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Статті в журналах з теми "Marginal social cost of public funds":
1
Bessho, Shun-ichiro, and Masayoshi Hayashi. "Estimating the Social Marginal Cost of Public Funds." Public Finance Review 41, no. 3 (February 19, 2013): 360–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142113475699.
2
Dahlby, Bev. "Progressive taxation and the social marginal cost of public funds." Journal of Public Economics 67, no. 1 (January 1998): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(97)00049-2.
3
Svensson, Mikael, and Lars Hultkrantz. "A Comparison of Cost-Benefit and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Practice: Divergent Policy Practices in Sweden." Nordic Journal of Health Economics 5, no. 2 (February 16, 2017): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/njhe.1592.
Анотація:
This paper compares the implementation of the two economic evaluation methods Cost-Effectiveness/Utility (CEA/CUA) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) as tools for allocation of national public funds in the health and transport sector in Sweden, respectively. We compare the recommended values for important economic parameters such as the social discount rate, the marginal cost of public funds, and the explicit and implicit valuation of health, and document a number of substantial and unexplained differences in implementation. Such differences are problematic considering that the increasing use of economic evaluations to guide policy decisions also has implied an overlap of application areas. We conclude with a discussion on the need of a harmonized procedure for economic evaluations in the public sector in order to reduce the risk of inefficient allocations purely due to different applications of the methods. Published: Online February 2017. In print December 2017.
4
Moore, Mark A., Anthony E. Boardman, and Aidan R. Vining. "The choice of the social discount rate and the opportunity cost of public funds." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 4, no. 03 (December 2013): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbca-2013-0023.
Анотація:
The decades-old literature on the correct method for choosing and estimating a social discount rate (SDR) has resulted in two, largely opposing viewpoints. This note seeks to clarify the key sources of disagreement between these two camps. One view advocates that the choice should be based chiefly on the social opportunity cost of the return to foregone private capital investment (SOC), and suggests a SDR of around 7%. The other viewpoint, expressed by the authors, argues that the choice should be based on the social rate of time preference (STP), the rate at which society is willing to trade present for future consumption, suggesting a SDR of around 3.5%. Because of the fundamentally normative basis of the SDR choice, neither approach generates testable hypotheses that would allow falsification. For government project evaluation, the choice ultimately depends on the opportunity cost of public funds, which in turn depends on how fiscal policy actually operates. The STP approach contends that governments set targets for deficits and public debt, so that a marginal government project will be tax-financed, largely crowding out current consumption. The SOC belief is that governments set revenue targets, so that any government project will be deficit-financed on the margin, which will largely crowd out private investment. The authors also argue that a SDR based on the STP approach is appropriate for: benefit-cost analysis of government regulations, self-financing government projects, and government cost-effectiveness studies.
5
KEVIN HSU, K. W., and C. C. YANG. "POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE SOCIAL MARGINAL COST OF PUBLIC FUNDS: THE CASE OF THE MELTZER-RICHARD ECONOMY." Economic Inquiry 46, no. 3 (July 2008): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2007.00089.x.
6
Liu, Liqun. "A marginal cost of funds approach to multi-period public project evaluation: implications for the social discount rate." Journal of Public Economics 87, no. 7-8 (August 2003): 1707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(01)00179-7.
7
Prastiwi, Dewi, and Dhiah Fitrayati. "Analisis Penentuan Tarif Layanan Bus Kota Berdasarkan Marginal Cost Pricing (Studi Pada Perum Damri Kota Surabaya)." AKRUAL: Jurnal Akuntansi 5, no. 1 (October 25, 2013): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jaj.v5n1.p75-98.
Анотація:
AbstractThe concept of regional autonomy has implications for financing in all sectors, including transport. To be able to provide adequate public transport facilities, one of the opportunities is the mobilization of funds through tariff collection mechanism. Determination of transport rates set out in the local rules based approach Incrementalism and line items. This approach represents a lack of economic and psychological capabilities and suitability of the benefits received by the sacrifices that have been issued. Therefore research is needed to analyze the determination of rates of local regulations bound public services locally. This study aimed to analyze the determination of the city bus rate by Cost Pricing (MCP) marginal approach, that was the determination of tariff by considering the social benefits received by customers, so if there were additional rates so consumers should receive additional social benefits. Based MCP, Perum Damri can assign the same rate if the consumer gets the same standard of service, but if there was a decline in the standard of service, then the rates should be differentiated.
8
Hendren, Nathaniel, and Ben Sprung-Keyser. "A Unified Welfare Analysis of Government Policies*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 1209–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa006.
