Готові списки джерел за темами / Mediator’s action

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Mediator’s action"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 23 вересня 2022

Оновлено: 27 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Mediator’s action"

Korybski, Andrzej. "Status prawny mediatora w postępowaniu mediacyjnym w sprawach cywilnych." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2018.27.3.143-162.

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<p>In statutory legal cultures, both the introduction of mediation into the legal order and the determination of the legal status of the mediator and his responsibility require legislative action. This is the situation of the Polish legal order. Mediation proceedings in civil cases were introduced into the Polish civil procedure in 2005, while in 2015 the mediation model in civil cases was substantially significantly amended. The mediator’s status has also changed as a result of the introduction of a new type of mediator – the so-called permanent mediator, and with a slightly different shaping of the legal liability of mediators. These changes were considered in the article. As a consequence, the reasons for the progressive professionalization of mediation activities have been strengthened.</p>

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Tan, Woan Sean, Palanisamy Arulselvan, Govindarajan Karthivashan та Sharida Fakurazi. "Moringa oleiferaFlower Extract Suppresses the Activation of Inflammatory Mediators in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages via NF-κB Pathway". Mediators of Inflammation 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/720171.

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Aim of Study.Moringa oleiferaLam. (M. oleifera) possess highest concentration of antioxidant bioactive compounds and is anticipated to be used as an alternative medicine for inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of 80% hydroethanolic extract ofM. oleiferaflower on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines produced in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.Materials and Methods. Cell cytotoxicity was conducted by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Nitric oxide (NO) production was quantified through Griess reaction while proinflammatory cytokines and other key inflammatory markers were assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting.Results. Hydroethanolic extract ofM. oleiferaflower significantly suppressed the secretion and expression of NO, prostaglandin E2(PGE2), interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). However, it significantly increased the production of IL-10 and IκB-α(inhibitor ofκB) in a concentration dependent manner (100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL).Conclusion. These results suggest that 80% hydroethanolic extract ofM. oleiferaflower has anti-inflammatory action related to its inhibition of NO, PGE2, proinflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory mediator’s production in LPS-stimulated macrophages through preventing degradation of IκB-αin NF-κB signaling pathway.

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Tabernacka, Magdalena. "Mediatorzy i instytucje mediacyjne w otoczeniu administracji." Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 111 (February 28, 2018): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.111.12.

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MEDIATORS AND MEDIATION BODIES SURROUNDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT ADMINISTRATIONSince 1 June 2017, mediations in administration have astatutory foundation in the provisions of the code of administrative proceedings. Mediator’s actions, which, according to Art. 96 of the code are to help parties to adispute to settle it amicably affect the administrative bodies’ jurisprudence. It can thus be expected that, as was the case with criminal and civil legal proceedings, mediators will become an indispensable part of the administrative office environment, and that mediation itself will influence the organizational culture of the public administration offices. Mediator, being the part of the environment of apublic institution, acts as alink between the organization and its specific and general surroundings. Their specific role should be considered from axiological and communicative as well as praxeological perspective. The conflicts in which public administration bodies are engaged due to their fulfilment of the law dictates the specificity of interactions between these bodies and their environment. This environment is highly dynamic, therefore mediators can be counted as the task environment for such bodies. Since it is not possible to predict all the factors influencing the body’s activity, such as the frequency with which different cases are filed, from the praxeological perspective the mediator’s participation in the court proceedings, as an organ operating outside the administrative structures, is justified.

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Heinrichs, Arianne. "Mediator action." Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 18, no. 11 (November 2011): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2184.

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Galanos, C., and M. A. Freudenberg. "Bacterial endotoxins: biological properties and mechanisms of action." Mediators of Inflammation 2, no. 7 (1993): S11—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0962935193000687.

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Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) are agents of pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria, implicated in the development of Gram-negative shock. Endotoxin reacts with lipopolysaccharide-sensitive cells producing endogenous mediators such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Macrophages are cells mediating the toxic activities of LPS and TNFα is the primary mediator of the lethal action of endotoxin. This review article discusses the various mechanisms by which endotoxin hypersensitivity in bacteria-sensitized animals develops. The paper concludes with a discussion on the possible protective effect of carnitine congeners against the lethal action of LPS.

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MEZHENIN, Y. E., and A. M. SHEVYAKOVA. "CONSTRUCTIVE COMMUNICATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS IN THE MEDIATION PROCEDURE." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 16, no. 1 (2021): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2021-16-1-44-56.

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The purpose of the article is to consider the structure of mediation session and standardization of the mediation procedure in the management of interpersonal conflicts. The research methodology is based on the theory of conflict, which understands sociology, the narrative approach, as well as the fundamental scientific developments of sociology and psychology of conflict. In various approaches to the mediation procedure, caucus is regarded as a key stage, since it is it that has the greatest influence on the result of the entire negotiation procedure with the participation of a mediator. The authors describe several cases from the practice of mediation, focusing on the logic of the mediator's action. Case analysis demonstrates the complexity and multivariance of the behavior of the parties to the conflict. As a result of the systematization of practical experience, a number of problematic issues are formulated that require reflection by the mediator in order to predict and influence the situation of the conflict between the parties as efficiently as possible. Such a system of questions of the mediator to oneself allows providing a qualitative study of the conflict situation and building a constructive line of interaction between the parties to the conflict participating in the mediation procedure. As a result of forecasting problem situations, the use of answers to these questions will bring closer the possibility of negotiating a strategy of cooperation. A number of recommendations are offered to novice mediators for better work on the study of the conflict, planning its stages, forecasting and finding mutually acceptable solutions during the caucus stage.

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Brooker, Penny. "Mediator immunity: time for evaluation in England and Wales?" Legal Studies 36, no. 3 (September 2016): 464–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lest.12120.

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In England and Wales, the issue of mediator immunity has not been considered by the courts or via legislation. Mediator immunity is constructed by analogy to that given to judges, but the role of the judiciary is different to that of mediators, who do not determine cases and, it is argued, do not require protection from litigation because the parties are responsible for the final settlement outcome. In Australia and the USA, mediators are usually provided with immunity in mandatory, ‘court-annexed’ programmes, although this varies from an absolute to a qualified level that is constrained by bad faith or dishonesty. In the English jurisdiction, mediation is court-connected and parties are dissuaded from accessing the courts through the risk of costs penalties or automatic referral schemes. Therefore, the time is opportune for a review of many issues involved in mediation development, including immunity. This paper considers the reasoning for extending immunity to mediators, before concluding that the subject should not be determined through legal action until after a comprehensive review of mediation developments and after a consideration of mediator standards and regulation of practice.

