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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Method of equivalent charges"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Method of equivalent charges"

ZENG, XIAOXIONG. "FERMIONS TUNNELING OF DYONIC PARTICLES FROM THE CHARGED AND MAGNETIZED BLACK HOLES." Modern Physics Letters A 24, no. 20 (June 28, 2009): 1605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309029958.

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The fermions tunneling formulism of Kerner and Mann is extended to the case of black holes with electric and magnetic charges. As the electric and magnetic fields would couple with gravity field, we introduce the Dirac equation of charged and magnetized particles. We study the spin-up particles from the Reissner–Nordström black hole with magnetic charges and spin-down particles from the Kerr–Newman–Kasuya black hole and obtain the corresponding emission temperatures. In particular, we also provide a simplified method by defining an equivalent charge and gauge potential to further discuss tunneling of charged and magnetized fermions, which reproduces the same results as obtained above.

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Araujo, Eduardo Nozawa Caetano de, and Homero Delboni Jr. "Development of a method to measure charges in tumbling mills." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 67, no. 3 (September 2014): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672014000300011.

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Tumbling mills are often taken as the object of optimization studies because they are a type of equipment that consume large amounts of energy. Among the current available resources to conduct such studies, mathematic modelling presents great efficiency due to its low cost, speed and reliability. The total charge and grinding media charge are very important variables to conduct modelling exercises that aim at power draw and product size distribution forecasting. However, the common measurement methods require people entering the equipment, which carries a number of adversities related to confined spaces. In this regard, this paper presents the development of a method and the prototype of a device able to measure tumbling mill charges, quickly, precisely, with low cost and, above all, ensuring safety. The result of this work is a method that allows equivalent or superior precision in comparison to the existing methods, whose main aspect is to eliminate the requirement of people entering dangerous environments, such as tumbling mills.

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Argyriou, DN, and CJ Howard. "Evaluation of Electrostatic Potentials and Madelung Constants in Ionic Crystals by the Method of Spherically Symmetric Equivalent Charges." Australian Journal of Physics 45, no. 2 (1992): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph920239.

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A simple derivation is given of the electrostatic potential in a periodic three-dimensional array of spherically symmetric charge distributions. By noting the equivalence in electrostatic calculations of point charges and suitably chosen spherical charge distributions, this leads to expressions for electrostatic potentials and (Madelung) interaction energies in ionic crystals. The expressions involve sums in reciprocal space only. The approach is illustrated by the calculation of Madelung constants for NaCl and CaF2, and the electrostatic interaction energy of Ti02 (rutile). A previous controversy is resolved by showing that the two expressions for the electrostatic potential, which are apparently different, under certain conditions give the same result.

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Kazantsev, V. P., and E. A. Lysenko. "Variational estimates in electrostatics. Gauss's principle and the method of equivalent charges." Russian Physics Journal 38, no. 2 (February 1995): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00560234.

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YAN, ZHAN-YUAN, JIN-YING MA, and XIAO-HONG ZHANG. "QUANTIZATION OF MESOSCOPIC QUARTZ PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT." Modern Physics Letters B 25, no. 11 (May 10, 2011): 847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984911026139.

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In the framework of an advanced quantum theory for mesoscopic electric circuits in accord with the discreteness of electric charges, a mesoscopic quartz piezoelectric crystal equivalent circuit is quantized. To resolve the finite difference Schrödinger equation, an improved parameter perturbative method is proposed when WKB and perturbative method are inapplicable. With this method, the energy spectrum and wavefunctions of the system are obtained and used to calculate current quantum fluctuation as an application. The new method would be helpful to the application of the mesoscopic circuits quantum theory. Besides, the detail characters of energy spectrum and wavefunctions in the system would be helpful to the design of integrate circuit.

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Pai, Kai-Jun. "A Reformatory Model Incorporating PNGV Battery and Three-Terminal-Switch Models to Design and Implement Feedback Compensations of LiFePO4 Battery Chargers." Electronics 8, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020126.

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This study developed and implemented a LiFePO4 battery pack (LBP) rapid charger. Using the three-terminal switch and partnership for a new generation of vehicles (PNGV) battery models, this study could obtain a small-signal system matrix to derive transfer functions and further analyze frequency responses for the charge voltage and current loops; therefore, both voltage and current feedback controllers could be designed to fulfill the constant-voltage (CV) and constant-current (CC) charges. To address practical applications, the proposed equivalent model also considered the wire resistance-inductance of the power cable. According to the derived high-order transfer function, the pole-zero break frequency in the Bode plot was observed that approximated the practical measurement; therefore, the pole-zero compensation could be accomplished for both charge loop requirements. Moreover, the design features for implementing the CV and CC charges are presented in detail herein, and the current overshoot during the start-up phase could be mitigated using the method of zero break frequency shifting and a novel proportional shifting proportional-integral control. The LBP parameter estimations, model construction processes, and frequency response analyses are also presented. The feedback compensation design based on the proposed model was validated through simulations and experiments. The results were determined to be in excellent agreement with theoretical derivations.

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Chen, Shen Li, and Yet Fan Chang. "Lateral Non-Uniformity Charges Influence on Interface Trap Density (D_it) by Terman Method in the nMOS Fabrication." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1846.