Анотація:
Abstract We conduct a comparative welfare analysis of 133 historical policy changes over the past half-century in the United States, focusing on policies in social insurance, education and job training, taxes and cash transfers, and in-kind transfers. For each policy, we use existing causal estimates to calculate the benefit that each policy provides its recipients (measured as their willingness to pay) and the policy’s net cost, inclusive of long-term effects on the government’s budget. We divide the willingness to pay by the net cost to the government to form each policy’s Marginal Value of Public Funds, or its ``MVPF''. Comparing MVPFs across policies provides a unified method of assessing their effect on social welfare. Our results suggest that direct investments in low-income children’s health and education have historically had the highest MVPFs, on average exceeding 5. Many such policies have paid for themselves as the government recouped the cost of their initial expenditures through additional taxes collected and reduced transfers. We find large MVPFs for education and health policies among children of all ages, rather than observing diminishing marginal returns throughout childhood. We find smaller MVPFs for policies targeting adults, generally between 0.5 and 2. Expenditures on adults have exceeded this MVPF range in particular if they induced large spillovers on children. We relate our estimates to existing theories of optimal government policy, and we discuss how the MVPF provides lessons for the design of future research.
9
Sandmo, Agnar. "Redistribution and the marginal cost of public funds." Journal of Public Economics 70, no. 3 (December 1998): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(98)00040-1.
10
Hashimzade and Myles. "The Marginal Cost of Public Funds in Growing Economies." Annals of Economics and Statistics, no. 113/114 (2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15609/annaeconstat2009.113-114.11.
Дисертації з теми "Marginal social cost of public funds":
1
Warlters, Michael. "Infrastructure and the marginal cost of public funds." Toulouse 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU10061.
Анотація:
La thèse traite : du coût marginal des fonds publics en Afrique ; de la décision de privatiser les infrastructures, en fonction du coût marginal des fonds publics ; de la régulation des gazoducs en prenant en compte le non-renouvellement des ressources de gaz ; de la vitesse d'extraction du gaz naturel par un monopole utilisant des prix non-linéairesThe thesis addresses : the marginal cost of public funds in Africa ; privatization of infrastructure, as a function of the marginal cost of public funds ; regulation of gas pipelines taking into account the exhaustibility of gas stocks ; the rate of extraction of gas resources by a monopolist using non-linear pricing
2
Bakir, Amir Abdelfattah Zakaria. "Excess burden, public goods and the marginal cost of public funds." Thesis, University of Salford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304548.
3
Krautkraemer, Anneliese. "Payments for environmental services under imperfect competition." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04620431.
Анотація:
La thèse étudie la mise en œuvre optimale des paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) dans un cadre de concurrence imparfaite. Son objectif est de tirer des recommandations en termes d’économie publique pour le régulateur, afin de protéger la biodiversité. Les résultats de la thèse permettent d’identifier des scénarios où les PSE sont inefficaces. La thèse se compose de quatre chapitres. Le chapitre 2 est une revue de la littérature sur les PSE. Les chapitres 3, 4 et 5 examinent chacun un aspect particulier de la concurrence imparfaite.Le chapitre 3 définit le PSE et la taxe pigouvienne de second rang. Nous supposons un modèle où les agriculteurs répartissent leur terre entre une agriculture conventionnelle, biologique et des bandes enherbées. Le régulateur fixe une taxe environnementale sur l'agriculture conventionnelle, génératrice de dommages environnementaux et un PSE sur les bandes enherbées favorisant la biodiversité. Le secteur conventionnel est concurrentiel et le secteur de l’agriculture biologique oligopolistique. Il s’avère que la taxe environnementale de second rang est supérieure au dommage marginal, tandis que le PSE de second rang est inférieur au bénéfice marginal. Le coût marginal social des fonds publics (MCF) est ensuite introduit. Si la taxe environnementale augmente avec le MCF, le PSE diminue avec le MCF si la demande pour le bien conventionnel est inélastique. Ces résultats mettent en évidence une composante contributive de la taxe incitative. Ce chapitre expose des cas où le PSE est inefficace.Le chapitre 4 étudie l'efficacité des PSE basés sur l’additionnalité. Ces PSE permettent de prendre en compte des préoccupations d’ordre budgétaire, en ne basant le paiement que sur les services environnementaux supplémentaires obtenus. Nous supposons un modèle à deux périodes où un agriculteur répartit ses terres entre une production biologique, une production conventionnelle causant des dommages à l'environnement et des bandes enherbées génératrices de services environnementaux. Le PSE est introduit dans la dernière période. Ce PSE additionnel génère des distorsions dans le comportement de l’agriculteur en première période afin d'obtenir un paiement plus important