Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Medical personnel – professional ethics – united states"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся зі списками актуальних статей, книг, дисертацій, тез та інших наукових джерел на тему "Medical personnel – professional ethics – united states".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Статті в журналах з теми "Medical personnel – professional ethics – united states"
1
Jayawardena, Hemamal. "AIDS and Professional Secrecy in the United States." Medicine, Science and the Law 36, no. 1 (January 1996): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249603600108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: To create a legal awareness of AIDS patients' right to privacy among the medical profession. Discussion and recommendations: Doctors should recognize confidentiality as a patient's right, since in most countries the AIDS patient is practically considered a person who is going through a punishment, having no legal rights, rather than a patient suffering from a grave illness. Originally the common law did not recognize the concept of professional secrecy as a right of the patient. It was only regarded as an ethical duty not actionable in court. But with the eruption of diseases such as AIDS, statutes requiring written authorization for the release of confidential information were enacted. A problem with our hospital records is that they are freely available to almost all the staff in the hospitals and sometimes even to outsiders. In the case of AIDS at least, strict measures should be taken to enforce secrecy in relation to all disease-related information such as sexual history, HIV status and CD4 cell counts. The duty to keep medical information confidential is not absolute. An overriding duty towards society, occurs when the benefits of disclosure outweigh its harm. This Utopian argument is even more convincing when an HIV-positive person is acting irresponsibly, engaging in risky behaviour without warning the partner. All persons who have a compelling interest, such as sexual partners, needle sharers, medical and nursing personnel, should be provided with this information. It should also extend to mortuary attendants when the patient dies. A person having a STD has a legal duty to take precautions against transmission. In Berner v. Caldwell (543 So. 2d. 686), the US court held that one who knows or should reasonably know that he has genital herpes is under a duty to abstain from sex or warn others before risky contact. As doctors we should familiarize ourselves now with the concepts and laws regarding patients' rights, without waiting until a malpractice crisis develops to correct ourselves.
2
Rottman, Steven J., Kimberley I. Shoaf, Jennifer Schlesinger, Eva Klein Selski, Joey Perman, Kerry Lamb, and Janet Cheng. "Pandemic Influenza Triage in the Clinical Setting." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, no. 2 (April 2010): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00007792.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIntroduction:There has been much federal and local health planning for an influenza pandemic in the United States, but little is known about the ability of the clinical community to deal quickly and effectively with a potentially overwhelming surge of pandemic influenza patients.Problem:The attitudes and expectations of emergency physicians, emergency nurses, hospital nursing supervisors, hospital administrators, and infection control personnel concerning clinical care in a pandemic were assessed.Methods:Key informant structured interviews of 46 respondents from 34 randomly selected emergency receiving hospitals in Los Angeles County were conducted using an Institutional Review Board-approved protocol. The interview asked about supplies/resources, triage, quality of care, and decision-making. At the conclusion of each interview, the informant was asked to provide the contact information for at least two others within their respective professional group. Interviews were transcribed and coded for key themes using qualitative analytical software.Results:There was little salience that an influx of variably ill patients with influenza would force stratified healthcare decision-making. There also was a general lack of preparation to address the ethics and practices of triaging patients in the clinical setting of a pandemic.Conclusions:Guidelines must be developed in concert with public health, medical society, and legislative authorities to help clinicians define, adopt, and communicate to the public those practice standards that will be followed in a mass population, infectious disease emergency.
3
Clark, Peter A. "Medical Ethics at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib: The Problem of Dual Loyalty." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34, no. 3 (2006): 570–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2006.00071.x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although knowledge of torture and physical and psychological abuse was widespread at both the Guantanamo Bay detention facility and Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, and known to medical personnel, there was no official report before the January 2004 Army investigation of military health personnel reporting abuse, degradation, or signs of torture. Mounting information from many sources, including Pentagon documents, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, etc., indicate that medical personnel failed to maintain medical records, conduct routine medical examinations, provide proper care of disabled and injured detainees, accurately report illnesses and injuries, and falsified medical records and death certificates. Medical personnel and medical information was also used to design and implement psychologically and physically coercive interrogations. The United States military medical system failed to protect detainee's human rights, violated the basic principles of medical ethics and ignored the basic tenets of medical professionalism.
