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Статті в журналах з теми "Meat industry and trade Social aspects"
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Khahula, Bohdan. "Economic aspects of the formation of the innovative development of waste-free production of livestock products." Economic Analysis, no. 32(3) (2022): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2022.03.102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the economic aspects of the formation of innovative development of waste-free production of animal husbandry products. The purpose of the study is to develop, based on the generalization of research by scientists, practical recommendations for stimulating the waste-free production of animal husbandry products. During the research, general scientific and special methods of economic research were used, in particular: systemic approach, dialectical and abstract-logical, etc. We believe that in order to minimize losses and effective use of by-products by the subjects of the meat product sub-complex, it is necessary to implement: optimization of the sales cycle: rejection of the existing concept of "clogged shelves" in retail chains, transfer of edible food products to charity, use of by-products in secondary food production; waste processing: the use of food waste and secondary raw materials of the food industry and agriculture for the production of animal feed, processing of organic waste into soil and fertilizers, obtaining thermal energy due to the burning of organic waste, as well as the industrial release of associated gases from them (biofuel production). Today, in the business environment, priority is given to initiatives to optimize business processes in order to increase profits and reduce financial costs. Estimating the points of occurrence of losses at all stages of the production and sales chain, determining the cause-and-effect relationships of their formation, keeping statistics and monitoring are complex, interdisciplinary and expensive processes, their economic benefit for an individual enterprise is not obvious. At the same time, for small and medium-sized businesses, many practices for reducing food losses remain inaccessible due to their high cost or the complexity of legislative procedures. In connection with this, Ukraine needs business stimulation from the state to reduce food losses along the entire production and sales chain: in rural economy, food industry, retail trade and public catering. It has been established that efforts aimed at reducing food waste must be considered from the point of view of rational use of resources and obtaining certain value from the various participants involved. For manufacturers, the advantages may be as follows: increase in economic efficiency due to the use of unsolicited by-products, their implementation by interested market participants, improvement in the quality of food products; creating reputational advantages and added value in the eyes of investors and consumers. The interests of consumers are related to increasing the availability of food products, as well as improving their quality. State authorities are interested, among other things, in reducing food losses in terms of: strengthening the country's food security; reduction of social tensions (thanks to increasing availability of food products); reduction of ecological load on the environment; preservation of land and water resources.
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Lyakhovska, Olena. "Ukraine’s foreign trade in meat and meat products: trends and geographical aspects." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 3(143) (2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2020-3-7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current trends in meat and meat products exports are considered. The dynamics and structural changes in meat exports by types and degree of processing (beef and veal, pork, poultry, finished meat products) are analyzed. The paper proves that in recent years, only meat and edible poultry by-products have taken a competitive position in the world market. Accordingly, the dynamics of exports of this type of meat is positive, and the share of these products in the structure of exported meat is the largest (86.09%). Possible threats to the growth of import dependence on certain types of meat products, in particular, chilled and frozen beef and veal, pork, are indicated. The rating of the largest countries-importers of meat and meat products (by types) from Ukraine is built, their share in the structure of meat exports is determined. Changes in the geographical structure of exports have been studied, which indicate a low level of diversification of the geography of exports of certain types of meat (pork, beef). At the same time, a positive development of the geographical structure of poultry meat exports (exported to more than 100 countries) was revealed. Problems of the export potential development in the meat industry of Ukraine are revealed. In particular, the problems of livestock development (outdated technologies and production techniques that reduce the efficiency and productivity; inefficiency of the organization of purchase and processing of meat, which leads to reduced breeding in small businesses and households; inefficiency of state incentives, etc.) and industrial meat production (lack of raw materials, obsolescence of fixed assets and production technologies, poorly developed logistics, etc.). The solution of these problems requires: a systematic approach, which will encourage the cooperation of agricultural and industrial production, cooperation with importers of meat products and protection of domestic producers in the domestic and international markets, creating a favorable investment and information environment that will promote the meat industry development.
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Brønnum, Louise Beck, Asmus Gamdrup Jensen, and Charlotte Vinther Schmidt. "To meat or not to meat?" International Journal of Food Design 5, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfd_00011_3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We are facing a pandemic: climate change. In order to sustain a future population with a healthy diet, we need drastic changes in our food systems. With the demand for change both in our eating behaviour and the food industry, this opinion article dives into a currently disputed food resource with regards to climate impact: meat. First, the importance of understanding the dynamic term ‘sustainability’ is stressed. We argue that an interdisciplinary approach, which encounters not only social, economic and environmental factors, but also historical and especially taste aspects, are essential to change the current behaviour, aspects which are often forgotten in the discussion about sustainability. In the light of taste, and in particular the liking hereof, we argue that ‘umamification’ should be part of the consideration in a sustainable food system, which could come from alternative protein sources, such as marine animals or using meat in small amounts as a seasoning rather than not eating meat at all. The sustainable taste should not be tasteless but should be even tastier in the future in order to create a sustainable food system.
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Matošková, D., and J. Gálik. "Selected aspects of the internal and external competitiveness of Slovak agricultural and food products." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 2 (February 18, 2009): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/579-agricecon.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes the competitiveness of Slovak agricultural and food products after the accession of the Slovak Republic into the EU. The analysis has shown that even despite the increased subsidization and full liberalisation of trade, the competitiveness of our products still needs to develop. The main reason behind this is the poor efficiency of production and the lack of innovation activities. Most agricultural commodities are profitable only because of subsidies. Processing industry is the main contributor to the worsening deficit of trade balance. Specific commodities with good sales potential in the EU market include cereals, malt, wheat flour, dairy products, live cattle and sheep meat.
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Kot, Michał. "SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY IN POLAND." Acta logistica 09, no. 04 (December 31, 2022): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22306/al.v9i4.356.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Every type of business is closely related to the flow processes of various types of goods. The flow process begins at the source of raw materials until it reaches the final customer. A corollary to the newly emerging challenges of both social and environmental management of increasingly complex supply chains is the issue of sustainable supply chain management. The meat industry, along with its entire supply chain, is subject to cyclical crises, with different foundations and negative effects on individual links. One of the reasons for the crises in the meat industry is the management of supply chains based primarily on economic objectives to the exclusion of social and environmental aspects. The purpose of the article is to assess the level of sustainable supply chain management in the meat industry. The research problem is to determine the involvement of meat industry companies in the various dimensions of sustainability: economic, social and environmental. Therefore, a special online survey questionnaire was created, where potential respondents representing 93 meat companies were identified and purposely selected. After receiving and verifying the completed questionnaires, 85 completely completed questionnaires were qualified for further analysis and a coding process was carried out using Excel software, then the data was imported into Statistica statistical software, where the main statistical analyses were carried out.