en période finale. Le PSE de second rang prenant en compte cette distorsion est égal à la différence actualisée des bénéfices environnementaux marginaux obtenus à chaque période. En présence de PSE additionnels, les taxes environnementales de second rang ne sont plus égales au dommage marginal et s'ajustent pour tenir compte des distorsions causées par le PSE. Un pouvoir de marché sur le marché biologique est ensuite introduit. Il réduit la distorsion due à l’additionnalité dans la période initiale mais aussi la quantité de production biologique dans la période finale. Le PSE additionnel de second rang dépend de l'ampleur de ces deux effets, ce qui modifie également la valeur des taxes environnementales. Le chapitre 4 montre qu'un PSE additionnel ne permet jamais d’atteindre l'efficacité environnementale, même lorsque les marchés fonctionnent de façon concurrentielle.Le chapitre 5 analyse le principe de « pas de perte nette » d'une politique de protection de la biodiversité, couplé à la séquence Eviter Réduire Compenser (ERC). Il étudie le comportement d'un aménageur confronté à cette politique. L’analyse souligne la difficulté à transposer dans l’analyse économique les concepts de la séquence ERC. Supposant un cadre d’information parfaite, il est montré que la demande de compensation ne dépend pas de son prix, contrairement à l'offre de compensation. En information asymétrique, le développeur utilise son information de façon stratégique. Il définit simultanément sa demande de compensation et le niveau de réduction des dommages en fonction du prix de la compensation. Au final, le choix du projet se base aussi sur ce prix. Le chapitre 5 montre que la séquence ERC est inefficace à protéger la biodiversité lorsque l’information est asymétriqueThe thesis studies the optimal implementation of payments for environmental services (PES) under imperfect competition. It draws lessons from public economics for regulators on how to implement PES to protect biodiversity. The results show cases where PES is ineffective at promoting biodiversity. The thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter 2 reviews the literature on PES, while Chapters 3, 4 and 5 each examine an aspect of imperfect competition.Chapter 3 designs the second-best PES and environmental tax under imperfect competition. Farmers allocate their land between conventional agriculture, organic agriculture, and buffer strips. The regulator sets an environmental tax on conventional agriculture as it causes environmental damages, and a PES on buffer strips as they favor biodiversity. The conventional sector is perfectly competitive, while the organic sector is organized under an oligopoly. We show that the second-best environmental tax is higher than the marginal damage while the PES is lower than the marginal benefit. We then include the social cost of public funds (MCF). The environmental tax increases and the PES decreases with the MCF as long as demand for the conventional good is inelastic. We thus highlight a contributory component of the incentive tax. Chapter 3 also identifies specific scenario where the PES is ineffective.Chapter 4 studies the efficiency of additionality-based PES. They can address budget constraint concerns by only paying for additional environmental services. We look at a farmer who allocates his land between organic production, conventional production causing environmental damage, or grass strips generating biodiversity. Using a two-period model, we introduce a PES in the final period, rewarding the additional grass strips provided by the farmer. We show that the additionality-based PES distorts the behavior in the initial period in order to get more payment in the final period. The second-best PES to limit this behavior equals the discounted difference of the marginal environmental benefits obtained in each period. We define the second-best value of environmental taxes in the presence of the additionality-based PES. They no longer equal the marginal damage and adjust to account for the distortions caused by PES. We then introduce market power in the organic market. Market power reduces the distortion due to the PES in the initial period but reduces the organic production quantity in the final period. The second-best PES depends on the size of both effects and environmental taxes under market power have to be amended. In any case, Chapter 4 shows that an additionality-based PES never achieves environmental efficiency, even in a competitive market framework.Chapter 5 focuses on the “no net loss principle” of a biodiversity protection policy, accompanied by the Avoid Reduce Compensate (ARC) sequence and studies the behavior of a developer facing this policy. The analysis highlights the difficulty of transposing the concepts of the ARC sequence into economic analysis. Assuming perfect information, we show that the demand for compensation does not depend on its price, unlike the supply of compensation. Under asymmetric information, the developer behaves strategically. He simultaneously defines his demand for offsets and the level of damage reduction based on the offset price. In the end, the project choice is made based on the price of the offset. Chapter 5 shows that the mitigation hierarchy is ineffective under asymmetric information
4
Lanzer, Bruno Nogueira. "Ensaios sobre o custo marginal do financiamento público no Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/49928.
