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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Mechanism of cathodic reaction"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Mechanism of cathodic reaction"

ENDO, A. "Cathodic reaction mechanism for dense Sr-doped lanthanum manganite electrodes." Solid State Ionics 86-88 (July 1996): 1191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(96)00286-x.

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Sunarya, Yayan. "3-Mercaptopropionic Acid as Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in CO2 Aerated 1% NaCl Solution with Buffer Control-pH." Molekul 13, no. 2 (December 8, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2018.13.2.340.

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In this research, 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as corrosion inhibitor of carbon steel in CO2 aerated 1% NaCl solution with buffer pH adjustment has been studied by means of electrochemical impedance (EIS) and polarization (Tafel plot). MPA was found to be an effective carbon steel inhibitor. Percentage inhibition efficiency (IE %) calculated by both Tafel plot and EIS, ranged from 85% to 90%. MPA was found to affect the cathodic processes and act as cathodic-type inhibitors. Mechanism of inhibit corrosion by adsorption mechanism leads to the formation of a protective chemisorbed film on the metal surface film which suppresses the dissolution reaction and the hydrogen evolution reaction is activation controlled.

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Ju, Hong, and Yan Li. "Coulostatic-Based Research on Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Three Inhibitors for Hot Dipped Coating Steels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.87.

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The corrosion inhibition mechanism of three inhibitors for hot dipped coating steels in HCl acid was studied by coulostatic method. The results showed that the anodic Tafel slope ba and cathodic Tafel slope bc significantly increased with increasing of corrosion inhibitor concentration. While the corrosion current density Icorr decreases with the corrosion inhibition concentration increasing. And the inhibition efficiency increased with the inhibitor concentration. The inhibiting action of these compounds were attributed to blocking of the electrode surface by adsorption through its active centers. The three inhibitors were both mixed inhibitors, and reacted as good inhibition by the adsorption of the active sites in the cathodic reaction and the anodic reaction of corrosion process.

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Kuzminykh, Maria M., Victoria V. Panteleeva, and Anatoliy B. Shein. "CATHODIC HYDROGEN EVOLUTION ON IRON DISILICIDE. I. ALKALINE SOLUTION." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196201.5745.

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The kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction on FeSi2-electrode in 1.0 M NaOH solution has been studied using methods of polarization and impedance measurements. With the help of diagnostic criteria for the hydrogen evolution reaction mechanisms based on the analysis of the dependence of the parameters of the equivalent electric circuit on overvoltage, it was established that the reaction of hydrogen evolution on iron disilicide in the alkaline electrolyte proceeds along the discharge - electrochemical desorption route, where desorption is the rate-determining stage. Both stages are irreversible, the transfer coefficients of the stages are equal (α1 = α2 = α), simultaneously the hydrogen absorption reaction by the electrode material proceeds in the diffusion mode (in the whole investigated range of potentials). It was found that the adsorption of atomic hydrogen is described by the equation of the Langmuir isotherm. The influence of various methods of modifying of the surface of FeSi2-electrode on the kinetics and mechanism of the cathodic process has been studied. It was found that the modification of the disilicide surface by hydrogenation at a current density of i = 30 mA/cm2, an anodic etching in 0.5 M H2SO4 at the potential E = 0.4 V relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, an anodic etching in 1.0 M NaOH at the potential E = 0.1 V, chemical etching in 5.0 M NaOH at 70 °C reduce the overvoltage of hydrogen evolution, but the mechanism of the cathodic process does not change as a result of the modification. Reduction of the overvoltage of hydrogen evolution on iron disilicide is due to the action of two factors: the development of the surface and the change in the composition of the surface layer of the electrode. It has been concluded that FeSi2 in the alkaline electrolyte is a promising electrode material that exhibits activity in the electrolytic hydrogen evolution reaction.

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Ambrosioni, Brice, Anthony Barthelemy, Dorin Bejan, and Nigel J. Bunce. "Electrochemical reduction of aqueous nitrate ion at tin cathodes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 92, no. 3 (March 2014): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2013-0406.

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The remediation of nitrate-contaminated water using electrochemical reduction at a tin cathode has previously been shown to give almost quantitative denitrification (removal of dissolved nitrogen species) under highly cathodic polarization. A particular focus of this project was to identify specific role(s) for tin in the reaction in the context of the previous literature. The current efficiency for denitrification was enhanced in alkaline solution, and the reaction was accelerated by the presence of small concentrations of Sn(II) salts, which are in a dynamic exchange between cathodic deposition and corrosion of the cathode. Literature precedent indicates that Sn(II) salts promote the “dimerization” pathway of NO to hyponitrite in preference to reduction to ammonia. Hyponitrite is a known intermediate in the electrochemical reduction of nitrate, but its spontaneous decomposition gives predominantly N2O, which does not reduce further to N2. We have shown that hyponitrite is reduced electrochemically in competition with its thermal decomposition, which provides a pathway to N2 via the spontaneous dehydration of HO−NH−NH−OH. The possible role of surface-bound Sn−H species in the reduction mechanism is discussed, but further work is needed to substantiate this proposal.

