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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Membrane protection"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 20 квітня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Membrane protection"

Hirase, Tetsuaki, and Koichi Node. "Pleiotropic Effects of Statin in Cardiovascular Protection." MEMBRANE 34, no. 5 (2009): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.34.249.

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Smoltczyk, U., and K. Malcharek. "Slope protection by membrane structures." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 2, no. 4 (January 1985): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-1144(85)90017-2.

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Lai, Haoqiang, Cuiying Zhou, and Zhen Liu. "Ecological membrane for slope engineering based on red bed soil." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 8, 2023): e0286949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286949.

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Ecological slope protection projects (such as the reinforcement of low slopes by plants and ecological restorations of the soil of high steep rocky slopes) are essential for restoring the natural environment. In this study, red bed soil and composite polymer adhesive materials were used to develop an ecological membrane for application in slope ecological protection. The basic physical and mechanical properties of the ecological membranes with different material percentages were studied through tensile strength test and viscosity test, the effect of different material percentages on the properties of ecological membranes was studied, and the soil protection performance and ecological restoration performance were studied through anti-erosion and plant growth tests. The results show that the ecological membrane is soft and tough, with high tensile strength. The addition of the red bed soil can enhance the strength of the ecological membrane, and the ecological membrane with 30% red bed soil has the highest tensile strength. The ecological membrane has considerable tensile deformation capability and viscosity, and up to 100% by mass, the more composite polymer adhesive materials added, the greater the tensile deformation capability and viscosity. And the ecological membrane can enhance the anti-erosion performance of the soil. This study clarifies the development and technology of the ecological membrane, reveals the effect of different material percentages on the properties of ecological membrane, and analyzes the slope ecological protection mechanism of the ecological membrane, thereby providing theoretical and data support for its development, improvement, and application.

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Yu, Jiafeng, Chenchen Qi, Jixin Zhang, Chun Bao, and Hengyong Xu. "Synthesis of a zeolite membrane as a protective layer on a metallic Pd composite membrane for hydrogen purification." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 9 (2015): 5000–5006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta06463a.

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A zeolite membrane was synthesized on the surface of Pd membrane by seed-free hydrothermal synthesis. The zeolite membrane, which was used as an “armor”, offered good protection to the Pd membranes, significantly suppressing hydrogen permeance loss.

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Li, Jie, Yushan Li, Yiyi Lu, Wentian Shi, and Huafeng Tian. "PDMS/PVDF Electrospinning Membranes for Water-in-Oil Emulsion Separation and UV Protection." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (November 29, 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040217.

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With industry development, the separation of oily wastewater is becoming more critical. Inspired by organisms such as lotus leaves, biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces with micro-nano structures have shown great potential in this regard. In this work, PDMS/PVDF oil–water separation membranes with designed microstructures were prepared by electrospinning technology. The membrane-forming effect of electrospinning with different ratios of PDMS and PVDF was studied. The study found that membranes with high PDMS content were more likely to form microspheres, and PDMS tended to concentrate on the microspheres. The results also showed that the microspheres would bring better hydrophobicity to the membrane. When the ratio of PDMS to PVDF is 1:2, the membrane has a water contact angle of up to 150° and an oil contact angle of 0°. At this ratio, the separation efficiency of the membrane for the water-in-oil emulsion is 98.7%, and it can still maintain more than 98% after ten separation cycles, which is a good candidate for oil–water separation. Furthermore, microspheres enable the membrane to achieve macroscopic uniformity and microscopic phase separation so that the membranes have both good elongation and fracture strength. In addition, the PDMS/PVDF membranes also exhibit excellent UV resistance, and their UV protection factor is greater than 185, making them a potential UV protective material.

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Zhou, Gang, Rulin Liu, Qingfeng Xu, Kaili Wang, Yongmei Wang, and Seeram Ramakrishna. "Dual-Structure PVDF/SDS Nanofibrous Membranes for Highly Efficient Personal Protection in Mines." Membranes 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12050482.

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Pneumoconiosis in miners is considered a global problem. Improving the performance of individual protective materials can effectively reduce the incidence of pneumoconiosis. In this study, the blend membrane of sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyvinylidene fluoride with a dual structure was prepared using electrospinning techniques, and the morphological structure, fiber diameter, and filtration performance of the nanofiber membranes were optimized by adjusting the PVDF concentration and SDS content. The results show that the incorporation of SDS enabled the nanofiber membranes to show tree-like and beaded fibers. Compared with the original PVDF membrane, the small content of tree-like fibers and beaded fibers can improve the filtration efficiency and reduce the resistance of the fiber membrane. The prepared nanofiber membrane has excellent comprehensive filtration performance, and the quality factor is 0.042 pa−1 when the concentration of PVDF is 10 wt% and the addition of SDS is 0.1 wt%. Furthermore, after high-temperature treatment, the membrane could still maintain good filtration performance. The PVDF/SDS blend nanofiber membrane has outstanding filtration efficiency and good thermal stability and can fully meet the personal protection of miners in underground high-temperature operation environments.

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Tanaka, Keiko, and Koichiro Miyajima. "The Freeze-Drying of Liposome with Saccharides and their Protection Mechanism." membrane 18, no. 3 (1993): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.18.156.

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Ye, Hai-Bo, Hai-Bo Shi, and Shan-Kai Yin. "Mechanisms Underlying Taurine Protection Against Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 40, no. 5 (September 2013): 628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100014840.

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Abstract:Taurine appears to exert potent protections against glutamate (Glu)-induced injury to neurons, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The possibly protected targets consist of the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. Protection may be provided through a variety of effects, including the prevention of membrane depolarization, neuronal excitotoxicity and mitochondrial energy failure, increases in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i), activation of calpain, and reduction of Bcl-2 levels. These activities are likely to be linked spatially and temporally in the neuroprotective functions of taurine. In addition, events that occur downstream of Glu stimulation, including altered enzymatic activities, apoptotic pathways, and necrosis triggered by the increased [Ca2+]i, can be inhibited by taurine. This review discusses the possible molecular mechanisms of taurine against Glu-induced neuronal injury, providing a better understanding of the protective processes, which might be helpful in the development of novel interventional strategies.