4
Semenoh, Olena, and Olena Kravchenko. "PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN LINGUA-CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: AMERICAN EXPERIENCE." Aesthetics and Ethics of Pedagogical Action, no. 16 (September 9, 2017): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4051.2017.16.175981.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article outlines the concepts "nurse", "professional ethics of nurses." The professional ethics of nurses has been defined as a component of medical ethics which studies moral consciousness, moral and ethical aspects of professional activity, moral principles and values that regulate the moral relationship between s nurse and s patient, the patient's family, other members of the medical community and community. The analysis of foreign and Ukrainian experience of formation of nurses’ professional ethics gives grounds to characterize the quality as a set of interrelated cognitive, praxeological, communicative components; their presence allows to interact productively with the professional and social environment on the basis of professionally important ethical knowledge, skills, professional important qualities that are aimed at the effective organization of the medical-preventive process and the solution of professional tasks. The content of the professional ethics of a future nurse consists of ethical categories and professionally important ethical qualities such as: professional duty, responsibility, dignity, conscience, honor, respect, mercy, empathy, tolerance.The peculiarities of educational programs of future licensed younger nurses training (LPN) in the United States aimed at the formation of professional ethics have been outlined. A review of the linguistic- cultural aspect of the formation of nurses’ professional ethics at American higher education institutions has been conducted. The experience of classes on "Nursing Ethics", "Foreign Language" at Cherkasy Medical Academy has been presented; they are aimed at understanding the world of the profession, the culture of communication in medical community, ethical behavior, moral relations, prevention of conflict situations, and provision of psychological support.
5
Fargen, Kyle M., Adam S. Arthur, Thabele Leslie-Mazwi, Rebecca M. Garner, Carol A. Aschenbrenner, Stacey Q. Wolfe, Sameer A. Ansari, et al. "A survey of burnout and professional satisfaction among United States neurointerventionalists." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 11, no. 11 (April 11, 2019): 1100–1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-014833.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundThe toll of burnout on healthcare is significant and associated with physician depression and medical errors.ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence and risk factors for burnout among neurointerventionalists.MethodsA 39-question online survey containing questions about neurointerventional practice and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey for medical personnel was distributed to members of major US neurointerventional physician societies.Results320 responses were received. Median (interquartile range) composite scores for emotional exhaustion were 25 (16–35), depersonalization 7 (4–12), and personal accomplishment 39 (35–44). 164/293 respondents (56%) met established criteria for burnout. There was no significant relationship between training background, practice setting, call frequency, or presence of a senior partner on burnout prevalence. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that feeling underappreciated by hospital leadership (OR=3.71; p<0.001) and covering more than one hospital on call (OR=1.96; p=0.01) were strongly associated with burnout. Receiving additional compensation for a call was independently protective against burnout (OR= 0.70; p=0.005).ConclusionsThis survey of United States neurointerventional physicians demonstrated a self-reported burnout prevalence of 56%, which is similar to the national average among physicians across other specialties. Additional compensation for a call was a significant protective factor against burnout. In addition, feeling underappreciated by departmental or hospital leadership and covering more than one hospital while on call were associated with greater odds of burnout.
6
Shumovetska, Svitlana. "Some Peculiarities of Forming Professional Culture in Future Officers in US Military Institutions." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2019-0036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe necessity to research the problem of forming a professional culture of future border guard officers using the experience of military personnel training in the United States has been identified in the article. It has been found that professional culture and professionalism are an important part of the US military education system. The peculiarities of vocational training in the leading educational establishments of the United States of America, first of all the Military Academy (West Point, New York), have been studied. It has been determined that the priority of the academy, as a whole system of military vocational education in the USA, is attention to what is needed in the combat situation: analytical mind, leadership, theory and practice of management, knowledge of military history, operational doctrine, national defense policy, ability to plan and make decisions, perform legal duties, and abide the professional ethics. Experimental, case-based, interactive training with the extensive use of imitation devices and practical applications prevails in teaching methodology, which is needed to improve officers’ ability to analyze and solve problems, effectively interact and apply operational doctrine. To enhance the level of professional culture and military identity in military schools, great attention is paid to the development of officers’ intellectual potential, the ability to think and critically perceive the information needed to act in situations of ambiguity and uncertainty, to achieve intellectual superiority over the enemy. In accordance with the philosophy of military education in the United States, it is stipulated that a graduate of a military school should be first and foremost a highly intelligent person who, in many respects, must outperform a graduate of any civilian university, quickly acquire the chosen specialty. In addition to training for character education, military identity, the US military estalishments also intends to work hard to develop communicative skills and abilities through speaking and writing practice.