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Generally speaking, the oxide interface quality can be determined by the interface trap density (Dit) distribution. In this paper, the Dit quantity obtained from the Terman method, which it is assumed that the Dit is equal to zero at the beginning for simulating the Dit effect in ultra-thin oxide. However, the lateral non-uniformity charges have existed in the oxide layer, which maybe obtained an equivalent Dit density not equal to zero also producing an equivalent Dit value. And, such faked Dit will be resulted in an error in high frequency measurement. Fortunately, it can be solved by differentiating technique to obtain an accuracy Dit quantity.

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Apostol, M. "Fast Atom Ionization in Strong Electromagnetic Radiation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 73, no. 5 (May 24, 2018): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2017-0455.

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AbstractThe Goeppert–Mayer and Kramers–Henneberger transformations are examined for bound charges placed in electromagnetic radiation in the non-relativistic approximation. The consistent inclusion of the interaction with the radiation field provides the time evolution of the wavefunction with both structural interaction (which ensures the bound state) and electromagnetic interaction. It is shown that in a short time after switching on the high-intensity radiation the bound charges are set free. In these conditions, a statistical criterion is used to estimate the rate of atom ionization. The results correspond to a sudden application of the electromagnetic interaction, in contrast with the well-known ionization probability obtained by quasi-classical tunneling through classically unavailable non-stationary states, or other equivalent methods, where the interaction is introduced adiabatically. For low-intensity radiation the charges oscillate and emit higher-order harmonics, the charge configuration is re-arranged and the process is resumed. Tunneling ionization may appear in these circumstances. Extension of the approach to other applications involving radiation-induced charge emission from bound states is discussed, like ionization of molecules, atomic clusters or proton emission from atomic nuclei. Also, results for a static electric field are included.

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Alshareef, Sami. "A Novel Smart Charging Method to Mitigate Voltage Fluctuation at Fast Charging Stations." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051746.

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The research presented in this paper focuses on the impact of fast charging stations (FCSs) on voltage quality. When the operation of FCSs causes a voltage fluctuation and light flicker, the FCSs may be disconnected, as per the utility general standard practice, which results in financial loss represented by FCS downtime. FCS downtime can be avoided by mitigating voltage fluctuation and light flicker. Flicker mitigation devices that are available in the market are characterized by their high total annual equivalent costs. As an alternative, a novel smart charging method is proposed in this study in order to mitigate both voltage fluctuation and light flicker, whereby customers can select one of three charging services available in fast chargers: premium, regular, or economic charging power. The charging power is selected according to customer priority in relation to time and cost, which offers more flexibility than those currently available in the literature. For instance, the premium power can be selected if the time is more valuable to the customer at the time of arrival at the FCS; in contrast, the regular or economic power are utilized if the cost is more valuable than the time. The results reveal that when an FCS charges a vehicle by an uncontrolled charging method, the FCS violates the flicker tolerance especially when demand for its service is increased by 20% and beyond. In contrast, the flicker limit is not violated when vehicles are charged from an FCS as per the proposed smart charging approach, even when the penetration on the FCS is increased by 50%. The proposed smart charging method offers a compromise solution to satisfy several stakeholders with different interests. Thus, the system operator equipment, FCS investors, nearby customers, and owners of electric vehicles will not be impacted by integrating the FCSs into the distribution networks.

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Li, Cheng Bing, Jin Xiong, and Ming Yong Ma. "Theoretical and Experimental Research on Perforation Remnant Energy." Advanced Materials Research 339 (September 2011): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.379.

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During the perforating and testing combination, the tubing, packer and casing are strongly impacted by shock-wave generated from oil perforators would be damaged. The energy conversion and energy equivalent theories and the underwater explosion energy method are applied to investigate the perforation remnant energy. The theoretical analysis results indicate that the explosion remnant energy of the perforators is the main energy source causing damage of the tubing, packer and casing and the explosion process of the perforators with guns in the oil well can be simplified to the explosion of ordinary explosive charges in the perforation liquid. TNT equivalent and HMX equivalent of perforation remnant energy of three type perforators are obtained by experiments and Cole Formula. Studying results can help to predict dynamic wellbore behaviors and provide a reference for designing the perforation program.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Method of equivalent charges"

Susetyo, Budi. "Modélisation de l'impédance harmonique de charges agrégées." Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0027.

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Les applications de l’électronique de puissance contribuent à la pollution harmonique des réseaux électriques. Pour estimer le niveau de distorsion de tension, les différents composants du réseau doivent être modélisés en régime harmonique, en particulier les charges consommatrices, industrielles, commerciales et domestiques. L’étude concerne la modélisation de l’impédance harmonique des charges qui peuvent être séparées en deux grandes catégories: les charges passives et les charges dites actives qui réalisent une conversion d’énergie électromécanique. Les modèles disponibles pour les charges élémentaires sont récapitules en termes de complexité et de précision. Puis une méthode d’agrégation est développée, permettant d'obtenir un circuit équivalent d'ordre minimal et de structure compatible avec celle du réseau. La méthode d'identification des paramètres de ce circuit est basée sur une représentation fréquentielle de l’impédance harmonique, afin d'obtenir une réponse qui coïncide avec celle du réseau réel. Ce modèle agrège est utilise pour étudier la sensibilité de l’impédance harmonique aux variations aléatoires des paramètres caractéristiques du réseau et des charges.

