Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Marriage difficulties"

Commitment to a romantic relationship is a developmental task of early adulthood that usually manifests as marriage. The government has established a minimum age of marriage for both men and women. Nonetheless, specific regions in West Java still witness marriages of couples under this prescribed age when early marriage can bring difficulties for young couples adjusting their roles as husband or wife, parents, and partaking in childcare and conflict resolution. This issue is evident in Cipacing, Jatinangor, with many instances of adolescent marriages, child stunting cases, and adolescents committing risky behaviors. Thus, the present Community Engagement (PPM) program aims to provide knowledge and awareness for adolescents and early adults regarding the significance of preparatory measures before marriage. The activity focuses on educating the meaning of marriage, essential premarital preparations, and self-identification related to marriage readiness. A total of 40 adolescents and early adults participated in the activity. Our analysis of pre-and post-test scores revealed improved mean scores by a majority of participants, indicating increased knowledge. Recommendations for future activities include optimizing the socialization process by adopting a more concise timeframe and employing a delivery method that ensures ease of comprehension, allowing the next program to run more efficiently and effectively.

The Marriage Guidance Council sets out. as the first of its objectives states: To provide a confidential counselling service for people who have difficulties or anxieties in their marriages or in other personal relationships. It offers other services too: education for young people, setting up training courses and conferences, and publishing and distributing literature. But the counselling of individuals and couples is the main activity of the Council and the one for which it is generally known.

<p style="text-align: justify;">The paper is devoted to the theoretical review of psychological difficulties in the adaptation of migrant women, who moved to a new country due to family reunification. In this article, psychological difficulties are understood as any internal barriers, violations, failures, etc., that prevents optimal adaptation, in this case, of migrants. The focus of research by modern scientists is aimed at studying socially disadvantaged migrants and labor migrants. There is not enough research on women who have moved to a new country with their husbands. Four groups of psychological difficulties were identified that impede the successful adaptation of women, as well as the clinical manifestations associated with these difficulties: women&rsquo;s expectations regarding interaction with society do not coincide with society&rsquo;s expectations which contributes to the emergence of frustration and deprivation; the predominance of external motivation when moving to another country (following a husband) results in loss of work and familiar environment which often leads to depression and/or somatization; the predominance of compelled contacts in the structure of communication causes an increased irritability; self-image as a migrant before the move does not coincide with real self-image in a new country generates intrapersonal conflicts.</p>

The study of Juridical Analysis of Divorce Due to Early Marriage aims to determine the regulation of early marriage in positive law in Indonesia and to determine dispute resolution (divorce) due to early marriage. This study uses a normative juridical approach. The research method used in this research is descriptive analytical method, which is a research method by processing data, analyzing, researching and interpreting as well as making conclusions and providing suggestions which are then arranged in a systematic discussion so that the problem can be understood. The type of research used is normative law research. The results show that families experiencing economic difficulties will tend to marry off their children at a young age, this marriage is expected to be a solution to the economic difficulties experienced by families, marriage is expected to reduce the family's economic burden. Another influence is due to the low level of education that encourages them to get married quickly. Because they do not understand how marriage really is, the occurrence of pregnancy out of wedlock, because children have relationships that violate the norms forcing them to have early marriages in order to clarify the children conceived by this marriage force them to marry. There are still many women in Indonesia who marry underage for various reasons such as customs, economy, and other things that are not desirable. In fact, according to Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, it is stated that marriage is only permitted if the man and woman are 19 years old.

Child marriage is a marriage performed by youth under the age of 19. There were 27 cases of child marriage in 2019 in Sigi Biromaru District and in 2020 there has been an increase of 46 cases. Purpose This study aims to examine the impact caused by child marriage in Kalukubula Village Method This type of research uses a qualitative phenomenological approach. The population in this study were all women who had child marriages in the village of Kalukubula. Informant collection techniques in this study using Snowball Sampling. Data were collected by in-depth interview techniques using interview guidelines. The informants in this study were 10 informants, 5 main informants, namely women who had child marriages, 4 parents as key informants, and the head of KUA as additional informants. Results obtained are that the impact of child marriage is Psychological Impact, stress due to unpreparedness in managing the household and in taking care of children, Biological Impact, is an impact that occurs on health, economic impact, due to difficulties in finding work due to low educational status, Impact Education is one of the impacts of child marriage due to dropping out of school so that when married it is difficult to find jobs. Conclusion Child marriage in Kalukubula Village has psychological, biological, economic and educational impacts. It is recommended that local government parents prevent child marriage from occurring.

