNMs harnessing the visible and near-infrared (NIR) light spectrum.
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5

Mansour, Amira, Mohamed Y. Mahmoud, Alaa F. Bakr, Monira G. Ghoniem, Fatima A. Adam, and Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny. "Dual-Enhanced Pluronic Nanoformulated Methotrexate-Based Treatment Approach for Breast Cancer: Development and Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 2668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122668.

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Анотація:
Breast cancer is a prevalent tumor and causes deadly metastatic complications. Myriad cancer types, including breast cancer, are effectively treated by methotrexate (MTX). However, MTX hydrophobicity, adverse effects and the development of resistance have inspired a search for new effective strategies to overcome these challenges. These may include the addition of a bioenhancer and/or encapsulation into appropriate nano-based carriers. In the present study, the anticancer effect of MTX was fortified through dual approaches. First, the concomitant use of piperine (PIP) as a bioenhancer with MTX, which was investigated in the MCF-7 cell line. The results depicted significantly lower IC50 values for the combination (PIP/MTX) than for MTX. Second, PIP and MTX were individually nanoformulated into F-127 pluronic nanomicelles (PIP-NMs) and F-127/P-105 mixed pluronic nanomicelles (MTX-MNMs), respectively, validated by several characterization techniques, and the re-investigated cytotoxicity of PIP-NMs and MTX-MNMs was fortified. Besides, the PIP-NMs/MTX-MNMs demonstrated further cytotoxicity enhancement. The PIP-NMs/MTX-MNMs combination was analyzed by flow cytometry to understand the cell death mechanism. Moreover, the in vivo assessment of PIP-NMs/MTX-MNMs was adopted through the Ehrlich ascites model, which revealed a significant reduction of the tumor weight. However, some results of the tumor markers showed that the addition of PIP-NMs to MTX-MNMs did not significantly enhance the antitumor effect.
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6

Wang, Shengnan, Xiaojia Liu, Yong Wang, Dandan Xu, Chunyan Liang, Jinhong Guo, and Xing Ma. "Biocompatibility of artificial micro/nanomotors for use in biomedicine." Nanoscale 11, no. 30 (2019): 14099–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03393a.

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Анотація:
This review focuses on the biocompatibility of micro/nano-motors (MNMs) with regard to the fabrication materials and propulsion mechanisms. The future prospective and suggestions on the development of MNMs towards practical biomedical applications are also proposed.
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7

Su, Cheng-Kuan, and Yuh-Chang Sun. "Considerations of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques for characterizing the dissolution of metal-based nanomaterials in biological tissues." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 30, no. 8 (2015): 1689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ja00132c.

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Анотація:
Dissolution of metal-based nanomaterials (MNMs) leads to the release of metal ion species; this phenomenon is a major concern affecting the widespread application of MNMs because it can affect their subsequent biodistribution patterns and toxic responses toward living biological systems.
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8

Varkuti, Boglarka H., Miklos Kepiro, Ze Liu, Kyle Vick, Yosef Avchalumov, Rodrigo Pacifico, Courtney M. MacMullen, Theodore M. Kamenecka, Sathyanarayanan V. Puthanveettil, and Ronald L. Davis. "Neuron-based high-content assay and screen for CNS active mitotherapeutics." Science Advances 6, no. 2 (January 2020): eaaw8702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw8702.

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Анотація:
Impaired mitochondrial dynamics and function are hallmarks of many neurological and psychiatric disorders, but direct screens for mitotherapeutics using neurons have not been reported. We developed a multiplexed and high-content screening assay using primary neurons and identified 67 small-molecule modulators of neuronal mitostasis (MnMs). Most MnMs that increased mitochondrial content, length, and/or health also increased mitochondrial function without altering neurite outgrowth. A subset of MnMs protected mitochondria in primary neurons from Aβ(1–42) toxicity, glutamate toxicity, and increased oxidative stress. Some MnMs were shown to directly target mitochondria. The top MnM also increased the synaptic activity of hippocampal neurons and proved to be potent in vivo, increasing the respiration rate of brain mitochondria after administering the compound to mice. Our results offer a platform that directly queries mitostasis processes in neurons, a collection of small-molecule modulators of mitochondrial dynamics and function, and candidate molecules for mitotherapeutics.
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9

Guzmán, Eduardo, and Armando Maestro. "Synthetic Micro/Nanomotors for Drug Delivery." Technologies 10, no. 4 (August 17, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies10040096.

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Анотація:
Synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are human-made machines characterized by their capacity for undergoing self-propelled motion as a result of the consumption of chemical energy obtained from specific chemical or biochemical reactions, or as a response to an external actuation driven by a physical stimulus. This has fostered the exploitation of MNMs for facing different biomedical challenges, including drug delivery. In fact, MNMs are superior systems for an efficient delivery of drugs, offering several advantages in relation to conventional carriers. For instance, the self-propulsion ability of micro/nanomotors makes possible an easier transport of drugs to specific targets in comparison to the conventional distribution by passive carriers circulating within the blood, which enhances the drug bioavailability in tissues. Despite the promising avenues opened by the use of synthetic micro/nanomotors in drug delivery applications, the development of systems for in vivo uses requires further studies to ensure a suitable biocompatibility and biodegradability of the fabricated engines. This is essential for guaranteeing the safety of synthetic MNMs and patient convenience. This review provides an updated perspective to the potential applications of synthetic micro/nanomotors in drug delivery. Moreover, the most fundamental aspects related to the performance of synthetic MNMs and their biosafety are also discussed.
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10

Liu, Mingwei, and Kun Zhao. "Engineering Active Micro and Nanomotors." Micromachines 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060687.