7
O.V., Dudina. "TEACHING MEDICAL ETHICS IN LEADING UNIVERSITIES OF CHINA." Collection of Research Papers Pedagogical sciences, no. 91 (January 11, 2021): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2413-1865/2020-91-8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines the issue of teaching medical ethics in leading Chinese universities in the training of medical professionals and found that medical ethics courses for physicians are an innovation for Chinese medical high schools. Due to different cultural traditions, researchers of Chinese medical ethics hold conflicting views on the scientific importance and practical necessity of medical ethics and bioethics. The study found that medical ethics education in China has gradually adapted the experience of leading countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom in teaching ethics. China is now in the process of discussing how to develop its own traditional ethics in the context of globalization. It is established that in the program of masters in medicine the formation of ethical knowledge is a mandatory subject. The teaching of medical ethics takes place not only while studying in Chinese universities, but is a long-term lifelong process in which the student summarizes the results of their efforts, combining moral reflection, learning and leadership. The article analyzes the methods and content of teaching medical ethics, which include relevant cultural, social and personal development, and the education of masters in medicine at Chinese universities.Teaching ethics in medical universities is a relatively new area of medical education in China, ethics curricula have different levels of development. In order to determine the peculiarities in the contents of curricula, teaching and learning methods, forms of evaluation and quality of teaching ethics in China, it was analyzed ethical education in several leading medical universities in China: Wuhan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University and Peking University School of Medicine. In the process of scientific research on the teaching of ethics in universities, it was found that medical ethics for some time was part of the mandatory course of disciplines, with a strong tendency to emphasize the correct ideological thinking of future physicians.Key words: specialist in medicine, medical ethics, master’s degree, higher medical education in China, professional competence of doctor.
8
O.V., Dudina. "TEACHING MEDICAL ETHICS IN LEADING UNIVERSITIES OF CHINA." Collection of Research Papers Pedagogical sciences, no. 91 (January 11, 2021): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2413-1865/2020-91-8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article examines the issue of teaching medical ethics in leading Chinese universities in the training of medical professionals and found that medical ethics courses for physicians are an innovation for Chinese medical high schools. Due to different cultural traditions, researchers of Chinese medical ethics hold conflicting views on the scientific importance and practical necessity of medical ethics and bioethics. The study found that medical ethics education in China has gradually adapted the experience of leading countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom in teaching ethics. China is now in the process of discussing how to develop its own traditional ethics in the context of globalization. It is established that in the program of masters in medicine the formation of ethical knowledge is a mandatory subject. The teaching of medical ethics takes place not only while studying in Chinese universities, but is a long-term lifelong process in which the student summarizes the results of their efforts, combining moral reflection, learning and leadership. The article analyzes the methods and content of teaching medical ethics, which include relevant cultural, social and personal development, and the education of masters in medicine at Chinese universities.Teaching ethics in medical universities is a relatively new area of medical education in China, ethics curricula have different levels of development. In order to determine the peculiarities in the contents of curricula, teaching and learning methods, forms of evaluation and quality of teaching ethics in China, it was analyzed ethical education in several leading medical universities in China: Wuhan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University and Peking University School of Medicine. In the process of scientific research on the teaching of ethics in universities, it was found that medical ethics for some time was part of the mandatory course of disciplines, with a strong tendency to emphasize the correct ideological thinking of future physicians.Key words: specialist in medicine, medical ethics, master’s degree, higher medical education in China, professional competence of doctor.
