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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Methods network planning"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Methods network planning"

1

Sægrov, S., A. König, A. Mattick, J. Milina, J. Röstum, and I. Selseth. "Methods for estimating water network rehabilitation needs." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0087.

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This paper comprises a brief overview of some of the computer-based methods for water network rehabilitation planning, which are currently applied in Norway. Examples from some Norwegian cities using tools for estimation of long-term rehabilitation needs, network serviceability, as well as methods for prediction of water network failure frequency and failure distribution, are presented. These tools have been shown to give important support to the planning of future investments on water networks and the selection of rehabilitation candidates.

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2

Kosztyán, Zsolt Tibor, and Judit Kiss. "MATRIX-BASED PROJECT PLANNING METHODS." Problems of Management in the 21st Century 1, no. 1 (May 10, 2011): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pmc/11.01.67.

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Network planning methods for project planning and scheduling have been applied for more than fifty years including CPM, PDM, PERT and GERT (Fondahl, 1961; Fulkerson, 1962; Kelley & Walker, 1959; PMI, 2006; Pritsker, 1966), which can be widely applied to project planning fromareas as diverse as construction and R&D. However, these network planning methods are not very appropriate in cases where IT, innovation or product development are involved. There are some shortcomings when using network planning methods for scheduling these kinds of projects, because these methods cannot handle the importance of the task realizations. They cannot solve the problem, when some tasks have to be left out from the project because of the constraints, or when the completion order of tasks can be different. In this paper new matrix-based project planning methods are introduced which illustrate how all possible solutions can be determined in two steps based on the Project Expert Matrix. Firstly those tasks are selected, which have to be or can be realized during the project. Afterwards the dependencies (the sequence of the chosen tasks) are determined taking the project constraints into account. The possible solutions can be ranked and the most probable solution can be chosen which can be realized within the given constraints. This method can be a useful tool for project managers as a part of an expert system. Key words: matrix-based project planning method, Project Expert Graph, Project Expert Matrix, Stochastic Network Planning Method.

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3

Ching-Chir Shyur, Shan-Hsin Tsao, and Ying-Ming Wu. "Survivable network planning methods and tools in Taiwan." IEEE Communications Magazine 33, no. 9 (1995): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/35.408432.

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4

Laiho, Jaana, and Achim Wacker. "Radio network planning process and methods for WCDMA." Annales Des Télécommunications 56, no. 5-6 (May 2001): 317–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03001334.

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5

Md Saad, Syahrul Nizam, and Adriaan Hendrik van der Weijde. "Evaluating the Potential of Hosting Capacity Enhancement Using Integrated Grid Planning modeling Methods." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 21, 2019): 3610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193610.

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Connection of a significant amount of distributed generation, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity, may lead to problems in distribution networks due to violations of distribution network hosting capacity (HC) limits. HC enhancement techniques, such as energy storage, could increase the allowable PV penetration level in the distribution network, reducing the need for transmission and large-scale generation expansion. However, current approaches for transmission and generation expansion planning do not account for distribution network HC limits. As a consequence, it is hard to quantify the impact and benefits of HC enhancement in the context of long-term grid expansion planning. This paper presents a novel integrated planning approach, combining a two-stage transmission and generation expansion planning model with a distribution network hosting capacity assessment, which allows for inclusion of detailed distribution network constraints We test this method on a stylized representation of the Malaysian grid. Our results show that distribution constraints have a significant impact on optimal transmission expansion plans and significantly increase overall system costs. HC enhancement in the form of battery storage does not significantly mitigate this but does lead to a cost decrease regardless of distribution network constraints. We also show how our approach can identify the key interactions between transmission and distribution networks in systems with high levels of renewable and storage technologies. In particular, HC enhancement with battery storage can act as a substitute or complement to line investment, depending on the renewable energy penetration, the storage location and the level of coordination in the network.

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6

Сатторов and F. Sattorov. "Methods of indistinct multicriteria decision support in network planning." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4534.