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Анотація:
Micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) are micro/nanoparticles that can perform autonomous motion in complex fluids driven by different power sources. They have been attracting increasing attention due to their great potential in a variety of applications ranging from environmental science to biomedical engineering. Over the past decades, this field has evolved rapidly, with many significant innovations contributed by global researchers. In this review, we first briefly overview the methods used to propel motors and then present the main strategies used to design proper MNMs. Next, we highlight recent fascinating applications of MNMs in two examplary fields, water remediation and biomedical microrobots, and conclude this review with a brief discussion of challenges in the field.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "MNMs"

1

Ye, Heng. "Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors (MNMs) and Their Applications." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/73522.

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Анотація:
The majority of the micro/nanomotors use the precious noble metal platinum for propulsion. However, platinum suffers from high-cost, scarcity, and possibility of deactivation in various media. In this thesis, we explored the MnO2 based materials for the fabrication of the high-performance and low-cost micro/nanomotors. These newly developed MnO2 based micromotors show great potential for replacing Pt and will greatly improves the applications of micro/nanomotors for biomedical science and environmental remediations areas.
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2

Clougherty, Joseph A., Klaus Gugler, Lars Sørgard, and Florian Szücs. "Cross-border mergers and domestic-firm wages: Integrating "spillover effects" and "bargaining effects"." Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.2.

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Анотація:
Two literatures exist concerning cross-border merger activity's impact on domestic wages: one focusing on positive spillover-effects; the other focusing on negative bargaining-effects. Motivated by scarce theoretical scholarship spanning these literatures, we nest both mechanisms in a single conceptual framework. Considering the separate phenomena of inward and outward cross-border merger activity, our theoretical model generates three formal propositions: cross-border mergers can lead to wage increases via positive spillover-effects; and negative bargaining-effects are relatively more dominant when union market power is high, and when merging firms exhibit relatedness. Employing US firm-level panel data on wages combined with industry-level data on unionization and merger activity (covering 1989-2001), we find support for our propositions as inward and outward cross-border merger activity generate positive spillovers to wages, but are more likely to generate firm-level wage decreases when unionization rates are high and when cross-border merger activity is characterized as horizontal. Accordingly, future research on how cross-border mergers affect domestic wages should be mindful that both spillover and bargaining effects are at play, and that the degree of union market-power and the relatedness of cross-border merger activity are critical in determining which effect dominates. (authors' abstract)
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3

Couto, Junior Odilon Divino Damasceno 1979. "Filmes de MnAs sobre GaAs e nanoestruturas de MnAs implantadas em GaAs." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278411.

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Анотація:
Orientador: Maria Jose S. P. Brasil
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T23:11:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CoutoJunior_OdilonDivinoDamasceno_M.pdf: 3608136 bytes, checksum: d760a2979b3a1e64047925ad6a48b52a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004
Resumo: Estudamos a transição de fase estrutural e magnética do MnAs em filmes epitaxiais crescidos por MBE sobre GaAs (001) e em amostras de GaAs (001) que sofreram implantação iônica de Mn e foram submetidas a um tratamento térmico. A transição estrutural nos dois tipos da amostra foi estudada com difração de raios-x em função da temperatura. Os resultados mostraram uma queda na concentração média de a MnAs de forma contínua e suave, com histerese térmica e coexistência de fases em intervalos de temperaturas de até 40o C, diferentemente da transição de primeira ordem no sistema bulk que é abrupta. Investigamos ainda a transição magnética e seu acoplamento com a transição estrutural nos filmes utilizando medidas de magnetometria SQUID e efeito Kerr magneto-óptico. Nas amostras com implantação iônica utilizamos a espectroscopia de massa de íons secundários (SIMS) e a microscopia de força atômica (AFM) para estudar a difusão do Mn para a superfície e a formação de nanoestruturas superficiais. Realizamos também medidas de difração de raios-x com incidência rasante (GID) para determinar a orientação da estrutura cristalina das nanoestruturas de MnAs com relação ao substrato. A morfologia e composição destas nanoestruturas foram estudadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) e análise de dispersão de raios-x (EDX)
Abstract: We have studied the structural and magnetic phase transition of MnAs in films epitaxially grown by MBE on GaAs (001) and GaAs (001) implanted samples with Mn and subsequent annealing. In the two kinds of samples the structural transition was studied by x-ray diffraction as a function of temperature. The results presented a continuous and smooth decrease in the average concentration of a MnAs, characterizing a transition with thermal hysteresis and coexistence of the a and b phases in a temperature range up to 40o C. This behavior differs from that one of the bulk MnAs that presents an abrupt and discontinuous transition. We investigated the magnetic transition on the films and its coupling with the structural one, by experiments in a SQUID magnetometer and magneto-optical Kerr effect. In the implanted samples we performed the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to study the diffusion of Mn to the surface and the formation of superficial nanostructures. We also performed Grazing Incidence x-ray Diffraction (GID) to determinate the crystal orientation MnAs nanostructures with respect to the substrate. The morphological and compositional analysis of these nanostructures were estudied by high resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy Dispersive x-ray Analysis (EDX)
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física
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4

Navarro, González María del Carmen. "Caenorhabditis elegans as a research tool to study mitochondrial diseases associated with defects in tRNA modification." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/61978.