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Naparlo, Katarzyna, Grzegorz Bartosz, Ireneusz Stefaniuk, Bogumil Cieniek, Miroslaw Soszynski, and Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz. "Interaction of Catechins with Human Erythrocytes." Molecules 25, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 1456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061456.

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The aim of this study was to characterize the interaction of chosen catechins ((+)-catechin, (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) with human erythrocytes and their protective effects against oxidative damage of erythrocytes. Uptake of the catechins by erythrocytes was studied by fluorimetry, their interaction with erythrocyte membrane was probed by changes in erythrocyte osmotic fragility and in membrane fluidity evaluated with spin labels, while protection against oxidative damage was assessed by protection against hemolysis induced by permanganate and protection of erythrocyte membranes against lipid peroxidation and protein thiol group oxidation. Catechin uptake was similar for all the compounds studied. Accumulation of catechins in the erythrocyte membrane was demonstrated by the catechin-induced increase in osmotic resistance and rigidification of the erythrocyte membrane detected by spin labels 5-doxyl stearic acid and 16-doxyl stearic acid. (−)-Epigallocatechin and EGCG inhibited erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (mixed-type inhibition). Catechins protected erythrocytes against permanganate-induced hemolysis, oxidation of erythrocyte protein thiol groups, as well as membrane lipid peroxidation. These results contribute to the knowledge of the beneficial effects of catechins present in plant-derived food and beverages.

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Nixon, Alexander, Ying Jia, Carl White, and Neil A. Bradbury. "Determination of the membrane topology of lemur tyrosine kinase 2 (LMTK2) by fluorescence protease protection." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 304, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): C164—C169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00288.2012.

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Lemur tyrosine kinase 2 (LMTK2) is a novel membrane-anchored kinase reported to be involved in several normal and pathophysiological conditions, including endosomal membrane recycling, prostate cancer, and neurodegeneration. In this study, we have investigated the topology and orientation of LMTK2 within cellular membranes utilizing fluorescence protease protection. Appending the green fluorescent protein to either the amino or carboxyl terminus of LMTK2, we were able to determine which side of intracellular membrane these regions were located. Our results indicate that LMTK2 is an integral membrane protein in which both the amino and carboxyl termini are exposed to the cytoplasm. Moreover, this topology places the kinase active site within the cytoplasm.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Membrane protection"

Cordeiro, Cristianne. "Eggshell Membrane Proteins provide Innate Immune Protection." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33389.

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The microbiological safety of avian eggs is a major concern for the poultry industry and for consumers due to the potential for severe impacts on public health. Innate immune defense is formed by proteins with antimicrobial and immune-modulatory activities and ensures the protection of the chick embryo against pathogens. The objective of this project was to identify the chicken eggshell membrane (ESM) proteins that play a role in these innate immune defense mechanisms. We hypothesized that ESM Ovocalyxin-36 (OCX-36) is a pattern recognition protein, and characterized purified ESM OCX-36. OCX-36 has antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and binds E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA). We additionally investigated the OCX-36 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at cDNA position 211. The corresponding isoforms (proline-71 or serine-71) were purified from eggs collected from genotyped homozygous hens. A significant difference between Pro-71 and Ser-71 OCX-36s for S. aureus LTA binding activity was observed. From these experiments, we confirmed the hypothesis that OCX-36 is a pattern recognition molecule. We also found that OCX-36 has anti-endotoxin properties and is a macrophage immunostimulator to produce NO and TNF-α. Digested OCX-36 down-regulated the expression of genes involved in LPS signaling and inflammatory responses. Moreover, OCX-36-derived peptides inhibited the production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators associated with endotoxemia in vivo. Quantitative proteomics analysis of ESMs was performed to evaluate changes in ESM protein abundance during chick embryonic development. Bioinformatics analysis revealed enrichment of proteins associated with antimicrobial and immune protection, vascularization, calcium mobilization and lipid transport, which are vital for chick embryonic development. In unfertilized eggs, protease inhibitors and antimicrobial proteins were enriched. In summary, the ESMs are enriched in proteins with antimicrobial, antioxidant and immune-modulatory properties, which aid in the development of the chick embryo and protect the embryo and unfertilized egg against pathogen invasion.

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Morgan, Cecilia A. "Treponema pallidum repeat protein K and heterologous protection against syphilis /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9300.

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DeGroot, Andreas R. "Encapsulation of urease in alginate beads and protection from alpha-chymotrypsin with chitosan membrane." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0004/MQ44002.pdf.

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Westalle, Kim Louise. "The role of a Polyphenol from Myrothamnus flabellifolius in the protection of membranes during desiccation-using liposomes as a model membrane system." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4351.

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Includes bibliographical references.
A deficiency of water is a common stress experienced by plants. Dehydration of plant tissue results in altered protein and lipid ultrastructure responsible for membrane stabilisation leading inevitably to the death of the plant. Some plants known as resurrection plants have evolved with the ability to survive dehydration to less than 2% water content, a property known as desiccation tolerance. Recently a polyphenol extracted from the leaves of a common African resurrection tree Myrothamnus flabellifolius Welw. has been isolated and characterised as 3,4,5-tri-O-galloylquinic acid. This study has investigated the role which this polyphenol may play in desiccation tolerance.

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Paes, William Neville Wayne. "Immunisation with recombinant polymorphic membrane protein D elicits robust protection against sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infection." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11896/.