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Czelej, Kamil, Karol Cwieka, Juan C. Colmenares, and Krzysztof J. Kurzydlowski. "Atomistic insight into the electrode reaction mechanism of the cathode in molten carbonate fuel cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 26 (2017): 13763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta02011b.

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The O-terminated octopolar NiO(111) is predicted to facilitate cathodic transformation of CO₂ to CO₃²⁻ through sequential Mars-van Krevelen and Eley-Rideal mechanisms.

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Kuzminykh, Maria М., Viktoria V. Panteleeva, and Anatoliy B. Shein. "CATHODIC HYDROGEN EVOLUTION ON IRON DISILICIDE. II. ACIDIC SOLUTION." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196202.5750.

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Анотація:

The kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction on FeSi2-electrode in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution has been studied using methods of polarization and impedance measurements. With the help of diagnostic criteria for the hydrogen evolution reaction mechanisms based on the analysis of the dependence of the parameters of the equivalent electric circuit on overvoltage, it was established that the reaction of hydrogen evolution on iron disilicide in the sulfuric acid solution proceeds along the discharge - electrochemical desorption route, where desorption is the rate-determining stage. Both stages are irreversible, the transfer coefficients α of the stages are equal, simultaneously the hydrogen absorption reaction by the electrode material proceeds in the kinetic mode (in the whole investigated range of potentials). It was found that the adsorption of atomic hydrogen is described by the equation of the Langmuir isotherm. The influence of thin oxide film on the hydrogen evolution kinetics is noted. The influence of various methods of modifying of the surface of FeSi2-electrode on the kinetics and mechanism of the cathodic process has been studied. It was found that the modification of the disilicide surface by hydrogenation at a current density of i = 30 mA/cm2, an anodic etching in 0.5 M H2SO4 at the potential E = 0.4 V relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, an anodic etching in 1.0 M NaOH at the potential E = 0.1 V, chemical etching in 5.0 M NaOH at 70 °C reduce the overvoltage of hydrogen evolution, but the mechanism of the cathodic process does not change as a result of the electrode modification. Reduction of the overvoltage of hydrogen evolution on iron disilicide is due to the action of two factors: the development of the surface and the change in the composition of the surface layer of the electrode. It has been concluded that FeSi2 in the sulfuric acid solution is a promising electrode material that exhibits activity in the electrolytic hydrogen evolution reaction.

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He, Xiang Zhu, Wen Jun Zhang, and Yong Xiu Wang. "Electrodepositon and Properties of Ni-Diamond Composite Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 702 (May 2013): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.702.176.

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Ni-diamond composite coatings are conducted by electrodepositon. The crystal structure and surface morphology of the composite coatings were examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the mechanism of Ni-diamond co-deposition is conducted by catholic polarization and cyclic voltammetry method. The result reveals that diamond particles are successfully embed in Ni matrix and the coatings have an amorphous structure. Cyclic voltammetry indicate that nickel deposition process is an irreversible electrode reaction and cathode polarization curve shift towards positive with the increase of scan rates. Cathodic polarization curve shows that reduction potential of nickel to shift to more negatives with the addition of complexing agent and the slope of the polarization curve is decrease; The addition of brightener and dispersant hinder the deposition of Ni2+ and promote the growth of crystal nucleus; The join of wetting agents and diamond particles have no big influence on the deposition of nickel.

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Perevezentseva, D. O., and E. V. Gorchakov. "Electrochemical Response of Gold Nanoparticles at a Graphite Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 1040 (September 2014): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.297.

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The electrochemical activity of gold nanoparticles at graphite electrodes by the method of cyclic voltammetry is studied. In this article the nature of the supporting electrolyte, modification time of graphite electrode by gold nanoparticles and the potential range on the value of the “inverse” cathodic peak are investigated. The “inverse” cathodic peak of gold nanoparticles formed in the reaction mixture HAuCl4:Na3C6H5O7:NaBH4=1:1:4 is observed on the cathodic branch of cyclic voltamperegram at Ec = 0.05 V at graphite electrode. The mechanism of stepwise electrochemical oxidation and reduction of the phase structure of gold on the surface of the graphite electrode in 0.1 M NaOH is offered. The “inverse” cathodic peak of gold nanoparticles on the cathodic branch of cyclic voltammogram at graphite electrode is caused by oxidation of Au2O to Au2O3.<br /><br />

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Garcia-Costa, Alicia L., Andre Savall, Juan A. Zazo, Jose A. Casas, and Karine Groenen Serrano. "On the Role of the Cathode for the Electro-Oxidation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080902.