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Guiry, Eric, Paul Szpak, and Michael P. Richards. "ISOTOPIC ANALYSES REVEAL GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC PATTERNS IN HISTORICAL DOMESTIC ANIMAL TRADE BETWEEN PREDOMINANTLY WHEAT- AND MAIZE-GROWING AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA." American Antiquity 82, no. 2 (March 29, 2017): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2016.34.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Historical zooarchaeologists have made significant contributions to key questions about the social, economic, and nutritional dimensions of domestic animal use in North American colonial contexts; however, techniques commonly employed in faunal analyses do not offer a means of assessing many important aspects of how animals were husbanded and traded. We apply isotopic analyses to faunal remains from archaeological sites to assess the social and economic importance of meat trade and consumption of local and foreign animal products in northeastern North America. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of 310 cattle and pigs from 18 rural and urban archaeological sites in Upper Canada (present-day southern Ontario, Canada; ca. A.D. 1790–1890) are compared with livestock from contemporary American sources to quantify the importance of meat from different origins at rural and higher- and lower-status urban contexts. Results show significant differences between urban and rural households in the consumption of local animals and meat products acquired through long-distance trade. A striking pattern in urban contexts provides new evidence for the social significance of meat origins in historical Upper Canada and highlights the potential for isotopic approaches to reveal otherwise-hidden evidence for social and economic roles of animals in North American archaeology.
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Burrell, Alison. "Animal Disease Epidemics: Implications for Production, Policy and Trade." Outlook on Agriculture 31, no. 3 (September 2002): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101294001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The outbreak of a highly infectious animal disease in a disease-free area is an ever-present risk. Recent epidemics in European livestock populations illustrate that the cost in terms of eradication, lost production and trade disruption may be high. In this paper, the implications for the meat and livestock industry, government policy and international trade rules are considered. The need for strict biosecurity and effective contingency plans is stressed. Options such as private insurance, animal tracing systems and emergency vaccination are discussed. Current measures for controlling animal disease epidemics raise various social and ethical issues that complicate the policy makers' task.
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Minh, Doan Nguyen, Le Thi Viet Nga, Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy, and Pham Minh Dat. "Vietnam’s Meat Import Market Under Impacts Of The European -Vietnam Free Trade Agreement And Quality Management Demand." Management 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2019-0061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The impact of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on commercial business of the member could be assessed by the potential and tangible effects. This paper is adopted by Partial equilibrium theory and SMART tool to measure the impact of EVFTA on the Vietnamese meat import (HS code 02). The result of this model is claimed that EVFTA has a huge impact on boosting the meat import from EU to Vietnam. However, the value of import in this category from European nations in each country and good fluctuated significantly. This study also proposes some measures for domestic businesses and the government to ensure the benefits on Vietnam’s livestock industry. Last but not least, meat quality management is one of vital issues under EFVTA and global competitiveness to meet higher expectation of consumers. Good food (meat) manufacturing practices need to be applied. That is the social contribution value of this paper.
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Mondéjar-Jiménez, Juan Antonio, Francisco Sánchez-Cubo, and José Mondéjar-Jiménez. "Consumer Behaviour towards Pork Meat Products: A Literature Review and Data Analysis." Foods 11, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030307.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Knowing the behaviour of consumers is essential for all types of companies, including meat companies. For this purpose, academia is an ally of industry, and analysing scientific production seems crucial for conducting future research. Therefore, this study aimed to carry out an exhaustive review of the literature, relying on both descriptive and bibliometric analyses, the latter being through the application of clustering techniques by simple centres. The main results and conclusions are as follows: (1) consumer perceptions, behaviours and attitudes towards food are the main focus of research in this area; (2) the ingredients and additives of meat products are the main concerns in the industry regarding such products; (3) sausages are the dominant meat product; (4) and pork, as well as other types of meat, fall under the generic umbrella term meat. Furthermore, there is a lack of studies considering age, sex and income cohorts. Such lack might have led to finding consumer behaviour and the welfare of animals not significant despite the presupposed positive correlation. The main limitations for researchers are around the availability of budgets and the existence of trade secrets.
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Kamalapuram, Sishir K., Harish Handral, and Deepak Choudhury. "Cultured Meat Prospects for a Billion!" Foods 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 2922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10122922.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dietary protein requirements of almost 9.8 billion people need to be fulfilled in a healthy and sustainable manner by 2050. Meat consumption contributes to 35% of the total protein requirement of the Indian population. Meat intake needs to be sustainable and economical without causing food security and production issues. Consumption of meat in India is projected to rise with an increase in consumer incomes. Hence, novel alternative proteins, including cultured meat (CM) and plant-based meat (PBM), are being developed to satisfy the demand for meat-derived proteins in the diet. This involves the creation of novel PBM/CM products with a similar taste and texture as conventional animal meat with tailor-made nutritional attributes. In this article, we provide critical insights into the technical and business aspects of relevance to production and sustainability encountered by the Indian CM industry at a series of stages that can be termed the CM value chain comprising upstream and downstream processes. We shed light on the need for regulatory authorities and a framework. Consumer concerns towards CM products can be alleviated through effective scientific communication strategies, including prior familiarity, narrative building and transparency, and labelling aspects of CM products.
Дисертації з теми "Meat industry and trade Social aspects"
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Lea, Emma J. "Moving from meat : vegetarianism, beliefs and information sources." Connect to this title online, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl4335.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 327-346). A random population survey and a survey of vegetarians were conducted to examine South Australians' beliefs about meat and vegetarianism. Meat beliefs, barriers and benefits of vegetarianism, meat consumption, personal values, use of and trust in sources of food/nutrition/health information and demographic variables were measured.
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Tulibaski, Katherine Lynn. "Communicating CSR: A Longitudinal Examination of the Petroleum Industry's Social Issue Adoption." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/24998.