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Cheng, K., and J. Larner. "Intracellular Mediators of Insulin Action." Annual Review of Physiology 47, no. 1 (October 1985): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.47.030185.002201.

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Gottschalk, W. Kirby, and Leonard Jarett. "Intracellular mediators of insulin action." Diabetes / Metabolism Reviews 1, no. 3 (1985): 229–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dmr.5610010302.

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Ramon, Sesquile, Charles Serhan, and Richard Phipps. "Actions of novel inflammation-resolving lipid mediators on human B cells (84.9)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 84.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.84.9.

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Abstract The resolution of inflammation is an active and dynamic process. Newly identified lipid mediators have been recognized as key players during the process of inflammation resolution. These lipid-derived molecules constitute three classes of compounds (lipoxins, resolvins and protectins), all derived from essential fatty acids. New data demonstrates that these lipid mediators regulate aspects of the immune response, including inhibition of neutrophil infiltration, reduction of T cell cytokine production and stimulation of macrophage phagocytic activity. However, their effects on B lymphocytes are unknown. We show for the first time that the novel lipid mediator lipoxin B4 and 17-HDHA increase the ability of normal human B cells to produce IgM and IgG when activated with CpG plus anti-IgM. The two lipid derived molecules along with lipoxin A4 also enhance B cell differentiation, measured by an increased frequency of CD38+ cells. In addition, resolvin D1 and AT-resolvin also increase antibody production in CpG-stimulated B cells. None of the inflammation resolution lipid mediators affect proliferation and are non-toxic to the cells. Increase of plasma cell differentiation and antibody production coincides with the known involvement of pro-resolving mediators during the late stages of inflammation and pathogen clearance.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Mediator’s action"

Al-Khatib, Jamila. "Les gestes professionnels des médiateurs culturels lors d'une séquence de médiation." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022HESAC003.

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Dans une institution culturelle, le médiateur est un professionnel clef pour le visiteur. En effet, il contribue à faire découvrir et à appréhender l’œuvre exposée dans un contexte muséographique (Allard, 1999). Cette transmission de connaissance se fait par le discours, mais également et simultanément par un agir et une gestuelle spécifiques (McNeill, 1992).Les approches phénoménologique (Merleau-Ponty, 1945), sociologique (Goffman, 1973) et anthropologique (Mauss, 1934) tendent à montrer que le geste est un instrument de première importance dans la communication avec le monde ainsi que dans l’instauration de relations selon des codes établis par la société. Ainsi, le geste professionnel (Jorro, 2002, 2004, 2018) se caractérise par son adressage, son efficience. Pour être efficient, le geste professionnel est mobilisé à des moments adéquats en fonction des affordances perçues (Gibson, 1979). Il peut être défini selon une matrice d’agir élaborée par Jorro ( 2002, 2017) dans le cadre de ses travaux concernant l’agir enseignant ou celui d’un médiateur culturel.Dans cette recherche, des séquences de médiation ont été filmées au Louvre-Lens, à la Cité des Télécoms de Lannion, au Musée des arts et métiers (Paris). Leurs analyses complétées par celle des entretiens semi-directifs et d'auto-confrontation des médiateurs filmés a permis d’identifier trois catégories de gestes professionnels : le geste de mise en scène du savoir qui est centré sur la présentation d' un objet de connaissance ou d' un dispositif, qui explicite un concept scientifique ou culturel ; le geste de communication visant à impliquer le visiteur dans l’animation ou à instaurer une atmosphère de bienveillance ou encore à marquer une écoute attentive ; le geste d’ajustement de l’activité permettant de gérer l’espace scénique, de modifier la présentation initiale d’un objet. Comment ces gestes spécifiques au métier de médiateur culturel sont-ils transmis aux médiateurs durant la formation organisée à leur arrivée dans une institution culturelle ? Une analyse d’entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès de médiateurs-formateurs a apporté quelques éléments de réponse. Les formateurs reconnaissent l’importance de mobiliser ces gestes professionnels spécifiques durant une séquence de médiation pour transmettre des connaissances bien que la formation reste impensée sur cette dimension professionnelle
In a cultural institution, the mediator contributes to the discovery and understanding of the piece of art exhibited in a museographic context. He transmits this knowledge by creating linkages between the piece of art exhibited, the visitor and himself (Allard, 1999). This transmission is made through discourse, specific actions and gestures (McNeill, 1992).Phenomenological (Merleau-Ponty, 1945), sociological (Goffman, 1973) and anthropological (Mauss, 1934) approaches tend to show that gesture is an important instrument in communicating with the world as well as in establishing linkages according to codes established by society. Thus, the professional gesture (Jorro, 2002, 2004, 2018) is characterised by its addressability and its efficiency. In order to be efficient, the professional gesture is mobilised at appropriate moments according to the perceived affordances (Gibson, 1979). It can be defined according to "la matrice d'agir" elaborated by Jorro (2002, 2017) in the context of research concerning the action of a teacher or that of a cultural mediator.In this research, mediation sequences were filmed at the Louvre-Lens, the Cité des Télécoms in Lannion, and the Musée des arts et métiers (Paris). Their analysis, completed by the analysis of semi-directive and self-confrontation interviews of the filmed mediators, made it possible to identify three categories of professional gestures: the gesture of staging knowledge which is centred on the presentation of an object, of knowledge or a device, which explains a scientific or cultural concept; the gesture of communication to involve the visitor in the animation or establish an atmosphere of benevolence or mark an active listening; the gesture of adaptating the mediation process to manage the scenic space, modify the initial presentation of an object.How are these gestures specific to the profession of cultural mediator transmitted to mediators during the training organised on their arrival in a cultural institution? An analysis of semi-directive interviews conducted with mediator-trainers has provided some answers. The trainers recognise the importance of mobilising these specific professional gestures during a mediation sequence to transmit knowledge, although this question of professional gestures has not been addressed yet

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FILIPPO, DENISE DEL RE. "COORDINATION SUPPORT IN COLLABORATIVE SYSTEMS: ACTION RESEARCH WITH LEARNERS AND MEDIATORS ACTING IN DISCUSSION FORUMS IN A DISTANCE COURSE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11743@1.