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Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), C7F15COOH, has been widely employed over the past fifty years, causing an environmental problem because of its dispersion and low biodegradability. Furthermore, the high stability of this molecule, conferred by the high strength of the C-F bond makes it very difficult to remove. In this work, electrochemical techniques are applied for PFOA degradation in order to study the influence of the cathode on defluorination. For this purpose, boron-doped diamond (BDD), Pt, Zr, and stainless steel have been tested as cathodes working with BDD anode at low electrolyte concentration (3.5 mM) to degrade PFOA at 100 mg/L. Among these cathodic materials, Pt improves the defluorination reaction. The electro-degradation of a PFOA molecule starts by a direct exchange of one electron at the anode and then follows a complex mechanism involving reaction with hydroxyl radicals and adsorbed hydrogen on the cathode. It is assumed that Pt acts as an electrocatalyst, enhancing PFOA defluorination by the reduction reaction of perfluorinated carbonyl intermediates on the cathode. The defluorinated intermediates are then more easily oxidized by HO• radicals. Hence, high mineralization (xTOC: 76.1%) and defluorination degrees (xF−: 58.6%) were reached with Pt working at current density j = 7.9 mA/cm2. This BDD-Pt system reaches a higher efficiency in terms of defluorination for a given electrical charge than previous works reported in literature. Influence of the electrolyte composition and initial pH are also explored.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Mechanism of cathodic reaction"

Ina, Toshiaki. "Study on Cathodic Reaction Mechanism of All Solid State Electrochemical Devices." Kyoto University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157658.

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Анотація:

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第16947号
人博第590号
新制||人||141(附属図書館)
23||人博||590(吉田南総合図書館)
29622
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)教授内本喜晴, 教授杉山雅人, 教授田部勢津久, 准教授藤原直樹, 准教授雨澤浩史
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Xiao, Yao. "Analysis for reaction mechanism of cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263747.

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Анотація:

京都大学
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第23286号
人博第1001号
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)教授内本喜晴, 教授田部勢津久, 教授高木紀明
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies
Kyoto University
DFAM

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Williams, Robert Earl Jr. "Simulation and Characterization of Cathode Reactions in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16309.

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In this study, we have developed a dense La0.85Sr0.15MnO3-δ (LSM) Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 (GDC) composite electrode system for studying the surface modification of cathodes. The LSM and GDC grains in the composite were well defined and distinguished using energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. The specific three-phase boundary (TPB) length per unit electrode surface area was systematically controlled by adjusting the LSM to GDC volume ratio of the composite from 40% up to 70%. The TPB length for each tested sample was determined through stereological techniques and used to correlate the cell performance and degradation with the specific TPB length per unit surface area. An overlapping spheres percolation model was developed to estimate the activity of the TPB lines on the surface of the dense composite electrodes developed. The model suggested that the majority of the TPB lines would be active and the length of those lines maximized if the volume percent of the electrolyte material was kept in the range of 47 57%. Additionally, other insights into the processing conditions to maximize the amount of active TPB length were garnered from both the stereology calculations and the percolation simulations. Steady-state current voltage measurements as well as electrochemical impedance measurements on numerous samples under various environmental conditions were completed. The apparent activation energy for the reduction reaction was found to lie somewhere between 31 kJ/mol and 41 kJ/mol depending upon the experimental conditions. The exchange current density was found to vary with the partial pressure of oxygen differently over two separate regions. At relatively low partial pressures, i0 had an approximately dependence and at relatively high partial pressures, i0 had an approximately dependence. This led to the conclusion that a change in the rate limiting step occurs over this range. A method for deriving the electrochemical properties from proposed reaction mechanisms was also presented. State-space modeling was used as it is a robust approach to addressing these particular types of problems due to its relative ease of implementation and ability to efficiently handle large systems of differential algebraic equations. This method combined theoretical development with experimental results obtained previously to predict the electrochemical performance data. The simulations agreed well the experimental data and allowed for testing of operating conditions not easily reproducible in the lab (e.g. precise control and differentiation of low oxygen partial pressures).

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Phillips, Janice Paige. "Rearrangements of Radical Anions Generated from Cyclopropyl Ketones." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40178.

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Анотація:

Cyclopropyl-containing substrates have been frequently utilized as "probes" for the detection of SET pathways in organic and biorganic systems. These reactions are based on the cyclorpropylcarbinyl - homoallyl rearrangement, which is fast and essentially irreversible. The implicit assumption in such studies is that if a "radical" species is produced, it will undergo ring opening. We have found that there are two important factors to consider in the design of SET probes: 1) ring strain, the thermodynamic driving force for the rearrangement, and 2) resonance energy, which may help or hinder rearrangement, depending on the specific system. Delocalization of spin and charge were found to be important factors pertaining to substituent effects on the rates of radical anion rearrangements. Previous studies from our lab have centered on highly conjugated phenyl cyclopropyl ketones. This work considers a series of compounds varying in their conjugative components from a highly conjugated spiro[2.5]octa-4,7-dien-6-one and derivatives to simple aliphatic ketones. Utilizing cyclic, linear sweep voltammetry, and preparative electrolysis techniques, it was discovered that all substrates yielded ring opened products with rates and selectivities that will prove useful and informative in the design of mechanistic probes based on the cyclorpropylcarbinyl - homoallyl rearrangement. Rates of homogeneous electron transfer from a series of hydrocarbon mediators to substrates were measured using homogeneous catalysis techniques. Standard reduction potentials and reorganization energies of substrates were derived using Marcus theory. Conjugative interactions with the cyclopropyl group are discussed.
Ph. D.