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In this paper we consider the solution of multicriteria decision support in the assessment of the time parameter of network plan under uncertainty fuzzy character. Proposed method is based on the mechanisms of fuzzy set theory and multicriteria optimization and represents a fuzzy model, as input parameters of which set of fuzzy criterion act, the calculation in a fuzzy model is carried out on the bases of fuzzy reasoning (logical implication) of the base of rules, and as an output parameter of model, ie, possibilistic duration of work acts as the resulting function.

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7

Zhao, Hua, Zhuding Wang, David C. Yu, and Xiaohui Chen. "Transportation Model Based Hybrid Methods for Transmission Network Planning." Electric Power Components and Systems 34, no. 11 (September 22, 2006): 1191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325000600698514.

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8

Bao, Hai Long, Chen Fang, Jian Lin Yang, and Qiang Yin. "Research and Application of the Power Network Planning Methods Oriented to the Clustered City Planning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2636.

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As the urbanization of cities is rapidly developing in China, metropolitan regions establish the clustered power network planning scheme on the background of the clustered city planning of the adjacent areas. Base on the functional orientation and difference of clusters, as well as the theory of hierarchical clustered city planning, the article puts forward the power network planning thoughts and methods. As cluster becomes a planning unit, the load density method is applied in the differential load forecast and the location of substations as well as the path of transmission lines is selected with the thoughts of separation according to different layers and areas. And then, the results will be compared and verified with the planning scheme of the other clustered cities which have the similar function orientation and planning strategy. Finally, the planning methods will be standardized. The application in the power network of Cluster of Livable Education City in Zhengzhou has proved that the methods and steps of the power planning method proposed is able to meet the demand of the network development under the situation of the rapid growth of load.

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9

Maritano, Luigi, Salvatore Amoroso, and Francesco Castelluccio. "Heliport network planning through OR methods and use of GIS." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 88, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-01-2015-0016.

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10

Abdallah, Jalal. "Distribution Network Planning and Design Using Branch and Bound Methods." American Journal of Applied Sciences 2, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2005.644.647.

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Дисертації з теми "Methods network planning"

1

Turke, Ulrich. "Efficient methods for WCDMA radio network planning and optimization." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2007. https://www.lib.umn.edu/slog.phtml?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=134460.

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2

Türke, Ulrich. "Efficient methods for WCDMA radio network planning and optimization /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2007. http://www.myilibrary.com?id=134460.

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3

Foote, Colin Edward Thomas. "New methods for new challenges in electricity distribution network planning." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436851.

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4

Jacobson, Jay Alan. "State space partitioning methods for solving a class of stochastic network problems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24928.

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5

Nash, Edward John. "Development and implementation of models and methods in temporal GIS for spatial network planning decision support." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/764.

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Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are today widely used for management of spatial data, particularly that relating to network infrastructure for telecommunications, utilities and transport. GIS also form a valuable tool for planning the future development of such networks and many organisations use GIS packages for this, despite the fact that it is not necessarily a task for which they have been designed. They may therefore lack many features that are of benefit, or even essential, for efficient storage and analysis of data relating to future designs. This thesis considers what the characteristics of such data may be and what shortcomings exist in current GIS regarding this, and then describes the development, implementation and testing of suitable models and methods to address these shortcomings. Of particular importance is found to be the need for a network-planning GIS application to incorporate an appropriate model of time for handling situations where there may be many alternative scenarios, a subject which has hitherto been largely unaddressed by GIS research despite having obvious applications. Existing temporal models are therefore examined to find the most suitable, which is then developed from a broad conceptual model to a model specifically designed for application to spatial network planning; Temporal Topology. The possibility for automated design optimisation using this model is then introduced, and some appropriate methods for performing this task are given. Issues which may affect the implementation of an application using the Temporal Topology model and these optimisation methods are then considered before the description of an implementation which was used to carry out a network planning case study with the aim of testing the concepts developed in this thesis. The implications of this research on the wider field of GIS, and particularly Temporal GIS are then considered.