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EDUWEB
Nesta tese são investigadas ferramentas de suporte à coordenação de fóruns de discussão de cursos a distância. A pesquisa é fundamentada na aprendizagem colaborativa e do Modelo 3C de Colaboração e utiliza a pesquisaação como método de pesquisa. Num fórum realizado como uma atividade colaborativa, a aprendizagem ocorre principalmente através das trocas de mensagens entre os aprendizes, o que demanda coordenação. A coordenação nesta tese é entendida como um das 3 dimensões da colaboração evidenciadas no Modelo 3C: comunicação, coordenação e cooperação. Os resultados desta tese, que incluem dados, análises, procedimentos, reflexões e implementação dos serviços e funcionalidades investigados, foram obtidos após 3 anos de uma pesquisa- ação. Na pesquisa-ação, o pesquisador conduz a pesquisa realizando ações sucessivas que busquem reduzir um problema específico em um ambiente real. Nesta tese, o ambiente real é o curso Tecnologias de Informação Aplicadas à Educação da PUC-Rio e o problema identificado é a dificuldade de coordenação dos fóruns do curso. A ação é a disponibilização de ferramentas de suporte à coordenação no AulaNet, o ambiente de ensino e aprendizagem para web utilizado no curso. A característica comum das ferramentas investigadas é a de disponibilizar informações sobre o andamento do fórum sem que seja necessário fazer uso da interface web para desktop do AulaNet: para isto, grafos, gráficos, dados estatísticos e notificações são apresentados através de PDAs, celulares e janelas pop-up no desktop. A avaliação das ferramentas desenvolvidas é feita a cada semestre: avaliando-se como aprendizes e mediadores usam as ferramentas, melhorias ou novas ferramentas são propostas e investigadas no semestre seguinte, num processo cíclico.
In this thesis tools for the coordination support of discussion forums in a distance course are investigated. The research is conducted from the point of view of collaborative learning and the 3C Collaboration Model and uses action research as a method. In a forum carried out as a collaborative activity, learning takes place mainly through the exchange of messages among learners, which demands coordination. Coordination in this thesis is understood as one of the 3 dimensions of collaboration as made evident in the 3C Model: communication, coordination and cooperation. The results of this thesis, which include data, analyzes, procedures, reflections and implementation of the services and functionalities investigated, were obtained in the course of 3 years of action research. In action research the researcher performs successive actions aiming at minimizing a specific problem in a real environment. In this thesis, the real environment is the Information Technologies Applied to Education course at PUC-Rio and the problem identified is a difficulty in the coordination of the course`s forums. The action is the offering of support tools for coordination in the AulaNet, the web-based education and learning environment used in the course. The common characteristic of the tools investigated is the offering of information on the progress of the forum without the need to use the AulaNet`s desktop web interface: with this objective, graphs, statistical data and notifications are presented through PDAs, cell- phone SMSs and pop-up windows in the desktop. An assessment of the tools developed is carried out every semester: through the evaluation of the use of the tools by learners and mediators, improvements or new tools are proposed for the following semester, in a cyclical process.

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Brown, James F. "Production and action of local mediators in the rat gastric mucosa." Thesis, Aston University, 1994. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/12613/.

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This study concerns the production and action of the local mediators nitric oxide (NO) and protaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the rat gastric mucosa. The major objectives were: (i) to determine which mucosal cell type(s) contained NO synthase activity, (ii) to establish the functional role(s) of NO in the gastric mucosa and (iii) to investigate regulation of gastric PGE2 production. Gastric mucosal cells were isolated by pronase digestion coupled with intermittent calcium chelation and were separated by either density-gradient centrifugation or by counterflow elutriation. The distribution of Ca2+ -dependent NO synthase activity, measured via the conversion of [14C]-L-arginine to [14C]-L- citrulline, paralleled the distribution of mucous cells in elutriated fractions. Pre-treatment of rats with lipopolysaccharide caused the induction of Ca2+ -independent NO synthase in the elutriator fractions enriched with mucous cells. Incubation of isolated cells with the NO donor isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) produced a concentration-dependent increase in the guanosine 3'-5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) content which was accompanied by a concentration-dependent increase in release of immunoreactive mucin. Intragastric administration of ISDN of dibutyryl cGMP in vivo increased the thickness of the mucus layer overlying the gastric mucosa. The NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) produced a concentration-dependent inhibition (IC50 247 M) of histamine-stimulated aminopyrine accumulation, a measure of secretory activity, in cell suspensions containing > 80% parietal cells. SNAP increased the cGMP content of the suspension but did not decrease cellular viability, glucose oxidation or adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate content. The inhibitory effect of SNAP was observed in permeabilised cells stimulated with ATP and was stereospecifically blocked by preincubation with Rp-8-bromoguanosine 3'-5'-monophosphorothioate, which inhibits activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase.

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An, Ying. "Cell-Type Specific Actions of Inflammatory Mediators in the CNS." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460544960.

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Patterson, Sean Ingram. "Action of neuroinflammatory mediators on a cell line model for mammalian sensory neurones." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304412.

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Pruth, Alex. "A conversão de D. José Brandão de Castro : a ação social de mediadores religiosos na Diocese de Propriá." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Portugisiska, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-6216.

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This dissertation looked for to study the charisma of the religious mediator us " Movements of Christianity of Liberation " in the Diocese Sergipana of Propriá, during the decade from sixty to eighty. Centering our debate in the understanding of the social action, we have as main subject to understand the " poor " influence in the adoption of actions on the part of the mediators, in that public's favor, mainly in Fazenda Betume conflicts (1974) and of Santana dos Frades (1979). The hypotheses, we became pregnant that the mediators as D. José Brandão de Castro and the nun Maria Joana Hermínia exercised an important influence in the construction of the identity of the movements as CEBs, MEB and CPT in the area. Such influence was motivated by a conversion of the mediator D. Brandão, constituted starting from a relationship maintained between him and the members of the movements and proportionate for the critics and demands done by the popular ones. They resulted in actions in favor of the rural ones, what characterized the Church of Propriá as allied of the involved in the conflicts and no mere middleman. Before the collected material, we made use of the Analysis of Content using the poor " term " as analysis category, complemented by interviews done to members of the mentioned movements. Esta dissertação buscou estudar o carisma do mediador religioso nos “Movimentos de Cristianismo de Libertação” na Diocese Sergipana de Propriá, durante a década de sessenta a oitenta. Centrando nosso debate na compreensão da ação social, temos como questão principal entender a influência dos “pobres” na adoção de ações por parte do mediador, em favor desse público, principalmente nos conflitos da Fazenda Betume (1974) e de Santana dos Frades (1979). Como hipóteses, concebemos que os mediadores como D. José Brandão de Castro e a freira Maria Joana Hermínia exerceram uma importante influência na construção da identidade dos movimentos como as CEBs, o MEB e a CPT na região. Tal influência foi motivada por uma conversão do mediador D. Brandão, constituída a partir de uma relação mantida entre ele e os membros dos movimentos e proporcionada pelas críticas e demandas feita pelos populares. Elas resultaram em ações em favor dos campesinos, o que caracterizou a Igreja de Propriá como aliada dos envolvidos nos conflitos e não mera intermediária. Ante o material coletado, fizemos uso da Análise de Conteúdo utilizando o termo “pobre” como categoria de análise, complementada por entrevistas feitas à membros dos movimentos citados.