Повний текст джерела
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Engelbrecht, Anel. "Establishing genetic and environmental parameters for ostrich (Struthio camelus domesticus) growth and slaughter characteristics." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80204.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ostrich industry is a predominantly quantitative industry; focused mainly on the production of large numbers of slaughter birds for maximum meat and leather yield. Competing in the international market in the current economic environment necessitates a more qualitative approach. Productivity and product quality are aspects that need to be improved in order to stay competitive and economically viable. Genetic parameters for ostrich slaughter traits are lacking, however, and breeding programs are yet to be developed. Data on quantitative and qualitative production and slaughter traits from a commercial ostrich breeding flock was consequently analysed to establish the relative importance of genetic and non-genetic influences on these traits. Genetic and environmental (co)variances as well as estimates of heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for and among the various traits using standard software for multi-trait genetic analyses. Substantial variation, high and favourable genetic correlations as well as moderate to high heritability estimates were found among, and for distinguished body weight traits of growing ostriches. Heritability estimates of 0.14, 0.22, 0.33, 0.43 and 0.43 for 1-month, 4-month, 7-month, 10-month and 13-month-old ostrich weights were estimated in a five-trait animal model analysis. All carcass component weight traits, with the exception of the weight of the liver, showed significant genetic variation. No significant maternal permanent environmental variance was evident for these traits. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.21 (for subcutaneous fat weight) to 0.45 (for neck weight) in multi-trait analyses. The only potentially unfavourable correlation was a high genetic correlation between live weight and subcutaneous fat weight, as fat is considered as a waste product in the present system. The heritability estimates for individual muscle weights ranged from 0.14 to 0.43, while the genetic correlation between these weights and pre-slaughter live weight were all positive, ranging from 0.59 to 0.82. When meat quality traits were analysed it was evident that lightness (L*) and ultimate pH (pHu) showed significant genetic variation, with heritability estimates of 0.37 and 0.42, respectively. L* and pHu were negatively correlated (-0.65 ± 0.19). Since pH is an indicator of various meat quality parameters, it could be considered as an appropriate selection criterion for enhanced meat quality. With the exception of skin grading and crown length, all quantitative and qualitative skin traits showed significant genetic variation. Nodule traits were accordingly moderate to highly heritable. A negative, but favourable, correlation between weight and hair follicle score was ascertained, as hair follicles is a defect that should be selected against. This study demonstrated that sufficient genetic variation exists for most slaughter traits to allow sustained genetic progress for these traits, should it be desired as part of the overall selection objective. Combining some of the current economically important slaughter traits in a provisional selection index, it was clear that weight and crust skin size contributed most to monetary gain (approximately 54 and 38%, respectively). It was also demonstrated with this simple index that monetary gains in slaughter bird production should be easy to achieve at all levels of production performance and data recording.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die volstruisbedryf is hoofsaaklik ‘n kwantitatiewe bedryf wat meerendeels fokus op die produksie van groot getalle slagvolstruise vir die produksie van vleis en leer. Siende dat die bedryf hoofsaaklik op uitvoere fokus, word aanvaar dat ‘n verandering in strategie na ‘n meer kwalitatiewe benadering nodig is, in ag geneem die huidige ekonomiese situasie en marktoestande. Produktiwiteit sowel as produkgehalte moet in ag geneem word vir die bedryf om lewensvatbaar te bly. Daar is egter ‘n gebrek aan genetiese parameters vir volstruisslageienskappe, terwyl doeltreffende teeltstelsels nog ontwikkel moet word. Data van kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe produksie- en slageienskappe is gevolglik van ‘n kommersiële volstruis teeltkudde verkry en ontleed om die relatiewe belang van genetiese en nie-genetiese effekte op die eienskappe te kwantifiseer. Genetiese- en omgewings (ko)variansies, asook beramings van oorerflikheid sowel as genetiese en fenotipiese korrelasies, is vervolgens vir en tussen die onderskeie eienskappe beraam deur van standaard sagteware vir veelvuldige-eienskap genetiese ontledings gebruik te maak. Aansienlike variasie, hoë en meestal gunstige korrelasies, sowel as matige tot hoë oorerflikhede, is tussen en vir die onderskeie ligaamsgewigte van groeiende volstruise gevind. Oorerflikheidsberamings van 0.14, 0.22, 0.33, 0.43 en 0.43 is vir 1-maand, 4-maande, 7-maande, 10-maande en 13-maande-oue volstruise in ‘n vyf-eienskap dieremodel ontleding gekry. Alle karkaskomponentgewigte, met die uitsondering van die gewig van die lewer, het betekenisvolle genetiese variasie getoon. Oorerflikheidsberamings het tussen 0.21 (vir onderhuidse vetgewig) en 0.45 (vir nekgewig) gevarieer in veelvuldige-eienskapontledings. Die enigste moontlike ongunstige korrelasie was tussen liggaamsgewig en onderhuidse vetgewig, siende dat vet as ‘n afvalproduk gereken word in die huidige stelsel. Die oorerflikhede van die gewigte van indiwiduele spiere het van 0.14 tot 0.43 gevarieer, terwyl die genetiese korrelsies tussen hierdie gewigte en voorslaggewig deurgaans positief was, met waardes wat van 0.59 tot 0.82 gewissel het. Tydens die ontleding van vleisgehalte eienskappe was dit duidelik dat ligtheid (L*) en uiteindelike pH (pHu) genetiese variasie getoon het, met oorerflikheidsberamings van onderskeidelik 0.37 en 0.42. L* en pHu was negatief gekorreleerd op die genetiese vlak (-0.65 ± 0.19). Aangesien pH ‘n aanduiding is van verskeie vleisgehalteparameters, kan dit moontlik as ‘n indirekte seleksie-kriterium vir verbeterde vleisgehalte gesien word. Alle kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe veleienskappe het genetiese variasie getoon, met die uitsondering van velgradering en kroonlengte. Knoppie-eienskappe van die veerfollikels op die vel was ooreenstemmend matig tot hoog oorerflik. ‘n Negatiewe, maar gunstige, genetiese korrelasie is tussen liggaamsgewig en haarfollikelpunt beraam, siende dat haarfollikels ‘n defek is waarteen daar geselekteer moet word. Hierdie studie dui op voldoende genetiese variasie vir die meeste slageienskappe om voldoende genetiese vordering te verseker indien dit verlang sou word. Somminge van hierdie eienskappe wat tans van ekonomiese belang is, is vervolgens in ‘n voorlopige seleksie-indeks gekombineer. Dit was duidelik dat liggaamsgewig en velgrootte die meeste tot monetêre vordering bygedra het (onderskeidelik ongeveer 54 en 38%). Dit is vervolgens aangetoon dat monetêre vordering maklik haalbaar behoort te wees op alle vlakke van produksieprestasie en data-aantekening.