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Tuerxun, Feilure. "Elucidation of reaction mechanism at the anode/electrolyte interface and cathode material for rechargeable magnesium battery." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263749.

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Анотація:

京都大学
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第23288号
人博第1003号
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)教授内本喜晴, 教授高木紀明, 教授中村敏浩
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies
Kyoto University
DFAM

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Komatsu, Hideyuki. "Elucidation of Reaction Mechanism for High Energy Cathode Materials in Lithium Ion Battery using Advanced Analysis Technologies." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242753.

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Анотація:

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第21876号
人博第905号
新制||人||216(附属図書館)
2018||人博||905(吉田南総合図書館)
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)教授内本喜晴, 教授田部勢津久, 教授吉田鉄平
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Fu, Qiang [Verfasser], and H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Ehrenberg. "Reaction mechanism study of vanadium pentoxide as cathode material for beyond-Li energy storage via in operando techniques / Qiang Fu ; Betreuer: H. Ehrenberg." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189212447/34.

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Herle, Jan van Van herle Jan Van herle Jan Van herle Jan. "Oxygen reduction reaction mechanisms at solid fuel cell cathodes /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1993. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=1187.

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Сачанова, Юлія Іванівна. "Електрохімічне формування покривів сплавами і композитами Fe–Co–Mo(MoOₓ)". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2020. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/43990.

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Анотація:

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 – Технічна електрохімія. – Національний технічний уні-верситет “Харківський політехнічний інститут”, Харків, 2019. Дисертаційну роботу присвячено розробці технології електроосадження функціональних покривів сплавами заліза з кобальтом і молібденом з комплек-сних цитратних електролітів. За результатами аналізу іонних рівноваг і кінетичних закономірностей встановлено, що молібден відновлюється у сплав з ферумом та кобальтом до металевого стану з гетероядерних комплексів через утворення проміжних сполук як внаслідок катодної поляризації, так і ад-атомами водню за рахунок реалізації спілловер-ефекту. Варіювання режимів і параметрів електролізу дозволяє формувати композитні металоксидні покриви в системі ферум-кобальт-молібден інкорпорацію до складу металевої матриці оксидів молібдену, як інтермедіатів електродних реакцій. Обґрунтовано кількісний склад електроліту та режими нанесення покривів із заданим вмістом компонентів, морфологією, структурою та експлуатаційними характеристиками. Визначено оптимальні режими поляризації, застосування яких дозволяє отримувати бездефектні покриви. Корозійний опір покривів системи Fe–Co–Mo(МоОₓ) перевищує значення для сплавотвірних компонентів, а мікротвердість майже втричі вища за мікротвердість матеріалу основи та індивідуальних компонентів тернарної системи. Високу електрокаталітичну активність покривів виявлено в катодних реакціях виділення водню, яка внаслідок реалізації синергетичного ефекту вища порівняно із індивідуальними металами і зростає з вмістом молібдену, а активність покривів Fe–Co–Mo(МоОₓ) в анодних реакціях окиснення низькомолекулярних спиртів за густиною струмів анодних і катодних піків навіть вища, ніж на платині. Покриви є “магнітом’якими матеріали”, які можна застосовувати у виробництві магніто-оптичних інформаційних накопичувачів, а сенсорні властивості щодо окремих компонентів газових середовищ використано для створення чутливого елемента сенсора. Запропоновано технологічну схему електроосадження покривів Fe–Co–Mo(МоОₓ) залежно від їх практичного призначення.
Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in the speciality 05.17.03 – Technical еlectrochemistry. – National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute” Kharkiv, 2019. The dissertation is devoted to the development of technology for electrodeposition of functional coatings by alloys of iron with cobalt and molybdenum from complex citrate electrolytes. Based on the analysis of ionic equilibria and kinetic laws, it was found that molybdenum is converted into an alloy with iron and cobalt to a metallic state from heteronuclear complexes through the formation of intermediate spokes both as a result of cathodic polarization and as a result of the formation of hydrogen and hydrogen atoms. realize overflow effect. Changing the modes and parameters of electrolysis allows the formation of composite metal oxide coatings in iron-cobalt-molybdenum system by including a metal matrix of molybdenum oxide as an intermediate link of electrode reactions. The quantitative composition of the electrolyte and the modes of coating with a given content of components, morphology, structure and operational characteristics are justified. The optimal polarization modes are determined, the use of which allows one to obtain defect-free coatings. The corrosion resistance of the coatings of the Fe-Co-Mo(MoOₓ) system exceeds the value for the alloy components, and the microhardness is three times higher than the microhardness for steel and individual components of the ternary system. High electrocatalytic activity of the coatings was found in cathodic hydrogen evolution reactions, which, as a result of the synergistic effect, is higher than for individual metals, and grows with the molybdenum content and the activity of Fe-Co-Mo (MoOₓ). Coatings in the reactions of anodic oxidation of low molecular weight alcohols at a current density of the anodic and cathodic peaks are even higher than on a platinum electrode. The coatings turned out to be "soft magnetic materials" that can be used in the manufacture of magneto-optical information storage devices, and the sensory properties of individual components of gaseous media were used to create a sensitive element of the sensor. The technological scheme of electrodeposition of Fe-Co-Mo (MoOₓ) coatings is proposed, depending on their practical purpose.