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Анотація:
[EN] Post-transcriptional modification of the wobble uridine (U34) of a tRNA set is an evolutionary conserved process, produced by homologous proteins from the MnmA/MTU1, MnmE/GTPBP3 and MnmG/MTO1 families. Mutations in the human genes MTU1 and GTPBP3 or MTO1 produce acute infantile liver failure, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and lactic acidosis, respectively, which usually cause lethality in the first months of life. It is assumed that the primary cause of these diseases is the lack of the modifications introduced by the MTU1 protein in position 2 (tiol) and GTPBP3 and MTO1 proteins (taurinomethylation) in position 5 at U34 in a subgroup of mt-tRNAs. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases (and other diseases associated with such modifications) are not clear. The reason why the typical defects of oxidative phosphorylation (due to impaired mitochondrial translation) produce such wide range of phenotypes is still unknown. Our hypothesis sustains that the mitochondria-nucleus retrograde signaling pathways triggered by the hypomodification at position 2 and 5 of U34 are different, and that each nuclear response is modulated by the genetic and epigenetic programs of cells and organisms. In this work, we have used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism to study the effects of inactivating the homologue proteins to MTU1, GTPBP3 and MTO1, which we have named as MTTU-1, MTCU-1 and MTCU-2, respectively. We have proved that these nuclear encoded proteins are located in mitochondria and are involved in U34 modification of mt-tRNAs. The mtcu-1 and mtcu-2 mutants show a reduction in fertility, while the mttu-1 mutant shows a reduction in fertility and a lengthening of the reproductive cycle (both phenotypes are thermosensitive). The phenotypes exhibited by the mttu-1, mtcu-1 and mtcu-2 mutants support our hypothesis, in which the mttu-1 single mutation, on the one hand, and the mtcu-1 and mtcu-2 single mutations, on the other hand, trigger different retrograde signaling pathways which produce specific nucear expression. Thus, a nuclear dependent phenotypic trait (as transcription or mt-tRNAs stability) and the expression of nuclear genes as ucp-4, hsp-6, hsp-60 and other genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism show a differential pattern in both group of mutants. hsp-6 and hsp-60 genes (UPRmt markers) are downregulated in mttu-1 single mutant, which could be related to fertility and reproductive cycle thermosensitivity. The three single mutants exhibit reduced expression of glycolysis and ß-oxidation genes (usually more drastic in the mttu-1 mutant), an induction of a glutaminolysis marker, and an induction of the ucp-4 gene, which encodes a transporter of the succinate to the mitochondria. Due to all three single mutants display a mild OXPHOS dysfunction, we propose that the observed changes in the expression of genes involved in the mitochondrial metabolism reveal a TCA cycle reprogramming aimed to compensate the reduction of acetil-CoA (coming from glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation) though the activation of anaplerotic pathways characterized by the succinate import to mitochondria by UCP-4 and the incorporation of 2-oxoglurate from glutaminolysis. We also analyze the effects of the simultanous suppression of modifications at positions 2 and 5 of U34 in C. elegans. The double mutant mtcu-2;mttu-1 displayed a severe OXPHOS dysfunction and a 5-fold higher AMP/ATP ratio, which was associated with embryonic lethality, developmental arrest in primary larval stages, penetrant sterility in adults and extended lifespan. This lifespan extension is modulated by signaling pathways which depend on AMPK (specifically on AAK-1 catalitic subunit) and steroid hormones, through DAF-9 and DAF-12 proteins. This work shows the important gene reprogramming related to mitochondrial metabolism in response to U34 hypomodification of mt-tRNAs, and shows new connexions between signaling pathways that extend lifespan.
[ES] La modificación post-transcripcional de la uridina de tambaleo (U34) de ciertos tRNAs es un proceso conservado evolutivamente, realizado por proteínas homólogas de las familias MnmA/MTU1, MnmE/GTPBP3 y MnmG/MTO1, y biológicamente relevante. De hecho, mutaciones en los genes humanos MTU1 y GTPBP3 o MTO1 causan fallo hepático infantil agudo y cardiomiopatía hipertrófica infantil, respectivamente, que producen letalidad durante los primeros meses de vida. Se asume que la causa primaria de estas enfermedades es la ausencia de las modificaciones introducidas por la proteína MTU1 en la posición 2 (tiol) y las proteínas GTPBP3 y MTO1 (taurinometil) en la posición 5 de la U34 en un grupo de mt-tRNAs. Se desconocen los mecanismos subyacentes y las razones por las que el déficit de OXPHOS resultante en todos los casos (atribuido a alteraciones de la traducción mitocondrial de proteínas) produce fenotipos tan diversos. Nuestra hipótesis es que la señalización retrógrada mitocondria-núcleo promovida por la hipomodificación de los mt-tRNAs en 2 ó 5 de la U34 es diferente y la respuesta nuclear viene modulada por el programa genético y epigenético de células y organismos. Hemos utilizado el nematodo C. elegans como modelo para estudiar los efectos producidos por la inactivación de las proteínas homólogas de MTU1, GTPBP3 y MTO1 a las que hemos denominado MTTU-1, MTCU-1 y MTCU-2. Hemos comprobado que estas proteínas, codificadas por el núcleo, son de localización mitocondrial y están implicadas en la modificación de la U34 de los mt-tRNAs. Los mutantes mtcu-1 y mtcu-2 presentan una reducción en su fertilidad y, en el caso del mutante simple mttu-1, fenotipos asociados a termosensibilidad. Los fenotipos exhibidos por los mutantes mttu-1, mtcu-1 y mtcu-2 sustentan la hipótesis de que la mutación mttu-1, y las mutaciones mtcu-1 y mtcu-2 promueven señales retrógradas diferentes que producen patrones de expresión nuclear específicos. Así, un rasgo fenotípico dependiente de genes nucleares (como lo es la transcripción y/o estabilidad de los mt-tRNAs) y la expresión de genes nucleares