Bali Island is an island that has art, culture and natural beauty. The majority of the population inhabiting the island of Bali are Balinese people who adhere to the Hindu religion. A tourist destination in Bali that is well known to domestic tourists and tourists from various countries is Peliatan Village. An amalgamation marriage is a marriage that takes place between two people of different ethnicities. This meeting between local Balinese residents and foreign tourists is a factor in the occurrence of an amalgamation marriage. This Japanese citizen who married an ethnic Balinese man adapted between cultures to maintain their interactions and relationships with everything in their new environment. This research was conducted using qualitative methods and used descriptive research. The main data collection techniques are observation and interviews. The aim of this research is to determine intercultural communication patterns in the process of social interaction in amalgamation marriages. Based on the results of data analysis, thatThe process of intercultural communication patterns in husband and wife couples carrying out amalgamation marriages in Peliatan village found that there were several difficulties in carrying out social interactions experienced by Japanese citizens to get used to their new environment, and there were difficulties communicating at the beginning due to different languages.

This study seeks to present effective psychological counseling support measures for multicultural families formed through international marriages, including culturally sensitive counseling approaches, intercultural communication strategies, and the role of cultural mediators. In modern society, international marriages are becoming an increasingly common phenomenon, and the formation of multicultural families is also increasing. However, such international marriages and the formation of multicultural families bring about various challenges and concerns. In particular, difficulties, identity conflicts, and communication barriers due to cultural differences between members of multicultural families have a great impact on the psychological aspect. Multicultural families face problems such as multicultural adjustment stress, communication difficulties, and identity conflicts. This study is expected to review foreign cases of multicultural families through international marriage and promote the development of social integrated counseling programs.

This paper describes and evaluates the adaption of Behavioural Marital Therapy (BMT) to the needs of a couple in a secondary marriage (the husband was in his second marriage and brought three dependent children to this marriage). The couple presented with specific difficulties in negotiating parenting roles within the reconstituted family. BMT focused on promoting adaptive cognitions, affect and communication when discussing this specific issue. Evaluation used a multiple probe design assessing self-monitored stressful interactions about parenting, and daily marital satisfaction. Results showed significant reductions in the intensity and frequency of arguments from pre- to post-therapy, and increases in marital satisfaction. These gains were maintained at follow-up. Discussion focuses on future directions for adapting BMT to problems particular to secondary marriages.

Marriage is a legal relationship that is a legal relationship between a man and a woman who have fulfilled the requirements of marriage according to the provisions, for as long as possible. The position of property in the marriage is different, so that it will result in different rights to the property. Not all marriages run smoothly, so that it can result in the termination of marital relations either due to the death of one of the parties (divorce dead) or divorce (divorce alive). One of the legal consequences of a marital bond is the formation of marital property. The classification of marital property is included in the problem, resulting in difficulties or harm to third parties in the event of a transfer of rights.

This thesis comprises three inter-related studies that have in common a focus on the nature of the behaviours of non-handicapped (NH) six and seven year olds in interactions with peers with severe learning difficulties (SLD). Research into children’s cross-age dyadic interactions is discussed and NH-SLD interaction is examined as a particular type of cross-(developmental) age Interaction. This work provides the background to Study 1 in which each of ten NH children was paired with a child with SLD during fortnightly integration sessions over one school year. NH-SLD interaction increased over the first two terms and decreased slightly after this, a pattern which can be explained in terms of features which promote or diminish child-child interaction. Study 2 focussed on changes in young NH children’s attitudes towards children with SLD over a year of fortnightly NH-SLD Integration sessions. These attitudes are considered in relation to work examining the development of attitudes towards other social groups. In particular, Katz' (19S2) model of the development of racial attitudes is applied to attitudes towards children with SLD. Year-end interviews indicated that knowledge about SLD encompassed four different physical explanations of SLD: sensory-motor difficulties, sickness, young age or "bad brains". Although the NH children became more realistic about probable futures of children with SLD, the NH children remained, in general, confused about the nature of SLD. It is concluded that Katz' (19B2) model provides a useful base for examining the development of attitudes towards children with SLD. Concepts held about the listener will Influence the nature of speech addressed to that listener and verbal NH-SLD interaction was the focus of the third study reported here. This study is set in the context of research on how young children address younger children, including tutees. Study 3 involved nine NH-SLD pairs of children whose verbal interactions were monitored over a school year of structured integration sessions. Study 3 found that, as in Study 1, NH children dominated NH-SLD interaction. This was evident in NH children's frequent use of requests and closed questions as well as in features such as speaking for SLD children. These characteristics were more frequent in the NH children's talk to SLD partners than in the NH children's talk to younger mainstream children. The issue of NH children's sensitivity, linguistically, to SLD partners is explored. It is suggested that while the types of reformulation of utterances by NH children to SLD partners were appropriate for SLD listeners, NH children often failed to recognise the need to reformulate utterances. This leads back to questions about young NH children's understanding of the nature of SLD.