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Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide, responsible for ~90 million new cases of disease each year, with asymptomatic infections giving rise to sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility in women. Aggressive ‘seek and treat’ public health measures have not stemmed the rise of Ct infections, leading to proposal of the ‘arrested immunity’ hypothesis, where herd immunity within a population is blunted following earlier treatment with antibiotics. This suggests vaccination as the next key step in potentially eliminating Ct infections. Due to the paucity of robust clinical data, protective immune parameters have largely been derived from studies in mice, where pathogen-specific Th1-type immunity involving CD4+ T cells has been the focus of preclinical vaccine development. Our study represents the first preclinical characterization of a novel, rationally designed second-generation lipid adjuvant (SLA) in combination with the highly conserved recombinant Ct polymorphic membrane protein D (rPmpD) antigen. We demonstrate robust protection against urogenital Ct infection in the C57BL/6 murine model, characterized by significantly enhanced resistance to infection and reduction in mean bacterial load. However, enhanced Th1-type immunity was not found to correlate with relative protection, which rather coincided with the presence of robust rPmpD-specific serum and cervico-vaginal IgG titres. Prior to our study, the only convincing evidence of neutralizing antibodies effecting protection against chlamydial infection in vivo has emerged from studies employing the antigenically variable Ct MOMP as a vaccine immunogen. We propose that anti-rPmpD antibodies may play a significant role in vaccine-induced protection against urogenital Ct challenge, and that the role of antibodies warrants further investigation in future Ct vaccine development.

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Schirmacher, Anastasiya. "Modification of transmembrane peptides to probe SNARE-induced membrane fusion and cross-presentation of membrane-buried epitopes." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-1576-F.

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Vinci, Valentin. "Accumulateurs Li/S : barrières organiques à la réactivité des polysulfures." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI043/document.

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Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse étaient d’explorer de nouvelles voies pour l’amélioration des performances des accumulateurs Li/S, systèmes présentant de fortes densités d’énergie théorique dont les performances sont limitées par un mécanisme électrochimique incluant des intermédiaires solubles et réactifs. Ces intermédiaires induisent une faible efficacité coulombique et une perte importante de capacité au cours du cyclage. Plusieurs stratégies ont été mises en place pour créer une barrière de nature organique, au transport ou à la réactivité de ces polysulfures, tout en gardant une approche versatile et simple à mettre en œuvre. De bons résultats ont été obtenus en termes d’efficacité coulombique et de cyclabilité, notamment grâce à l’utilisation d’un matériau polymère capable d’interactions ioniques avec les intermédiaires soufrés. Le mécanisme de dépôt du lithium et de croissance dendritique a été également étudié, pour une compréhension plus complète du système
The objectives of this thesis work were to explore new strategies to improve the performance of Li / S accumulators, systems exhibit with high theoretical energy densities whose performance is limited by an electrochemical mechanism including soluble and reactive intermediates. These intermediates induce a low coulombic efficiency and a significant loss of capacity during cycling. Several strategies have been evaluated to create a barrier of organic nature, which mitigate the transport or the reactivity of these polysulfides. The solutions explored are versatile and simple to implement. Good results have been obtained in terms of coulombic efficiency and cyclability, in particular through the use of a polymeric material enables to form ionic interactions with the sulfur intermediates. The mechanism of lithium deposition and dendritic growth has also been studied, for a more complete understanding of the system

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Colin, Julie. "Le vieillissement membranaire cérébral : conséquences fonctionnelles et protection par les acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 alimentaires." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0078/document.

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Un des phénomènes sociétaux marquants de ces dernières années est le vieillissement de la population et en conséquence, une hausse considérable du nombre de personnes âgées. Dans ce contexte, la recrudescence des pathologies chroniques liées au vieillissement, dont la maladie d’Alzheimer, est devenue un enjeu majeur de santé publique. L’impact de nombreux facteurs environnementaux modulables, l’aspect chronique et évolutif des mécanismes pathogènes mis en jeu, doivent inciter à développer des interventions préventives permettant de minimiser les risques de développer ces maladies liées au vieillissement. Ce travail nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance d’utiliser des modèles d’étude et des modes d’expérimentation adaptés au vieillissement pour espérer en ralentir ou retarder les processus délétères. Nos résultats ont aussi permis d’identifier les membranes comme des éléments essentiels au bon fonctionnement cérébral. L’altération de la composition et de l’architecture des membranes neuronales chez la souris âgée perturbe leurs fonctionnalités et diminue les capacités de réponse neuroprotectrices recherchées notamment lors des thérapies anti-Alzheimer. Nous avons aussi observé des modifications membranaires comparables chez les souris rendues dyslipidémiques par un régime alimentaire excessif en lipides saturés auquel nous avons pu clairement attribuer un rôle pro-vieillissement. Nous avons finalement démontré le potentiel préventif d’une supplémentation alimentaire en acide docosahexaénoïque, l’acide gras polyinsaturé à longue chaîne majoritaire dans le cerveau, et pu conclure en sa capacité de restaurer une réponse neuroprotectrice altérée chez la souris âgée
One of the marked societal phenomena in recent decades is the aging of populations due to continually increasing lifespans and as a result, a considerable surge in the number and proportion of elderly, particularly in Western countries. In this demographic context, the rise of chronic diseases related to aging, including Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia, has become a major public health issue. The impact of modifiable environmental factors, evolution of the pathogenic mechanisms involved, and the lack of curative treatments illustrates the need for the development of interventions to prevent or delay the onset of these aging-related diseases. The present work demonstrates the importance of using age-adapted study models and experimental methods with the goal towards slowing or delaying age-related deleterious processes. Secondly, our results have identified membranes as an essential part for normal brain function. The composition and architectural changes in the neuronal membranes of elderly mice disrupt their functionality and reduce neuroprotective responsiveness such as those sought by anti-Alzheimer’s therapies. We also observed similar pro-aging-type changes in brain membranes of dyslipidemic mice fed a high-fat diet. Thus, disturbances of lipid homeostasis are correlated with an increased risk of developing aging-related cardiovascular and metabolic as well as neurodegenerative diseases. We finally demonstrated the preventive potential of dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid, the most abundant long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain, and observed its ability to restore a neuroprotective response that was impaired in older mice

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Messaoudi, Houssam mohammed. "Synthèse et caractérisation de membranes conductrices anioniques pour la protection d'électrode à air dans une batterie Zinc-Air fonctionnant sous air ambiant." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CERG0864.