como ucp-4, hsp-6, hsp-60 y otros implicados en el metabolismo mitocondrial muestran un patrón diferente en los dos grupos de mutantes. Los genes hsp-6 y hsp-60 (marcadores de la UPRmt) están regulados a la baja en el mutante mttu-1. Los tres mutantes simples exhiben una reducción en la expresión de genes de la glicólisis y de la ß-oxidación de los ácidos grasos, una inducción en un marcador de glutaminolisis y una inducción en el gen ucp-4 (mayor en mttu-1) implicado en el transporte de succinato a la mitocondria. Dado que los tres mutantes simples presentan una disfunción OXPHOS relativamente suave, proponemos que los cambios de expresión en genes que modulan el metabolismo mitocondrial revelan una reprogramación del ciclo del TCA que compensa la disminución en el aporte de acetil-CoA procedente de glicólisis y oxidación de ácidos grasos con la activación de rutas anapleróticas del ciclo del TCA (importe de succinato a la mitocondria por UCP-4 y aporte de ¿-cetoglutarato procedente de la glutaminolisis). También analizamos los efectos de la anulación simultánea de las modificaciones en las posiciones 2 y 5 de la U34. El doble mutante mttu-1;mtcu-2 presenta una disfunción OXPHOS severa, con una ratio AMP/ATP 5 veces superior al control, que resulta en letalidad embrionaria, detención del desarrollo en estadios larvarios tempranos y esterilidad completa en los adultos que presentan, por otra parte, una longevidad unas dos veces superior a la cepa control. Este incremento de la longevidad está modulado por rutas de señalización que dependen de la subunidad catalítica AAK-1 (AMPK), y de hormonas esteroideas (proteínas DAF-9 y DAF-12). El trabajo muestra la importante reprogramación de genes relacionados con el metabolismo mitocondrial en respuesta a la hipomodificación de la U34 de los mt-tRNAs y
[CAT] La modificació post-transcripcional de la uridina de balanceig (U34) de certs tRNAs és un procés conservat evolutivament realitzat per proteïnes homòlogues a les de les famílies MnmA/MTU1, MnmE/GTPBP3 i MnmG/MTO1 i biològicament relevant. De fet, mutacions en els gens humans MTU1 i GTPBP3 o MTO1 causen fallada hepàtica infantil aguda i cardiomiopatia hipertròfica infantil amb acidosis làctica, respectivament, que produïxen letalitat durant els primers mesos de vida. S'assumix que la causa primària d'aquestes malalties és l'absència de les modificacions introduïdes per la proteïna MTU1 a la posició 2 (tiol) i per les proteïnes GTPBP3 i MTO1 (taurinometil) a la posició 5 de la U34 en un grup de mt-tRNAs. Es desconeixen els mecanismes subjacents en estes malalties i les raons per les quals el dèficit de la OXPHOS resultant en tots els casos (atribuït a alteracions de la traducció mitocondrial de proteïnes) produïx fenotips tan diversos. La nostra hipòtesi és que la senyalització retrògrada mitocondria-nucli promoguda per la hipomodificació dels mt-tRNAs en 2 o 5 de la U34 és diferent i la resposta nuclear en cada cas es dependent del programa genètic i epigenètic de cèl¿lules i organismes. Hem utilitzat el nematode C. elegans com a organisme model per a estudiar els efectes produïts per la inactivació de les proteïnes homòlogues de MTU1, GTPBP3 i MTO1 a les que hem denominat MTTU-1, MTCU-1 i MTCU-2. Hem comprovat que aquestes proteïnes, codificades pel nucli, són de localització mitocondrial i estan implicades en la modificació de la U34 dels mt-tRNAs. Els mutants mtcu-1 i mtcu-2 presenten una reducció en la seua fertilitat i, en el cas del mutant mttu-1, fenotipus associats a termosensibilitat. Els fenotipus exhibits pels mutants mttu-1, mtcu-1 i mtcu-2 sustenten la hipòtesi que la mutació mttu-1, i les mutacions mtcu-1 i mtcu-2 promouen senyals retrògrads diferents que produïxen patrons d'expressió nuclears específics. Així, un tret fenotípic dependent de gens nuclears (com ho és la transcripció i/o l'estabilitat dels mt-tRNAs) i l'expressió de gens nuclears com ucp-4, hsp-6, hsp-60 i altres implicats en el metabolisme mitocondrial mostren un patró diferent en els dos grups de mutants. Els gens hsp-6 i hsp-60 (marcadors de la UPRmt) estan regulats a la baixa en el mutant mttu-1. Els tres mutants simples exhibixen una reducció en l'expressió de gens de la glicòlisi i de la ß-oxidació dels àcids grassos, una inducció en un marcador de glutaminolisi i una inducció en el gen ucp-4 (major en el mutant mttu-1) implicat en el transport de succinat a la mitocondria. Atés que els tres mutants simples presenten una disfunció OXPHOS relativament suau, proposem que els canvis d'expressió en gens que modulen el metabolisme mitocondrial revelen una reprogramació del cicle del TCA que compensa la disminució en l'aportació d'acetil-CoA procedent de la glicòlisi i de l'oxidació d'àcids grassos amb l'activació de rutes anaplerótiques del cicle del TCA (importació de succinat a la mitocondria per UCP-4 i aportació de ¿-cetoglutarat de la glutaminolisi). També s'analitzen els efectes de l'anul¿lació simultània de les modificacions en 2 i 5 de la U34. El doble mutant mttu-1;mtcu-2 presenta una disfunció OXPHOS severa, amb una ràtio AMP/ATP 5 vegades superior al control, que resulta en letalitat embrionària, detenció del desenvolupament en estadis larvaris primerencs, esterilitat completa en els adults i una longevitat unes 2 vegades superior al control. Aquest increment de la longevitat està modulat per rutes de senyalització que depenen de la subunitat catalítica AAK-1 (AMPK), i d'hormones esteroidees (a través de les proteïnes DAF-9 i DAF-12). En resum, aquest treball mostra per primera vegada a nivell d'un animal model la important reprogramació de gens relacionats amb el metabolisme mitocondrial en resposta a la hipomodificació de la U34 dels mt-tRNAs i
Navarro González, MDC. (2016). Caenorhabditis elegans as a research tool to study mitochondrial diseases associated with defects in tRNA modification [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61978
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Muringaseril, Sigu. "Control concepts in multinational corporations (MNCs) : the case of Swiss MNCs with foreign subsidiaries in India." kostenfrei, 2007. http://www.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/3398.