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Грецких, Светлана Владимировна. "Ослабление статического геомагнитного поля ферромагнитными элементами домов". Thesis, Государственное учреждение "Институт технических проблем магнетизма НАН Украины", 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/21435.

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Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.09.05 – теоретическая электротехника. – Национальный технический университет "Харьковский политехнический институт", Харьков, 2016. Диссертация посвящена математическому моделированию явления ослабления статического геомагнитного поля (ГМП) в помещениях жилых домов и разработке рекомендаций по методам его нормализации до безопасного уровня. Полученные в диссертации результаты в совокупности составляют существенный вклад в решение научно-прикладной задачи теоретической электротехники по моделированию явления ослабления ГМП стальными ферромагнитными элементами конструкций домов и разработки рекомендаций по методам нормализации ГМП в помещениях до безопасного для людей уровня. Основные результаты выполненных в диссертации исследований и практических разработок использованы при выполнении тематического плана ГУ "ИТПМ НАН Украины", в Институте гигиены и медицинской экологии им. А. Н. Марзеева НАМН Украины при разработке "Государственных санитарных правил и норм защиты населения от влияния электромагнитных излучений", при проектировании и строительстве в г. Харькове современных каркасно-монолитных жилых домов с безопасными условиями проживания (ООО "АВУАР"). Результаты работы рекомендованы к применению научным и промышленным учреждениям и предприятиям, выполняющим разработку методов и средств моделирования, расчета и нормализации статического ГМП в жилых домах, проектирующим современные жилые дома с безопасными условиями проживания по магнитному полю.
Thesis for scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences, specialty 05.09.05 – theoretical electrical engineering. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. The thesis is devoted to mathematical modeling of the phenomenon of weakening of the static geomagnetic field (GMF) in residential homes and to the development of recommendations on how to normalize it to a safe level. The modeling of weakening of the GMF was performed with the help of the equivalent charges method. The cylindrical ferromagnetic column was taken as an example. In the framework of this technique the problem of calculation of the GMF’s induction weakened by extended ferromagnetic elements was solved. The physical parameters of the ferromagnetic column which effect the weakening of GMF are determined. The conditions under which GMF is reduced to the safety level are also determined. This is due to the changes of the GMF’s geometry and reducing of initial magnetic permeability of its material. The Arcadiev method of the effective magnetic permeability for modeling of magneticfield of reinforced concrete columns and intermediate floors was developed. The numerical modeling of static GMF in premises of houses with reinforced concrete structures was performed. The numerical results were experimentally confirmed. The recommendations for normalizing of GMF for creating safe and comfortable living conditions are given. These recommendations should be taken into account in designing modern premises of houses.

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Грецьких, Світлана Володимирівна. "Ослаблення статичного геомагнітного поля феромагнітними елементами будинків". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/21433.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.09.05 – теоретична електротехніка. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2016. Дисертація присвячена математичному моделюванню явища ослаблення статичного геомагнітного поля (ГМП) в приміщеннях житлових будинків та розробці рекомендацій з методів його нормалізації до безпечного рівня. На прикладі циліндричної феромагнітної колони проведено моделювання ослаблення ГМП за допомогою методу еквівалентних (фіктивних) магнітних зарядів та розв’язано задачу розрахунку індукції ГМП, ослабленого протяжними феромагнітними елементами. Визначенні фізичні параметри феромагнітної колони, що впливають на інтенсивність ослаблення ГМП поблизу її поверхні, та умови зменшення до безпечного рівня інтенсивності ослаблення ГМП за рахунок зміни геометрії колони та зменшення початкової магнітної проникності її матеріалу. Здійснено розвиток методу ефективної магнітної проникності Аркадьєва для моделювання магнітного поля залізобетонних колон та міжповерхових перекриттів, армованих сталевим металопрокатом, та виконане чисельне моделювання інтенсивності ослаблення статичного ГМП в приміщеннях житлових будинків з несучими залізобетонними конструкціями і його верифікацію на основі результатів експерименту. Розроблені рекомендації з методів нормалізації ГМП при проектуванні сучасних житлових будинків для створення безпечних та комфортних умов проживання населення за статичним ГМП.
Thesis for scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences, specialty 05.09.05 – theoretical electrical engineering. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2016. The thesis is devoted to mathematical modeling of the phenomenon of weakening of the static geomagnetic field (GMF) in residential homes and to the development of recommendations on how to normalize it to a safe level. The modeling of weakening of the GMF was performed with the help of the equivalent charges method. The cylindrical ferromagnetic column was taken as an example. In the framework of this technique the problem of calculation of the GMF’s induction weakened by extended ferromagnetic elements was solved. The physical parameters of the ferromagnetic column which effect the weakening of GMF are determined. The conditions under which GMF is reduced to the safety level are also determined. This is due to the changes of the GMF’s geometry and reducing of initial magnetic permeability of its material. The Arcadiev method of the effective magnetic permeability for modeling of magneticfield of reinforced concrete columns and intermediate floors was developed. The numerical modeling of static GMF in premises of houses with reinforced concrete structures was performed. The numerical results were experimentally confirmed. The recommendations for normalizing of GMF for creating safe and comfortable living conditions are given. These recommendations should be taken into account in designing modern premises of houses.