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Supartono, Alexander. "Re-imag(in)ing history : photography and the sugar industry in colonial Java." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11909.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis seeks to examine the ways that the success of the Dutch Empire at the turn of the twentieth century was represented and celebrated in the photographic albums of Dutch sugar industrialists in Java. It aims to show how the photographic practices that developed in the colony in parallel with its industrialisation informed the ways that the colony was imagined in the metropolis and the colony. Whether social portraiture, topographic studies or depictions of industrial machinery and infrastructure, the photographs of the sugar industry were part and parcel of a topical vernacular tradition that generated distinct visual themes in the development of popular photographic genres, and which reflected the cultural hybridity and social stratification of the local sugar world. This analysis is pursued through close reading of the photographic albums of the Pietermaat-Soesman family from the Kalibagor sugar factory in Java. These albums exemplify how the family albums of sugar industrialists retained the familiarity and cult value of the family album whilst illustrating the values and attitudes of the colonial industry and society. What is more, the Pietermaat-Soesman albums underline the significance of the albums' materiality; their story is not only one of images, but also a story of objects. I specifically pay attention to the role of photographers and commercial photo studios in the formulation of the pictorial commonplace of the sugar industry. It is the collaboration between sugar industrialists and colony-based photographers that reveals the social necessity, ideological constraints, pictorial conventions and cultural idioms of colonial industry and society in the Dutch East Indies. Largely understudied in both the Dutch and Indonesian histories of photography, this material, I argue, may problematise the ideological premises of ‘colonial' photography.
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Lehrke, Linda. "Determining and Evaluating Cost-Effective Food Safety Risk Reduction Strategies at Retail Meat Facilities." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2006. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29906.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In spite of the documented success of Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (PR/HACCP) at the processing level, farm-level and retail-level application is optional. Several factors impact the gap of food safety regulations from farm to fork. This thesis focuses on the retail level. At the retail level, pathogen survival and the associated ability to cause further disease to humans even after being subjected to certain processing and packaging conditions have varying implications on the probability of sickness or death. This issue also arises over the fact that, sometimes, appropriate handling and processing instructions are not properly followed by consumers. The primary goals of the project are to develop an optimal food safety intervention strategy that incorporates risk, cost, and the value of pathogen reduction with alternative control mechanism. We wish to evaluate incentives for PR/HACCP-like planning and adherence to best management practices that promote safe food production. These incentives will be evaluated for the retail level. In addition, we will develop optimal intervention strategies for ready-to-eat meats and poultry products that incorporate risk assessment, cost of intervention, and the value of risk reduction of alternative strategies for the farm-to-table continuum. The model adopted in this study is an expansion of the stochastic optimization model developed by Nganje, Kaitibie, and Sorin (2005) to include the optimal intervention strategy at the retail ( consumer) level. These components are simulated with firm-level microbial data at the processing and retail level using stochastic optimizer software. Stochastic dominance was also used to compare across the optimal strategies and determine if there is one clear choice that is preferred. This allowed us incorporate risk preferences of firms. The scenario method was used to determine what factors would likely affect the adoption of PR/HACCP at the retail level. Finally, this thesis provides firms and policymakers a direction for future options concerning risk mitigation strategies.
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Smal, Desiree Nora. "The role of environmental sustainability in a design-driven fashion industry : a South African case study." Thesis, Cape Peninisula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (DTech (Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.This thesis is an investigation into environmental sustainability in the South African fashion industry, with a particular focus on the role of design therein. The fashion and textile industry is a significant contributor to the South African economy and a major user of human and natural resources. It is through the use of resources – natural, constructed and human – that the industry is also supposedly damaging to the natural environment and the people working within it. Notable authors on environmentally sustainable design and, in particular, environmentally sustainable fashion design, seem to suggest that a holistic approach to environmental sustainability is fundamental to the implementation thereof. Design has the ability to direct change, and thus design and designers have the potential to drive holistic sustainable practices in the fashion system.The question this research therefore poses is what the role of environmental sustainability should be in a design-driven approach in the South African fashion industry; interrogated through an exploratory and descriptive case study. The case study consists of three purposively selected sub-units that operate within an environmentally sustainable focus in their fashion businesses, and that design, produce, and retail fashion products. The aim of the research was to explore, through a snapshot of the South African fashion system, the implementation of environmental sustainability in the fashion industry in South Africa, in order to determine what role fashion design practice can have in developing environmental sustainability in the fashion system.The most notable finding of the research highlights the immense difficulty of operating as a fashion business from an environmentally sustainable focus in South Africa due to the lack (and unsuitability) of resources that can be considered environmentally sustainable. The declining textile industry of South Africa makes it either almost impossible, or very costly, to work within an environmentally sustainable framework, and is a major impediment in the implementation of environmental sustainability in praxis. Therefore, those businesses that decide to operate within an environmentally sustainable framework do so because of inherent personal values and ethics.The second aspect identified in the survey of scholarship and underpinned by the findings, is a need for a transformative approach with regard to design praxis and how design praxis can influence consumer eco-consciousness. The research concludes with a recommended framework that suggests a holistic and integrated approach to design-driven environmental sustainability in the South African fashion industry, and elaborates on the role of the fashion designer in the implementation of environmental sustainability in the fashion system. The holistic and integrated approach should extend into fashion design education, requiring a fundamental shift in current fashion design education in South Africa.