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Différentes membranes conductrices anioniques ont été développées pour protéger une électrode à air fonctionnant dans une batterie Zinc-Air alimentée par de l’air ambiant. Dans ces conditions, le dioxyde de carbone contenu dans l’air, en contact avec l’électrolyte basique, se transforme en carbonate de potassium qui précipite dans la structure poreuse de l’électrode. Cela provoque l’augmentation de sa résistance et la perte de son étanchéité, et l’électrode n’est alors stable que 80 heures. L’objectif de cette étude est donc de rendre stable une électrode à air pendant 3000 heures de fonctionnement.Pour cela, différents réseaux (semi-)interpénétrés de polymères ont donc été développés en associant un polyélectrolyte et un réseau partenaire neutre. La polyépichlorhydrine greffée avec du 1,4-diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane et un polyélectrolyte fluoré ont été choisis comme polymère conducteur anionique. Des réseaux neutres à base de poly(méthacrylate de 2-hydroxyéthyle), d’alcool polyvinylique et de perfluoropolyéther leur ont été, tour à tour, associés. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des différentes membranes développées ont été caractérisées selon leur densité de charges et leur composition. Les membranes présentant les meilleures propriétés requises (conductivité anionique, prise en masse limitée, sélectivité, …) ont ensuite été assemblées sur des électrodes à air dont le potentiel et la stabilité ont été évalués au cours du fonctionnement en demi-cellule. Ainsi, une électrode à air modifiée avec de telles membranes peut présenter un potentiel stable pendant 6800 heures de fonctionnement à -30mA/cm²
Different anionic conducting membranes have been developed to protect an air electrode operating in a Zinc-Air battery fed with ambient air. Under those conditions, carbon dioxide from atmospheric air reacts with the alkaline electrolyte, and is then transformed into potassium carbonate. The precipitate of this carbonate inside the electrode porous structure leads to the increase of the system resistance and the loss of its sealing after 80 h of operation. The objective of this study focuses on the improvement of the stability of an air electrode for 3000 h of operation, by protecting it from carbonation reaction with a polymer membrane.For this, different (semi-)interpenetrating polymer networks have therefore been developed combining a polyelectrolyte and a neutral network partner. Polyepichlorohydrin grafted with 1,4-diazabicyclo (2,2,2) octane and a fluorinated polyelectrolyte were chosen as anionic conductive polymer. Neutral networks based on poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), polyvinyl alcohol and perfluoropolyether were then, alternately, associated to the polyelectrolyte. The physico-chemical properties of the various developed membranes were characterized according to their charge density and composition. The membranes with the best required properties (anionic conductivity, limited weight uptake, selectivity ...) were then assembled on air electrodes whose potential and stability have been evaluated during the operation in half-cell. Thus, an air electrode modified with such membranes maintains a stable potential during 6800 hours of running at -30mA / cm²

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El, Aidani Rachid. "Effet du vieillissement sur les propriétés de la membrane humidifuge en E-PTFE/NOMEX utilisée dans les vêtements de protection contre les incendies." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2012. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/1017/1/EL_AIDANI_Rachid.pdf.

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La membrane humidifuge utilisée dans la confection des vêtements de protection contre les incendies joue un rôle très important dans la protection lors de l’utilisation en service. Cette membrane est généralement constituée d’une couche de polytétrafluoroéthylène expansé (e-PTFE) laminé sur un tissu en Nomex®. Notre étude s’est intéressée aux effets individuels et combinés de la température, rayonnement UV et l’humidité sur les performances de cette membrane. En effet, les propriétés de ce matériau peuvent évoluer dans le temps en fonction des conditions d’utilisation en service. Des vieillissements thermiques ont été réalisés à cinq températures (190, 220, 275, 300 et 320°C). Quatre intensités lumineuses (0,35, 0,68, 1 et 1,35 W/m2) à trois températures (50, 70 et 80°C) ont été utilisées pour le vieillissement photochimique accéléré et trois taux d’humidité relative ont été choisis (60, 80 et 100%) pour le vieillissement hydrolytique. Les propriétés mesurées incluent la résistance à la traction, la force de déchirure et la perméabilité à la vapeur d'eau. Des analyses physico-chimiques et morphologiques complémentaires ont également été effectuées. Des réductions importantes des propriétés mécaniques de la membrane suite au vieillissement thermique, photochimique, hydrolytique et alterné ont été observées. Elles peuvent être attribuées entre autres à une dégradation des fibres de Nomex®. L'effet du vieillissement thermique accéléré sur les propriétés mécaniques de la membrane peut être décrit par la loi d'Arrhenius. D’autres modèles ont été élaborés pour prédire la durée de vie du vieillissement photochimique et l’effet synergétique de ces agents de vieillissement. En ce qui concerne la perméabilité à la vapeur d’eau, deux mécanismes concurrents ont été observés. D’une part, une fermeture des micropores de la membrane a été observée suite au vieillissement dans les températures les plus basses, impliquant une diminution de la perméabilité. D’autre part, des fissures dans la membrane apparaissent pour les plus hautes températures de vieillissement et/ou pour des temps d’exposition suffisamment longs. Les fissures produisent une très forte augmentation de la perméabilité, bien au-delà de la valeur observée sur la membrane neuve. Les mesures par spectroscopie infrarouge (FTIR), diffraction aux rayons X (DRX), calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC), microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) et par microscopie à force atomique (AFM) mettent en évidence des modifications de la structure physicochimique au niveau des deux composants de la membrane suite aux traitements de vieillissement. Ces résultats permettent une meilleure compréhension des phénomènes se produisant lors du vieillissement de ce laminé microporeux à haute performance. Ils donnent également des outils pour contribuer à améliorer la sécurité des vêtements de protection contre l’incendie. Un modèle mathématique permet de prédire la durée de vie de la membrane e-PTFE/Nomex® lors de son vieillissement en service a été utilisé à partir des données expérimentales collectées lors de cette étude, et en prenant le temps de vie correspondant à une diminution de 50% de la force de déchirure initiale. Il tient compte des effets synergétiques du vieillissement thermique, photochimique et hydrolytique.