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Almamari, Awadh. "On the competition between multinational enterprises within developing countries : developing country MNEs versus developed country MNEs." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/49757/.

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Over the last two decades, developing countries have experienced a high volume of foreign direct investment (FDI). It is commonly accepted that many multinational enterprises (MNEs) are entering into multiple markets, in order to increase their profitability and to reduce the risk of relying upon one market. This study aims to provide insight into the internationalisation of MNEs from both developed and developing countries into developing markets. It seeks to test what, if anything, MNEs from developing countries do more effectively than MNEs from developed countries within these emerging markets. The central thesis of the study is that MNEs from developing countries will have certain advantages over MNEs from developed countries, and will therefore be more prevalent amongst the largest foreign firms within emerging markets. This thesis is based on the assumption that MNEs from developing countries have prior experience of operating within similar emerging markets, and so are better qualified to compete within these types of markets. MNEs from developing countries obtain certain capabilities from operations within their home countries, such as the ability to function in the context of authoritarian regimes, ineffective governments, poorly developed infrastructures, and poorly protected property rights, as well as the ability to provide services within markets which include consumers living in poverty. All of these may allow them more easily to overcome difficulties and setbacks within developing country markets. The theoretical foundation for this study has been constructed by reviewing the existing business literature. A particular aim of the literature review was to understand and explore the development of knowledge about the investment habits of multinational enterprises. In particular, their behaviour when operating within developing country markets was explored, along with the question of how they may be able to use their resources or capabilities to gain competitive advantage. This produced a set of hypotheses, which were then investigated using two types of data (both quantitative and qualitative). The results of the analysis show that developing-country MNEs outperform developed-country MNEs when investing in developing countries with poorly protected property rights and pervasive corruption. This is also the case when investing in countries with poorly developed infrastructure. In addition, partial support was found for the hypothesis that developing-country MNEs are likely to have an advantage over developed-country MNEs when investing in developing countries with authoritarian regimes. The study hopes to assist policy makers in recognising that an MNE’s previous experience impacts on its ability to succeed in developing countries. It also hopes to provide useful guidance for those MNE managers who are seeking to improve their effectiveness when investing in developing countries.
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Ouerghi, Abdelkarim. "Croissance épitaxiale de MnAs sur GaAs(111) et étude des reconstructions de la surface de MnAs." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066568.

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8

Ho, Yen-Chen. "Multilateral transfer of technological knowledge in MNEs : a study based on IC design MNEs, 2001-2008." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/68438/.

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This thesis examines the theoretical background of multilateral knowledge transfer and synthesizes two lines of thinking on the exploitation of multinationality and the contributory role of subsidiaries. Scholars have devoted decades unpacking the mechanisms and dynamics of the creation, transfer and integration of subsidiary knowledge. As the phenomenon is decentralized and multilateral in nature, it often poses a dilemma for MNE managers due to the promising yet conflicting positions of knowledge-creating subsidiaries in local external networks and the corporate internal network. Existing studies generally acknowledge the challenges but tend to accentuate the creative potentials and downplay the costs of maintaining the delicate cross-level interdependencies involved. This thesis reviews the histories and public records of 28 world-leading IC design MNEs and delineates the cross-level interdependencies and multilateral knowledge transfer between the headquarters, knowledge-creating subsidiaries and external knowledge sources in host countries. Incorporating company annual reports, news archives and patenting records, this comprehensive investigation of geographical, industrial and temporal dimensions of inter- and intra-firm knowledge flows reveals the diverse knowledge sources and dynamics of the modern semiconductor industry. The findings also provide insights into the relationships between the heterarchical structure, mandated and entrepreneurial subsidiary knowledge creation and intra-firm cognitive gaps. Finally, the thesis theorizes how MNEs may use intra-firm R&D collaborations to establish incidental interdependencies between members of the MNE corporate network and implement internal entrepreneurship.
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Muringaseril, Sigu. "Control concepts in multinational corporations (MNCs) the case of Swiss MNCs with foriegn subsidiaries in India /." Niedermann Druck, St. Gallen : Univ. of St. Gallen, 2007. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=35635054&site=ehost-live.

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Nair, Smitha R. "Reverse knowledge transfer in Indian MNEs." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5273/.

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Книги з теми "MNMs"

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Mnas barov mankutʻiwn. Halēp: [Kilikia Gratun-Hratarakchʻatun], 2005.

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Ogendo, Joan Lilian. Emerging Economy MNEs. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52036-0.

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Maimone, Fabrizio. Intercultural Knowledge Sharing in MNCs. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57297-0.

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Nachum, Lilach. MNEs in the digital economy? Cambridge: ESRC Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge, 2002.

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Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency., ed. Roles and responsibilities of MNAs. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, 2008.

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Music Notation Modernization Association. Internationaal Conference. First MNMA conference proceedings, 1988. [Kirksville, Mo: The Association], 1991.

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Kim, Yeon Hak. Strategic control in Korean MNCs. Manchester: Manchester Business School, 1994.

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8

Asensio, Cerver Francisco. MNM: Minimalist interiors. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.

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9

Cerver, Francisco Asensio. MNM: Minimalist interiors. New York: LOFT and HBI, 1999.

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10

Asensio, Paco. MNM: Minimalist interiors. Edited by Rosell Quim and Rees Richard Lewis. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "MNMs"

1

Tsuji, Yoshifumi, Ei-Ichi Shiba, and Jun-Ichi Kambayashi. "Involvement of Calpain in the Development of Myonephropathic Metabolic Syndrome (MNMS)." In Modern Vascular Surgery, 41–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2632-1_4.

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2

Kaneko, T., and T. Kanomata. "5.3.12 MnAs." In Magnetic Properties of d-Elements, Alloys and Compounds Under Pressure, 341–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41834-1_190.