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Rattakham, Krittin. "Mechanism of Cathodic Prevention of Carbon Steel in Concrete." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6630.

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In this work, I aim to clarify the mechanism that allows steel to attain higher chloride threshold as it is cathodically polarized. Specifically, I seek to provide empirical information on whether an intrinsic (predominantly interfacial effects of polarization) or an extrinsic (predominantly concentration changes due to polarization) mechanism may be dominant in the beneficial effect of polarization. I carried out this experiment with 12 identical concrete specimens, each with a cast-in steel plate, constantly exposed them to high-chloride environment. The specimens were divided into 4 triplicates and polarized at 4 different level from OCP, -200, -300 to -400 mVSCE The specimens were closely monitored for signs of corrosion. When corrosion was detected in a specimen, it was demolished to gain access to steel-concrete interface. Measurements of pH using a novel procedure and chloride ion concentration were done on the interface using an adapted in-situ pH measurement and a Florida Department of Transportation procedure respectively. The pH and chloride ion concentrations obtained in this study favor to some extent a dominant intrinsic mechanism interpretation, while the evidence in support of a dominant extrinsic mechanism interpretation remains elusive.

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Книги з теми "Mechanism of cathodic reaction"

Halevi, E. Amitai, ed. Orbital Symmetry and Reaction Mechanism. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83568-1.

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Halevi, E. Amitai. Orbital symmetry and reaction mechanism: The OCAMS view. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.

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Crowley, John N. A study of reaction mechanism by matrix isolation/FTIR spectroscopy. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1987.

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Gao, Ying. Investigations on the mechanism of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillating reaction. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, 1994.

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Arve, Kalle. Catalytic diesel exhaust aftertreatment: From reaction mechanism to reactor design. Åbo: Åbo Akademis förlag, 2005.

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Dhatt, Harjot S. The mechanism and nonlinear dynamics of the chlorite-lodide reaction. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 1996.

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Bittker, David A. Detailed mechanism for oxidation of benzene. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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Grzybowski, Bartosz A. Chemistry in motion: Reaction-diffusion systems for micro- and nanotechnology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2009.

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Wilkins, Ralph G. Kinetics and mechanism of reactions of transition metal complexes. 2nd ed. Weinheim: VCH, 1991.

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Lurmann, Frederick W. A surrogate species chemical reaction mechanism for urban-scale air quality simulation models. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, 1987.

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Частини книг з теми "Mechanism of cathodic reaction"

Krishtalik, L. I. "Mechanism of an Elementary Act and the Kinetics of the Cathodic Evolution of Hydrogen." In Charge Transfer Reactions in Electrochemical and Chemical Processes, 212–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8718-3_6.

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Yamada, Atsuo. "Olivine Phosphate Cathode Materials, Reactivity and Reaction Mechanisms." In Batteries for Sustainability, 445–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5791-6_14.

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Minges, Mary V., Claire J. Starrs, and J. Christopher Perry. "Reaction Formation (Defense Mechanism)." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 4310–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1420.

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Saha, Goutam Kumar. "Mechanism of Allergic Reaction." In Dust Allergy: Cause & Concern, 17–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1825-1_4.

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García Melchor, Max. "The Negishi Reaction Mechanism." In A Theoretical Study of Pd-Catalyzed C-C Cross-Coupling Reactions, 59–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01490-6_4.

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Minges, Mary V., Claire J. Starrs, and J. Christopher Perry. "Reaction Formation (Defense Mechanism)." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1420-1.

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Yang, Ruixin, Chun Wang, and Zonglin Jiang. "Genetic Algorithm Applied in Optimizing Reaction Mechanism Based on Reduced Reaction Mechanism." In Advances in Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 1820–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70665-4_196.

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Brown, J. B. "Mechanism of the Kober Reaction." In Ciba Foundation Symposium - Estimation of Steroid Hormones (Book I of Colloquia on Endocrinology, Vol. 2), 132–45. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470718773.ch12.

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Zhao, Zuzhen, and Pei Kang Shen. "Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction." In Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction, 11–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6077-8_2.

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Yamada, Atsuo. "Olivine Olivine Phosphate Cathode Materials olivine phosphate cathode materials , Reactivity and Reaction Mechanisms." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 7527–45. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_499.

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Yunovich, Mark, and Neil G. Thompson. "AC Corrosion: Mechanism and Proposed Model." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0574.