Abstract

This essay has a gender perspective on didactics and literature with the aim to highlight the circumstances surrounding reading and understanding the novel Pride and Prejudice in a classroom context.

Since Pride and Prejudice is written with a somewhat complicated language the pupils are likely to encounter some difficulties when reading the novel. This is something that I have chosen to focus my essay on. What is more, they are likely to also have difficulties to understand different episodes in the novel since they have little knowledge about the society depicted in Pride and Prejudice. This is referred to as a cultural and historical hindrance and they are present due to the fact that the story is set at the end of the 18th and beginning of 19th century England. However, there are various approaches which might diminish obstacles like those I have mentioned, for instance, by offering background information about the novel and recurring issues, such as marriage and financial heritance.

The areas of importance in the novel that I have chosen to highlight, because of the limited background knowledge that the students have, are marriage and financial independence for women. Marriage is depicted to be very important for a woman, especially

if they do not have a large fortune of their own. Due to lack of financial resources they needed to marry, since if they did not they could end up as old maids or even worse; having to support themselves by working as prostitutes. The chance of inheriting a lot of money was small, since the money from their father or mother was generally entitled to their closest male heir.

碩士
國立台北護理學院
護理助產研究所
91
Abstract The purpose of this study is to compare the differences between mothers who got pregnant after assisted reproductive treatment and mothers who conceived naturally in taking care of their premature babies in their first year after giving birth in terms of difficulties, social support, and marriage satisfaction. This is a quantitative comparative study. The survey instruments included “Difficulties Scale in Taking Care of Premature Babies”, “Social Support Scale”, and “Marriage Satisfaction Scale”, which were sent to the subjects offered by the Foundation for Premature Infants of the Republic of China to collect data. Six hundred and seventy two questionnaires were mailed, and four hundred and seven questionnaires were returned. In addition, this study also compared the differences between mothers who got single or multiple pregnant after assisted reproductive treatment and mothers who got single or multiple pregnant and conceived naturally in taking care of their premature babies in terms of difficulties, social support and marriage satisfaction. The results of this study are as the followings. In terms of social support and marriage satisfaction, the mean scores of mothers who got pregnant after assisted reproductive treatment are higher than those of mothers who conceived naturally. In terms of difficulties in taking care of premature babies, the mean scores of mothers who got pregnant after assisted reproductive treatment are lower than those of mothers who conceived naturally. In the group of mothers who got pregnant after assisted reproductive treatment, in terms of social support and marriage satisfaction the mean scores of mothers who got multiple pregnant are higher than those of mothers who got single pregnant. In terms of the difficulties in taking care of premature babies, the mean scores of mothers who got multiple pregnant are lower than those of mothers who got single pregnant. In the group of mothers who conceived naturally, in terms of difficulties, social support, and marriage satisfaction, the mean scores of mothers who got multiple pregnant are higher than those of mothers who got single pregnant. Mothers’ satisfaction with their marriage before giving birth to premature babies and mothers’ satisfaction with their marriage after giving birth to premature babies was positively correlated. Difficulties in taking care of premature babies were negatively correlated with mothers’ satisfaction with their marriage whereas social support was positively correlated with mothers’ satisfaction with their marriage. The basic characteristics of demography, difficulties in taking care of premature babies, social support, and mothers’ satisfaction with their own marriage before giving birth to premature babies are able to explain 79% variance.