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Tong, Limin, and Michael Sumetsky. "Fabrication of MNFs." In Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China, 73–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03362-9_3.

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Kaneko, T., and T. Kanomata. "3.2.2.2 β-MnOs." In Magnetic Properties of d-Elements, Alloys and Compounds Under Pressure, 66–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41834-1_26.

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Kaiser, Ulrike. "Das MNSs-System." In Transfusionsmedizin für Technische Assistenten, 79–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58909-0_20.

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6

Kleesiek, K., C. Götting, J. Diekmann, J. Dreier, and M. Schmidt. "MNS-Blutgruppensystem." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_2158-1.

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Kleesiek, K., C. Götting, J. Diekmann, J. Dreier, and M. Schmidt. "MNS-Blutgruppensystem." In Springer Reference Medizin, 1670–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_2158.

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Schenkel-Brunner, Helmut. "MNS System." In Human Blood Groups, 304–63. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6294-1_9.

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Kaneko, T., and T. Kanomata. "5.2.25 MnS." In Magnetic Properties of d-Elements, Alloys and Compounds Under Pressure, 298. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41834-1_165.

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10

Schenkel-Brunner, Helmut. "MNS System." In Human Blood Groups, 235–82. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3686-7_9.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "MNMs"

1

Gurlek, B., D. L. Sounas, and C. Caloz. "Enhancing the transparency of gyrotropic magnet-less non-reciprocal metamaterials (MNMs) using slot pair particles." In 2013 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceaa.2013.6632493.

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HORVÁTH, ZS J., P. BASA, T. JÁSZI, K. NAGY, A. E. PAP, T. SZABÓ, and P. SZÖLLŐSI. "MNOS AND MNS MEMORY STRUCTURES WITH EMBEDDED Si NANOCRYSTALS." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Nanomeeting 2007. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812770950_0128.

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Tai, Ming-Fong, Jong-Kai Hsiao, Hon-Man Liu, Shio-Chao Lee, and Shin-Tai Chen. "Synthesis Fe-Ni Alloy Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications." In ASME 2006 Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2006-17041.

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In this investigation, we synthesize FeNi alloy magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) by using both chemical precipitation and combustion methods. The FeNi MNPs prepared by combustion method have a rather high saturation magnetization Ms of ∼180 emu/g and a coercivity field Hc of near zero. The functionalized FeNi MNPs which were coated with biocompatible polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymer have also been synthesized. We demonstrated that the PEI coated FeNi MNPs can enter the mammalian cells in vitro and can be used as a magnetic resonance imagine (MRI) contrast agent. The results demonstrated that FeNi MNPs potentially could be applied in the biomedical field. To prepare a higher quality and well controlled Fe-Ni MNPs, we also developed a thermal reflux chemical precipitation method to synthesize FeNi3 alloy MNPs. The precursor chemicals of Fe(acac)3 and Ni(acac)2 in a molecular ratio of 1:3 reacted in octyl ether solvent at the boiling point of solvent (∼300°C) by the thermal reflux process. The 1,2-hexadecandiol and tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) were used as reducer and surfactant, respectively. The chemically precipitated FeNi3 MNPs are well dispensed and have well-controlled particle sizes around 10–20 nm with a very narrow size distribution (± 1.2 nm). The highly monodispersive FeNi3 NPs present good uniformity in particle shape and crystallinity on particle surfaces. The MNPs exhibit well soft magnetism with saturation magnetization of ∼61 emu/g and Hc ∼ 0. The functionalized magnetic beads with biocompatible polymer coated on MNPs are also generated completed for biomedical applications.
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Yang, Hee-Man, Kune Woo Lee, Bum-Kyoung Seo, and Jei Kwon Moon. "Preparation Methods of Copper-Ferrocyanide Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Selective Removal of Cesium in Aqueous Solution." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96302.

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Copper ferrocyanide functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (Cu-FC-MNPs) were successfully synthesized by the immobilization of copper and ferrocyanide on the surface of [1-(2 amino-ethyl)-3-aminopropyl] trimethoxysilane modified magnetite nanoparticles. A radioactive cesium (Cs) adsorption test was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of Cu-FC-MNPS for the removal of radioactive Cs. Furthermore, the Cu-FC-MNPs showed excellent separation ability by an external magnet in an aqueous solution.
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5

Yan, Jinhua. "MFC aerogel-MNPs composite." In 2016 International Conference on Civil, Structure and Environmental Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/i3csee-16.2016.63.

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6

Li, Shuangyan, Lijuan Hao, Yong Yang, Lei Han, Peng Yao, Jie Huang, and Jin Chang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Lysine Modified Chitosan Magnetic Microspheres: A Novel Gene Delivery System." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21141.

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This paper describes a new formulation of magnetic nanoparticles coated by a novel polymer lysine modified chitosan (CS-lys) as gene carrier. Lysine modified chitosan was synthesized by performing carboxyl of lysine and amido of chitosan in the presence of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). The absolute chemistry of the Lysine modified chitosan obtained were characterized using IR and 1H NMR, respectively. The results indicated that many amines of chitosan were modificatied with lysine, and optimized the correlation conditions. The lysine modified chitosan magnetic microspheres were preprated by co-precipitation method. The characterizations of microspheres were measured by TEM, XPS, Dynamic Laser Light Scattering, Vibrating Samples Magnetometer, and X-ray diffraction. The resultes indicated the average particle size was about 100nm and have good superparamagnetic property. The cytotoxicity of CS-lys MNPs was investigated with U293 cells. The results showed that the CS-lys MNPs retained of low toxicity; additionally, combination of DNA and CS-lys MNPs was observed from agarose gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the CS-lys MNPs could be a novel magnetic targeting gene carrier. We also studied the ability of complexes of CS-lys MNPs and DNA crossing BBB in rats by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
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7

Faisal, Wamda, and Fares Almomani. "Preparation and Characterization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and its application in Produced Water Treatment and Oil Recovery." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0083.