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6

Kroener, Martina Ursula. "Multi-level Analytic Network Process Model to Mitigate Supply Chain Disruptions in Disaster Recovery Planning." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1540.

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Over the past few decades, environmental changes have led to more frequent occurrences and greater intensities of natural disasters worldwide. In terms of globally connected supply chains, this has resulted in an enormous economical loss for corporations. Therefore, Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery (BC/DR) planning and management has become essential for businesses in order to protect their critical business flow. Yet there is a lack of systematic and transparent methodologies for companies to handle this problem. Hence, this thesis introduces a novel approach to combine consecutive steps of the Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP) process within one application. The multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool called the Analytic Network Process (ANP) is employed to identify critical products of a business and match them with optimal disruption mitigation strategies based on an evaluation of benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks (BOCR). To validate the method developed in this thesis, a case study using historical data of a U.S. company (Company XYZ) is introduced. The results of the ANP mathematical modeling demonstrate that the developed methodology provides a valuable approach to analyze and confirm BC/DR planning decisions. Moreover, an expert of Company XYZ confirmed that the suggested solution established through this case study is in agreement with the preferable choice based on his expertise and professional decision-making. Further research could extend the proposed methodology to other fields of BC/DR planning, such as IT Disaster Recovery Planning or Human Disaster Relief.

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7

Qiu, Waishan. "Increasing Saudi females' accessibility to employment via car-pooling in Riyadh : measure the realistic commute cost by network computing methods and investigate the share-ability based on actual taxi trip data." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111478.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 121-124).
Due to the driving ban as well as to social restrictions on their movement with male drivers, Saudi women have to rely on either male family members or the employer's shuttle bus; otherwise they would hire a driver or take the taxi. These few options pose high commute cost on Saudi females, hence their access to economic opportunities is restrained, especially among lower car ownership segments. Such restrictions have negative influence on Saudi females' employment. The employment rate of Saudi women is only 22%. However, no previous research has quantitatively investigated the commute cost as a financial burden and barrier to job participation for Saudi females. Taking the capital city Riyadh as a case study, this study will (1) develop the method to measure the realistic commute cost (in terms of time and money) by different transportation options for Saudi female residents in different job sectors; (2) examine the spatial mismatch between Saudi females' concentration and their job markets using the notion of accessibility; (3) demonstrate ridesharing's capacity of providing greater access for Saudi women based on spatial analysis of the current commute demands and behaviors; (4) and also look at the feasibility of developing ridesharing programs based on network analysis of current taxi trips. This study sheds light on implications for policy makers and ridesharing service companies to reduce Saudi females' commute cost so as to increase their access to economic opportunities.
by Waishan Qiu.
M.C.P.

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8

Ceita, Yannick Soares de Barros de. "Shared solution for telecommunications networks." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23613.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e de Telecomunicações
Despite the substantial increase in the percentage of the globe surface covered by mobile communications, there are issues that have hampered the implementation and development of cellular networks in regions where the market and economic power are still under development. Many of these issues are of economic and financial nature. It is curiously a contradictory fact, since mobile communications on several occasions proved to be a great ally for the growth and economic development of this type of regions. Therefore, in situations such as these, where the development or installation of cellular networks is blocked or conditioned by economic and financial factors, the adoption of infrastructure or service sharing methods can facilitate the implementation and expansion of cellular networks in these regions. The work developed in this dissertation seeks to identify and study the most common methods of cellular network sharing. Through the use of a numerical tool, the effects and techno-economic benefits that each sharing method will bring to the operators interested in entering markets with these characteristics will be analyzed.
Apesar do crescente aumento da superfície terrestre coberta pelas comunicações móveis, há questões que têm dificultado à implementação e desenvolvimento das redes celulares nas regiões onde o mercado e o poder económico ainda estão em desenvolvimento. Muitas dessas questões são de carácter económico e financeiro. O que se torna, curiosamente, um facto contraditório, uma vez que as comunicações móveis em diversas ocasiões provaram ser um grande aliado para o crescimento e desenvolvimento económico deste tipo de regiões. Portanto para situações como estas, onde o desenvolvimento ou instalação de redes celulares é travado ou condicionado por factores de carácter económico e financeiro, a adopção de métodos de partilha de infraestruturas ou serviços consegue facilitar a implementação e expansão de redes celulares nestas regiões. O trabalho desenvolvido nesta dissertação procura identificar e estudar os métodos mais comum de partilha. Através do uso de uma ferramenta de cálculo, analisam-se também os efeitos e benefícios económicos que cada método de partilha trará para os operadores interessados em entrar em mercados com características aqui consideradas.