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Oliveira, Yuri Álisson Rodrigues de. "Contribuição ao estudo dos níveis de energia em sistemas contendo íons Ln3+." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2016. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/5258.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
A new approach to describe the crystal field interaction in compounds that contains trivalent lanthanide ions is presented. It is considered the electrostatic balance of the optically active site, the effective charge of the central ion and the sign of crystal field parameters (CCP) as determinant factors in the crystal field interaction. The method of the first equivalent neighbours (MENN) was reformulated, and improvements in predicting the CCP and energy levels 7FJ of Eu3+ could be realized. Moreover, it was possible to predict the lanthanide-nearest neighbour interaction of load factors (Ln-NN), the maximum coverage of the wave functions of the interacting ions and energy levels levels structure of the 7FJ of Eu3+. The physically acceptable limits are designed to load factors and the maximum overlap of the wave functions of the interacting ions. The compounds studied have high symmetry and exhibit a first neighbourhood consisting of oxygen ions, fluorine or chlorine. The use of secular determinants solutions of the energy matrices served as an excellent theoretical framework for the development of the method, which is applied based on the simple overlap model (SOM). This allowed the description of the interaction of the crystalline field by a nonparametric method and simple application. In addition, it was predicted the wave functions overlap factor of the interacting ions, the total effective bonding charge of Eu3+, and the relationships and trends of the crystal field interaction with the chemical species of the NN and the type of Ln that makes up the main host matrix. Finally, it was possible to remodulate the MENN at a more theoretical method by using theoretical data. The results served to confirm the efficiency and accuracy of MENN in describing the interaction of the crystal field on systems containing trivalent lanthanide ions.
Uma nova abordagem na descrição da interação do campo cristalino em compostos contendo íons lantanídeos trivalentes é apresentada. São considerados o equilíbrio eletrostático do sítio opticamente ativo, a carga efetiva do íon central e o sinal dos parâmetros de campo cristalino (PCC) como fatores determinantes na descrição da interação de campo cristalino. O método dos primeiros vizinhos equivalentes (MENN) foi reformulado, e assim melhorias na previsão dos PCC e dos níveis de energia 7FJ do Eu3+ puderam ser realizadas. Além disso, foi possível prever fatores de carga de interação lantanídeo-primeiro vizinho (Ln-PV), o recobrimento máximo das funções de onda dos íons interagentes e estrutura dos níveis níveis de energia 7FJ do Eu3+. Foram estabelecidos limites fisicamente aceitáveis para os fatores de carga e para o recobrimento máximo das funções de onda dos íons interagentes. Os compostos estudados possuem alta simetria e apresentam uma primeira vizinhança composta por íons de oxigênio, flúor ou cloro. A utilização das soluções dos determinantes seculares das matrizes energéticas serviram como um excelente aporte teórico para o desenvolvimento do método, o qual é aplicado tendo por base o modelo de recobrimento simples (SOM). Isto permitiu a descrição da interação do campo cristalino por um método não paramétrico e de simples aplicação. Além disso, foi realizada a previsão do fator de recobrimento das funções de onda dos íons interagentes, carga efetiva total de ligação do Eu3+, e as relações e tendências da interação do campo cristalino com a espécie química dos PV, e o tipo de Ln que compõe a matriz hospedeira principal. Por fim, foi possível tornar o MENN um método mais teórico através da utilização de dados teóricos. Os resultados obtidos serviram para confirmar a eficiência e precisão do MENN na descrição da interação do campo cristalino em sistemas contendo íons lantanídeos trivalentes.

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Castellani, Adriano. "Calcul du champ electrique par la methode des charges equivalentes pour la simulation d'une decharge bi-leader." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112269.

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On presente ici les differentes etapes de la realisation d'un code de calcul permettant l'evaluation des distributions de potentiel et de champ electrique lors du developpement d'un claquage a partir d'un objet electriquement flottant. La premiere partie de l'etude consiste en l'analyse experimentale en laboratoire de ce type de decharge, mettant en evidence le developpement bidirectionnel de deux decharges de polarites opposees a partir d'un conducteur isole (systeme de bi-leader). Le calcul de champ, derive de la methode des charges equivalentes, a ete concu pour prendre en compte les contributions des differents elements de ce bi-leader, canaux de leader et regions corona, puis integre dans un modele physique de simulation de la formation et de la propagation de la decharge. Dans cette perspective, des techniques de calcul specifiques ont ete mises en uvre de facon a permettre la representation de systemes variables au cours du temps, les distributions de champ et de potentiel pouvant ainsi etre recalculees a chaque pas de progression de la decharge. Les procedures de calcul de champ ont ete validees dans le cas de la decharge de laboratoire, puis transposees au cas de l'eclair declenche en altitude: dans les deux cas, la simulation numerique est en excellent accord avec les donnees experimentales. Enfin, cette methode de calcul de champ a ete extrapolee a l'etude de systeme tridimensionnels sans symetrie de rotation, en vue d'application futures a l'etude du foudroiement des aeronefs ou de structures au sol

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Ekman, Jonas. "Electromagnetic modeling using the partial element equivalent circuit method." Doctoral thesis, Luleå, 2003. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2003/27.