This article examines Samuel Taylor Coleridge's marriage and family life. Coleridge first met his wife Sarah Fricker in Bristol in the summer of 1794, and their marriage proved to be an unhappy one. Coleridge married Sarah only because of social constraints, and they separated in 1808 due to their financial difficulties and Coleridge's deteriorating mental state caused by his opium addiction. The article also discusses Coleridge's relationship with his children.

Pursuing careers of their own made it difficult for these privileged wives to be the self-effacing, self-sacrificing domestic angels, helpmate wives, and companionate spouses that middle and upper-class white women of their day were expected to be. Instead, they upended gender stereotypes and romantic ideals, and found new ways to build emotional connection with their husbands. Chipping away at the foundations of male privilege and patriarchal power that defined most marriages of their time, they also challenged the emerging model of a professional career that reflected men’s lives and experiences rather than women’s. Because they wanted to work, these women looked for different qualities in a husband and a marriage than the typical middle-class woman of their era did. The search for a supportive husband led the women to think differently about masculinity and romantic love. Several “married down” by choosing men who were outside their social and economic class. This lowered the woman’s status in the eyes of her family and the world, but it strengthened her position in the marriage. Stricter standards of childrearing and professionalism increased the difficulties women of this era encountered in their efforts to combine marriage, motherhood, and career, but their husbands were potentially the greatest threat to their success. Some of the men were ostensibly encouraging but nevertheless put barriers in the women’s way and sometimes belittled their accomplishments. Others gave their wives long-term, ungrudging, unambiguous support. Supportive husbands took on many of the roles helpmate wives typically provided for husbands, shifting both the emotional dynamic and power center of traditional marriage. The husbands did more childcare and household management than most men of their era, but there was no expectation that there should be an equitable division of labor in the home. Like today’s “supermoms,” these wives worked two shifts – the household and the workplace – and carried out seemingly domestic tasks in order to show that they were “womanly” women. For the most part the wives embraced their multi-tasking lives with enthusiasm, and reveled in the opportunity to combine marriage and career rather than being relegated to one sphere or the other. Only late in their marriages did they acknowledge how resentful they sometimes felt about the extra burdens they carried compared with their husbands. Each of the five marriages is discussed in a separate chapter, in a progression that moves from the marriages that had the most trouble accommodating the wife’s career to those that were the most successful in doing so. Together, the five marriages offer variations on a common theme and illustrate an emblematic spectrum of challenges and responses. They illuminate the difficult choices dual couples still wrestle with today. Two of the couples – the Palmers and the Youngs – were reluctant rebels who struggled to uphold traditional values and marital stereotypes while accommodating the wife’s career. The deeply divided Parsons became a contentious couple whose work in unrelated fields pushed them apart instead of drawing them together. Elsie’s affair with the novelist Robert Herrick became equally contentious over the priority she gave her work. Two other couples – the Webbs and the Mitchells – were proud pioneers who expected men and women to adopt new roles in the workplace as well as in the home.

AbstractHo Chi Minh City is considered a safe land of perching birds, where diverse and colorful cultures converge. Experiencing many difficulties throughout history, Ho Chi Minh City has been growing and developing to affirm the country’s leading position. Alongside the city’s economic and social development, the cultural environment has been significantly diversified. For instance, the imprints of families with foreign elements as the result of transnational marriages - have become the trend of the 21st century. The article summarizes, discusses, and analyzes related articles, including theories, regarding the topic: “The Life of families with foreign elements in Ho Chi Minh City” with the literature review approach.

This chapter talks about Naw Sheera's courtship and, later, marriage with Saw Ralph. The couple met in the Pe Krew village where she taught. Saw Ralph was stationed there as part of the Karen National Liberation Army (KLNA). Initially, she was uninterested in his advances, but Saw Ralph persisted, and over time, Naw Sheera fell in love with him through sustained correspondence. The challenges of their courtship would persist, however, as Saw Ralph arranged to marry her with the KLNA's permission. This move, though necessary on Saw Ralph's part, resulted in difficulties and delays before the couple were finally married. They did get married eventually, however, and Naw Sheera began to realize that this marriage signaled further challenges ahead for her.