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9

Скворчевський, Олександр Євгенович, та Ірина Євгенівна Гармаш. "Математичне моделювання в організації та управлінні інноваційною діяльністю". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2010. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/28263.

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10

Woeste, Christian C. "Passive-optical-network planning based on Tabu Search : an investigation of zero-base Brownfield planning for passive optical telecommunication networks based on the modern heuristic optimisation method Tabu Search." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267750.

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Книги з теми "Methods network planning"

1

Network optimization: Continuous and discrete methods. Belmont, Mass: Athena Scientific, 1998.

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2

Türke, Ulrich. Efficient Methods for WCDMA Radio Network Planning and Optimization. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8350-5456-1.

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3

Türke, Ulrich. Efficient Methods for WCDMA Radio Network Planning and Optimization. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden, 2008.

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4

Nuzzolo, Agostino. Transit network modelling: The schedule- based dynamic approach. Milano: F. Angeli, 2003.

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5

Guizani, Mohsen. Network modeling and simulation: A practical perspective. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley, 2010.

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6

Thome, Castro Luciano, and Consoli Matheus Alberto, eds. Marketing methods to improve company strategy: Applied tools and frameworks to improve company's competitiveness using a network approach. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.

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7

Neves, Marcos Fava. Marketing methods to improve company strategy: Applied tools and frameworks to improve a company's competitiveness using a network approach. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.

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8

Livingston, David L. Investigation of automated task learning, decomposition and scheduling. Norfolk, Va: Old Dominion University Research Foundation, 1990.

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9

Scott, Kelso J. A., Volchenkov Dimitri, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Mathematical Analysis of Urban Spatial Networks. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.

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10

Vartiainen, Perttu. Method of description for the urban network in the Baltic Sea region. Helsinki: Ministry of the Environment, 2000.

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Частини книг з теми "Methods network planning"

1

Oakshott, Les. "Planning large projects: network analysis." In Essential Quantitative Methods, 403–28. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-01432-0_15.

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2

Oakshott, Les. "Planning Large Projects: Network Analysis." In Essential Quantitative Methods, 399–419. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36581-0_15.

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3

Oakshott, Les. "Planning large projects: network analysis." In Essential Quantitative Methods, 385–409. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-51856-9_15.

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4

Jaumard, Brigitte, Odile Marcotte, and Christophe Meyer. "Mathematical Models and Exact Methods For Channel Assignment in Cellular Networks." In Telecommunications Network Planning, 239–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5087-7_13.

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5

Grover, W. D., R. R. Iraschko, and Y. Zheng. "Comparative Methods and Issues In Design of Mesh-Restorable STM and ATM Networks." In Telecommunications Network Planning, 169–200. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5087-7_10.

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6

Eisenblätter, Andreas, Armin Fügenschuh, Hans-Florian Geerdes, Daniel Junglas, Thorsten Koch, and Alexander Martin. "Optimisation Methods for UMTS Radio Network Planning." In Operations Research Proceedings, 31–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17022-5_5.

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7

Ney, Marcin. "Business Modelling Goals and Methods." In Understanding UMTS Radio Network Modelling, Planning and Automated Optimisation, 177–83. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470030569.ch7.