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Munk, Jens. "An equivalent source inversion method for imaging complex structures /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488191667184336.

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Becker, Ralf. "Consumption equivalent public capital method and a three generations model /." Marburg : Metropolis-Verl, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/35493113X.pdf.

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Bécot, François-Xavier. "Tyre noise over impedance surfaces : efficient application of the equivalent sources method." Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0036/these.pdf.

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Le but de ce travail est de comprendre et de contrôler les mécanismes de rayonnement du pneumatique, ceci en concevant des outils de prédiction efficients pour la propagation du bruit pneumatique / chaussée au dessus de surfaces d'impédances arbitraires. Le rayonnement du pneumatique est modélisé à l'aide de la méthode des Sources Equivalentes. Un modèle d'effets de sol dus à un plan d'impédance donnée est développé pour des sources de directivités arbitraire. Par ailleurs, la solution exacte du problème bi-dimensionel est présentée. Basé sur les deux outils de prédiction précédents, un modèle itératif est développé pour le rayonnement d'un pneumatique au-dessus de surfaces d'impédance arbitraire. A l'aide de ce nouvel outil, un étude paramétrique examine les tendances du rayonnement du pneumatique au-dessus de chaussées absorbantes. Le présent travail contribue à l'étude des possibilités de réduction du bruit du trafic, notamment en utilisant des chaussées dites silencieuses
The aim of the present work is to understand and to control the mechanisms of the tyre radiation, by designing efficient prediction tools for the propagation of the tyre / road noise over arbitrary impedance surfaces. Tyre radiation is modelled using the Equivalent Sources method. A model for the ground effects induced from a given impedance plane is developed for sources having arbitrary directivity. Moreover, the exact solution to the two-dimensional problem is derived. Based on the two previous prediction tools, an iterative model is developed for the tyre radiation over an arbitrary impedance surface. Using this model, a parametrical study examines the tendencies of tyre radiation over absorbing surfaces. The present work allows to study the possibilities of traffic noise reduction, particularly by the use of so-called silent road surfaces

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Min, Ki-Bok. "Determination of equivalent hydraulic and mechanical properties of fractured rock masses using the distinct element method." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1550.

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The equivalent continuum approach uses equivalent propertiesof rock mass as the input data for a continuum analysis. Thisis a common modeling method used in the field of rock mechanicsand hydrogeology. However, there are still unresolvedquestions; how can the equivalent properties be determined andis the equivalent continuum approach suitable for modeling thediscontinuous fractured rock mass.

The purpose of this paper is to establish a methodology todetermine the equivalent hydraulic and mechanical properties offractured rock masses by explicit representations of stochasticfracture systems, to investigate the scale-dependency of theproperties, and to investigate the conditions for theapplication of the equivalent continuum approach for thefractured rock masses. Geological data used for this study arefrom the site characterization of Sellafield, Cumbria, UK. Aprogram for the generation of stochastic Discrete FractureNetwork (DFN) is developed for the realization of fractureinformation and ten parent DFN models are constructed based onthe location, trace length, orientation and density offractures. Square models with the sizes varying from 0.25 m× 0.25 m to 10 m × 10 m are cut from the center ofthe each parent network to be used for the scale dependencyinvestigation. A series of the models in a parent network arerotated in 30 degrees interval to be used for investigation oftensor characteristic. The twodimensional distinct elementprogram, UDEC, was used to calculate the equivalentpermeability and compliance tensors based on generalizedDarcys law and general theory of anisotropic elasticity.Two criteria for the applicability of equivalent continuumapproach were established from the investigation: i) theexistence of properly defined REV (Representative ElementaryVolume) and ii) existence of the tensor in describing theconstitutive equation of fractured rock The equivalentcontinuum assumption cannot be accepted if any one of the abovetwo criteria is not met. Coefficient of variation and meanprediction error is suggested for the measures toquantitatively evaluate the errors involved in scale dependencyand tensor characteristic evaluation.

Equivalent permeability and mechanical properties (includingelastic modulus and Poissons ratios) determined onrealistic fracture network show that the presence of fracturehas a significant effect on the equivalent properties. Theresults of permeability, elastic moduli and Poisson's ratioshow that they narrow down with the increase of scale andmaintain constant range after a certain scales with someacceptable variation. Furthermore, Investigations of thepermeability tensor and compliance tensor in the rotated modelshow that their tensor characteristics are satisfied at acertain scale; this would indicate that the uses of theequivalent continuum approach is justified for the siteconsidered in this study.

The unique feature of the thesis is that it gives asystematic treatment of the homogenization and upscaling issuesfor the hydraulic and mechanical properties of fractured rockswith a unified approach. These developments established a firmfoundation for future application to large-scale performanceassessment of underground nuclear waste repository byequivalent continuum analysis.

Keywords :Equivalent continuum approach, Equivalentproperty, Representative Elementary Volume (REV), DistinctElement Method, Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)

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Книги з теми "Method of equivalent charges"

Nitsch, Jürgen, Frank Gronwald, and Günter Wollenberg. Radiating Nonuniform Transmissionline Systems and the Partial Element Equivalent Circuit Method. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470682425.

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Nitsch, Jürgen. Radiating non-uniform transmission line systems and the partial element equivalent circuit method. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley, 2009.