Abstract Mary Lyndon Shanley seeks to fill a perceived gap between American conservatives, who decry the state of marriage in the United States, and their critics, for whom she seems to have much sympathy. She identifies as the primary problem a so-called lack of “alternatives” to the marriage-promotion movement and proposes a comprehensive plan that combines a love for equality with a respect for the institution of marriage. Unfortunately, Shanley’s plan is as shortsighted as our government’s family policies, evolved over a half century of “reform.” An analysis that perpetuates the primacy of marriage excludes nonmarital relationships. At the same time, wishfully extolling the virtues of equality in marriage does nothing to implement it or to address the difficulties that many American families face.

Slavery, segregation, and economic disadvantage have historically undermined the functionality and resilience of African-American families, and the post-industrial turn in the economy exasperated those difficulties. This chapter looks at the health consequences of the ‘love and trouble’ tradition between black men and women, especially in terms of non-marriage, loneliness, sexuality, sexual diseases, and unwanted pregnancies.

ABSTRACT Background: Marriage problems that often arise often begin with sexual problems. Sexuality is not always focused on coital activity which includes cycles of desire, excitement, orgasm, and resolution but it is also related to non coital activity. Sexual satisfaction refers to a person’s pleasant feelings of the type of sexual relationship that forms an important part of the impression of one partner with another which in turn maintains their marriage. 75 percent of all women and 50 percent of all men have experienced sexual difficulties. Sexual dysfunction occurs in almost half of marriages and in about 75 percent of couples who need therapy or assistance in marital problems. This study aimed to analyze the effect of hypnosis in patients with sexual dysfunction. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-analysis and systematic review. The articles were obtained from Pubmed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar electronic databases. Keywords to search articles were “non-medical therapy”, “nonmedical treatment”, “randomized control trial”, “sexual disorder”, “sexual function”, and “sexual satisfaction”. The articles studied were full text articles with observational study design. The articles were collected using PRISMA diagrams and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3. Results: Hypnosis increased sexual arousal by 2.16 times compared to not providing the therapy (OR= 2.16; 95% CI = 1.76 to 2.56; p<0.001). Conclusion: Hypnosis increases sexual arousal. Keywords: Hypnosis, sexual arousal, meta analysis Correspondence: Ratna Dewi Kumalasari. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Email: logicakinanthi@gmail.com. Mobile: (+62) 81330542623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.41

The marriage between Clara and Robert Schumann is one of the most popular relationships in music history. In 1840, a song cycle named Liebesfrühling with songs from Clara Schumann as well as from her husband was collectively published under their names. Despite the fact that the married couple did not specify the voice register and gender of the vocal parts within the score, some hints indicating the gender of the personas can be found for instance in the personal pronouns of the text. Yet, some parts of the song cycle do not provide such clues, leaving the question, to which gender the vocal parts are ascribed, completely open. Nevertheless, some scholarly examinations like Melinda Boyd’s publication Gendered voices. The “Liebesfrühling” Lieder of Robert and Clara Schumann try to answer this question using semiology as a method to indicate gender assignments. However, this raises the question of how far gender aspects can be examined through semiotic approaches. What symbols are used to specify gender? Did this change in history? And can these ascriptions be found in the music of Clara and Robert Schumann? The chosen method will show difficulties because of its time-constraint and the problem of relevancy. This is why the proposed theses of Boyd will be inspected regarding the text and the score of the song cycle Liebesfrühling. At the same time, the investigation will try to consider the importance of contemporary performance practice.