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Книги з теми "Membrane protection"

Zhang, Zhien, Wenxiang Zhang, and Mohamed Mehdi Chehimi, eds. Membrane Technology Enhancement for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Industrial Growth. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41295-1.

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Babaei, Khossrow. Effectiveness of concrete bridge deck asphalt-membrane protection: Final report. Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, Planning, Research and Public Transportation Division in cooperation with U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1986.

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Canlon, Barbara. The effect of acoustic trauma on the tectorial membrane, stereocilia, and hearing sensitivity: Possible mechanisms underlying damage, recovery, and protection. Stockholm, Sweden: Distributed by Almqvist & Wiksell Periodical Co., 1988.

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Achkasov, Evgeniy, Yuriy Vinnik, and Svetlana Dunaevskaya. Immunopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1089245.

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The monograph devoted to the study of the role of the immune system in the development and progression of acute pancreatitis consistently covers the issues of etiology, classification, diagnosis and modern treatment principles. Special attention is paid to the issues of non-specific immune protection, indicators of immune status, types of generation of reactive oxygen species in macrophage-granulocyte cells depending on the severity of acute pancreatitis. The section for assessing the structural and functional state of lymphocytes in the development of acute pancreatitis by evaluating the blebbing of the plasma membrane of the cell is presented. It is intended for General surgeons, anesthesiologists, resuscitators, residents who are trained in the specialty "Surgery". It can be useful for doctors of other specialties and senior students of higher medical schools.

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BEREZhNOY, Aleksandr, Svetlana DUNAEVSKAYa, and Yuriy VINNIK. Prognosis of postoperative course of urolithiasis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1863093.

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The monograph devoted to the study of urolithiasis consistently highlights the issues of etiology, classification, diagnosis and modern principles of treatment of urolithiasis. The problems of postoperative complications in surgery and urology are considered as a separate issue, data on original methods for predicting the development of hemorrhagic or inflammatory complications in the postoperative period with urolithiasis are presented. Special attention is paid to the issues of nonspecific immune protection, immune status indicators and hemostasis system in the development of complications in the postoperative period. The section of assessment of the structural and functional state of lymphocytes in the development of complications in the postoperative period by assessing the blebbing of the plasma membrane of the cell is presented. It is intended for urologists, general surgeons, residents studying in the specialty "Urology". It can be useful for doctors of other specialties and senior students of higher medical educational institutions.

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Peggs, Ian D. Guidelines for the quality assurance of geomembrane liners for environmental protection. Edmonton, Alta: The Environment, 1986.

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Filaretova, L. P. (Li︠u︡dmila Pavlovna) and Takeuchi K. (Koji), eds. Cell/tissue injury and cytoprotection/organoprotection in the gastrointestinal tract: Mechanisms, prevention, and treatment. Basel: Karger, 2012.

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Zhang, Wenxiang, Zhien Zhang, and Mohamed Mehdi Chehimi. Membrane Technology Enhancement for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Industrial Growth. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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Zhang, Zhien, Zhang Wenxiang, and Mohamed Mehdi Chehimi. Membrane Technology Enhancement for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Industrial Growth. Springer, 2020.

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Basile, Angelo, Alberto Figoli, Mario Gensini, and Ivo Allegrini. Current Trends and Future Developments on Membranes: Membrane Technologies in Environmental Protection and Public Health- Challenges and Opportunities. Elsevier, 2022.

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Частини книг з теми "Membrane protection"

Das, Ranjana, Arijit Mondal, and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee. "Membrane Technology—A Sustainable Approach for Environmental Protection." In Membrane Technology, 477–94. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315105666-23.

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Knyazkova, T. V., and O. Z. Zhurayev. "Dynamic Polymer Layers on Membranes as Antifoulants in Membrane Filtration." In Role of Interfaces in Environmental Protection, 181–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0183-0_14.

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Ishida, Yoshiteru. "Protection of Cooperative Clusters by Membrane." In Self-Repair Networks, 73–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26447-9_6.

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Vatai, Gyula. "Nanofiltration application in food technology and environmental protection." In Integration of Membrane Processes into Bioconversions, 155–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4269-8_11.

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Gutteridge, John M. C. "Free Radical Formation and Antioxidant Protection in Extracellular Fluids." In Free Radicals, Lipoproteins, and Membrane Lipids, 371–79. New York, NY: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7427-5_34.

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Lipiński, K., A. R. Szaniawski, and D. Szaniawska. "Membrane Operations for Water Renovation in the Textile Industry." In Chemistry for the Protection of the Environment, 631–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3282-8_54.

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Othman, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan, Mohd Ridhwan Adam, Roziana Kamaludin, Nurul Jannah Ismail, Mukhlis A. Rahman, and Juhana Jaafar. "Advanced Membrane Technology for Textile Wastewater Treatment." In Membrane Technology Enhancement for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Industrial Growth, 91–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41295-1_7.