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Nitsch, Jürgen. Radiating non-uniform transmission line systems and the partial element equivalent circuit method. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley, 2009.

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Nitsch, Jürgen. Radiating non-uniform transmission line systems and the partial element equivalent circuit method. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley, 2009.

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Institution, British Standards. British standard method for measurement of the equivalent pore size of fabrics (bubble pressure test) ... . London: B.S.I., 1986.

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Barnett, Inka. Poor households' experiences and perception of user fees for healthcare: A mixed-method study from Ethiopia. Oxford: Young Lives, Dept. of International Development, University of Oxford, 2010.

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Universiteit van Amsterdam. Europa Instituut., ed. Barriers to external and internal community trade: The external application of measures and charges of equivalent effect under the law of the European Economic Community. Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1993.

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Executive, NHS Management, ed. Capital charges and trust equivalent manual. [London]: NHS Management Executive, 1993.

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Computation of Wheeling Charges Using MW-Mile Method. Karur, India: ASDF International, 2017.

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George C. Marshall Space Flight Center., ed. Equivalent circuit models for AC impedance data analysis. [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Method of equivalent charges"

Lacava, Francesco. "The Method of Image Charges." In Classical Electrodynamics, 33–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39474-9_3.

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Chen, Yanfeng, and Bo Zhang. "Equivalent-Small-Parameters Method (ESPM)." In Equivalent-Small-Parameter Analysis of DC/DC Switched-Mode Converter, 33–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2574-8_3.

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Wu, Sean F. "Equivalent Sources Using HELS." In The Helmholtz Equation Least Squares Method, 145–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1640-5_8.

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Sthitpattanapongsa, Puthipong, and Thitiwan Srinark. "An Equivalent 3D Otsu’s Thresholding Method." In Advances in Image and Video Technology, 358–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25367-6_32.

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Mattavelli, Andrea, Alberto Goffi, and Alessandra Gorla. "Synthesis of Equivalent Method Calls in Guava." In Search-Based Software Engineering, 248–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22183-0_19.

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Kerikmäe, Tanel, and Sandra Särav. "Article 30 [Prohibition of New Customs Duties or Charges Having Equivalent Effect]." In Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union - A Commentary, 711–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43511-0_31.

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Paz, Mario, and William Leigh. "Uniform Building Code 1997: Equivalent Lateral Force Method." In Structural Dynamics, 699–729. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0481-8_23.

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Paz, Mario. "Uniform Building Code-1994 Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method." In Structural Dynamics, 707–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0018-2_24.

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Paz, Mario. "Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method: Uniform Building Code—1985." In Structural Dynamics, 511–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7918-2_23.

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Paz, Mario. "Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method: Uniform Building Code—1988." In Structural Dynamics, 545–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7918-2_24.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Method of equivalent charges"

Germer, Maxim, Uwe Marschner, and Andreas Richter. "Combined Finite Element Method (FEM) and Network Simulation of a Nonlinear Electromagnetic Energy Harvester." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2407.

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Abstract Combined finite element and network modeling methods provide a time efficient instrument to simulate multi-physics systems. In this work, the Combined Simulation is applied to a nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester with electrical interface circuit and capacitive energy storage. The energy harvester consists of two cylindrical permanent magnets placed in a cylinder with opposite directions to each other, whereas one magnet is fixed and the other magnet is freely movable in the vertical direction within the cylinder. A coil surrounds the cylinder and transforms the magneto-mechanical energy into electrical energy by means of electromagnetic induction. An external force with a certain wave-form excites the system. Finite element and network modeling methods are combined to determine concentrated and distributed network parameters and to describe the nonlinear system as an equivalent circuit, whereas Finite element modeling of the two permanent magnets reveals the repulsive force at different distances. The position-dependent electromagnetic coupling coefficient is employed by calculating the linked magnetic flux gradient. The system performance, including the interface circuit and an energy storage component, is then predicted using the numerical network simulator LTspice. A voltage doubler is used to charge a capacitor and compared with a one-way and two-way rectifier. The voltage doubler shows the best results and charges the capacitor to the highest voltage. The presented method helped to understand the overall system behavior. Physical quantities can be quickly determined in the network. The method can be applied to other multi-physics systems and to more complex interface circuits, easily.

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Onori, Simona, Lorenzo Serrao, and Giorgio Rizzoni. "Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles." In ASME 2010 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2010-4211.

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This paper proposes a new method for solving the energy management problem for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) based on the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). After discussing the main features of ECMS, an adaptation law of the equivalence factor used by ECMS is presented, which, using feedback of state of charge, ensures optimality of the strategy proposed. The performance of the A-ECMS is shown in simulation and compared to the optimal solution obtained with dynamic programming.

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Gu, Bo, and Giorgio Rizzoni. "An Adaptive Algorithm for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Management Based on Driving Pattern Recognition." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13951.