Background: Young onset dementia (YOD) is a diagnosis given when the neurocognitive process sets in before 65 years age. The YOD dementia process poses specific challenges related to financial issues, work and social demands, marriage, and parenthood, including losses and shifting roles, care responsibilities, as well as prospects for the future. Those challenges might account for the difference in awareness between YOD and late onset dementia (LOD). Awareness can be defined as the recognition of changes caused by deficits related to the disease process, which may include the ability to recognize a specific deficit, the emotional response to the difficulties presented and the ability to understand the impact of the disease in activities of daily living Objectives: This study is designed to investigate differences in awareness of cognitive functioning and health condition, functional activity impairments, emotional state, and social functioning and relationships among people with young onset (YOD) and late onset dementia (LOD); and examine associations between awareness and its domains with cognition, functionality, neuropsychiatric symptoms, social and emotional functioning and quality of life (QoL) in both groups. Methods: This is a cross-sectional design study. A group of 136 people with dementia and their respective caregivers (YOD = 50 and LOD = 86) were consecutively selected from an Alzheimer’s disease outpatient unit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We assessed awareness of disease, dementia severity, cognition, functionality, neuropsychiatric symptoms, social and emotional functioning, and quality of life. Results: People with YOD were more aware of disease (total score), more aware of their cognitive functioning and health condition and of their functional activity impairments than people with LOD, even if this group was more severely cognitive impaired and had a worse level of functionality than LOD group. Besides, people with YOD had more neuropsychiatric symptoms than people with LOD. Multivariate linear regressions showed that functionality has a wide relationship to awareness for people with YOD. While neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life has a greater relation to awareness for people with LOD. Conclusions Different clinical variables are associated to different domains in YOD and LOD groups, reinforcing the heterogeneity of awareness in dementia.