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Recently, considerable amounts of oil were produced from petroleum industries and lead to serious environmental problems. In this study, Fe3O4 (MNPs) were prepared using combustion synthesis method at temperature range from 150 to 350ºC and then applied with different concentrations to the oil/water emulsion. The synthesized MNPs were characterized using various analytical techniques, and their demulsification efficiencies were then evaluated. Results showed that the application of these nanoparticles could significantly improve the efficiency of the demulsification process, Furthermore, the prepared MNPs were still effective after being recycled for 4 cycles and give oil removal about 90%.
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8

Forsyth, H. J., and I. R. Harris. "Magnetostrictive Behaviour Observed In MnAs And MnAs./sub 0.92/Sb/sub 0.08/." In 1993 Digests of International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1993.642288.

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9

Abolfathi, Kiana, Mohammad Reza Hairi Yazdi, and Ali Kafash Hoshiar. "Predictable therapeutic microswarm dispersion for targeted drug delivery application." In The Hamlyn Symposium on Medical Robotics: "MedTech Reimagined". The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London London, UK, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31256/hsmr2022.64.

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The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) based micro- nanorobots are emerging drug carriers. Controllability by an external magnetic field is the major advantage of these drug carriers. However, they are facing several challenges including controllability of the individual motion of MNPs under a global magnetic field. The microswarm control where collective MNPs were guided by a magnetic field was proposed as a solution [1]. Steering the MNPs as a microswarm to the targeted region has many advantages which include increasing the delivered drug to the site, preserving the healthy organs from drug penetration, and decreasing the negative side effects. In recent studies, particle swarms were guided using a rotating/oscillating magnetic field [2], [3]. A simulation platform for steering the aggregated MNPs based on the gradient field was developed [4]. Despite studies on the separation, no computational platform for predicting changes in particle dispersion under different magnetic field conditions has been introduced. After reaching the position of interest, the aggregates also had to be separated to ensure successful drug delivery. In this study using mathematical modelling, a separation platform has been developed. More details on the mathematical model used here can be found in [5]. The paper is divided into two sections. First, the accuracy of the simulation platform is discussed and then the effective parameters have been studied.
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10

Etheridge, Michael L., Jinjin Zhang, Michael Garwood, and John C. Bischof. "Accounting for Aggregation in Heating and Imaging of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Application in Thermal Therapies." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14325.

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Magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) are known to heat and produce contrast for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in response to varying magnetic fields. These phenomena are being clinically applied in the detection and treatment of diseases such as cancer. However, one important factor that has been largely overlooked in the field is the effect of aggregation on the mNPs’ performance once they are delivered into target cells and tissues. Specifically, nanoparticle aggregation caused by protein interactions and cellular uptake can lead to shifts in their behavior due to increases in the interparticle magnetic interactions and changes to Brownian motion. This will affect both the mNPs’ ability to heat and to be imaged by MRI.
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Звіти організацій з теми "MNMs"

1

Garcia-Bernardo, Javier, and Petr Janský. Profit Shifting of Multinational Corporations Worldwide. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.005.

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Multinational corporations (MNCs) avoid taxes by shifting their profits from countries where real activity takes place towards tax havens, depriving governments worldwide of billions of tax revenue. Earlier research investigating the scale and distribution of profit shifting has faced methodological and data challenges, both of which we address. First, we propose a logarithmic function to model the extremely non-linear relationship between the location of profits and tax rates faced by MNCs at those locations – that is, the extreme concentration of profits without corresponding economic activity in a small number of low-tax jurisdictions. We show that the logarithmic model allows for a more accurate identification of profit shifting than linear and quadratic models. Second, we apply the logarithmic model to newly available country-by-country reporting data for large MNCs – this provides information on the activities of large MNCs, including for the first time many low- and lower-middle-income countries. We estimate that MNCs shifted US$1 trillion of profits to tax havens in 2016, which implies approximately US$200-300 billion in tax revenue losses worldwide. MNCs headquartered in the United States and Bermuda are the most aggressive at shifting profits towards tax havens, while MNCs headquartered in India, China, Mexico and South Africa the least. We establish which countries gain and lose most from profit shifting: the Cayman Islands, Luxembourg, Bermuda, Hong Kong and the Netherlands are among the most important tax havens, whereas low- and lower-middle-income countries tend to lose more tax revenue relative to their total tax revenue. Our findings thus support the arguments of low- and lower-middle-income countries that they should be represented on an equal footing during international corporate tax reform debates.
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2

Kilumelume, Michael, Hayley Reynolds, and Amina Ebrahim. Identifying foreign firms and South African multinational enterprises: CIT-IRP5 panel v4.0. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-1.

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The identification of foreign firms and South African multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the CIT-IRP5 panel has proved to be a challenge for many researchers. The CIT-IRP5 panel contains variables indicating different thresholds that determine foreign ownership. The dataset also has variables that researchers can use to identify South African MNEs. Using the approaches employed by researchers who have attempted to identify foreign firms and South African MNEs in the data, four foreign firms and MNE indicators have been added to the CIT-IRP5 panel v4.0. This technical note documents the approach followed in the creation of each indicator. This note also highlights the possible company classifications in the data and fields on the ITR14 form that can be used to identify these classifications.
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3

Lipsey, Robert. Trade and Production Networks of U.S. MNCs and Exports by Their Asian Affiliates. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5255.

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4

Alviarez, Vanessa, and Ayhab Saad. Multinational Production and Intra-firm Trade. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004566.