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In this paper we present a novel adaptation method for the Adaptive Equivalent fuel Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). The approach is based on Driving Pattern Recognition (DPR). The Equivalent (fuel) Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) method provides real-time suboptimal energy management decisions by minimizing the "equivalent" fuel consumption of a hybrid-electric vehicle. The equivalent fuel consumption is a combination of the actual fuel consumption and electrical energy use, and an equivalence factor is used to convert electrical power used into an equivalent chemical fuel quantity. In this research, a driving pattern recognition method is used to obtain better estimation of the equivalence factor under different driving conditions. A time window of past driving conditions is analyzed periodically and recognized as one of the Representative Driving Patterns (RDPs). Periodically updating the control parameter according to the driving conditions yields more precise estimation of the equivalent fuel consumption cost, thus providing better fuel economy. Besides minimizing the instantaneous equivalent fuel consumption, the battery State of Charge (SOC) management is also maintained by using a PI controller to keep the SOC around a nominal value. The primary improvement of the proposed A-ECMS over other algorithms with similar objectives is that it does not require the knowledge of future driving cycles and has a low computational burden. Results obtained in this research show that the driving conditions can be successfully recognized and good performance can be achieved in various driving conditions while sustaining battery SOC within desired limits.

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Bhagyasree, P., and Varsha A. Shah. "A Simplified Method to Evaluate Equivalent Circuit Model and State of Charge of Li-ion Battery." In 2019 IEEE 1st International Conference on Energy, Systems and Information Processing (ICESIP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icesip46348.2019.8938242.

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Rui, Huang, and Feng Jian. "Magnetic field analysis of permanent magnet array for planar motor based on Equivalent Magnetic Charge method." In 2012 10th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcica.2012.6359136.

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Astapenko, V. A., and A. B. Kukushkin. "Fermi method of equivalent photons for stimulated emission of polarization-induced multiphoton radiation by multiply charged ions." In Proceedings of the 12th International conference on spectral line shapes. AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.47446.

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Geng, Jihui, and Kelly Thomas. "Equivalent Explosion Source for PVB Blast Wave Infiltration." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63116.

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Pressure vessel burst (PVB) explosions are credible explosion hazards at a number of chemical processing and petroleum refining facilities. PVBs can present both blast and fragment hazards. Blast prediction methods specific to spherical PVBs were first developed in the 1970s and revised blast curves were subsequently published. The directional effects from non-spherical PVBs were recently investigated by the authors, resulting in correlations for blast overpressure and impulse for a range of vessel geometries and burst conditions. The existing blast charts coupled with these correlations provide a well-defined blast prediction method for PVBs. When a PVB blast wave propagates through an enclosure opening (e.g., window or door), the result is an infiltrated blast wave which will propagate downstream into the enclosure. This paper addresses the infiltration of a PVB blast wave through an opening on a wall. The properties of an infiltrated blast wave depend primarily on the incident blast wave peak pressure, positive phase duration and the opening size. The purpose of the work described in this paper is to introduce an equivalent explosion source, characterized by these three parameters, so that the infiltrated PVB blast loads can be evaluated based on the equivalent source and existing blast curves.

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King, Kim W., and Chris R. Vaught. "Determining TNT Equivalency for Confined Detonations." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61699.

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Explosive containment vessels are typically designed and rated to contain a specified amount of trinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive charge weight. However, in application, these units typically contain explosive materials other than TNT. Additionally, proof testing of explosive containment chambers with TNT explosive is rare due to the availability of TNT commercially. Therefore, it is desirable to determine the capacity of an explosive containment vessel using an equivalent charge weight with respect to the TNT capacity of the vessel. Traditional wisdom suggests detonation chambers with large charge to volume ratios respond primarily in an impulsive manner. This assumption suggests that the impulse factor only should be used to determine the equivalent charge weight. However, it is also recognized that TNT equivalence with respect to confined detonations is not well understood and using standard methods for establishing TNT equivalency factors may not be adequate for confined detonations. This paper will investigate this common problem of determining equivalent charge weights for a containment vessel. This is accomplished using hydrocode modeling, finite element analysis and experimental test results.

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Rahmeh, Hadi, Angelo Bonfitto, and Sanjarbek Ruzimov. "Fuzzy Logic vs Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Energy Management in P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22431.

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Abstract This paper presents a comparison between a Fuzzy Logic and an Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for the energy management of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle in P2 configuration, i.e. with the secondary energy converter located downstream the clutch. The design of the two methods is conducted aiming to minimize the fuel consumption. Although the adopted strategies are not charge sustaining, an additional goal of the techniques is to obtain a net energy extracted from the battery over a driving cycle that is not far from zero. The presented simulation results are obtained in the case of two homologation driving cycles, namely NEDC and WLTP. The objective of the study is to demonstrate that a non-optimal rule-based method can achieve a performance that is equivalent to a model-based optimal analytical approach.

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Deng, Dan, Sheng-Yong Liu, Shun-Li Wang, Li-Li Xia, and Lei Chen. "An improved second-order electrical equivalent modeling method for the online high power Li-ion battery state of charge estimation." In 2021 IEEE 12th Energy Conversion Congress & Exposition - Asia (ECCE-Asia). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce-asia49820.2021.9479017.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Method of equivalent charges"

Zimmerman, T. A simplified, improved method for making amplifier equivalent noise charge measurements using a new generation digitizing oscilloscope. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6329388.

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Fournier, Kevin, Otis Walton, Russ Benjamin, and William Dunlop. Simulation Study of Near-Surface Coupling of Nuclear Devices vs. Equivalent High-Explosive Charges. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171337.