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Ojo, Oluwatoyin O. "Bridelia ferruginea and Myocardial Protection in Mitochondrial Membrane Permeability." In Ancient and Traditional Foods, Plants, Herbs and Spices used in Cardiovascular Health and Disease, 231–45. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003220329-17.

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Khan, Imran Ullah, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, and Asim Jilani. "High Performance Membrane for Natural Gas Sweetening Plants." In Membrane Technology Enhancement for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Industrial Growth, 59–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41295-1_5.

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Bast, Aalt, and Guido R. M. M. Haenen. "Cytochrome P-450 and Vitamin E Free Radical Reductase: Formation of and Protection Against Free Radicals." In Free Radicals, Lipoproteins, and Membrane Lipids, 359–70. New York, NY: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7427-5_33.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Membrane protection"

Yanjun Lu and Jifeng Guo. "Research on submerged membrane bioreactor and its membrane fouling in treating dioscorea zingiberensis wastewater." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893293.

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Li, Jiawen, Mingyi Chen, Li Li, Feng Liu, Yufei Gao, Jian Zhu, Jie Zhan, et al. "Preparation and Characterization of Radioactive Aerosol Protective Nanofiber Membranes." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92665.

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Abstract Radioactive aerosols are highly hazardous aerosols containing radionuclides. Inhalation of radioactive aerosols can lead to serious internal exposure hazards to human body. If discharged without proper treatment, it will also harm the working environment and even the ecological environment. Therefore, radioactive aerosol protection is a significant part of environmental protection and personnel protection in the nuclear field. However, majority of existing protective fabrics for radioactive aerosol filtration always meet the trade-off among filtration capacity, mechanical properties and air permeability. In this study, nanofiber layers were prepared by electrospinning technology using TPU, PVDF, PVA polymer materials and electret materials SiO2 as spinning materials. Composite membranes, prepared by coating different nanofiber layers on the PET non-woven fabrics substrate, were investigated. The results show that the 12wt% TPU nanofiber membrane has a three-dimensional spatial hierarchical structure. Its ultra-fine fiber diameter with small pore size greatly enhances the PM capture ability (PM0.3 filtration efficiency 99.99%); and the beaded spatial structure is beneficial to reduce the air resistance to 299 Pa (flow rate 95 L/min). Meanwhile, TPU nanofiber membrane has high extensibility, and it is superior to PVDF and PVA composite membranes in mechanical properties after thermal compounding. Appropriate content of SiO2 can improve filtration performance. The study shed light on developing electrospun nanofiber for radioactive aerosol protection, which can be used in the purification of ambient air in nuclear facilities, or as a high-performance fabric for radioactive aerosol protective clothing.

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Zhenxun Yu and Bingzhi Dong. "Recent advances in dynamic membrane bio-reactor." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893253.

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Sun, Wei, Shoubin Zhang, and Huajun Sun. "Research Status and Prospect of Ceramic Membrane." In 2017 6th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceep-17.2017.33.

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Li, Yuze, Shoubin Zhang, and Huajun Sun. "Application of Ceramic Membrane in Wastewater Treatment." In 2017 6th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceep-17.2017.97.

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Xie, Kang, Jing Song, Liping Qiu, Jiabin Wang, Shoubin Zhang, Xingsheng Kang, and Liqing Zhang. "A review of membrane fouling in forward osmosis." In 2017 6th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceep-17.2017.107.

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Jifeng Guo, Weisheng Guan, and Yanjun Lu. "The nitrobenzene wastewater treatment by the photocatalytic oxidation membrane bioreactor." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893296.

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Geng Quan-yue, Wang Jie, and Luo Nan. "Analysis of axial fouling characteristics in hollow fiber membrane module." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893506.

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Zhang, M., and Y. R. Qiu. "Effect of Filtration Type on BSA Fouling with PVB Hollow Fiber Membrane." In International Conference on Materials Chemistry and Environmental Protection 2015. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/meep-15.2016.39.

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Song, Qianqian, Liping Qiu, Qi Qiu, and Renzhen Cheng. "Development and application of ceramic membrane in oily wastewater treatment." In 2017 6th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Protection (ICEEP 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceep-17.2017.73.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Membrane protection"

Palmer, Guy H., Eugene Pipano, Terry F. McElwain, Varda Shkap, and Donald P. Knowles, Jr. Development of a Multivalent ISCOM Vaccine against Anaplasmosis. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568763.bard.

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Anaplasmosis is an arthropod+borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasma marginale and an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Our research focuses on development of a recombinant membrane surface protein (MSP) immunogen to replace current vaccines derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Briefly, we accomplished the following in our BARD supported research: i) characterization of the intramolecular and intermolecular relationships of the native Major Surface Proteins (MSP) in the outer membrane; ii) expression, purification, and epitope characterization of the recombinant MSP-2, MSP-3, MSP-4, and MSP-5 proteins required to construct the recombinant ISCOM; iii) demonstration that the outer membrane-Quil A induces CD4+ T lymphocytes specific for the outer membrane polypeptides; iv) identification of CD4+ T lymphocytes that recognize outer membrane polypeptide epitopes conserved among other wise antigenically distinct strains; v) determination that immunization with the outer membrane-Quil A construct does not affect the ability of ticks to acquire or transmit A. marginale; and vi) demonstration that the outer membrane-Quil A construct induces complete protection against rickettsemia upon homologous challenge and significant protection against challenge with antigenically distinct strains, including tick transmission. Importantly, the level of protection against homologous challenge in the MSP vaccinates was comparable to that induced by live blood-based vaccines and demonstrates that development of a new generation of vaccines is feasible.

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McElwain, Terry, Eugene Pipano, Guy Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephen Hines, and Douglas Jasmer. Protection of Cattle Against Babesiosis: Immunization with Recombinant DNA Derived Apical Complex Antigens of Babesia bovis. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612835.bard.