Крайняя малочисленность связанных с христианством находок и их неравномерное распределение во времени создает значительные трудности при восстановлении истории Фанагорийской христианской общины. Восполнить лакуны до некоторой степени помогают имеющиеся сведения об истории христианства в других центрах Северо-Восточного Причерноморья, неотъемлемой частью которого являлась Фанагория. Несомненно, новая религия проникает в Фанагорию, как и в другие центры Боспорского царства, в последней четверти 3 в. из Малой Азии, откуда готы, возвращаясь из своих пиратских набегов, привозили пленных христиан. Именно к периоду после морских походов варваров относятся первые зафиксированные на Боспоре признаки христианства: различные вещи с христианскими символами, христианские участки на некрополе в Керчи. Незначительное количество раннехристианских памятников говорит о том, что в этот период распространение религии в регионе происходило, главным образом, благодаря деятельности миссионеров, и число приверженцев христианства было невелико. С включением Боспора в сферу влияния Византийской империи церковь и государство предпринимают совместные усилия по христианизации региона: скорее всего, именно в это время по обе стороны Керченского пролива строятся церкви, в Фанагории учреждается епископская кафедра и строится христианский храм, внутреннему убранству которого, скорее всего, принадлежали два мраморных резервуара для воды, сигмовидный стол и рельеф с изображением Орфея, найденные при раскопках на «Нижнем городе». Форма и материал, из которого изготовлен один из найденных резервуаров, позво ляет интерпретировать его как крещальную купель. Причем небольшая глубина найден ной емкости не означает, что в ней крестили только детей, поскольку в большинстве случаев крещение совершалось без полного погружения: стоявшего в купели крещаемого просто обливали водой. Однако уже с 4 в. при крещении начали использовать стоячую воду, а наполнять купель предписывалось вручную. Поэтому объяснить назначение двух отверстий в фанагорийском резервуаре в случае его использования в качестве купели трудно. Лучше объясняет наличие двух отверстий другой возможный вариант использования резервуара: в качестве реликвария, в котором хранились мощи, их частицы или какие-то другие реликвии. Через верхнее отверстие в реликварий на хранящиеся в нем мощи наливали масло, которое выливалось через отверстие в нижней части. Что касается чаши с ручками-выступами вдоль края, то подобные емкости, как правило, определяют либо как купели для крещения детей, либо, чаще, как чаши для освященной воды, которую в раннехристианское время использовали для ритуального омовения рук перед входом в храм. Известные автору точные аналогии фанагорийскому сосуду происходят исключительно с территории провинций Мезия Секунда и Фракия. Не исключено, что именно оттуда фанагорийская емкость была привезена войсками, присланными на Боспор Юстинианом для подавления восстания против ставленника Византии Грода. Мраморный сигмовидной стол с арочной каймой также мог входить в состав инвентаря христианского храма. В церковном обиходе использование таких столов было вторичным, взятым из светской жизни и идет от раннехристианской традиции совместных поминальных трапез, совершавшихся над могилами мучеников. Позже их использовали в храмах в качестве престолов и столов для приношений, а также в трапезных монастырей. Несмотря на то, что сигмовидные столы, в частности столы с арочной каймой, использовали как в светском, так и христианском обиходе, их находки вне контекста обычно связывают с христианскими храмами. Однако в подобных случаях нельзя исключать возможность их использования и в качестве обычного обеденного стола. Наконец, с христианством может быть связана мраморная плитка с изображением Орфея, образ которого перешел в христианскую иконографию из языческого искусства. Незначительные размеры и сильная потертость фанагорийского фрагмента, к сожалению, не позволяют уверенно определить религиозный статус изображения, который, как правило устанавливают по составу «слушателей» и контексту. Строго говоря, из перечисленных находок только одну, мраморную чашу с вырезанным крестом, можно отнести к предметам интерьера христианского храмового комплекса безусловно. Сигмовидный стол могли использовать и в христианском культе, и по его прямому назначению – в качестве обеденного стола. Образ Орфея одинаково использовался как язычниками, так и христианами. Разным целям мог служить и мраморный резервуар. Но среди аргументов за и против их использования в христианском культе, все же превалируют первые. Кроме того, обнаружение всех предметов на довольно небольшом участке «Нижнего города» позволяет надеяться на то, что в ходе будущих раскопок здесь будет открыт христианский храм, и таким образом подтвердится предложенная интерпретация найденных предметов. Храм, к которому, возможно, относились перечисленные находки, по-видимому, был разрушен в середине 6 в. Тогда же, скорее всего, прекратила существование и Фанагорийская епархия. Какие-либо сведения о фанагорийских христианах более позднего времени полностью отсутствуют, но, судя по информации о христианских общинах, имевшихся в других центрах региона, а также в городах Хазарского каганата, были они и в Фанагории, которая в этот период, скорее всего, входила в состав Зихийской епархии. У нас нет сви детельств о притеснениях христиан в городах Хазарского каганата. Наоборот, согласно сведениям, содержащимся в письменных источниках, жизнь христиан там протекала до вольно спокойно. О благосклонном отношении хазарской элиты к христианству говорят и браки с византийским императорским домом, в частности брак Юстиниана II и сестры кагана Феодоры, после заключения которого он «уехал в Фанагорию и жил там с Феодорой» (Theoph. Chron. 704–705; пер. И.С. Чичурова). 2 Что же касается археологических свидетельств, то число связанных с христианством находок 8–10 вв. чрезвычайно мало, и их невозможно связать непосредственно с христианским населением Фанагории. Extremely low amounts of finds related to Christianity and their uneven distribution over time presents difficulties in reconstructing the history of the Phanagorian Christian community. The information on the history of Christianity in other centres of the North-Eastern Black Sea, a region where Phanagoria played a crucial part, can help fill the blanks to a certain extent. Without any doubt, the new religion arrived to Phanagoria, as well as to the other centres of the Bosporan kingdom, in the last quarter of the third century AD from Asia Minor, when the Goths brought Christians as captives from their pirate raids. The first recorded signs of Christianity in the Bosporos belong to the period after the sea campaigns of the “barbarians”. These include personal possessions with Christian symbols and Christian burial plots in the necropolis in Kerch. A small number of early Christian monuments points to the fact that during this period the spread of Christianity in the region heavily relied on the activities of missionaries, while the number of christians was still small. Later, after the inclusion of the Bosporos in the sphere of influence of the Byzantine Empire, the church and the state were making joint efforts to Christianize the region: most likely, it was at this time that Christian churches were built on both sides of the Kerch Strait, an episcopal chair was established in Phanagoria and a Christian church was built, decorated with two marble water tanks, a sigmoid table and a relief depicting Orpheus. All this was found during the excavations in the “Lower City” trench. 2 Чичуров 1980, 62. Христианство в Фанагории. Археологические свидетельства 71 The shape and material from which one of the found tanks is made allows for its interpreta tion as a baptistery. The small depth of the found container does not necessarily mean that only children were baptised in it, since in most cases baptism was performed without complete immersion. The baptised stood in the font and water was poured over him. However, from the fourth century AD stagnant water was used for baptism, and the font had to be filled manually. It is, therefore, difficult to explain the purpose of the two holes in the Phanagorean reservoir if it was used as a font. Their presence is better explained by another possible use of the tank – as a reliquary. Oil was poured into the reliquary through the upper opening to cover the relics stored in it, and then came out through the opening in the lower part. Regarding the bowls with protruding handles along the edge, such vessels are considered to serve either as fonts for child baptism, or, more often, as bowls for consecrated water, which, during the early Christian times, were used to wash hands before entering the temple. Their exact analogies, known to the author, come exclusively from the provinces of Moesia Secunda and Thrace. It is possible that it was from there that the Phanagorian container was brought by the troops, which were sent to the Bosporos by Justinian to suppress the uprising against the Byzantine ruler named Grod. A marble sigmoid table with an arched border could also be part of the inventory of a Christian church. In church life, the use of such tables was secondary. It comes from secular life, from the early Christian tradition of communal meals served on the graves of martyrs. Later they were used in temples and monasteries as thrones and tables for offerings. Despite the fact that sigmoid tables, particularly those with an arched border, were used both in secular and Christian everyday life, they are usually associated with Christian churches when found out of context. However, one cannot exclude the possibility of them being used as a regular dining table. Finally, a marble tile with the image of Orpheus, which came to the Christian iconography from pagan art, can also be associated with Christianity. Unfortunately, due to its insignificant size and severe damage, this fragment does not allow us to determine the religious status of the image with any degree of certainty. Usually such assumptions can be made based on the amount of depicted listeners and the find’s context. Strictly speaking, only one of the listed finds, a marble bowl with a carved cross, can be attributed to the items from the interior of the Christian temple. The sigmoid table could be used both in the Christian cult and for its original purpose, as a dining table. The image of Orpheus was used by both pagans and Christians. A marble tank could possibly also serve different purposes. However, between the arguments “for” and “against” its use in a Christian context, the former prevail. In addition, the discovery of all the objects together in a rather small area of the “Lower City” excavation site allows us to hope that, during future excavations, a Christian church will be discovered here, confirming our interpretations. The temple to which the finds may have belonged was apparently destroyed in the middle of the sixth century AD. At the same time, most likely, the Phanagorian diocese also ceased to exist. There is no information on Phanagorian Christians during later periods, but, judging by the information about the Christian communities that existed in other centres of the region, as well as in the cities of the Khazar Khaganate, Christians were present in Phanagoria, which, during this period was likely a part of the Zikhia diocese. So far, we have no evidence of the oppression of Christians in the cities of the Khazar Khaganate. On the contrary, according to the information from written sources, the life of Christians there was a rather calm one. The favourable attitude of the Khazar elite towards Christianity is also evidenced by marriages with the Byzantine imperial family. Of particular interest is the marriage of Justinian II and the sister of the Khagan, Theodora, after which he “left for Phanagoria and lived there with Theodora”. As for archaeological evidence, the number of finds associated with Christianity from the 8th to 10th centuries AD is extremely low, and it is impossible to connect them directly with the Christian population of Phanagoria.