University of Johannesburg
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Akon, Yamga Gordon. "Oil in Ghana: a curse or not? Examining environmental justice and the social process in policymaking." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157653/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is great expectation that oil development in Ghana will catapult the nation towards prosperity and lead to drastic improvement in the wellbeing of Ghanaians. However, there is also concern that Ghana could fail to achieve these due to the resource curse notwithstanding the fact that scholars of the curse have yet to agree on the inevitability of the curse. Resource curse scholars adduce different reasons for its occurrence or absence. One thing common among the scholars, however, is that none discusses environmental justice in the context of the curse. In this dissertation, I examine Ghana's attempts at avoiding the resource curse through policymaking and implementation using the Guidelines on Environmental Assessment and Management of Ghana's offshore oil sector as a case study. I argue that a strong environmental justice frame is required to avert the curse in Ghana. Specifically, I assess the policy process in Ghana's oil sector, the institutional framework for managing the sector, and analyze the perception of environmental justice for policymaking. The outcome of these assessments show that although the policy process requires broadening for full and effective participation, Ghana has checks and balances policies to avert the resource curse and to deliver environmental justice in the oil sector. In addition, Ghana has an institutional framework that requires strengthening, in various way, in order for it to complement the checks and balances policies
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Brown, Mary Ashby. "Opportunities, obstacles, and implications for ethical trade in the South African wine industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52387.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research paper attempts to elucidate the main issues surrounding the integration of ethical trade, meaning the building, monitoring, and communicating of social and/or environmental responsibility, within the South African wine industry. The author first establishes the hypothesis that social and/or environmental responsibility is important to the South African wine industry, as this investment could theoretically provide the industry with a competitive advantage in an increasingly cutthroat international wine market by addressing the industry's most outstanding defects: the lack of quality production, the need for investment in natural resources (labour and the environment), as well as the call for building brand equity and niche marketing strategies. Put differently, this paper suggests that the investment in social and/or environmental responsibility could offer cost-saving benefits to the industry as well as paving a road to international market access. This research first gives a background of ethical trade and determines a picture of the current situation of the South African wine industry, and lastly, given this information, derives the key opportunities, obstacles, and implications of the potential amalgamation of ethical trade in the industry.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die belangrikste probleme rondom die integrering van etiese handel, waarby bedoel word die bou, monitering en kommunikering van sosiale en/of omgewingsverantwoordelike produksie, binne die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf, toe te lig. Eers word die belangrikheid van etiese handel vir die bedryf vasgestel, en word redeneer dat sodanige belegging teoreties aan die bedryf 'n mededingende voordeel in die internasionale mark kan bied deur aandag te gee aan sekerlik die belangrikste tekortkominge in die Suid-Afrikaanse bedryf. Dit sluit in die gebrek aan genoegsame kwaliteit-produksie, die behoefte aan belegging in kritiese hulpbronne, naamlik mense en die omgewing, asook 'n wekroep vir belegging in handelsmerke en niche-strategieë. Anders gestel, word die voorstel gemaak dat sulke beleggings tot voordeel van die bedryf kan wees deur dat dit koste-besparings en verbeterde toegang tot die internasionale mark teweeg kan bring. Daarom word die begrip etiese handel eers toegelig, gevolg deur 'n strategiese ontleding van die Suid-Afrikaanse bedryf. Gegewe hierdie inligting, word die sleutel geleenthede, beperkinge, en implikasies van die aanvaarding van etiese handel dan ontleed.
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Cloete, Johanna Cecilia. "Die rol van waardetoevoeging in die produksie, verwerking en verspreiding van rooivleis in die Langeberg." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19919.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates, primarily, value adding in the red meat value chain, and secondary, the scope of red meat consumption in the Langeberg on a formal level. The value chain is proposed as a value system, since the latter dispose of feedback capacity. This ability of a system means that the elements identified can change and influence each other, unlike a value chain, where information is traditionally sent linearly. Vanaf a systems approach, the production, processing and distribution of red meat are investigated by means of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of data. Critical points of change are identified to improve resource use within the value chain in order to decrease the price of meat. Changes in the red meat industry over the past 80 years had a distinct influence on the current structure of the red meat value chain. It is therefore necessary to understand the history in order to predict the future. Vanaf this viewpoint the Red Meat Scheme is discussed, as well as the typical structure of the value chain, which serves as a benchmark for the analysis to follow. Red meat refers to beef, sheep/lamb and pork. The analysis of data is done using Interactive Qualitative Analysis© and descriptive statistics. Open and close ended questions are included in questionnaires for the interviews. Respondents included are role players in the Langeberg red meat industry which are situated in the area as well as those who are directly involved, but not situated in the area. Role players in the Langeberg include producers, feedlots, agents, abattoirs, supermarkets and butcheries, while wholesalers vanaf outside who are involved in the area, are also contacted. Some interesting finding vanaf the quantitative analysis include 1) supermarkets and butcheries in the Langeberg differ, on average, only 29c/kg on a selection of meat cuts, 2) labour is the single largest expense for the majority of respondents, and 3) the per capita consumption of red meat in the area is considerably lower that the national norm: 15.78kg versus 25.39kg. If is apparent that the role of the informal market cannot be ignored and questions arise about the validity of the national norm. After analysing around 700 data cards the Red Meat Value System of the Langeberg were constructed. The most important characteristics of the system are that government regulations and supermarket standards seems to be the largest driver of change within the system, while price is the biggest receiver of influence (and therefore the largest “variable”). Recommendation that are supported by the analysis: Increase in genetic material of weaned animals leads to better quality meat; Direct supply by abattoirs to retailers increase both parties‟ ability to add value; Vertical integration in the value chain can increase the viability of enterprises; Availability of meat of different grading on retail level can increase the quality of carcasses within a given grading level; The regressive nature of VAT can decrease with the abolition of VAT on lower graded carcasses, while total abolition will benefit both the industry and consumers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ondersoek primêr die waardetoevoeging in die rooivleis waardeketting en sekondêr die omvang van verbruik in die Langeberg op 'n formele vlak. Die waardeketting word voorgestel as 'n waardestelsel, aangesien laasgenoemde oor wederkerende/terugvoer kapasiteit beskik. Hierdie vermoë van 'n stelsel beteken dat die elemente wat geïdentifiseer word mekaar kan verander en beïnvloed, terwyl 'n waardeketting, tradisioneel, inligting slegs lineêre aanstuur. Vanuit 'n stelselsbenadering word die produksie, verwerking en verspreiding van rooivleis ondersoek, deur gebruik te maak van beide kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe ontledings van data. Kritiese punte van verandering word geïdentifiseer om hulpbronne in die waardeketting beter te benut en sodoende vleis goedkoper aan die verbruiker beskikbaar te stel. Oor die afgelope 80 jaar het veranderinge in die rooivleisbedryf bepaald 'n invloed gehad op die huidige struktuur van die rooivleis waardeketting. Dit is dus nodig om die geskiedenis te verstaan om die toekoms te voorspel. Met hierdie