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Foster, Alison Fiona. "A study of the action of inflammatory mediators on intracellular calcium in cultured rat sensory neurones." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445488/.

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Tissue damage releases many endogenous mediators including ATP, serotonin (5-HT), histamine and prostaglandins such as PGE2. Many of these substances directly excite primary nerve endings to elicit either pain (ATP) or both pain and itch (histamine and 5-HT). Prostaglandins do not directly activate the nerve endings but are known to sensitise them to histamine and 5-HT. Although histamine is known to act on sensory neurones via the Hi histamine receptor, the receptor subtypes activated by ATP and 5-HT remain unclear. In addition, the mechanism by which prostaglandins sensitise the nerve endings is unknown. These issues have been investigated in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurones by using the ratiometric indicator Fura-2 to monitor changes in intracellular calcium. 5-HT evoked a rise in Ca2+ j in approximately a fifth of neurones. This proportion remained unchanged when cells were stimulated in a nominally calcium free solution or with the 5-HT2 receptor agonist, a-methyl 5-HT. Thus, sensory neurones responded to 5-HT via 5-HT2 receptors. PGE2 sensitised neurones to 5-HT as shown by a leftward shift in the dose response curves. A similar leftward shift was seen for the effect of PGE2 on the response to histamine. The effects of PGE2 could be mimicked by application of forskolin and were blocked by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89. This suggests that the sensitisation results from a phosphorylation reaction mediated by PKA. Three quarters of DRG neurones responded to ATP and a similar proportion responded to the P2Y agonist, 2-methyl thio ATP. However, although the response to the P2Y agonist was reduced by pretreatment with the PLC inhibitor U73122 it was not totally abolished, supporting the notion that P2X receptors were also involved. In conclusion, it appears that the calcium responses elicited by histamine and 5-HT in rat sensory neurons are primarily due to activation of G protein coupled receptors and that the sensitivity of these receptors was enhanced by PKA mediated phosphorylation.

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Agyarko, Robert Owusu. "God's unique priest (Nyamesofopreko) :christology in the Akan context." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6416_1298547178.

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This study entails a constructive contribution towards a contemporary reinterpretation, within the Akan context, of the classic Christian notion of Christ&rsquo
s person and work as Mediator between God and humanity. Specifically, I endeavour to reinterpret aspects of the Christian confession of faith as formulated by the Council of Chalcedon (451) that, Jesus Christ is &ldquo
truly God&rdquo
(vere Deus) as well as &ldquo
truly human&rdquo
(vere homo). I build on the notion that the relationship between these two claims may also be understood in terms of the one &ldquo
person&rdquo
and the two &ldquo
natures&rdquo
of Jesus Christ. The work of Christ is reinterpreted from this perspective. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part, which covers the first four chapters, entail reviews of some of the dominant African Christologies &ndash
with particular reference to divine conqueror and ancestor Christologies. In these chapters, the adequacy of the mentioned Christologies is assessed with reference to the Nicene/Chalcedonian confessional definition concerning the person of Christ. The conclusion reached is that these Christologies do not adequately express the person of Christ as truly divine as well as truly human as defined by the first four ecumenical councils. As a result, these Christologies also express the work of Christ, particularly his atonement in a less adequate way.

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Fourie, Jade Melissa. "The relationship between social support, self-esteem and exposure to community violence on adolescentÊ¹s perceptions of well-being." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1944_1331890691.

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Violence is considered to be one of the most critical and threatening global problems plaguing the world today, leaving a trail of devastating consequences to societies, economies, cultures, families and individuals (Desjarlais &
Kleinman, 1997). Adolescents who grow up in a context of violence learn distorted ways of thinking, acting, living and interacting. Aggressive tendencies and violent behaviour become internalised and adopted as acceptable ways to resolve conflict situations. Chronic, continuous exposure to violence results in physical, psychological and emotional disturbances, such as depression, anxiety, lowered self-confidence, sleep disturbances, decreased attention and concentration spans. This study addressed the form of violence known as community violence, i.e. violence that children experience within their communities (either as witnesses or as victims). This study investigated the effects of this negative environmental experience and investigated potential mediating and moderating variables that could influence the harmful effects of such experiences. The variables considered as mediating and/or moderating variables were social support and self-esteem. The theoretical framework adopted for this study was Bronfennbrenner&rsquo
s Bioecological Systems theory.

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Fourie, Jade Melissa. "The relationship between social support, self-esteem and exposure to community violence on adolescent's perceptions of well-being." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3937_1331889850.

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Книги з теми "Mediator’s action"

Sven-Erik, Dahlén, ed. Leukotrienes as mediators of asthma and inflammation: Basic and applied research, second International Symposium on Trends in Eicosanoid Biology, Interlaken, Switzerland. New York: Raven Press, 1994.

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International, Conference on Oxygen and Life (3rd 2000 Kyoto Japan). Oxygen and life: Oxygenases, oxidases, and lipid mediators : proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Oxygen and Life which was held in Kyoto, between 26 and 29 November 2000. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2002.

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Cabannes, Yves, Mike Douglass, and Rita Padawangi, eds. Cities in Asia by and for the People. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985223.

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This book examines the active role of urban citizens in constructing alternative urban spaces as tangible resistance towards capitalist production of urban spaces that continue to encroach various neighborhoods, lanes, commons, public land and other spaces of community life and livelihoods. The collection of narratives presented here brings together research from ten different Asian cities and re-theorises the city from the perspective of ordinary people facing moments of crisis, contestations, and cooperative quests to create alternative spaces to those being produced under prevailing urban processes. The chapters accent the exercise of human agency through daily practices in the production of urban space and the intention is not one of creating a romantic or utopian vision of what a city "by and for the people" ought to be. Rather, it is to place people in the centre as mediators of city-making with discontents about current conditions and desires for a better life.

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Schror, Karsten. Mediators in the Cardiovascular System: Regional Ischemia (Agents and Actions Supplements). Birkhauser, 1995.