9
Dresser, Rebecca S. "Freedom of Conscience, Professional Responsibility, and Access to Abortion." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 22, no. 3 (1994): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1994.tb01308.x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Access to abortion is becoming increasingly restricted for many women in the United States. Besides the longstanding financial barriers facing low-income women in most states, a newer source of scarcity has emerged. The relatively small number of physicians willing to perform the procedure is compromising the ability of women in certain parts of the country to obtain an abortion.Do physicians have a duty to respond to this situation? Do they have a professional responsibility to ensure that abortions are reasonably available to the women who want to terminate their pregnancies? Or, is abortion so morally and socially controversial as to remove any professional obligation to provide reasonable access?Both law and medical ethics have traditionally protected physicians’ freedom to refuse to perform any procedure, including abortion, that conflicts with their religious or other moral beliefs.
10
Carroll, Aaron E., Parul Divya Parikh, and Jennifer L. Buddenbaum. "The Impact of Defense Expenses in Medical Malpractice Claims." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 1 (2012): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00651.x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whenever health care reform is debated, the state of the medical professional liability (MPL) system (i.e., medical malpractice system) in the United States re-emerges as an issue of importance. What exactly is broken with the MPL system and what the implications are is a point of contention among different stakeholder groups. Recent data demonstrate that medical liability premiums have been improving in recent years and the majority of premiums remained flat in 2010. General agreement still exists, however, that medical professional liability insurance premiums have become unaffordable for many physicians, and coverage has become less available, especially for certain medical specialties and in specific areas of the country.Multiple factors go into the determination of medical professional liability insurance premiums including return on investments, reinsurance costs, claims frequency, average amount paid out on malpractice claims, defense expenses, and administrative costs such as underwriting expense.
Книги з теми "Medical personnel – professional ethics – united states"
1
Gohsman, Robyn. Law and ethics. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
Знайти повний текст джерела
2
Gohsman, Robyn. Law and ethics. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.
Знайти повний текст джерела
3
Pozgar, George D. Legal and ethical issues for health professionals. 3rd ed. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2012.
Знайти повний текст джерела
4
Institute on Medicine as a Profession. Ethics abandoned: Medical professionalism and detainee abuse in the war on terror. New York, NY: Institute on Medicine as a Profession, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 2013.
Знайти повний текст джерела
5
Scott, Ronald W. Promoting legal and ethical awareness: A primer for health professionals and patients. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier, 2009.
Знайти повний текст джерела
6
U.S. DEPT. OF THE ARMY. Standards of conduct for Department of the Army personnel. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, 1986.
Знайти повний текст джерела
7
U.S. DEPT. OF THE ARMY. Standards of conduct for Department of the Army personnel. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army, 1988.
Знайти повний текст джерела
8
Rodwin, Marc A. Physicians' conflicts of interest in Japan and the United States. Bloomington, IN: School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 1999.
Знайти повний текст джерела
9
Palafox, Neal. Health worker training in the United States affiliated Pacific Islands: A comprehensive assessment of resources and priorities for a continuing professional development program. American Samoa]: Pacific Association for Clinical Training, 2005.
Знайти повний текст джерела
10
L, Nichols Barbara, Davis Catherine R, and Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (U.S.), eds. The official guide for foreign-educated health care professionals: What you need to know about the health care professions and health care in the United States. New York: Springer, 2009.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Medical personnel – professional ethics – united states"
1
Blom, Robin. "Naming Crime Suspects in the News." In Media Controversy, 354–72. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9869-5.ch020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whereas some news outlets fully identify crime suspects with name, age, address, and other personal details, other news outlets refuse to fully identify any crime suspect—or even people who have been convicted for a crime. News media from a variety of countries have accused and fully identified people of being responsible for crimes, although those persons turned out to be innocent. Yet, when someone types the names of those people in online search engines, for many, stories containing the accusations will turn up at the top of the search results. This chapter examines the positive and negative aspects from those practices by examining journalistic routines in a variety of countries, such as the United States, Nigeria, and The Netherlands. This analysis demonstrates that important ethical imperatives—often represented in ethics codes of professional journalism organizations—can be contradictory in these decision-making processes. Journalists need to weigh whether they would like to “seek truth and report it” or “minimize harm” when describing crime suspects.