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Corrosion caused by the discharge of 60 Hz AC current from a pipeline in a high voltage AC (HVAC) corridor has been discussed and studied over the past 20 or more years. More recent studies in Europe have specifically addressed these corrosion issues following several failures attributed to the presence of AC discharge from the pipeline. Very few corrosion failures in North America have been specifically attributed to what is termed AC-enhanced corrosion (ACEC). One missing area of research is well-controlled laboratory experiments in soil environments. This study proposed a mechanism of ACEC that is based on conventional electrochemistry using the same equivalent analog circuits used to discuss other corrosion processes. It was shown that only a small amount of the 60 Hz AC current discharge passes through the resistive component of the equivalent circuit, which results in corrosion (metal loss) reactions. The AC current passing through this resistive component produces both anodic and cathodic polarization shift (sine wave dependent) resulting in a net increase in the average corrosion rate as compared to the free-corrosion rate. The proposed model for ACEC does not invoke any new electrochemical concepts and is based on the conventional (DC) treatment of the corrosion processes; the model excludes treatment of cases with imposed cathodic protection current. The amount of ACEC is dependent on the magnitude of AC current that passes through the resistive component of the parallel resistive-capacitive electrochemical interface. ACEC is characterized by the rapid formation of a diffusion controlled (Warburg) process for corrosion in soils. Although diffusion controlled, the overall impedance decreases as the total AC current increases. The model suggests that AC currents (60Hz) cause anodic (positive) polarization shifts during the positive portion of the imposed AC sinewave along with cathodic polarization shifts in the negative portion of the AC sinewave; the net result is an increase in the average oxidation (metal loss) current as compared to the free-corrosion condition. The proposed model for the ACEC mechanism showed excellent correlation with the experimental results. The research work was made possible by the funding from PRCInternational.

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Tarhini, Ali A., and Ramsey F. Hamade. "Cathodic Disbondment of Rubber/Steel Adhesive Bonds Modeled as Liquid-Solid Reactions." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63307.

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Under cathodic conditions, rubber/steel adhesive bonded joints have been documented to ‘weaken’ due to attack by the generated alkali. If this were to occur under the action of cleavage mechanical loads, the bonds are likely to completely ‘delaminate’ causing the bonded constituents to physically separate. These two modes of disbondment are referred to as ‘weakening’ and ‘delamination’, respectively. Previously, Hamade and coworkers have implemented empirical and semi-empirical approaches to modeling cathodic disbondment of adhesive joints. Here, a method is presented to simulate bond weakening progress via numerical solutions. Bond degradation is modeled as a liquid-solid chemical reactor due to the attack by the alkaline medium. Specifically, the diffusion and chemical reaction processes involved in weakening are mathematically represented via a simplified, 2 partial differential equations (p.d.e.) boundary value problem (BVP). This is a reduced version of the more complex electrochemical formulation needed to fully describe the chemistry at the bondline under cathodic conditions. The weakening model is capable of simulating weakened bond lengths vs. time as function of electrolyte type (artificial sweater, ASW, or 1N NaOH), cathodic potential, and temperature. Furthermore and to model bond delamination, a mechano-chemical failure criterion is incorporated into the weakening formulation effectively coupling fracture mechanics principles with those of cathodic degradation. A fracture mechanics parameter, applied strain energy release rate, G, is used to represent the effect of externally applied loads. The failure criterion stipulates that the bond will delaminate if the applied G exceeds that of the degraded bond’s residual resistance. Both, the weakening and delamination formulations are validated against experimental data of bond weakening and delamination under a variety of conditions. As such, the numerical simulations developed in this work may be used to provide first order estimates of the life of rubber/steel bonded joints (weakened or delaminated lengths vs. time) as function of cathodic parameters and applied G (if the joint is loaded in the case of delamination).

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Saji, Genn. "Degradation of Aged Plants by Corrosion: Radiation-Induced Corrosion Cells Inducing “Long-Cell” Action." In 17th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone17-75712.

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In the previous papers, the author has established various ‘long cell’ corrosion configurations that should exist in nuclear power plants. With these corrosion mechanisms in place, the plant can be characterized as an assembly of gigantic short-circuited electrical batteries, inducing electrochemical corrosion at localized anodic sites. If these corrosion cells are involved at nuclear power plants, macroscopic electrochemical potential differences must be demonstrated between anodic sites where dissolution of metal (i.e. corrosion) is taking place and cathodic sites where deposition (also called sedimentation) of corrosion products are often observed. Among these, the radiation-induced corrosion cell is an important mechanism of corrosion issues among nuclear power plants, since it plays a major role in the corrosion problems found in primary water, including PWSCC and AOA in PWRs and IGSCC in the BWRs. There is numerous experimental evidence indicating a potential difference induced by radiation, however, the exact mechanism of such phenomena has not been investigated from the ‘long cell action’ corrosion hypothesis point of view. The author investigated the basic mechanism by combining radiation chemistry, electrochemistry and corrosion science to confirm the existence of radiation-induced ‘long-cell’ action (macro) corrosion cell. By performing a competition kinetic study, which is a simplified approach to determine which of several competing reactions will predominate, the hydrated electrons, e−aq, reacting mainly with stable molecules, are found responsible for inducing a large portion of the potential difference both in the PWR and BWR water chemistry environment. The hydrated electrons react with a cathodic half-cell included in the stable solutes thereby inducing redox reactions in the mixed cell configuration with both reducing and oxidizing actions. This method reproduces the reported experimentally observed ECP variation to a certain extent (observed in the INCA Test Loop in Sweden and NRI-Rez BWR-2 Loop in Czech Republic) which was measured by widely changing the solute concentrations, such as dissolved hydrogen and oxygen. The author believes the results support the assumed major reactions acting in the redox process.