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Mediators in the Cardiovascular System: Regional Ischemia (Agents and Actions Supplements). Birkhauser, 1994.

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Fonteh, Alfred N., and Robert L. Wykle. Arachidonate Remodeling and Inflammation. Birkhäuser Boston, 2012.

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Fonteh, Alfred N., and Robert L. Wykle. Arachidonate Remodeling and Inflammation. Birkhauser Verlag, 2012.

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(Editor), Alfred N. Fonteh, and Robert L. Wykle (Editor), eds. Arachidonate Remodeling and Inflammation (Progress in Inflammation Research). Birkhäuser Basel, 2004.

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G, Goldie R., and Hay, Douglas W. P., 1956-, eds. Pulmonary actions of the endothelins. Basel: Birkhüser Verlag, 1999.

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Ackermann and Welton. Progress in Inflammation (Agents and Actions Supplements). Birkhauser, 1991.

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Частини книг з теми "Mediator’s action"

Jarett, Leonard, S. Lance Macaulay, Janice C. Parker, Kathleen L. Kelly, and Frederick L. Kiechle. "Intracellular Mediators of Insulin Action." In Molecular Basis of Insulin Action, 183–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4874-0_11.

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Seals, Jonathan R. "Intracellular Mediators of Insulin Action." In Molecular Basis of Insulin Action, 199–210. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4874-0_12.

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Cheng, K., M. Thompson, C. Schwartz, C. Malchoff, S. Tamura, J. Craig, E. Locher, and J. Larner. "Multiple Intracellular Peptide Mediators of Insulin Action." In Molecular Basis of Insulin Action, 171–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4874-0_10.

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Kuhl, Julius. "Volitional Mediators of Cognition-Behavior Consistency: Self-Regulatory Processes and Action Versus State Orientation." In Action Control, 101–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_6.

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Furuyashiki, Tomoyuki, and Shiho Kitaoka. "Roles and Actions of Arachidonic Acid-Derived Bioactive Lipids in Stress-Related Behaviors." In Bioactive Lipid Mediators, 315–28. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55669-5_22.

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Tracey, Kevin J., Stephen F. Lowry, and Anthony Cerami. "Cachectin/TNF: A Mediator of Lethal Endotoxemia." In Molecular Basis of Lymphokine Action, 261–69. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4598-8_24.

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Filep, János G., and Douglas W. P. Hay. "Endothelin as a Proinflammatory Mediator." In Pulmonary Actions of the Endothelins, 177–96. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8821-9_10.

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Becker, Elmer L. "The Cytoxic Action of Neutrophils on Mammalian Cells in vitro." In Cytotoxic Mediators of Inflammation and Host Defense, 183–208. Basel: KARGER, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000318595.

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Crespo, Paloma Gómez, and Carlos Giménez Romero. "Artistic Expressions as Tools for Mediator Action." In Comparative and International Education, 69–84. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-423-7_5.

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Croxtall, Jamie D. "Annexin I as a mediator of glucocorticoid action." In Glucocorticoids, 119–27. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8348-1_7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Mediator’s action"

Bevilacqua, M. A., and M. A. Gimbrone. "LEUKOCYTE-ENDOTHELIAL INTERACTIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR INFLAMMATION AND COAGULATION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642948.

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A rapidly increasing body of data indicates that the vascular endothelium plays an active role in the development of inflammatory and thrombotic processes. Our laboratory has focused on the modulation of certain endothelial cell functions by inflammatory/immune mediators. Initially, we demonstrated that human monocyte derived interleukin-1 (hmIL-1) can act directly on cultured human endothelial cells (HEC) to increase the expression of tissue factor procoagulant activity in a time- and protein-synthesis dependent fashion (J. Exp. Med. 160:618, 1984). Increased expression of HEC tissue factor was also elicited with recombinant IL-1α (rlL-lα), rIL-1 β, and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rTNF), as well as with bacterial endotoxin (1 ipopolysaccharide, LPS) (Am. J. Pathol. 121:393, 1985; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:4533, 1986). The kinetics of the HEC tissue factor responses to these stimuli were similar, demonstrating a rapid use rise to peak activity at ~ 4 hr, and a decline toward basal levels by 24 hr. This characteristic decline in tissue factor PCA after prolonged incubation with IL-1 or TNF was accompanied by selective endothelial hyporesponsiveness to the initially stimulating monokine. Interestingly, the effects of IL-1 and TNF were found to be additive even at apparent maximal doses of the individual monokines. We have also examined the effects of IL-1 and other mediators on HEC production of fibrinolytic components (J. Clin. Invest. 78:587, 1986). HEC monolayers which had been treated for 24 hr with IL-1 or TNF exhibited decreased tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) and increased plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) as assessed in functional and immunological assays. Thus, certain inflammatory mediators such as IL-1 and TNF can act on vascular endothelial cells to induce the expression of tissue factor in a rapid and transient fashion, and to decrease the expression of fibrinolytic activity in a more prolonged fashion. In a parallel series of studies, we have demonstrated that IL-1, TNF and LPS also act on HEC to increase the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), monocytes and the related cell lines HL-60 and U937 (J. Clin. Invest. 76:2003, 1985; Fed. Proc. 46:405A, 1987). The kinetics of this modulation of HEC adhesiveness parallel that of the change in tissue factor PCA. Recently, we have developed two monoclonal antibodies (mAb), H4/18 and H18/7, which identify a surface antigen expressed on monokine- and LPS-stimulated HEC but not on unstimulated HEC. The mediator specificity, kinetics, and protein synthesis-dependence of the expression of this antigen correlate with increased HEC adhesiveness for leukocytes. Neither mAb binds to unstimulated or stimulated PMN, HL-60 cells or dermal fibroblasts. H18/7 inhibits the adhesion of PMN (>50%) and HL-60 cells (>60%) to stimulated HEC by comparison to isotype matched control mAb; H4/18 also inhibits HL-60 adhesion but to a lesser extent. H4/18 and H18/7 immunoprecipitate the same polypeptides from biosynthetically-1abeled monokine-stimulated HEC, but not unstimulated HEC. We have designated this inducible endothelial cell surface protein, endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (E-LAM 1). Thus, vascular endothelium can be activated by inflammatory/immune mediators to express both prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory functions. In vivo, these endothelial responses may contribute to a variety of pathophysiologic processes.

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Williams, T. J., M. Rampart, S. Nourshargh, P. G. Hellewell, S. D. Brain, and P. J. Jose. "INTERACTION OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES AND ENDOTHELIAL CELLS : FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643985.