uitgangspunt is die Rooivleisskema bespreek asook die tipiese struktuur van die waardeketting, as maatstaf vir die ontleding van data wat volg. Rooivleis verwys na bees-, skaap- en varkvleis. Die ontleding van data is gedoen m.b.v. Interactive Qualitative Analysis© en beskrywende statistiek. Vraelyste met ope en geslote vrae is gebruik tydens onderhoude. Respondente wat ingesluit is, is rolspelers in die bedryf in die Langeberg wat binne die area gesetel is, sowel as diegene wat direk betrokke is, maar nie in die area gesetel is nie. Rolspelers in die Langeberg sluit in produsente, voerkrale, agente, abattoirs, supermarkte en slaghuise, terwyl groothandelaars van buite die area wat in die area betrokke is, ook genader is. Verskeie interessanthede is gevind met die kwantitatiewe data ontleding; onder andere dat 1) supermarkte en slaghuise in die Langeberg, vir 'n mandjie van vleissnitte, met gemiddeld slegs 29c/kg verskil, 2) arbeid die grootste enkele uitgawe is vir die meerderheid van respondente en 3) die per kapita verbruik van rooivleis in die area heelwat laer is as wat die nasionale norm is, naamlik 15.78kg teenoor 25.39kg. Dit is dus duidelik dat die rol van die informele mark nie geïgnoreer kan word nie en vrae ontstaan oor die geldigheid van die nasionale norm. Na 'n ontleding van ongeveer 700 data kaarte is die Rooivleis-waardestelsel vir die Langeberg gekonstrueer. Die belangrikste kenmerke van die stelsel is dat dit wil voorkom asof regering regulasies en kettingwinkel standaarde die grootste drywer van verandering in die stelsel is, terwyl prys die grootste ontvanger van invloed (en dus die grootste “veranderlike”) is. Aanbevelings wat deur die ontleding ondersteun word: Verbetering in die genetiese materiaal van gespeende diere lei tot beter kwaliteit vleis; Direkte verskaffing deur abattoirs aan kleinhandelaars verbeter beide partye se vermoë om waarde toe te voeg; Vertikale integrasie in die waardeketting die lewensvatbaarheid van ondernemings kan verhoog; Beskikbaarstelling van verskillende graderings vleis op kleinhandelvlak die kwaliteit van die karkasse binne 'n gegewe graderingsvlak kan verbeter; Die regressiewe aard van BTW kan verminder word deur die afskaffing van BTW op laer gradering karkasse, alhoewel totale afskaffing tot groter voordeel van die bedryf en verbruikers sal wees.
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Russell, Diane. "Food supply and the state: the history and social organization of the rice trade in Kisangani, Zaire." Thesis, Boston University, 1991. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/41553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Kisangani, as in other parts of Africa subject to
political parasitism and economic chaos, people have had
to draw on many channels of access to resources in order
to survive. This pattern of shifting strategies militates
against sustained investment in food supply and thus is a
major factor in the food crisis in Africa.
Thirteen months of fieldwork in the city of Kisangani and
the surrounding subregion of Tshopo revealed how
constantly changing regulations, inflation and poor
infrastructure forced merchants and farmers into
diversification and made long-term investment in rice
production and trade risky. Uncertainty in the supply of
basic resources such as credit, seeds, fuel, spare parts
and produce sacks was linked to the draining of foreign
exchange and development funds toward the nonproductive
activities of the political élite.
Controls on agricultural production such as the forced
cultivation of rice led to suppression of African farmers'
initiative. Trade in rice was in the hands of expatriate
monopsonies until the 1970s, but the indigenization of
expatriate businesses and plantations (zairianization)
only served to isolate further the rural areas devastated
by the Simba rebellion of the mid-1960s. In addition,
zairianization fostered parasitism and discouraged
investment.
In the 1980s, farmers were blocked from organizing their
own markets and cooperatives and farm labor was relegated
telwomen. Large traders agreed to maintain controls on
trade which perpetuated the bureaucracy in order to keep
ahead of the mass of mobile small traders. Government
programs, and approaches such as privatization and
liberalization, initiated by Zaire's external investors,
did not change the terms of access to resources within the
Zairian economy and, thus, agricultural productivity did
not increase. These findings support the theory that
multiple survival strategies generated by economic chaos
and circumvention of and collaboration with the state lead
to declining agricultural productivity. This view has
implications for agricultural development policy.
Книги з теми "Meat industry and trade Social aspects"
1
Gracey, J. F. Meat hygiene. 9th ed. London: Baillière Tindall, 1992.
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2
Petersen, Gunner V. Veterinary aspects of meat quality. Palmerston North, N.Z: Veterinary Continuing Education, Massey University, 1991.
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3
Lyng, James Gerard. The effects of high intensity low frequency ultrasound on aspects of meat tenderness. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1995.
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4
Coe, Sue. Dead meat. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1995.
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5
Dead meat. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1995.
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6
Krasner, Deborah. Good meat: The complete guide to sourcing and cooking sustainable meat. New York, NY: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 2010.
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7
executive, Health and safety. Safety in meat preparation: Guidance for butchers. Sudbury, Suffolk: HSEBooks, 1988.
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8
Hendrix, William Frank. Western Canadian meat industries: Observations on cross-border trade. Pullman, WA: International Marketing Program for Agricultural Commodities & Trade, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1993.
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9
Cogan, Bohanec, ed. The ultimate betrayal: Is there happy meat? Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, Inc., 2013.
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10
Pascal, Mainsant, ed. La viande voit rouge. Paris]: Fayard, 2012.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Meat industry and trade Social aspects"
1
Warren, Lorraine. "Critical Thinking and Human Centered Methods in Information Systems." In Human Centered Methods in Information Systems, 175–94. IGI Global, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-878289-64-3.ch012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the last four decades, information technology (IT) has permeated almost every aspect of our lives. From its origins in the data processing (DP) departments of large organisations, where bureaucratic operations were automated on mainframe computers, IT has penetrated ever further into all kinds of organisational activity, largely due to the accessibility of the personal computer (PC) in the 1980s and the 1990s. Beyond that, IT is also involved in many aspects of our everyday lives, such as education, leisure and entertainment, now that the boundaries between traditional telecommunications technologies and computer-based systems effectively no longer exist. This permeation has meant that the range of people now closely involved with IT on a regular basis has expanded far beyond the white-coated experts in the early DP departments, with terms such as ‘the information society’ in common parlance. It is therefore hardly surprising that the discipline of information systems (IS) emerged and is now evolving to meet the challenge of analysis and design in this complex and dynamic social environment. Nor is it surprising that IS is moving on from its early emphasis on highly structured formal methods of analysis and design, designed to cope with the machine-like preoccupations of the data processing world, to a far softer, human-centred focus. There is clearly an agenda for improvement for IS; although the notions of success and failure may be problematic in themselves, we hear of IS ‘failures’ which make the evening news at depressingly regular intervals — Y2K, the UK air traffic control project at West Drayton, the recent Passport Agency fiasco, for example. More generally, a wide-ranging (14,000 organisations) survey in the UK carried out by the Economic and Social Research Council and the Department of Trade and Industry (OASIG, 1996) concerning the outcomes of IT investments makes worrying reading, reporting that:
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Mura, Ladislav. "The Industrial Meat Processing Enterprises in the Adaptation Process of Marketing Management of the European Market." In Scientific, Health and Social Aspects of the Food Industry. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/33417.