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Saji, Genn. "“Long-Cell Action” Corrosion: A Basic Mechanism Hidden Behind Components Degradation Issues in Nuclear Power Plants." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89350.

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In spite of industries’ effort over the last 40 years, corrosion-related issues continue to be one of the largest unresolved problems for nuclear power plants worldwide. There are several types of strange corrosion phenomena from the point of view of our current understanding of corrosion science established in other fields. Some of these are IGSCC, PWSCC, AOA, and FAC (Erosion-Corrosion). Through studying and coping with diverse corrosion phenomena, the author believes that they share a common basis with respect to the assumed corrosion mechanism (e.g., ‘local cell action’ hypothesis). In general, local cell action is rarely severe since it produces a fairly uniform corrosion. The ‘long cell action’ that transports electrons through structures far beyond the region of local cell corrosion activities has been identified as a basic mechanism in soil corrosion. If this mechanism is assumed in nuclear power plants, the structure becomes anodic in the area where the potential is less positive and cathodic where this potential is more positive. Metallic ions generated at anodic corrosion sites are transported to remote cathodic sites through the circulation of water and deposits as corrosion products. The SCC, FAC (E-C) and PWSCC occur in the anodic sites as the structure itself acts as a short-circuiting conductor between the two sites, the action is similar to a galvanic cell but in a very large scale. This situation is the same as a battery that has been short-circuited at the terminals. No apparent external potential difference exists between the two electrodes, but an electrochemical reaction is still taking place inside the battery cell with a large internal short current. In this example what is important is the potential difference between the local coolant and the surface of the structural material. Long cell action corrosion is likely enhancing the local cell action’s anodic corrosion activities, such as SCC, FAC/E-C, and PWSCC. It tends to be more hazardous because of its localized nature compared with the local cell action corrosion. There exist various mechanisms (electrochemical cell configurations) that induce such potential differences, including: ionic concentration, aeration, temperature, flow velocity, radiation and corrosion potentials. In this paper, the author will discuss these potential differences and their relevance to the un-resolved corrosion issues in nuclear power plants. Due to the importance of this potential mechanism the author is calling for further verification experiments as a joint international project.

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Baek, Seung-Wook, Joongmyeon Bae та Jung Hyun Kim. "Oxygen Reduction Mechanism at Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ/Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 Composite Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell". У ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2008-65059.

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The oxygen reduction mechanism at porous Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ/Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 composite cathode, in which Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ is a perovskite type mixed ionic and electronic conductor (MIEC), was studied with respect to the oxygen partial pressure and temperature. Symmetric half cells with Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 electrolyte were prepared, and cathode behavior was measured by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at frequency range of 0.1Hz∼5MHz and temperature range of 400∼900°C. Oxygen partial pressure range for the measurement was from 0.0002 to 1atm. In present research, reaction model based on the empirical equivalent circuit was established. Three elementary reaction steps were considered to describe the oxygen reduction reaction at Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ/Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 composite cathode. Electrode resistances corresponding to the high and low frequency seem to represent the oxygen ion transfer at the interface of electrolyte and gas phase diffusion of oxygen, respectively, from electrochemical impedance analyses as functions of oxygen partial pressure and temperature. The medium frequency process is expected to correspond to the oxygen ion conduction in the bulk cathode from this study.

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Alqahtani, Noora, Jiahui Qi, Aboubakr M. Abdullah, Nicholas J. Laycock, and Mary P. Ryan. "The Formation of Sulfide Scales on Carbon Steel in Saturated H2S." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0057.

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There are three contributing elements of corrosion of Carbon Steel in H₂ S environment: the effect of H2S on water chemistry; electrochemical reactions of the bare iron surface (both anodic and cathodic processes); and the formation and growth of corrosion product layers. The electrochemical reaction commonly contains three stages: first, the reactant transported from the solution (bulk) to the metal surface; then the transfer of the charge reaction on the surface, followed by the reaction product transported away from the iron surface to the bulk solution or the formation and development of the corrosion product which then can decrease the corrosion rate. Development of a robust corrosion model to predict the corrosion process in H2S requires a mechanistic understanding of all these elements. An experimental study was carried out to assess the corrosion of C-steel under open-circuit technique conditions and in solutions at several ranges of time and temperatures. The effect of film composition, morphology, structure, thickness, and ion- concentration of corrosion product films formed on pipeline Carbon Steel in an acid sour solution were examined. The electrochemical behavior of the filmed steel was measured, and the film properties assessed using a range of advanced techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The data will be discussed in terms of film formation mechanisms.

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Izzo, John R., Kyle N. Grew, and Wilson K. S. Chiu. "Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Manganate Cathode Degradation Due to a Decomposed Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidant Feed Stream." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68424.