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Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis continues to be a significant deterrent to global livestock production. Current control methods have both biological and technical drawbacks that have stimulated research on improved methods of vaccination. This BARD project has focused on characterization of candidate Babesia bovis vaccine antigens located in the apical complex, a unique group of subcellular organelles - including rhoptries, micronemes, and spherical bodies - involved in the invation of erythrocytes. Spherical bodies and rhoptries were partially purified and their contents characterized using monoclonal antibodies. Existing and newly developed monoclonal antibodies bound to antigens in the spherical body, rhoptry, merozoite membrane, and infected erythrocyte membrane. In an initial immunization study using biologically cloned strains, it was demonstrated that strain-common epitopes are important for inducing immune protection against heterologous challenge. Rhoptry-associated antigen 1 (RAP-1) had been demonstrated previously to induce partial immune protection, fulfilled criteria of broad interstrain B and T cell epitope conservation, and thus was further characterized. The RAP-1 gene family consists of at least two gene copies, is homologous to the RAP-1 gene family in B. bigemina, and contains significant sequence similarity to other erythroparasitic protozoan candidate vaccine antigens, including the apical membrane antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. A new RAP-1 monoclonal antibody was developed that inhibits merozoite growth in vitro, demonstrating the presence of a RAP-1 neutralization sensitive domain. Based on these observations, cattle were immunized with Mo7 (Mexico) strain recombinant RAP-1 representing one of the two gene copies. All cattle responded with variable levels of serum antibodies inhibitory to heterologous Israel strain merozoite growth in vitro, and RAP-1 specific T lymphocytes that proliferated when stimulated with either homologous or heterologous native parasite antigen. Minimal protection from clinical disease was present after virulent Israel (heterologous) strain B. bovis challenge. In total, the results support the continued development of RAP-1 as a vaccine antigen, but indicate that additional information about the native structure and function of both RAP-1 gene copies, including the relationship of conserved and polymorphic sequences to B and T cell lepitopes relevant for protection, is necessary for optimization of RAP-1 as a vaccine component.

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Eldar, Avigdor, and Donald L. Evans. Streptococcus iniae Infections in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Toward the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575286.bard.

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In Israel and in the U.S., Streptococcus iniae is responsible for considerable losses in various fish species. Poor understanding of its virulence factors and limited know-how-to of vaccine formulation and administration are the main reasons for the limited efficacy of vaccines. Our strategy was that in order to Improve control measures, both aspects should be equally addressed. Our proposal included the following objectives: (i) construction of host-pathogen interaction models; (ii) characterization of virulence factors and immunodominant antigens, with assessment of their relative importance in terms of protection and (iii) genetic identification of virulence factors and genes, with evaluation of the protective effect of recombinant proteins. We have shown that two different serotypes are involved. Their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) were characterized, and proved to play an important role in immune evasion and in other consequences of the infection. This is an innovative finding in fish bacteriology and resembles what, in other fields, has become apparent in the recent years: S. iniae alters surface antigens. By so doing, the pathogen escapes immune destruction. Immunological assays (agar-gel immunodiffusion and antibody titers) confirmed that only limited cross recognition between the two types occurs and that capsular polysaccharides are immunodominant. Vaccination with purified CPS (as an acellular vaccine) results in protection. In vitro and ex-vivo models have allowed us to unravel additional insights of the host-pathogen interactions. S. iniae 173 (type II) produced DNA fragmentation of TMB-8 cells characteristic of cellular necrosis; the same isolate also prevented the development of apoptosis in NCC. This was determined by finding reduced expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane leaflet of NCC. NCC treated with this isolate had very high levels of cellular necrosis compared to all other isolates. This cellular pathology was confirmed by observing reduced DNA laddering in these same treated cells. Transmission EM also showed characteristic necrotic cellular changes in treated cells. To determine if the (in vitro) PCD/apoptosis protective effects of #173 correlated with any in vivo activity, tilapia were injected IV with #173 and #164 (an Israeli type I strain). Following injection, purified NCC were tested (in vitro) for cytotoxicity against HL-60 target cells. Four significant observations were made : (i) fish injected with #173 had 100-400% increased cytotoxicity compared to #164 (ii) in vivo activation occurred within 5 minutes of injection; (iii) activation occurred only within the peripheral blood compartment; and (iv) the isolate that protected NCC from apoptosis in vitro caused in vivo activation of cytotoxicity. The levels of in vivo cytotoxicity responses are associated with certain pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns/PAMP) and with the tissue of origin of NCC. NCC from different tissue (i.e. PBL, anterior kidney, spleen) exist in different states of differentiation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed the "adaptation" of the bacterium to the vaccinated environment, suggesting a "Darwinian-like" evolution of any bacterium. Due to the selective pressure which has occurred in the vaccinated environment, type II strains, able to evade the protective response elicited by the vaccine, have evolved from type I strains. The increased virulence through the appropriation of a novel antigenic composition conforms with pathogenic mechanisms described for other streptococci. Vaccine efficacy was improved: water-in-oil formulations were found effective in inducing protection that lasted for a period of (at least) 6 months. Protection was evaluated by functional tests - the protective effect, and immunological parameters - elicitation of T- and B-cells proliferation. Vaccinated fish were found to be resistant to the disease for (at least) six months; protection was accompanied by activation of the cellular and the humoral branches.

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Lawrence, Kaitlin, Paul Beaumont, Donna Allison, and Jeffrey Steedley. Porous Membranes for Moisture Probe Protection (SR18024). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670412.

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Brayton, Kelly A., Varda Shkap, Guy H. Palmer, Wendy C. Brown, and Thea Molad. Control of Bovine Anaplasmosis: Protective Capacity of the MSP2 Allelic Repertoire. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699838.bard.