Анотація:
O tema principal dos três ensaios desta dissertação é o Custo Marginal do Financiamento Público (MCF) no Brasil. A análise do (MCF) é de grande importância para a economia, uma vez que pode prover uma medida da perda marginal no bem estar incorrida pela sociedade, resultante da elevação adicional nos tributos. No primeiro ensaio, realizamos estimativas do MCF associado aos principais tributos existentes na economia brasileira através de um modelo estático de equilíbrio geral computável (CGE). Nossas estimativas para o MCF médio na economia brasileira se situam entre 1,167 e 1,173. Considerando apenas os efeitos de eficiência alocativa, os resultados apontam que futuras reformas tributárias para o Brasil devem levar em conta modificações na base da tributação, passando de capital e trabalho para o consumo (dados os menores MCF´s associados). Adicionalmente, as estimativas de MCF associadas à economia informal são menores que a unidade, indicando que um uma maior formalização pode auxiliar na redução do MCF associado aos tributos da economia formal. Finalmente, expandindo o conceito de MCF para considerar preocupações dos agentes com relação à equidade podem alterar sensivelmente os resultados. Nosso segundo trabalho faz uma aplicação do MCF para estimar o Custo Marginal de Financiamento via Dívida Pública ( ) para o Brasil, através de duas abordagens propostas por Dahlby (2006, 2008). Os resultados indicam que o é superior à unidade para ambas as medidas, de modo que a redução de R$ 1,00 da dívida pública implicaria em uma melhoria de bem estar superior a R$ 1,00 para a economia brasileira. Assim sendo, muito embora a trajetória declinante da dívida líquida do setor público brasileiro ao longo da última década e da melhora em alguns indicadores relacionados ao endividamento (como maior participação de títulos prefixados e associados aos índices de preços na dívida mobiliária federal e maior prazo médio relacionado aos títulos prefixados), uma apreciação mais favorável merece cautela. Afora as perdas adicionais de peso morto relacionadas a elevações na dívida, o patamar ainda elevado da dívida interna e a situação pouco contributiva da política fiscal para reduções na mesma, merecem ser analisadas com mais cautela. No terceiro e último ensaio, estendemos, em parte, a análise de Siqueira, Nogueira, Souza e Carvalho (2010), incluindo outras distorções existentes na economia (que podem não decorrer unicamente dos tributos, mas são afetadas por estes) no cálculo do custo marginal social da tributação (SMCF) para o cigarro e para as bebidas alcoólicas. Para tanto, utilizamos uma abordagem proposta por Dahlby (2006) que expande o conceito de MCF para incluir não só as ponderações com relação à equidade, mas também o efeito de externalidades, vícios (problemas de autocontrole) e contrabando. Nossos resultados apontam que incluir as distorções propostas nas mensurações do MCF pode alterar sensivelmente a percepção sobre a taxação incidente no cigarro e sobre as bebidas alcoólicas.The main theme of the three essays of this dissertation is the Marginal Cost of Public Funds (MCF) in Brazil. The analysis of MCF is of great importance in economics, since it can provide a measure of the marginal welfare loss incurred by the households resulting from high marginal taxes. In our first paper we estimate the MCF associated with major existing taxes in the Brazilian economy through a Static Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE). Our estimates for the average MCF in the Brazilian economy are between 1,167 e 1,173. Considering only efficiency effects, the results show that future tax reforms in Brazil should take into account changes in the tax base from capital and labor to consumption (given the smaller associated MCF). Additionally, estimates of MCF associated with informal economy are smaller than unity, indicating that greater formalization can help reduce the MCF associated to the tax rates in the formal economy. Finally, expanding the concept of MCF to consider equity concerns in agent preferences can significantly alter the results. Our second essay makes an application of the MCF to estimate the Marginal Cost of Public Funds from Public Sector Borrowing ( ) for Brazil, through two approaches proposed by Dahlby (2006, 2008). The results show that the is above unity in both measures, so that a reduction of R$ 1,00 of debt imply a welfare improvement over R$ 1,00 for the Brazilian economy. Thus, although the downward trend in net debt f the Brazilian public sector over the last decade and the improvement in some indicators related to the debt (such as greater participation of fixed rate bonds and others associated with prices index in the federal debt and higher average maturity connected with fixed rate bonds), a more favorable appreciation deserves prudence. Apart from the additional dead-weight losses related to increases in debt, the still high level of the internal debt and the not favorable situation of fiscal policy should be analyzed more carefully. In the third and last essay of this work we extend, in part, the analysis of Siqueira, Nogueira, Souza e Carvalho (2010), including other distortions in the economy (which may not result solely from taxes, but are affected by them) in calculating the social marginal cost of public funds (SMCF) for the cigarette and alcohol. For this purpose, we use an approach proposed by Dahlby (2006) that expands the concept of MCF to include not only equity concerns, but also the effect of externalities, addictions, and smuggling. Our results indicate that inclusion of the distortion measurement proposed in the MCF can significantly change the view from cigarette and alcoholic beverages taxation.
5
Thureson, Disa. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of climate policy and long term public investments." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro Universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-48241.
Анотація:
This compilation dissertation consists of four essays with the common theme of welfare analysis of long-term public investments. The first two essays focus on analysis of climate change mitigation, i.e., the social cost of carbon dioxide. The third essay focuses on cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of transport investment projects, while the last essay takes a broader perspective on welfare analysis. Essay 1: The Temporal Aspects of the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases. The purpose of Essay 1 is to investigate the temporal aspects of the social cost of greenhouse gases. I find that the calculation period should ultimately be modeled to be consistent with the discount rate and that the “global-warming potential” concept is unsuitable for calculation of the social cost of GHGs other than carbon dioxide. Essay 2: Avoiding path dependence of distributional weights: Lessons from climate change economic assessments. In Essay 2, I explore shortcomings in income weighting in evaluation of climate change policy. In short, in previous versions of two of the most important existing models, regional economic growth is double counted. The proposed alternative approaches yield about 20–40% higher values of SCCO2 than the old approach. Essay 3: Does uncertainty make cost-benefit analyses pointless? In Essay 3, the aim is to investigate to what extent CBA improves the selection decision of projects when uncertainties are taken into account, using a simulation-based approach on real data of infrastructure investments. The results indicate that, in line with previous literature, CBA is a rather robust tool and considerably increases the quality of decision making compared with a random selection mechanism, even when high levels of uncertainty are considered. Essay 4: Household Production and the Elasticity of Marginal Utility of Consumption. In Essay 4, I develop a new model to show that omission of household production in a previous model leads to bias when the elasticity of marginal utility of consumption, EMUC, is estimated. I further offer new, unbiased estimates based on current evidence of the included parameters, suggesting a lower bound of EMUC at about 0.9.