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Decomposed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contains excess moisture and stabilizers that can deteriorate SOFC performance and durability markedly in the cathode. A numerical study is performed for a strontium-doped lanthanum manganate and yttria stabilized zirconia (LSM-YSZ) composite cathode using an oxidant stream consisting of a 20% O2 and 80% H2O mixture to study the detailed reaction mechanism and local transport and polarization phenomena. Specifically the 1-D cathode model couples multi-component gas and charge transport with an oxygen reduction mechanism. The model is validated with data from the literature and used to study the transport effect only of H2O in the cathode. Future work will consider the effect of H2O on the electrochemical reaction mechanism.

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Fischer, Katharina, and Joerg R. Seume. "Location and Magnitude of Heat Sources in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97167.

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The correct prediction of the temperature distribution is a prerequisite for the reliable determination of species and current distributions in any solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) model. It is even more crucial if the model is intended for the analysis of thermo-mechanical stresses. This paper addresses the different mechanisms of heat generation and absorption in the fuel cell. Particular attention is paid to the heating associated with the oxidation of hydrogen, which is commonly assigned to the interface between electrolyte and anode in SOFC modeling. But for a detailed determination of the temperature profile in the fuel cell solid components the separate consideration of the cathodic and anodic half-reactions is required. A method for determining the specific entropy change of the half-reactions based on Seebeck-coefficient data is adopted from the literature and applied to the SOFC. In order to exemplarily demonstrate the contribution of the various heat sources to the overall heat generation as well as the influence of their location, a spatially discretized model of a tubular SOFC is used. Temperature profiles obtained with and without separate consideration of the electrode reactions are compared. The comparison shows that the spatially descretized reaction model is indeed necessary for the reliable assessment of temperature gradients in the ceramic SOFC components.

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Saji, Genn. "Radiation-Induced Electrolytic Corrosion of LWRS: (Part 1) — Basic Mechanism and Implications in Degradation Phenomena." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60894.

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The author recently found that there should exist a “radiation-induced electrolytic (RIE)” mechanism in the reactor water inducing severe interaction between structural materials and their environments in aged LWRs. This mechanism was identified while trying to theoretically reconstruct the potential differences observed in two in-pile test loops; NRI-Rez in Czech Republic and INCA Loop in Sweden. These results are indicating that the in-core potential is approximately 0.1/0.4volt higher, in BWR(NWC)/PWR water chemistry respectively, when compared to the out-core regions. Through modeling studies, it was found that the concentrations of (DH)/(DO) for PWR/BWR(NWC) are higher/lower respectively, in the in-core region compared with the out-of-core region. These solute species in high concentrations should spontaneously decompose at the out-of-core region, enabling control of their water chemistry. This mode of corrosion cell has been dismissed in the nuclear community considering that the transport of ions with flow is insignificant due to high purity of reactor water. Part 1 of this paper focuses on how the RIE phenomena are prompted although the reactor water is kept in high purity. The stable molecular species in the reactor water flow transport the valence electrons. They are released at the cathodic in-core region and are recovered at the anodic out-of-core region. Thus estimated potential differences have been benchmarked with the published in-pile test results for both PWR- and BWR water chemistry environments as explained in Part 2 of this series (1).

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Izzo, John R., Kyle N. Grew, and Wilson K. S. Chiu. "Effect of Excess Moisture on an Oxygen Reduction Reaction Mechanism in the Yttria Stabilized Zirconia and Strontium-Doped Lanthanum Manganite SOFC Composite Cathode." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2009-85124.

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Air-Independent solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems are primarily used in naval applications. In this study a decomposed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stream is used as the oxidant. The fully decomposed diluted H2O2 oxidant stream contains 20% O2 and 80% H2O, and this water content is the basis for the studies performed. A computational model has been developed that couples local gas and charge transport with a detailed oxygen reduction mechanism and considers surface coverages in the presence of excess moisture. The model is used to study the detailed reaction mechanism and the performance of the cathode in the presence of a high water content oxidant stream.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Mechanism of cathodic reaction"

Schulze, Roland K. Uranium-hydrogen reaction mechanism and numerical model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1617331.

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Ziaul Huque. Mathematically Reduced Chemical Reaction Mechanism Using Neural Networks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/947008.

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Nelson Butuk. Mathematically Reduced Chemical Reaction Mechanism Using Neural Networks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/875887.

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Nelson Butuk. Mathematically Reduced Chemical Reaction Mechanism Using Neural Networks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/902508.

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Nelson Butuk. Mathematically Reduced Chemical Reaction Mechanism Using Neural Networks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/881862.

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Hartman, F. C. Rubisco Mechanism: Dissection of the Enolization Partial Reaction. Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/824531.

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Rice, Betsy M., William Mattson, John Grosh, and S. F. Trevino. A Molecular Dynamics Study of Detonation. 2. The Reaction Mechanism. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada305237.

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Longfellow, C. A. Reaction mechanism studies of unsaturated molecules using photofragment translational spectroscopy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/266645.

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McNicholas, Michael. On the mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction--dimerization of trans-phenylbutadiene. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.972.

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Wang, Hai. Development of a Comprehensive and Predictive Reaction Mechanism of Liquid Hydrocarbon Combustion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada464234.

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