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Anaplasmosis is an arthropod-borne disease of cattle caused by the rickettsia Anaplasmamarginale and is an impediment to efficient production of healthy livestock in both Israel and the United States. Currently, the only effective vaccines are derived from the blood of infected cattle. The risk of widespread transmission of both known and newly emergent pathogens has prevented licensure of live blood-based vaccines in the U.S. and is a major concern for their continued use in Israel. Consequently, development of a safe, effective vaccine is a high priority. Despite its drawbacks as a live, blood-based vaccine, the Israel vaccine strain protects against disease upon challenge with wild-type A. marginale in extensive experimental trials and during 50 years of deployment in Israel. Field studies in Australia and Argentina indicate that this protection is broadly effective. Thus, to identify antigens for development of a safe and effective recombinant vaccine, we have used a comparative genomics approach by sequencing the Israel vaccine strain and searching for shared surface antigens with sequenced wild-type U.S. strains. We have focused on Msp2, the immune-dominant but antigenically variable surface protein, based on shared structure among strains and demonstration that antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain binds Msp2 from the genetically and geographically distinct U.S. St. Maries strain, consistent with the ability to protect against St. Maries challenge. Importantly, we have defined the full repertoire of Msp2 simple variants encoded by the vaccine strain and hypothesize that a recombinant vaccine encoding this full repertoire will induce protection equivalent to that induced by the live vaccine strain. Any escape from immunity by generation of complex Msp2 variants is predicted to carry a severe fitness cost that prevents high-level bacteremia and disease— consistent with the type of protection induced by the live vaccine strain. We tested the hypothesis that the Msp2 simple variant repertoires in wild-type A. marginale strains are recognized by antibody from cattle immunized with the Israel vaccine strain and that immunization with the vaccine strain Msp2 repertoire can recapitulate the protection provided by the vaccine strain upon challenge with Israel and U.S. strains of A. marginale. Our findings demonstrate that a set of conserved outer membrane proteins are recognized by immune serum from A. centrale vaccinated animals but that this set of proteins does not include Msp2. These findings suggest that “subdominant” immunogens are required for vaccine induced protection.

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D. L. Gottschlich, R. W. Baker, C. G. Casillas, J. F. Davidson, and I. Pinnau. Protective Clothing Based on Permselective Membrane and Carbon Adsorption. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/3815.

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J.G. Wijmans and J.O. Stull. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING BASED ON PERMSELECTIVE MEMBRANE AND CARBON ADSORPTION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826316.

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Su, Yun, Rui Li, Guowen Song, Chunhui Xiang, and Huanjiao Dong. Thermal protective performance of membrane material used in protective clothing against hot water and steam. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-1892.

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Brant, Jonathan, and Stefan Heinz. Resource Recovery and Environmental Protection in Wyoming’s Greater Green River Basin Using Selective Nanostructured Membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1874373.

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Kirchhoff, Helmut, and Ziv Reich. Protection of the photosynthetic apparatus during desiccation in resurrection plants. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699861.bard.

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In this project, we studied the photosynthetic apparatus during dehydration and rehydration of the homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plant Craterostigmapumilum (retains most of the photosynthetic components during desiccation). Resurrection plants have the remarkable capability to withstand desiccation, being able to revive after prolonged severe water deficit in a few days upon rehydration. Homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plants are very efficient in protecting the photosynthetic machinery against damage by reactive oxygen production under drought. The main purpose of this BARD project was to unravel these largely unknown protection strategies for C. pumilum. In detail, the specific objectives were: (1) To determine the distribution and local organization of photosynthetic protein complexes and formation of inverted hexagonal phases within the thylakoid membranes at different dehydration/rehydration states. (2) To determine the 3D structure and characterize the geometry, topology, and mechanics of the thylakoid network at the different states. (3) Generation of molecular models for thylakoids at the different states and study the implications for diffusion within the thylakoid lumen. (4) Characterization of inter-system electron transport, quantum efficiencies, photosystem antenna sizes and distribution, NPQ, and photoinhibition at different hydration states. (5) Measuring the partition of photosynthetic reducing equivalents between the Calvin cycle, photorespiration, and the water-water cycle. At the beginning of the project, we decided to use C. pumilum instead of C. wilmsii because the former species was available from our collaborator Dr. Farrant. In addition to the original two dehydration states (40 relative water content=RWC and 5% RWC), we characterized a third state (15-20%) because some interesting changes occurs at this RWC. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect D1 protein levels by Western blot analysis because antibodies against other higher plants failed to detect D1 in C. pumilum. We developed growth conditions that allow reproducible generation of different dehydration and rehydration states for C. pumilum. Furthermore, advanced spectroscopy and microscopy for C. pumilum were established to obtain a detailed picture of structural and functional changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in different hydrated states. Main findings of our study are: 1. Anthocyan accumulation during desiccation alleviates the light pressure within the leaves (Fig. 1). 2. During desiccation, stomatal closure leads to drastic reductions in CO2 fixation and photorespiration. We could not identify alternative electron sinks as a solution to reduce ROS production. 3. On the supramolecular level, semicrystalline protein arrays were identified in thylakoid membranes in the desiccated state (see Fig. 3). On the electron transport level, a specific series of shut downs occur (summarized in Fig. 2). The main events include: Early shutdown of the ATPase activity, cessation of electron transport between cyt. bf complex and PSI (can reduce ROS formation at PSI); at higher dehydration levels uncoupling of LHCII from PSII and cessation of electron flow from PSII accompanied by crystal formation. The later could severe as a swift PSII reservoir during rehydration. The specific order of events in the course of dehydration and rehydration discovered in this project is indicative for regulated structural transitions specifically realized in resurrection plants. This detailed knowledge can serve as an interesting starting point for rationale genetic engineering of drought-tolerant crops.

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