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Emmendoerfer, Magnus, and Elias Mediotte. "Crisis Management Modus and Sustainability in Touristic Destinations." In Sustainability and Competitiveness in the Hospitality Industry, 213–44. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9285-4.ch009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to point out what measures were adopted at the local level to face the pandemic caused by COVID-19. The challenge of the current context lies in the pressures from the trade-off between the reopening of economic activities of a municipality in which tourism is the only economic activity and the recommendations for isolation and social distancing, except essential services. Utilizing documentary and content analysis, this study enabled the authors to consider the locus defined in the case study as a municipality of atomized governance, prioritizing economic aspects to the detriment of socio-environmental and socio-cultural aspects in the constituent phases of the crisis management modus now conferred and (re)adapted. Moreover, sustainable planning that proposes and harmonizes the recovery of the local tourism industry with the precepts of sustainability advocated by the United Nations was absent, given the impacts caused by COVID-19 in the post-pandemic scenario.
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Arslan, Osman, and Gönül Kaya Özbag. "Sustainability in Liner Shipping." In Handbook of Research on the Applications of International Transportation and Logistics for World Trade, 210–23. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1397-2.ch012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The concept of sustainability has become increasingly significant and has forced companies to take sustainable measures because of the reduction of energy resources and operational efficiency, the increase in emission release, and environmental pollution. In addition, technological developments and globalization have also affected the maritime industry and coerced shipping companies to struggle to survive in a highly competitive environment. Sustainability is addressed by environmental, social, and economic aspects under the GRI. It should be noticed that many important elements based on economy, environment, social aspects, technology, and information determine sustainability. Sustainability also benefits from KPI indicators that determine ship performance criteria. This chapter examines the concept of sustainability in various dimensions and establishes a general framework by searching the literature of sustainability of liner shipping and also sustainability reports of the international maritime transport companies.
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Basevi, Mario, and Lucio Biggiero. "An International Trade Comparison of Two Supposedly Different Sectors." In Relational Methodologies and Epistemology in Economics and Management Sciences, 172–205. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9770-6.ch006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
According to modern international economics, and especially evolutionary economic geography, a country industry characteristics influence the structure of its international trade. Following this view, this chapter moves from the following basic research issue: if two sectors are very different according to market, economic and technological aspects, should we expect that its corresponding international trade networks are as well markedly different? Aerospace and Common Earth Materials seem quite different in those respects, and thus, they are good candidates to explore that research issue. Its comparison allowed to evidence and discuss some methodological problems in applying social network analysis, and especially in using it to compare different networks. In particular, it is underlined the difficulty to handle valued networks when value variance is very high, and to combine three groups of indicators: simple, hierarchy focused, and strictly topological. The comparative analysis employed 32 indicators either at network or sub-network level, like for core-periphery analysis, which indicate clear and marked diversity only in terms of hierarchical degree and topological aspects. A first conclusion is that the two examined trade networks are following a similar path and, excepted for few indicators, they seem to be rather similar even at a deeper structural level. Hence, one (or more) of three implications can be drawn: 1) the global value networks corresponding to the two sectors are not so markedly different; 2) they are substantially different but such a diversity does not produce a significant difference in terms of international trade networks; 3) there are some methodological problems that prevent differences to be evidence and require a more refined and modified comparison. A second conclusion is that trade patterns of both sectors are rather unstable.
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Basevi, Mario, and Lucio Biggiero. "An International Trade Comparison of Two Supposedly Different Sectors." In International Business, 1052–82. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9814-7.ch050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
According to modern international economics, and especially evolutionary economic geography, a country industry characteristics influence the structure of its international trade. Following this view, this chapter moves from the following basic research issue: if two sectors are very different according to market, economic and technological aspects, should we expect that its corresponding international trade networks are as well markedly different? Aerospace and Common Earth Materials seem quite different in those respects, and thus, they are good candidates to explore that research issue. Its comparison allowed to evidence and discuss some methodological problems in applying social network analysis, and especially in using it to compare different networks. In particular, it is underlined the difficulty to handle valued networks when value variance is very high, and to combine three groups of indicators: simple, hierarchy focused, and strictly topological. The comparative analysis employed 32 indicators either at network or sub-network level, like for core-periphery analysis, which indicate clear and marked diversity only in terms of hierarchical degree and topological aspects. A first conclusion is that the two examined trade networks are following a similar path and, excepted for few indicators, they seem to be rather similar even at a deeper structural level. Hence, one (or more) of three implications can be drawn: 1) the global value networks corresponding to the two sectors are not so markedly different; 2) they are substantially different but such a diversity does not produce a significant difference in terms of international trade networks; 3) there are some methodological problems that prevent differences to be evidence and require a more refined and modified comparison. A second conclusion is that trade patterns of both sectors are rather unstable.
7
María Cristina, Echeverría, Ortega-Andrate Sania, Obando Sebastián, and Marco Nuti. "Scientific, Technical, and Social Challenges of Coffee Rural Production in Ecuador." In Sustainable Agricultural Value Chain [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104747.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The production of coffee in Ecuador a family activity carried out in rural areas. Due to the economic importance of this crop and its ability to adapt to different ecosystems, it has been widely introduced in government conservation and economic reactivation programs. At the present, it is cultivated in the four Ecuadorian natural regions that comprise the Amazon rainforest, the Andean mountains, the Pacific coast, and the Galapagos Islands. The different climate and altitude characteristics of these regions allow Ecuador to grow all commercial varieties of coffee. The variety planted, the region of origin, and the type of post-harvest processing gives each cup of coffee a unique flavor and aroma. To recovery the knowledge behind each production process, a complete review of the whole coffee productive chain was made. The information reviewed was compared with the available information of other neighboring countries and complemented with experiences described by small farmers. The analysis confirms that Ecuador has a competitive advantage due to its ecosystem diversity. However, the development of this industry depends on the correct implementation of policies that cover three main aspects: (1) farmers’ quality of life, (2) training and research programs, and (3) fair trade for small producers.