As noted in this monograph, marriage forms a central element of social life for Egyptians. Marriage in Egypt is nearly universal, and parents invest heavily to establish their children in married life. Once married, couples are faced with social pressures to begin childbearing immediately, a reflection of the high value placed on parenthood and children. But not all marriages begin with the same prospects for stability and satisfaction. This study draws attention to the problems faced by women who marry at very early ages in parts of rural Egypt. Despite a legal minimum age of 16, significant numbers of young girls marry below that age, and many experience social, emotional, and health-related difficulties. This study tells why these young women married early and how that decision affected their later life. The study points to areas where the aspirations of these girls have been clearly thwarted—to go to school, delay marriage, and postpone childbearing until they feel physically and psychologically ready. A related picture emerges of the social and economic forces that propel rural girls into marriage at very young ages. Each of these problems suggest areas for policy attention.

Until recently the study of sexual behavior, despite being a very important area of human behavior, has remained an untouchable subject. The sensitivity of the subject and difficulties collecting required information discouraged social scientists from venturing into this area of human behavior. However, the advent of AIDS and its rapid spread in India has changed the scenario. Today the study of sexual behavior is an important subject and both national and international agencies, as part of the AIDS control program, are encouraging research on the subject. This paper addresses a totally neglected area, which is sexual coercion within marriage. The paper is based on a detailed qualitative study carried out by the Centre for Operations Research and Training on the decision-making process involved in seeking abortion. The study was carried out in two villages of Lucknow district located in central Uttar Pradesh. Data were collected by two trained social scientists, who spent five months in the field using various qualitative approaches—in-depth case studies, focus-group discussions with community members, and informal interviews with health and abortion service providers.