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Pereira, Thiago Neves. "Essays in macroeconomics and public finance." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8819.
Анотація:
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This thesis is dedicated to study of tax schedule. I investigate how a tax schedule could affect the individuals’ choice and consequently the resources of the country. I show how a tax schedule induce the individuals’ choice, defining hence the allocations of labor, output and consumption of society. In the first and the second chapters I examine the taxation of individuals, while in the third and the fourth chapter I analyze the incidence of levies on different agents of economy. In the chapter one, I examine the optimal tax schedule, following Mirrlees (1971) e Saez (2001). I show how would be the optimal tax schedule in Brazil, charactering by a deeper income inequality among the individuals. Moreover, I investigate a affine tax schedule, that is considered an alternative tax schedule between the current and optimal tax schedule. In the second chapter I analyze the tax schedule known as equal sacrifice. I show how the tax schedule derived by Young (1987), that was renewed by Berliant and Gouveia (1993), behavior itself in the efficiency test derived byWerning (2007). In the third and the fourth chapter I examine how tax reform proposals would affect the Brazilian’s economy. In the third chapter I investigate how a tax reform affects different social classes. In chapter four, I study the better directions to a tax reform in Brazil, showing which rearrange of levies is the less inefficient to the country. In the end, I investigate the effects of two tax reform proposals in the Brazilian economy. I define the gains of output and welfare in each proposal. I call the special attention to gains/loses of short run, because they could make no possible to approve a tax reform, even though the reform could good effects in the long run.
Esta tese dedica-se ao estudo dos sistemas tributários. Eu investigo como um sistema tributário afeta as escolhas dos indivíduos e consequentemente os recursos do país. Eu mostro como um sistema tributário induz as escolhas das pessoas, determinado assim as alocações de trabalho, produto e consumo da economia. No primeiro e segundo capítulo eu examino a taxação sobre os indivíduos, enquanto que no terceiro e quarto capítulos analiso a incidîncia tributária sobre os diferentes agentes da sociedade. No capítulo um, eu examino o sistema tributário ótimo, seguindo Mirrlees (1971) e Saez (2001). Eu mostro como seria este sistema tributário no Brasil, país com profunda desigualdade de renda entre os indivíduos. Ademais, eu investigo o sistema tributário afim, considerado uma alternativa entre os sistemas atual e o ótimo. No segundo capítulo eu analiso o sistema tributário conhecido como sacríficio igual. Mostro como o sistema tribuária derivado por Young (1987), redesenhado por Berliant and Gouveia (1993), se comporta no teste de eficiência derivado por Werning (2007). No terceiro e quarto capítulo eu examino como propostas de reforma tribuária afetariam a economia brasileira. No capítulo três investigo como uma reforma tributária atingiria as diferentes classes socias. No capítulo quatro, eu estudo as melhores direções para uma reforma tributária no Brasil, mostrando qual arranjo de impostos é menos ineficiente para o país. Por fim, investigo os efeitos de duas propostas de reforma tributária sobre a economia brasileira. Explicito quais os ganhos de produto e bem estar de cada proposta. Dedico especial atenção aos ganhos/perdas de curto prazo, pois estes podem inviabilizar uma reforma tributária, mesmo esta gerando ganhos de longo prazo.
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LIN, CHUN-HUEI, and 林俊輝. "On the Marginal Cost of Public Funds and Tax Design with Household Production." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05135001788968514537.
Анотація:
碩士國立臺北大學
財政學系
92
The purpose of this study is to investigate the issue of marginal cost of public funds (MCF) and tax design in an economy with household production. Although the MCF has been regarded as a critical element in the literature of tax design for long, and many recent studies on the theory of taxation have focused on the issue optimal taxation arising from the untaxability of household production, it has not yet been done much on effects of the untaxability of household production on the measure of MCF and in turn on the design tax structure. Based on the theoretical framework by Sandmo (1992 and 1998) and Su (2001), this study shows that in a many-consumer economy with household production, the magnitude of MCF associated with distortionary taxes may not be greater than one. It will depend on the distribution characteristic of the marginal tax rate, the elasticity of the tax base with respect to tax rate and the overall tax structure. As a consequence, household production is of importance to the design of tax structure.
8
Nagac, Abdulkadir. "Three essays in public finance." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/6572.
Анотація:
Taxes are major source of public funds to finance government expenditures. Tax
authorities impose different kind of taxes and employ many agents to collect taxes
effectively. Some dutiful taxpayers will undoubtedly pay their tax liabilities while
many others will not. The Internal Revenue Service in the United States reports
that the estimate of income tax liability not collected is about 17, which translates
into 345 billion for 2001. It is important to make a distinction between tax evasion
and tax avoidance. The distinguishing characteristic of evasion is illegality. Whether
the reason for not paying tax liability is avoidance or evasion, economic models of
taxation need to be changed in the light of these realities. In this study, I analyze
some of the economic problems of tax evasion/avoidance.