2
Blom, Robin. "Naming Crime Suspects in the News." In Advances in Media, Entertainment, and the Arts, 207–25. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2095-5.ch012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whereas some news outlets fully identify crime suspects with name, age, address, and other personal details, other news outlets refuse to fully identify any crime suspect—or even people who have been convicted for a crime. News media from a variety of countries have accused and fully identified people of being responsible for crimes, although those persons turned out to be innocent. Yet, when someone types the names of those people in online search engines, for many, stories containing the accusations will turn up at the top of the search results. This chapter examines the positive and negative aspects from those practices by examining journalistic routines in a variety of countries, such as the United States, Nigeria, and The Netherlands. This analysis demonstrates that important ethical imperatives—often represented in ethics codes of professional journalism organizations—can be contradictory in these decision-making processes. Journalists need to weigh whether they would like to “seek truth and report it” or “minimize harm” when describing crime suspects.
3
Selzer, Robin A., and Fatima Khan. "Developing the AAMC Competencies With Pre-Health Professional Students Through the Use of the Intercultural Development Inventory." In Advances in Medical Education, Research, and Ethics, 76–97. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5969-0.ch005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Educators at colleges and universities have utilized the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) core competencies to advise students who aspire to become health professionals. Cultural competence is included as a core interpersonal competency and has become increasingly important in the wake of the global pandemic and racial uprising in the United States. This chapter builds on prior research related to the efficacy of using an intercultural competence assessment tool with pre-health professional students. The Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) and accompanying debrief was utilized with 75 high-achieving, pre-health professional students. Findings corroborated prior outcomes and revealed students continued to significantly overestimate their intercultural competence. The results suggest pre-health advisors could use the IDI LLC guided development® model as an evidence-based best practice to encourage students to practice reflection on perspective-taking as a professional trait and thereby supporting them to be competitive applicants.
4
Gross, Michael L. "Combat Casualty Care." In Military Medical Ethics in Contemporary Armed Conflict, edited by Michael L. Gross, 92–111. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190694944.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To deliver combat casualty care to warfighters, multinational forces deploy medical units to provide immediate front-line treatment, transfer the injured to in-theater combat hospitals, and evacuate the critically wounded to Europe and the United States. With bed space limited, Coalition medical facilities developed medical rules of eligibility to regulate the flow of multinational patients, host-nation allies, detainees, and local civilians. While multinational patients received unreserved medical attention, local nationals were, at best, only eligible for emergency care before transfer to poorly equipped local facilities. Despite legal provisions that stipulate impartial care based solely on urgent medical need, medical personnel attended to patients based on national identity and military status. Military necessity sometimes permits treating moderately injured warfighters before the critically ill to return the former to duty. Appealing to associative duties, however, allows military medical providers to deliver preferential care to compatriots despite urgent medical need elsewhere.
5
Gross, Michael L. "Military Medicine in Contemporary Armed Conflict." In Military Medical Ethics in Contemporary Armed Conflict, edited by Michael L. Gross, 73–91. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190694944.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the Iraq and Afghanistan wars (2001 and ongoing), military medicine saved more wounded than in any previous conflict. Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) injured tens of thousands of the more than three million warfighters deployed. Prominent wounds included multisystem injuries, traumatic brain injuries, limb loss, and post-traumatic stress (PTSD). To care for wounded service personnel, multinational forces established in-theater facilities for lightly and moderately wounded, while evacuating the critically injured to Europe and the United States. Coalition facilities could not offer comprehensive medical attention to host-nation allies or civilians. As the fighting progressed, multinational forces teamed up with local government agencies to slowly rebuild local medical infrastructures through Medical Civic Action Programs (MEDCAP) and Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT). As the conflicts wind down, Coalition nations face their responsibility to rebuild each country and to tend discharged veterans at home. Both tasks prove daunting.
6
Joyce, Barbara L., and Stephanie M. Swanberg. "Using Backward Design for Competency-Based Undergraduate Medical Education." In Advances in Medical Education, Research, and Ethics, 53–76. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2098-6.ch003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter focuses on strategies for approaching competency-based medical education (CBME) in the undergraduate medical curriculum (UME). CBME uses national professional standards, typically set by accrediting bodies or professional organizations, to shape curricular design and assessment of learner outcomes as well as to provide clarity to the learner about the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed for successful practice. Wiggins and McTighe's (2015) Backward Design instructional design model provides a practical structure for approaching CBME since it proposes beginning with the national standards, defining outcomes and assessment methods, and then developing curricular content. The chapter will describe the backward design model, the history of CBME in the United States, current issues with CBME, and use of an integrated curriculum to successfully implement CBME. It will culminate with a discussion of creating action plans for individual programs to align assessment and outcome measures more directly to curriculum.