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The mechanisms involved in the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in an inflammatory reaction are complex. A key phase in this process is the attachment of the PMN to the microvascular (venular in most tissues) endothelial cell, initiated by the extravascular generation of a chemical mediator. Experiments in vitro suggest that mediators, such as C5a, may act in vivo by stimulating the increased expression of the CD18 complex on the surface of the PMN within the venule lumen (1), whereas IL-1 may act by causing the expression of an adhesive molecule on the endothelial cell (2). In vitro the former process is rapid whereas the latter is slow in onset. We have measured the local accumulation of intravenously-injected Ulln-PMNs in response to intradermally-injected mediators in the rabbit, in order to investigate possible mechanisms in vivo. PMN accumulation was found to be rapid in onset in response to C5a, the rate of accumulation falling progressively to low levels by 4 hours. In contrast PMN accumulation in response to IL-1 was slow in onset, reaching a peak rate at 3-4 hours. Intradermal injection of the vasodilator prostaglandins PGI2; PGE2 and the neuropeptides VIP and CGRP caused a marked potentiation of the rate of leukocyte accumulation. PMN accumulation induced by C5a was associated with increased microvascular permeability, as indicated by the leakage of intravenously-injected 125I-albumin with a time-course in parallel with the rate of PMN accumulation enhanced by intradermally-injected vasodilators. Depletion of circulating PMNs abolishes these responses to C5a (3). In contrast, leukocyte accumulation induced by IL-1 was associated with little plasma protein leakage, even in the presence of intradermal vasodilators. This observation indicates that PMN emigration itself does not lead to increased microvascular permeability. C5a, but not IL-1, may stimulate emigrating PMNs to secrete an endogenous factor that increases permeability by an action on endothelial cells (3). This factor does not appear to be the phospholipid PAF (4). In contrast to the enhancing effects of local PGI2, intravenously-infused PGI2 inhibited PMN accumulation induced by C5a and IL-1, and plasma protein leakage induced by C5a (5). This effect is probably mediated by elevation of cyclic AMP in intravascular PMNs. We have shown that C5a stimulation of PMNs in contact with endothelial cells in vitro induces endothelial cell PGI2 secretion (6). Thus, PGI2 may be part of a negative feedback system in vivo to control interactions between PMNs and endothelial cells.These observations provide some clues to the intricacies of mechanisms of leukocyte accumulation in vivo.

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Jurišić, Vladimir. "POSSIBILITIES OF CYTOKINE DETERMINATION AND THEIR ANALYSIS IN VARIOUS TISSUES." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac,, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.089j.

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Cytokines are small proteins that participate in many interactions between cells of the immune system as well as between many tissue cells including tumors. Currently, there is no universal classification of cytokines and they can be analyzed based on the cells that produce them or based on the type of activity. Cytokines have been studied for many years in medicine firstly in cancer patients in serum, but also in many other diseases including inflammation or other autoimmune diseases or other pathological conditions. Cytokines are still being discovered, and for many of them the structure, biological action and genes responsible for their regulation have already been determined. Bearing in mind that the development of technology has been developing enormously in the last period and those new methods of cytokine determination in various fluids and micro-concentrations are available to us. Here, the aim is to focus on the specific possibilities of determination and analysis of cytokine values in different tissues including cell culture supernatants, in individual cells as well as their genetic regulation. However, to understand their complex action in biological systems, including the pleiotropic effect of cytokines showing some time the overlap in the actions various models of analysis and interpretation of the obtained data are recommended today. This is especially complex and problematic in recent times of understanding the cytokine gene regulation and especially the possibility of their prediction. To resolve these problems, numerous databases have been created on the previously available experimental data, although their connection is not yet very clear. In addition, using integration of data, it is expected predict some models and systems in a specific situation, although it is still very difficult. So, aims are predict values in definitive situation and compare with some standards. Therefore, new methods of interpretation and new programs for analysis have been created. We expect that based on the new possibilities of analysis, better results will be achieved and that the role of these mediators for individual or personalized diagnosis or therapy in biomedicine will be determined.

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Arimany-Nardi, Cristina, Arnau Montraveta, Eriong Lee-Vergés, Hermann Koepsell, Dolors Colomer, and Marçal Pastor-Anglada. "Abstract 885: Human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1) as a mediator of bendamustine cytotoxic action." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-885.

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Mell, Johnathan. "Human-Like Agents for Repeated Negotiation." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/754.

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Virtual agents have been used as tools in negotiation—from acting as mediators to manifesting as full-fledged conversational partners. Virtual agents are a powerful tool for teaching negotiation skills, but require an accurate model of human behavior to perform well both as partners and teachers. The work proposed here aims to expand the current horizon of virtual negotiating agents to utilize human-like strategies. Further agents developed using this framework should be cognizant of the social factors influencing negotiation, including reputation effects and the implications of long-term repeated relationships. A roadmap of current efforts to develop agent platforms and future expansions is discussed.

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Kuksis, Arnis. "Hydrolysis of hydroxy PUFA GPC of plasma lipoproteins by group IIA, V and X sPLA2s." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/jxxc8749.

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This study describes the isolation and identification of mono-, di- and tri-hydroxy AA, EPA and DHA in plasma LDL, HDL, HDL3 and acute phase HDL using normal phase LC/ESI/MS as previously reported for plasma lipoprotein GPC epoxides and isoprostanes. The lipoproteins contained variable amounts of the hydroxy PUFA GPC (1 to 10 nanomoles/mg protein), likely the product of lipid peroxidation and the action of various lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 enzymes on both free fatty acids and the parent GPCs, although transesterification by preformed hydroxy fatty acids was not excluded. The hydroxy PUFA GPC was hydrolyzed to variable extent (20-90%) by the different-PLA2s, with group IIA sPLA2 showing the lowest and group X sPLA2 the highest activity. Although standards were not available and detailed identification of the structure was not performed, there was general agreement between the masses determined for the identified structures and masses calculated for the GPC equivalents of the resolvins, protectins and maresins, as reported in the literature. There has been no biological testing of the GPC esters of the specialized pro-resolving mediators.

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Parente de Brito Antonelli, Isabele, Heitor Furlan Giordano, Bidossessi Wilfried Hounkpe, Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo, and Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira. "Ferritin levels in ANCA-associated Vasculitis: an active mediator of the inflammatory process?" In SBR 2021 Congresso Brasileiro de Reumatologia. Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47660/cbr.2021.1922.