In the first chapter, I discuss the relationship between number of tax audits,
tax administration reform and tax compliance in Turkey. In recent years, many
developing countries have carried out reforms in their tax administration to increase
their efficiency in collecting taxes. In 2005, the tax authority in Turkey established
Tax Office Directorates (T.O.D.s) in 29 provinces for the purpose of controlling the underground economy, improving taxpayer assistance, and increasing auditing
efficiency. By using the panel data on province level tax returns, my analysis answers
two questions. First, I examine the effect of audits on reported income and reported
tax liability. By controlling for the detectibility of evasion and other socioeconomic
variables, I find that audits have the same effectiveness in increasing reported income
and reported tax liability. Second, I investigate the effect of establishing T.O.D.s in
29 provinces on compliance in those provinces. I find that T.O.D.s are effective at the
extensive margin rather than the intensive margin. Thus, establishing T.O.D.s had
no significant effect on the compliance level of existing taxpayers while it increased
the number of tax returns significantly.
In the second chapter, I analyze the excess burden on income tax when tax
avoidance matters. I present a simple static labor supply model with endogenous
asset choice. Then, I examine how tax avoidance through asset trading a ects the
labor supply response and the excess burden of income tax. Furthermore, I discuss
the implications of the tax policy analysis and show that a failure to account for
avoidance responses may lead to errors when estimating how tax reform affects labor
supply, tax revenue, and the welfare cost of taxation. Because of tax avoidance
through tax arbitrage, the progressivity of a given tax system will be less than what
the formal tax system implies.
In the third chapter,we study the Marginal Cost of Funds in the existence of
tax evasion. We develop a general equilibrium model of tax evasion, including the
expected utility of taxpayers and three different revenue-raising government policies.
In this rich model environment, we analytically derive the marginal cost of funds (MCF) for the alternative policy instruments. We consider two main fiscal reforms:
the revision in the nonlinear tax scheme and the changes in enforcement mechanism
(the audit and penalty rates). First, we derive the MCF for the tax reform and find
its key determinants. The derived MCF is greater than the previous ones since it
includes a "risk-bearing cost" as well as tax distortion. The reform in enforcement
mechanism generates MCFs in different forms. Two more MCFs with respect to
audit and penalty rates are presented. Finally, we compare these three different
MCFs in numerical example and provide some policy implications.text
9
Hwang, Sanghyun. "Three essays in public finance and environmental economics." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17377.
Анотація:
The first essay studies the Marginal Cost of Funds in the existence of tax evasion. We develop a general equilibrium model of tax evasion, including the expected utility of taxpayers and three different revenue-raising government policies. In this rich model environment, we analytically derive the marginal cost of funds (MCF) for the alternative policy instruments. We consider two main fiscal reforms: the revision in the nonlinear tax scheme and the changes in enforcement mechanism (the audit and penalty rates). First, we derive the MCF for the tax reform and find its key determinants. The derived MCF is greater than the previous ones since it includes a "risk-bearing cost" as well as tax distortion. The reform in enforcement mechanism generates MCFs in different forms. Two more MCFs with respect to audit and penalty rates are presented. Finally, we compare these three different MCFs in numerical example and provide some policy implications. The second essay explores optimal tax structure in the presence of status effect. When the consumption of certain goods affects one's social status, this externality creates two opposite effects in a society. Seeking higher status through “positional goods" gives individuals much incentive to supply labor but still allocates income for less “nonpositional goods" as well. In this case, differential taxes on positional goods work as corrective instruments to internalize the social cost stemming from status seeking. Furthermore, the differential taxes generate revenue that can be used to alleviate preexisting income tax distortion. Thus, the differential taxes on positional goods could give so called “double dividend." I develop a game-theoretic model in which each individual with a different labor productivity unknown to the others engages in a status-seeking game, and the government has a revenue requirement. Then I show that, under a condition in which utility is separable between positional goods and leisure, a revenue-neutral shift in the tax mix away from nonlinear income taxes towards positional-good taxes enhances welfare. Hence, the differential taxes on positional goods are necessary together with the nonlinear income taxes for an optimal tax structure. The third essay explores the impact of increasing capital mobility on regional growth and environment. I develop an endogenous growth model in which each local government competes against the others, to induce imperfectly mobile stock of capital into its region. Then I show that an increase in capital mobility generates “tax importing" due to which each locality experiences a higher growth rate and more degraded environment. That is, the increasing mobility dampens the capital tax and transfers the burden of pollution abatement to the locality. This finding supports the hypothesis of “race to the bottom" in environmental standards. Identifying a reduction in overall welfare of residents, I consider two alternative federal interventions in the model: uniform environmental standard and requirement of lump sum transfer or tax. Both of these federal instruments enhance the residents' welfare.text
Книги з теми "Marginal social cost of public funds":
1
Slemrod, Joel. Integrating expenditure and tax decisions: The marginal cost of funds and the marginal benefit of projects. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
2
Warlters, Michael. The marginal cost of public funds in Africa. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2005.