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Baracat, Maria Matilde Zraik, and Farley Simon Nobre. "Innovating and Serving the Poor with Antiretroviral Drug Systems." In Cases on the Diffusion and Adoption of Sustainable Development Practices, 1–19. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2842-7.ch001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter presents an exploratory study about the Brazilian program on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It highlights the social and technological contributions, which have resulted from the production of antiretroviral drugs by the pharmaceutical industry in Brazil. First, this chapter reviews literature on the history of HIV epidemic and presents the HIV context as a pathology that affects the health of countries, putting at risk their economic and social development. Second, it analyzes the current situation of this epidemic in Brazil, by characterizing the Brazilian Pharmaceutical Industry (BPI). Third, this chapter elucidates the Brazilian production of antiretroviral drugs mainly based on aspects of patent law and Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Results show that the adoption of the Brazilian program for HIV has been successful and encouraged its diffusion to, and adoption by, other countries due to its capability for wide and unrestricted distribution of medicines.
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Baracat, Maria Matilde Zraik, and Farley Simon Nobre. "Innovating and Serving the Poor with Antiretroviral Drug Systems." In Public Affairs and Administration, 1056–69. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8358-7.ch051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter presents an exploratory study about the Brazilian program on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It highlights the social and technological contributions, which have resulted from the production of antiretroviral drugs by the pharmaceutical industry in Brazil. First, this chapter reviews literature on the history of HIV epidemic and presents the HIV context as a pathology that affects the health of countries, putting at risk their economic and social development. Second, it analyzes the current situation of this epidemic in Brazil, by characterizing the Brazilian Pharmaceutical Industry (BPI). Third, this chapter elucidates the Brazilian production of antiretroviral drugs mainly based on aspects of patent law and Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Results show that the adoption of the Brazilian program for HIV has been successful and encouraged its diffusion to, and adoption by, other countries due to its capability for wide and unrestricted distribution of medicines.
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Kamel, Sherif, and Sherine Ghoneim. "The Impact of the Role of the Government of Egypt on Electronic Commerce Development and Growth." In The Social and Cognitive Impacts of e-Commerce on Modern Organizations, 253–76. IGI Global, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-249-7.ch012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Information and communication technology with a focus on the digital economy and the implications of the development of electronic commerce is increasingly playing an active role in the development and growth of the global economy. The implications are wide and diversified. This includes the facilitation of trade transactions and acceleration of movement of capital through the new rules of the digital economy with the removal of time and distance barriers. The impacts are varying in density and effectiveness between developed and developing nations. Electronic commerce could be beneficial to business and socioeconomic development in the north (developed world) as well as in the south (developing nations). Small and medium-sized enterprises stand a unique opportunity worldwide to optimally leverage their capacities and excel from the diversified communication channels the digital economy presents. However, one challenge remains critical and that is the growing digital divide emerging between developed and developing nations as well as within developing nations themselves, which could deepen income and wealth inequalities. In that respect, the government role in developing nations in preventing the widening of the digital divide is becoming increasingly vital with implications that vary and affect business, culture and the society at large. During the past two decades, electronic commerce has had a diversified variety of impacts on organizations of all types and sizes. Such impacts differed from one country to another and from one environment to another, depending on the local conditions and the adaptation of the society. Implications related to the management and leadership of the organizations, their vision, mission and strategies, policies, governance, the organizational learning, ethics and culture among other elements. This chapter demonstrates the role of the government of Egypt in introducing, diffusing and institutionalizing electronic commerce. Electronic commerce represents a tremendous challenge and at the same time a great opportunity for growth and development, and hence it needs an institutional role to regulate it. Electronic commerce promises great potentials for developing nations giving poor nations and their populations additional access to markets, information, and other resources that would have otherwise been inaccessible. However, there has been a great fear of a digital divide emerging between developed and developing nations. Hence, the governments’ involvement of developing nations, such as Egypt, in preventing the appearance or the widening of the digital divide is of paramount importance. With respect to electronic commerce, the role of the government is highly different from its traditional role in other conventional areas that have been subject to extensive research, such as infrastructure and social services amongst others. It is different because electronic commerce is a newly ventured domain for government involvement that requires substantial thinking and structuring of the role it should play; it is more or less a comprehensive new role with aspects related to setting the rules for market operations as well as developing control measures to handle the risk factor associated with electronic commerce-related investments. Electronic commerce represents both a challenge and an opportunity for a developing nation such as Egypt with potentials for growth and development. This chapter introduces electronic commerce in Egypt with a focus on the prevailing status and the institutional role of the government to regulate electronic commerce and develop the electronic trading industry.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Meat industry and trade Social aspects"
1
Yamagishi, Kiichiro, Yukio Yamada, Yoshihiro Echizenya, and Shoji Ishiwata. "Current Status of Ceramic Gas Turbine R&D in Japan." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) has started two nine-year national R&D projects for small-capacity ceramic gas turbines (CGTs) from 1988, following several preliminary investigations of the technical aspects and of the social impacts of CGTs. Planned 300kW industrial ceramic gas turbines are to be used for co-generation and mobile power generation. The goals are 42% and higher for the thermal efficiency at the turbine inlet temperature of 1350°C, and the emission from the exhaust gas should meet the regulatory values. Also ceramic components have the goals of 400MPa for the minimum flexure strength at 1500°C, and 15 MPam1/2 for the fracture toughness. New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) is the main contractor, and three groups of private industries are the subcontractors for 300kW industrial CGT project. Three national research institutes are involved in the projects to conduct supportive research of ceramic materials and engine components as well as to carry out assessment of the materials and engine systems developed by the private industries. The development of 100kW CGT for automotive use was also recommended in the above stated investigations and a two-year preliminary study started in 1988. The full-scale 100kW automotive CGT R&D project is scheduled to start in 1990 after the preliminary study. Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc. (JARI) is the main contractor for 100kW automotive CGT project with the cooperation of three automobile companies.