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Kumar, K., F. Losa, T. Kebadze, A. Singanayagam, MR Edwards та SL Johnston. "S137 Short-acting and long-acting β2-agonists upregulate asthma-relevant pro-inflammatory mediators in human airway epithelial cells while short-acting muscarinic antagonists do not". У British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2019, QEII Centre, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, London SW1P 3EE, 4 to 6 December 2019, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2019-btsabstracts2019.143.

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Van Nueten, J. M., W. J. Janssens, and F. De Clerck. "VASOCONSTRICTION IN RESPONSE TO HUMAN PLATELET-VESSEL WALL INTERACTIONS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644598.

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Human blood platelets, stimulated with thrombin, induced contractions of isolated basilar artery segments of the dog. These platelet-mediated vascular contractions were inhibited in a concentration-dependent way by flunarizine, a Ca2+-entry blocker, selective for vascular tissues. This inhibition increased gradually as a function of time after contact with flunarizine to reach its maximum after 60-90 min. Biochemical and pharmacological analyses, using the 5-HT2-serotonergic antagonist ritanserin, the thromboxane A2/prostaglandin endo-peroxide antagonist BM 13.177 and the fatty acid cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor suprofen, showed that 5-hydroxytryptamine and prostanoids (thromboxane A2, prostaglandine endoperoxides) were the main mediators involved. They further suggested amplification between 5-hydroxytryptamine and prostanoids at the vascular level.(1) Incubation period; (2) Inhibition of platelet-mediated vascular contractions.This study demonstrates that 5-hydroxytryptamine, acting in concert with thromboxane A2 and/or prostaglandine-endoper-oxides, is responsible for the vasoconstrictor effects of aggregating platelets. It further indicates that influx of calcium ions is involved in these vasoconstrictor responses.

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Huayamave, Victor, Christopher Rose, Mohammed Zwawi, Eduardo Divo, Faissal Moslehy, Alain Kassab, and Charles Price. "Mechanics of Hip Dysplasia Reduction in Infants With the Pavlik Harness Using Patient-Specific Geometry." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36603.

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A physics-based computational model of neonatal Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) following treatment with the Pavlik Harness was developed to obtain muscle force contribution in order to elucidate biomechanical factors influencing the reduction of dislocated hips. Clinical observation indicates that reduction occurs in deep sleep and involves passive muscle action. Consequently, a set of five (5) adductor muscles, namely, the Adductor Brevis, Adductor Longus, Adductor Magnus, Pectineus, and Gracilis were identified as mediators of reduction using the Pavlik Harness. A Fung-type model was used to characterize the hyperelastic stress-strain muscle response. Four grades (1–4) of dislocation as specified by the International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) were considered. A three-dimensional model of the pelvis-femur-lower limb assembly of a representative 10 week-old female was generated based on CT scans of a 6-month and 14-year old female as well as the visible human project with the aid of anthropomorphic scaling of anatomical landmarks. The muscle model was calibrated to achieve equilibrium at 90° flexion and 80° abduction. The hip was computationally dislocated according to the grade under investigation, the femur was restrained to move in an envelope consistent with Pavlik Harness restraints, and the dynamic response under passive muscle action and under the effect of gravity was resolved using the ADAMS solver in Solidworks. Results of the current model with an anteversion angle of 50° show successful reduction IHDI Grades 1–3, while IHDI Grade 4 failed to reduce with the Pavlik Harness. These results are consistent with a previous study based on a simplified anatomically-consistent synthetic model and clinical reports of very low success of the Pavlik Harness for Grade 4. However, our model indicates that it is possible to achieve reduction of Grade 4 dislocation by hyperflexion. This finding is consistent with clinical procedures that utilize hyperflexion to help achieve reduction for patients with severe levels of DDH for whom the Pavlik Harness fails.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Mediator’s action"

Xiao, Guozhi. ATF4, A Novel Mediator of the Anabolic Actions of PTH on Bone. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada499647.

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Xiao, Guozhi. ATF4, A Novel Mediator of the Anabolic Actions of PTH on Bone. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541206.

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Xiao, Guozhi. ATF4, A Novel Mediator of the Anabolic Actions of PTH on Bone. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada508520.

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Xiao, Guozhi. ATF4, A Novel Mediator of the Anabolic Actions of PTH on Bone. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada550617.

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Xiao, Guozhi. ATF4, A Novel Mediator of the Anabolic Actions of PTH on Bone. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada558869.

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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham Halevy. Signal Transduction Pathway of Hormonal Action in Control and Regulation of the Gravitropic Response of Cut Flowering Stems during Storage and Transport. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695838.bard.

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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to increase our understanding of the cellular mechanisms operating during the gravitropic response of cut flowers, for solving their bending problem without affecting flower quality. Thus, several elements operating at the 3 levels o the gravity-induced signal transduction pathway, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon stems according to the following research goals: 1) Signaling: characterize the signal transduction pathway leading to the gravitropic response, regarding the involvement of [Ca2+]cyt as a mediator of IAA movement and sensitivity to auxin. 2) Transduction by plant hormones: a) Examine the involvement of auxin in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to: possible participation of auxin binding protein (ABP), auxin redistribution, auxin mechanism of action (activation of H+-ATPase) mediation by changes in [Ca2+]cyt and possible regulation of auxin-induced Ca2+ action b: calmodulin-activated or Ca2+-activated protein kinases (PK). b) Examine the involvement of ethylene in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to auxin-induced ethylene production and sensitivity of the tissue to ethylene. 3) Response: examine the effect of gravistimulation on invertase (associated with growth and elongation) activity and invertase gene expression. 4) Commercial practice: develop practical and simple treatments to prevent bending of cut flowers grown for export. Revisions: 1) Model systems: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.), 3 other model shoe systems, consisting of oat (Avena sativa) pulvini, Ornithogalun 'Nova' cut flowers and Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence, were targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for shoot gravitropism. 2 Research topics: the involvement of ABP, auxin action, PK and invertase in the gravitropic response of snapdragon stems could not be demonstrated. Alternatively, the involvement in the gravity signaling cascade of several other physiological mediators apart of [Ca2+]cyt such as: IP3, protein phosphorylation and actin cytoskeleton, was shown. Additional topics introduced: starch statolith reorientation, differential expression of early auxin responsive genes, and differential shoot growth. Background to the topic: The gravitropic bending response of flowering shoots occurring upon their horizontal placement during shipment exhibits a major horticultural problem. In spite of extensive studies in various aboveground organs, the gravitropic response was hardly investigated in flowering shoots. Being a complex multistep process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel, analysis of the negative gravitropic response of shoot includes investigation of signal transduction elements and various regulatory physiological mediators. Major achievements: 1) A correlative role for starch statoliths as gravireceptors in flowering shoot was initially established. 2) Differentially phosphorylated proteins and IP3 levels across the oat shoe pulvini, as well as a differential appearance of 2 early auxin-responsive genes in snapdragon stems were all detected within 5-30 minutes following gravistimulation. 3) Unlike in roots, involvement of actin cytoskeleton in early events of the gravitropic response of snapdragon shoots was established. 4) An asymmetric IAA distribution, followed by an asymmetric ethylene production across snapdragon stems was found following gravistimulation. 5) The gravity-induced differential growth in shoots of snapdragon was derived from initial shrinkage of the upper stem side and a subsequent elongation o the lower stem side. 6) Shoot bending could be successfully inhibited by Ca2+ antagonists (that serve as a basis for practical treatments), kinase and phosphatase inhibitors and actin-cytoskeleton modulators. All these agents did not affect vertical growth. The essential characterization of these key events and their sequence led us to the conclusion that blocking gravity perception may be the most powerful means to inhibit bending without hampering shoot and flower growth after harvest. Implications, scientific and agriculture: The innovative results of this project have provided some new insight in the basic understanding of gravitropism in flower stalks, that partially filled the gap in our knowledge, and established useful means for its control. Additionally, our analysis has advanced the understanding of important and fundamental physiological processes involved, thereby leading to new ideas for agriculture. Gravitropism has an important impact on agriculture, particularly for controlling the bending of various important agricultural products with economic value. So far, no safe control of the undesired bending problem of flower stalks has been established. Our results show for the first time that shoot bending of cut flowers can be inhibited without adverse effects by controlling the gravity perception step with Ca2+ antagonists and cytoskeleton modulators. Such a practical benefit resulting from this project is of great economic value for the floriculture industry.