3
Dahlby, B. The marginal cost of public funds: Theory and applications. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2008.
4
Ahmed, Shaghil. The marginal cost of funds with nonseparable public spending. Philadelphia: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Economic Research Department, 1992.
5
Vicary, Simon. Excess burden and the marginal cost of public funds. Hull: University of Hull, Department of Economics and Commerce, 1990.
6
Dahlby, B. The marginal cost of public funds: Theory and applications. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2008.
7
Ahmed, Shaghil. The marginal cost of funds with nonseparable public spending. Philadelphia: Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Economic Research Department, 1994.
8
Bakir, Amir Abdelfattah Zakaria. Excess burden, public goods and the marginal cost of public funds. Salford: University of Salford, 1992.
9
Bakir, A. The relationship between the marginal cost of public funds and marginal excess burden: A comment. Salford: Department of Economics, University of Salford, 1991.
10
Auriol, Emmanuelle, and Michael Warlters. The Marginal Cost Of Public Funds In Africa. The World Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3679.
Частини книг з теми "Marginal social cost of public funds":
1
Dahlby, Bev. "The Marginal Cost of Public Funds: Concept, Measurement, and Applications." In Policy, Program and Project Evaluation, 107–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48567-2_4.
2
Wildasin, David E. "The marginal cost of public funds with an aging population." In Fiscal Implications of an Aging Population, 23–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77250-4_2.
3
Hansson, Ingemar. "Marginal Cost of Public Funds for Different Tax Instruments and Government Expenditures." In Limits and Problems of Taxation, 17–32. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08094-6_3.
4
Jones, Chris. "The Marginal Social Cost of Public Funds." In Applied Welfare Economics, 156–83. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0199281971.003.0007.
5
Dahlby, Bev. "The MCF from Public Sector Borrowing." In The Marginal Cost of Public Funds, 205–38. The MIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262042505.003.0008.
6
Dahlby, Bev. "Introduction." In The Marginal Cost of Public Funds, 1–10. The MIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262042505.003.0001.
7
Dahlby, Bev. "Conceptual Foundations of the MCF." In The Marginal Cost of Public Funds, 11–49. The MIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262042505.003.0002.
8
Dahlby, Bev. "The MCF for Commodity Taxes." In The Marginal Cost of Public Funds, 51–83. The MIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262042505.003.0003.
9
Dahlby, Bev. "The MCFs for Excise Taxes in Thailand and the United Kingdom." In The Marginal Cost of Public Funds, 87–112. The MIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262042505.003.0004.
10
Dahlby, Bev. "The MCF from Taxing Labor Income." In The Marginal Cost of Public Funds, 113–42. The MIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262042505.003.0005.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Marginal social cost of public funds":
1
Keçi, Julinda. "Infrastructure Public Private Partnership Implementation and Risk Management – Lessons from Albanian Approach." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0900.
Анотація:
<p>Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are being frequently used today to offer large infrastructure projects in the Western Balkan. In a small country like Albania, today there are more than 170 infrastructure PPPs, counted mainly in hydropower and road sector. Their application aims to provide funds to reduce the existing gap between the available budget and public expenses, expand investments in infrastructure as a major drive of economic development, improve the quality of services and the efficiency of project delivery, optimize resource utilization, commercial valuation of public assets and achieve optimal risk allocation.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to study and review the application of PPPs for large infrastructure projects, highlighting lessons learnt from Albanian approach. The focus will be on implementation framework and risk management. The study uses a combined approach: questionnaire survey- targeting the applied PPPs in Albania- to identify the main risks encountered and their allocation preferences, and case study approach to investigate the phenomena within its real-life context. Three case studies are chosen: Mother Teresa Airport Terminal, as a representative of infrastructure project, in its operation phase; ASHTA HPP, as representative of a PPP in hydro energy, in its operation phase; Devolli HPP, as a hydropower concession, in its construction phase. Observations and documentation review-aimed to identify the phases and procedures, and semi structure interviews- aimed to identify the main risks, their allocation and treatment, are used.</p><p>The findings of the study are organized in three parts: First, the qualitative study identified the mostly used PPPs, their main risks and allocation preferences. Secondly, the case study review and third, lessons learned for future applications, such as the need for lifecycle value for money analysis on procurement methods, unsolicited proposals implications, lack of negotiation phase contractual cost implication, lack of social assessment requirement.</p>
2
Altay, Osman, and Hatice Mutlu. "Financial Evaluation of Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Services with Respect to the Health Economics." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02360.
Анотація:
Healthcare interventions are concern of government policies, health service providers, civil society organizations and public. These interventions are mainly criticized with respect to their cost effectiveness. However, economic, social and health benefits of drug addiction rehabilitation services are not well understood and they remain relatively subsidized in comparison to other aspects of healthcare interventions. But, notwithstanding this, drug addiction rehabilitation services are generally financed with public funds in Turkey as like many other countries and this situation become subject to questioning when fiscal policies and cost effectiveness of these services are considered.