7
Lemmens, Trudo. "Conflict of Interest in Medical Research Historical Developments." In The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics, 747–57. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195168655.003.0069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The topic of conflict of interest in medical research has become one of the standard issues in any textbook on research ethics and, particularly in the past decade, has also become a core component of the medical and bioethics literature. More than half of the articles on this subject published in the medical literature since 1966 were published since 1999. The significant increase in the number of such publications is undoubtedly related to the growing role of financial interests in the biomedical research enterprise. Particularly, since the 1980s, following the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States, which explicitly allowed the commercialization of federally funded research and promoted the patenting of biomedical inventions,1 the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have taken on a more important role in biomedical research. Their influence has expanded through increased industry sponsorship of academic research and as a result of the growth in industry-organized research. The increase in the volume of conflict of interest commentaries, analyses, and policies is the most striking development, but there has also been noticeable shift in focus. Although the conflict of interest debate has historically focused on the conflicts faced by individual investigators, increasing attention is being paid to larger institutional and professional pressures that result from the commercialization of research and of academia. But the issue of conflict of interest is not new and is not exclusively associated with the context of commercialized research.
8
C. Holter, Jordan, Christine Marchionni, and James A. James III. "The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Graduate Medical Education (GME): An Exploration of Behavioral Health Aspects." In Contemporary Topics in Graduate Medical Education - Volume 2 [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96764.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Coronavirus Disease 2019, regularly referred to as “COVID-19”, has had an unprecedented impact on not only the state of graduate medical education (GME) for post-doctoral trainees, but also their well-being and welfare. Trainees comprise approximately 14% of physicians in the United States. This crucial portion of personnel in healthcare has irrefutably represented the resilience that personifies the medical community. The prevalence of physical and emotional exertion by these trainees, necessitated by the pandemic, has precipitated behavioral health ailments like mood disorders including depression and anxiety, diminished satisfaction in their corresponding specialties and impaired their ability to achieve balance between professional and personal responsibilities. This excerpt examines the pervasiveness of the adverse psychosocial implications the COVID-19 pandemic has had on this susceptible practitioner population in addition to the examination of physical and emotional exhaustion that exacerbate physician burnout including the implementation of policies and procedures to address the emergent problem of physician burnout throughout the COVID-19 pandemic by the GME. Also, this excerpt examines the adaptation of GME, including the reformation and implementation of innovative policies and procedures that has incontestably created an imprint on medical education for descendants of ACGME residency and fellowship programs in the United States.
9
Lieffers, Caroline. "Itinerant Manipulators and Public Benefactors: Artificial Limb Patents, Medical Professionalism and the Moral Economy in Antebellum America." In Rethinking Modern Prostheses in Anglo-American Commodity Cultures, 1820-1939. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526101426.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1847 the American Medical Association introduced its Code of Ethics, which deemed it ‘derogatory to professional character … for a physician to hold a patent for any surgical instrument, or medicine’. This chapter examines how the American patent system and the AMA’s ethics influenced B.F. Palmer, who in 1846 received the first patent for an artificial limb in the United States. While Palmer’s extra-medical position helped him avoid ethical controversy, the patent system also reinforced his aspirations to professional stature as a ‘surgeon-artist’. In arguing for a patent extension in 1860, Palmer and his attorney framed the patent as a kind of social contract, asserting the surgeon-artist’s exclusive, expert, and philanthropic character and depicting a benevolent professionalism in close parallel with that of the AMA. Palmer appealed to the moral economies of patenting and medicine alike, yet his argument also cast the sentimental work of resolving impairment in the hard fiscal terms legible to the Commissioner of Patents. The surgeon-artist’s professionalism depended on an ethic of beneficent contribution to the public good, underwritten by the authority of medicine, protected by the patent, and measured against the costs of charity.