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Eisen, Y., D. G. Vasilik, R. J. Brake, B. H. Erkkila, and G. J. Littlejohn. Performance of low pressure tissue equivalent chambers and a new method for parameterizing the dose equivalent. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5339402.

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Cai, Yongyang, Kenneth Judd, and Jevgenijs Steinbuks. A Nonlinear Certainty Equivalent Approximation Method for Dynamic Stochastic Problems. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21590.

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Cai, Yongyang, and Kenneth Judd. A Simple but Powerful Simulated Certainty Equivalent Approximation Method for Dynamic Stochastic Problems. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28502.

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Pope, J. A method for estimating annual dose equivalent to the lung under varying radon progeny conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7009532.

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Tanaka, Shun-ichi, and Tomoo Suzuki. A calculational method of photon dose equivalent based on the revised technical standards of radiological protection law. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6197219.

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Rahmani, Mehran, and Manan Naik. Structural Identification and Damage Detection in Bridges using Wave Method and Uniform Shear Beam Models: A Feasibility Study. Mineta Transportation Institute, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1934.

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This report presents a wave method to be used for the structural identification and damage detection of structural components in bridges, e.g., bridge piers. This method has proven to be promising when applied to real structures and large amplitude responses in buildings (e.g., mid-rise and high-rise buildings). This study is the first application of the method to damaged bridge structures. The bridge identification was performed using wave propagation in a simple uniform shear beam model. The method identifies a wave velocity for the structure by fitting an equivalent uniform shear beam model to the impulse response functions of the recorded earthquake response. The structural damage is detected by measuring changes in the identified velocities from one damaging event to another. The method uses the acceleration response recorded in the structure to detect damage. In this study, the acceleration response from a shake-table four-span bridge tested to failure was used. Pairs of sensors were identified to represent a specific wave passage in the bridge. Wave velocities were identified for several sensor pairs and various shaking intensities are reported; further, actual observed damage in the bridge was compared with the detected reductions in the identified velocities. The results show that the identified shear wave velocities presented a decreasing trend as the shaking intensity was increased, and the average percentage reduction in the velocities was consistent with the overall observed damage in the bridge. However, there was no clear correlation between a specific wave passage and the observed reduction in the velocities. This indicates that the uniform shear beam model was too simple to localize the damage in the bridge. Instead, it provides a proxy for the overall extent of change in the response due to damage.

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Ramakrishnan, Aravind, Ashraf Alrajhi, Egemen Okte, Hasan Ozer, and Imad Al-Qadi. Truck-Platooning Impacts on Flexible Pavements: Experimental and Mechanistic Approaches. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-038.

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Truck platoons are expected to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption. However, their use is projected to accelerate pavement damage due to channelized-load application (lack of wander) and potentially reduced duration between truck-loading applications (reduced rest period). The effect of wander on pavement damage is well documented, while relatively few studies are available on the effect of rest period on pavement permanent deformation. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to quantify the impact of rest period theoretically, using a numerical method, and experimentally, using laboratory testing. A 3-D finite-element (FE) pavement model was developed and run to quantify the effect of rest period. Strain recovery and accumulation were predicted by fitting Gaussian mixture models to the strain values computed from the FE model. The effect of rest period was found to be insignificant for truck spacing greater than 10 ft. An experimental program was conducted, and several asphalt concrete (AC) mixes were considered at various stress levels, temperatures, and rest periods. Test results showed that AC deformation increased with rest period, irrespective of AC-mix type, stress level, and/or temperature. This observation was attributed to a well-documented hardening–relaxation mechanism, which occurs during AC plastic deformation. Hence, experimental and FE-model results are conflicting due to modeling AC as a viscoelastic and the difference in the loading mechanism. A shift model was developed by extending the time–temperature superposition concept to incorporate rest period, using the experimental data. The shift factors were used to compute the equivalent number of cycles for various platoon scenarios (truck spacings or rest period). The shift model was implemented in AASHTOware pavement mechanic–empirical design (PMED) guidelines for the calculation of rutting using equivalent number of cycles.

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Sparks, Paul, Jesse Sherburn, William Heard, and Brett Williams. Penetration modeling of ultra‐high performance concrete using multiscale meshfree methods. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41963.

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Terminal ballistics of concrete is of extreme importance to the military and civil communities. Over the past few decades, ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) has been developed for various applications in the design of protective structures because UHPC has an enhanced ballistic resistance over conventional strength concrete. Developing predictive numerical models of UHPC subjected to penetration is critical in understanding the material's enhanced performance. This study employs the advanced fundamental concrete (AFC) model, and it runs inside the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM)‐based code known as the nonlinear meshfree analysis program (NMAP). NMAP is advantageous for modeling impact and penetration problems that exhibit extreme deformation and material fragmentation. A comprehensive experimental study was conducted to characterize the UHPC. The investigation consisted of fracture toughness testing, the utilization of nondestructive microcomputed tomography analysis, and projectile penetration shots on the UHPC targets. To improve the accuracy of the model, a new scaled damage evolution law (SDEL) is employed within the microcrack informed damage model. During the homogenized macroscopic calculation, the corresponding microscopic cell needs to be dimensionally equivalent to the mesh dimension when the partial differential equation becomes ill posed and strain softening ensues. Results of numerical investigations will be compared with results of penetration experiments.

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