Based on this circumstances there is a great need for scientifically sound and practical financial and economic evaluation of substance abuse treatment services. In Turkey, recent legislative developments on substance abuse treatment services provide a baseline for structural evaluation of financial and economic feasibility of these services. In spite of ongoing methodological and empirical developments in economic evaluation of the primary health services, similar studies regarding addiction treatments are very rare in the literature. Correspondingly, methodological guidelines in this area are also very limited.
This study addresses these gaps by presenting a financial and economic evaluation of drug addiction rehabilitation services in Turkey considering urgent need of intervention in this area. Evaluation of these services is based on the basic requirements of a drug addiction rehabilitation center, which is determined by the related legislation in Turkey, and the evaluation was conducted according to the methodological principles presented by EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addictions.
3
Twomey, Kelly M., and Michael E. Webber. "Evaluating the Cost of Food in a Carbon Constrained Economy." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90185.
Анотація:
Although consensus has not been reached regarding the most efficient mechanism to curb anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, rising concern over the consequences of global climate change and consequent shifts in public and political sentiment suggest that carbon legislation will be instituted in the US in the near future. The recent climate change bill passed in the House of Representatives titled The American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (HR 2454) includes provisions for a cap-and-trade system intended to reduce the nation’s greenhouse gas emissions 83% by 2050. Consequently, it is likely that some means of carbon pricing will take effect that will make it more expensive to emit greenhouse gases. In a carbon constrained economy, it will become increasingly important to consider every stage of food production and consumption in order to evaluate the potential opportunities for emission reductions. This analysis uses Life-Cycle Assessment to estimate the social cost of food production by quantifying the associated negative externalities under a range of potential carbon prices, using meat and grain as examples. It concludes that 0.42 and 16.0 kg of lifecycle CO2e are embedded in 1 kg of grain and beef production, respectively. Consequently, the marginal cost associated with the emissions caused by grain production under a carbon price range of $10 and $85 per t CO2e is estimated to be between $.004 and $0.036 per kg of grain. By comparison, the estimated marginal cost associated with beef production over the same range of carbon pricing is $0.16 and $1.36 per kg of beef. Considering that the US produces 12 billion kg of beef per year, this range indicates that the carbon cost of beef production alone might fall anywhere between $1.9 and $16.3 billion per year, depending on whether and how a carbon price is applied. This uncertainty and potential carbon price could significantly impact the cost of carbon-intensive foods.
Звіти організацій з теми "Marginal social cost of public funds":
1
Beato, Paulina. Cross Subsidies in Public Services: Some Issues. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008778.
Анотація:
Pricing policy recommendations infrastructure services are based on two principles. One is that prices should cover the total cost of the service. The other is that cross subsidy schemes should be avoided. This technical paper explores the economic literature for rules on applying these principles to real world infrastructure services. The discussion is based on a partial equilibrium approach that uses market surplus as a proxy for social welfare and efficiency. Three main conclusions are reached in this paper. First, if a uniform price schedule is established and prices diverge from marginal cost, then social welfare can be increased by establishing appropriate price discrimination schemes that have cross subsidies. Second, from a voluntary sustainability standpoint, some cross subsidy schemes are not suitable, whereas others are appropriate. Third, sometimes, optimal and voluntary sustainable price schedules are not compatible. In these cases, a trade-off between optimality and sustainability is often necessary.
2
Cristia, Julian P., and Razvan Vlaicu. Research Insights: How to Identify Affordable High-Impact Digital Solutions for Public Services? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005100.
Анотація:
Digital projects in education, healthcare, and administrative services displayed net present values and low implementation costs, but wide variation was found in net benefits across policy options A fully digital solution is not always the best option for balancing costs and benefits. Adequate integration of digital and human inputs is often necessary. Since digital applications feature low or negligible marginal cost, scale is critical in producing large social net benefits.
3
Basso Sotz, Leonardo Javier, and Hugo E. Silva Montalva. The Efficiency of Urban Transport Policies in Latin-American Cities. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005195.
Анотація:
Urban sustainability requires reducing the environmental footprint of urban mobility. To achieve this goal public transport becomes key due to its lower impact on congestion, pollution, accidents and greenhouse gas emissions as compared to private transport. Thus, encouraging public transport use is a frequent goal among city authorities. For this, they often devote an important fraction of their budget to improve the quality of its service. Many cities subsidize not just the infrastructure for public transport, but also its operation based on (some of) the following reasons. 1. As a second-best policy since charging additional fees to automobile drivers to correct negative externalities may be impractical (if the externality is trip specific) or politically unfeasible. 2. Due to the Mohring effect in which the optimal frequency and network density of services grow with the demand. Thus, the waiting and access time drop for every user in the system when the demand grows, implying that the marginal social cost is lower than the average social cost (Mohring, 1972). 3. Following distributional concerns, since often lower income people use public transport more intensively.