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Moran, Nava, Richard Crain, and Wolf-Dieter Reiter. Regulation by Light of Plant Potassium Uptake through K Channels: Biochemical, Physiological and Biophysical Study. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571356.bard.

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The swelling of plant motor cells is regulated by various signals with almost unknown mediators. One of the obligatory steps in the signaling cascade is the activation of K+-influx channels -K+ channels activated by hyperpolarization (KH channels). We thus explored the regulation of these channels in our model system, motor cell protoplasts from Samanea saman, using patch-clamp in the "whole cell" configuration. (a) The most novel finding was that the activity of KH channels in situ varied with the time of the day, in positive correlation with cell swelling: in Extensor cells KH channels were active in the earlier part of the day, while in Flexor cells only during the later part of the day; (b) High internal pH promoted the activity of these channels in Extensor cells, opposite to the behavior of the equivalent channels in guard cells, but in conformity with the predicted behavior of the putative KH channel, cloned from S. saman recently; (c) HIgh external K+ concentration increased (KH channel currents in Flexor cells. BL depolarized the Flexor cells, as detected in cell-attached patch-clamp recording, using KD channels (the K+-efflux channels) as "voltage-sensing devices". Subsequent Red-Light (RL) pulse followed by Darkness, hyperpolarized the cell. We attribute these changes to the inhibition of the H+-pump by BL and its reactivation by RL, as they were abolished by an H+-pump inhibitor. BL increased also the activity KD channels, in a voltage-independent manner - in all probability by an independent signaling pathway. Blue-Light (BL), which stimulates shrinking of Flexor cells, evoked the IP3 signaling cascade (detected directly by IP3 binding assay), known to mobilize cytosolic Ca2+. Nevertheless, cytosolic Ca2+ . did not activate the KD channel in excised, inside-out patches. In this study we established a close functional similarity of the KD channels between Flexor and Extensior cells. Thus the differences in their responses must stem from different links to signaling in both cell types.

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Gurevitz, Michael, William A. Catterall, and Dalia Gordon. face of interaction of anti-insect selective toxins with receptor site-3 on voltage-gated sodium channels as a platform for design of novel selective insecticides. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699857.bard.

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Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) play a pivotal role in excitability and are a prime target of insecticides like pyrethroids. Yet, these insecticides are non-specific due to conservation of Navs in animals, raising risks to the environment and humans. Moreover, insecticide overuse leads to resistance buildup among insect pests, which increases misuse and risks. This sad reality demands novel, more selective, insect killers whose alternative use would avoid or reduce this pressure. As highly selective insect toxins exist in venomous animals, why not exploit this gift of nature and harness them in insect pest control? Many of these peptide toxins target Navs, and since their direct use via transformed crop plants or mediator microorganisms is problematic in public opinion, we focus on the elucidation of their receptor binding sites with the incentive of raising knowledge for design of toxin peptide mimetics. This approach is preferred nowadays by agro-industries in terms of future production expenses and public concern. However, characterization of a non-continuous epitope, that is the channel receptor binding site for such toxins, requires a suitable experimental system. We have established such a system within more than a decade and reached the stage where we employ a number of different insect-selective toxins for the identification of their receptor sites on Navs. Among these toxins we wish to focus on those that bind at receptor site-3 and inhibit Nav inactivation because: (1) We established efficient experimental systems for production and manipulation of site-3 toxins from scorpions and sea anemones. These peptides vary in size and structure but compete for site-3 on insect Navs. Moreover, these toxins exhibit synergism with pyrethroids and with other channel ligands; (2) We determined their bioactive surfaces towards insect and mammalian receptors (see list of publications); (3) We found that despite the similar mode of action on channel inactivation, the preference of the toxins for insect and mammalian channel subtypes varies greatly, which can direct us to structural features in the basis of selectivity; (4) We have identified by channel loop swapping and point mutagenesis extracellular segments of the Navinvolved with receptor site-3. On this basis and using channel scanning mutagenesis, neurotoxin binding, electrophysiological analyses, and structural data we offer: (i) To identify the residues that form receptor site-3 at insect and mammalian Navs; (ii) To identify by comparative analysis differences at site-3 that dictate selectivity toward various Navs; (iii) To exploit the known toxin structures and bioactive surfaces for modeling their docking at the insect and mammalian channel receptors. The results of this study will enable rational design of novel anti-insect peptide mimetics with minimized risks to human health and to the environment. We anticipate that the release of receptor site-3 molecular details would initiate a worldwide effort to design peptide mimetics for that site. This will establish new strategies in insect pest control using alternative insecticides and the combined use of compounds that interact allosterically leading to increased efficiency and reduced risks to humans or resistance buildup among insect pests.

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