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Intra-firm trade, from parents to affiliates, has been combined with standard models of multinational production (MP) to deliver gravity-style predictions for foreign affiliates' sales. Nonetheless, the evidence shows that intra-firm trade is concentrated among a small set of large multinational firms. Using firm-level data from 35 countries, we document that only firms belonging to multinational corporations (MNCs) in the upper tail of the firms size distribution are significantly affected by the distance to their parents. We present a simple framework featuring MNCs selection into intra-firm trade and derive the analytical gravity equations that are consistent with the empirical findings.
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5

Alviarez, Vanessa, Cheng Chen, Nitya Pandalai-Nayar, Liliana Varela, Kei-Mu Yi, and Hongyong Zhang. Multinationals and Structural Transformation. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004726.

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We study the role of multinationals (MNCs) in facilitating firm-level and aggregate structural transformation. Using a stylized model of multinational production and trade, we show that an inward multinational liberalization in the manufacturing sector raises employment in host country firms, and decreases manufacturing employment, while also raising services employment, in the parent firms. We also show the conditions under which aggregate structural transformation occurs. We test the models firm-level predictions by using confidential microdata from Japan. We study the response of Japanese MNC parents and their affiliates in China to an exogenous change in China's openness to foreign direct investment (FDI). We find that in industries where inward FDI was encouraged, Japan MNCs' affiliates in China experienced increases in their employment. We also find that MNC parents in the encouraged industries experienced decreases in home country manufacturing employment and increases in home country services and R&D employment. Finally, using microdata for several advanced and middle-income countries, we decompose the change in overall manufacturing employment shares into MNC and non-MNC components. We find a significant role for MNCs across all countries, suggesting the mechanism we highlight is an important global driver of structural transformation.
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6

Alviarez, Vanessa, Javier Cravino, and Natalia Ramondo. Firm-Embedded Productivity and Cross-Country Income Differences. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003029.

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We measure the contribution of firm-embedded productivity to cross-country income differences. By firm-embedded productivity we refer to the components of productivity that differ across firms and that can be transferred internationally, such as blueprints, management practices, and intangible capital. Our approach relies on micro-level data on the cross-border operations of multinational enterprises (MNEs). We compare the market shares of the exact same MNE in different countries and document that they are about four times larger in developing than in high-income coun-tries. This finding indicates that MNEs face less competition in less-developed coun-tries, suggesting that firm-embedded productivity in those countries is scarce. We propose and implement a new measure of firm-embedded productivity based on this observation. We find a strong positive correlation between our measure and output per worker across countries. In our sample, differences in firm-embedded productivity account for roughly a third of the cross-country variance in output per worker.
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7

Chung, H. M., and F. A. Garner. Radiation-induced instability of MnS precipitates and its possible consequences on IASCC of austenitic stainless steels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/414883.

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8

Bhagawati, Rishiraj, Dolf J. H. te Lintelo, John Msuya, and Tumaini Mikindo. Nutrition Accountability through Sub-National Scorecards in Tanzania – Policy Innovations and Field Realities. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.067.

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Анотація:
Over the past decade, the Government of Tanzania has paid increasing attention to accountability in its nutrition policies. This has coincided with the introduction of truly innovative efforts to advance and monitor government action towards and accountability for nutrition at subnational level. A multisectoral nutrition scorecard (MNS) has been rolled out across all districts in the country, with quarterly updates on district performance. Moreover, a Nutrition Compact instrument was introduced to incentivise senior civil servants within regional and district administrations to advance efforts to promote nutrition. This paper explores how the government has used these initiatives to give accountability a particular form and meaning, pertinent to context. The paper analyses a series of policy documents and complements analysis this with field-based interviews with local officials across five regions. We find that the MNS and Compact are designed predominantly for internal purposes of government. This renders ‘accountability tools’ largely in the service of a centralised state, advancing vertical accountability. Such a narrow framing and design inhibits the potential of these instruments for galvanising social accountability, whereby citizens can hold public service providers and subnational government actors to account directly.
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9

Yu, Beibei, Yongfeng Zhang, and Shouping Gong. Effects of miRNA-modified exosomes alleviate cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in Pre-clinical Studies: A Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0062.

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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of miRNA-modified exosomes in alleviating cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury compared with the non-treatment group. The research object is an animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The research method is a controlled study. The primary outcome of this study was infarct volume, and the secondary outcome was neurobehavioral performance. Main outcome(s): The primary outcome of this study was Infarct volumes，which was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetranzolium chloride (TTC) staining. And it was calculated as followed: Infarct volume % = lesion area of each section = (contralateral hemisphere area/ipsilateral hemisphere area) × ipsilateral lesion area. Neurobehavioral performance was the secondary outcome, and was assessed by three scoring scales: modified neurological severity score (mNSS), Longa scoring system and neurological deficit score (NDS).
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10

Mental health and the role of traditional healers. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2022/0082.

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The provision of treatment, care and rehabilitation services for people with Mental, Neurological and Substance use (MNS) disorders is a multisectoral responsibility and affects various communities in South Africa and other challenged economies in Africa. MNS disorders are common, often disabling and associated with increasing premature mortality. Traditional healers have a unique role to play in MNS disorders especially in resource-limited settings. It was estimated that there are about 200,000 traditional healers as compared to 975 registered psychiatrists - who mostly practise in urban areas and the private sector. Traditional healers are highly accessible and accepted as health practitioners in Sub-Saharan countries. Traditional healers and those linked to faith-based organisations play a significant role in providing services for people with MNS disorders and are often an entry point into systems of care. These providers, therefore, could play a significant role in identifying people with such disorders, and in some cases, have worked co-operatively with health services in providing for the mental health and spiritual needs of individuals. There is a need to understand the role of traditional health practitioners in mental health care. This webinar sought to understand the role, knowledge, attitude, and practice of traditional healers in mental health care with the aim of encouraging their participation in terms of the treatment, care and rehabilitation of people with MNS disorders.
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