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8

Gawrysiak, Piotr, and Michał Okoniewski. "Applying Data Mining Methods for Cellular Radio Network Planning." In Intelligent Information Systems, 87–98. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1846-8_9.

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Poon, Kin Fai, Anis Ouali, Andrej Chu, and Riaz Ahmad. "Application of AI Methods to Practical GPON FTTH Network Design and Planning." In Transforming Field and Service Operations, 133–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-44970-3_9.

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10

Marek, Fertsch. "The Supply Planning in the Distribution Network Using the Dynamic Programming Concept." In Smart and Sustainable Supply Chain and Logistics – Trends, Challenges, Methods and Best Practices, 339–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61947-3_23.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Methods network planning"

1

Fouquet, Yoann, Dritan Nace, Michal Pioro, Michael Poss, and Mateusz Zotkiewicz. "Flow adjustment methods for survivable networks." In 2014 16th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium (Networks). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netwks.2014.6959261.

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Lopez-Perez, David, Alpar Juttner, and Jie Zhang. "Optimisation Methods for Dynamic Frequency Planning in OFDMA Networks." In 2008 13th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium (NETWORKS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netwks.2008.4763671.

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Lopez-Perez, David, Alpar Juttner, and Jie Zhang. "Optimisation methods for dynamic frequency planning in OFDMA networks." In 2008 13th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium (NETWORKS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netwks.2008.6231302.

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4

Faigl, Zoltan, Stefan Lindskog, and Anna Brunstrom. "Experimental Evaluation of the Performance Costs of Different IKEv2 Authentication Methods." In 2008 13th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium (NETWORKS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netwks.2008.4763728.

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Faigl, Zoltan, Stefan Lindskog, and Anna Brunstrom. "Experimental evaluation of the performance costs of different IKEv2 authentication methods." In 2008 13th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium (NETWORKS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netwks.2008.6231358.

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Schnitter, Stefan, Thomas Morstein, and Martin Horneffer. "Combining LDP Measurements and Estimation Methods for Traffic Matrices in IP/MPLS Networks." In Networks 2006. 12th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netwks.2006.300360.

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Pluntke, Helge, Marco Weisenstein, and Wolfram H. Wellssow. "Evaluation of transmission network reinforcements in an automated network planning process." In 2016 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps.2016.7763929.

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Liebenau, Volker, Jan Teuwsen, and Christian Rehtanz. "Impact of regionalization methods on network development planning." In 2013 IEEE Energytech. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/energytech.2013.6645323.

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Teuwsen, Jan, Volker Liebenau, and Christian Rehtanz. "Comparison of regionalization methods for network development planning." In 2013 4th IEEE/PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2013.6695386.

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Kapetanaki, Alexandra, Konstantinos Kopsidas, C. Tumelo-Chakonta, and Muhhamad Buhari. "Network planning evaluation implementing time varying thermal ratings." In 2014 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pmaps.2014.6960663.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Methods network planning"

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Burkina Faso: Upgrading postabortion care benefits patients and providers. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2000.1002.

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At the request of the Family Health Directorate of the Ministry of Health in Burkina Faso, the Reproductive Health Research Network (CRESAR) conducted a study during 1996–98 to introduce emergency care for women with complications from miscarriage or unsafe abortion. With technical assistance from the Population Council and JHPIEGO, CRESAR trained staff at two large hospitals in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso to provide postabortion care (PAC). Training for physicians, nurses, and midwives covered manual vacuum aspiration, family planning methods, infection prevention, and communication with patients. Staff also participated in the development of policies and standards for PAC services. To measure changes in knowledge and behavior, CRESAR interviewed 330 patients with abortion complications and 78 providers before the intervention, and 456 patients and 41 providers after the intervention. This brief states that training hospital staff to improve emergency medical care for women with miscarriage and unsafe abortion leads to better patient care, shorter hospital stays, lower costs, and increased contraceptive use, and that local anesthesia is essential for pain control.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.

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