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Статті в журналах з теми "Manufacturing processes Australia Costs"
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Purves, Nigel, and Scott J. Niblock. "Predictors of corporate survival in the US and Australia: an exploratory case study." Journal of Strategy and Management 11, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-06-2017-0044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship of financial ratios and non-financial factors of successful and failed corporations in the USA. Specifically, the authors provide evidence on whether financial ratios and non-financial factors can be jointly included as indicators to improve the predictive capacity of organisational success or failure in different countries and sectors. Design/methodology/approach The paper utilises a mixed method exploratory case study focussing on listed corporations in the US and Australian manufacturing, agriculture, finance and property sectors. Findings The financial ratio findings demonstrate that (with the exception of the failed Australian manufacturing sector) the integrated multi-measure (IMM) ratio approach consistently provides a higher classification rate for the failed and successful groups than those provided by an individual measure. In all cases the IMM method scored higher for US companies (with the exception of the failed Australian property sector). The findings also show that irrespective of the country location or sector, non-financial factors such as board composition and managements’ involvement in organisational strategy impact on a corporation’s success or failure. Practical implications The findings reveal that non-financial factors occur prior to financial ratios when attempting to predict organisational success or failure and the IMM approach enables a more thorough examination of the predictive ability of financial ratios for US and Australian organisations. This intuitively indicates that when combined with financial ratios, non-financial factors may be a useful predictor of corporate success or failure across countries and sectors. Originality/value Sound internal processes and the identification of both financial ratios and non-financial factors can be utilised to improve the reliability of financial failure models, enable corrective and preventative steps to be implemented by management and potentially reduce the costs of failure for US and Australian organisations.
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Purves, Nigel, Scott Niblock, and Keith Sloan. "Are organizations destined to fail?" Management Research Review 39, no. 1 (January 18, 2016): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-07-2014-0153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the non-financial causes of organizational success or failure, provide a better understanding of the symptoms of financial distress and improve the predictive capacity of financial failure models. Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes exploratory case studies in investigating the relationship of non-financial factors to organizational success or failure across a sample of sector-specific Australian firms listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. A two-tailed study was designed, in which seven cases from both extremes were chosen from three Australian business sectors: finance, property and manufacturing. Findings – Non-financial factors associated with the organizations studied impacted their success or failure. These factors included management skill, experience and involvement in organizational strategy, feedback and resultant activity, together with board of director composition. The identification of financial and non-financial factors and sound internal processes could be utilized for the development of an early warning predictor of organizational success or failure. Research limitations/implications – The use of this method is very time-consuming but is highly valuable in case study research, providing a more in-depth understanding of how non-financial factors impact organizational success or failure. Practical implications – The research will provide a better understanding of the symptoms of financial distress and improve the predictive capacity of financial failure models. The improvement in prediction of organizational failure will reduce the costs of failure to all areas affected, from the large corporation to the small business. The inter-connectivity of all businesses to each other often results in a knock-on effect of failure with the cost being borne by all members of the community in some manner. The level of social impact and cost of failure can only be seen by the enormous costs of the Global Financial Crisis failures. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature on effective qualitative research and explores important areas of consideration for those conducting qualitative multiple-case studies. It is intended to be of use to researchers investigating the area of predictors of organizational failure or success.
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Arashpour, Mehrdad, Ron Wakefield, Nick Blismas, and E. W. M. Lee. "Framework for improving workflow stability: deployment of optimized capacity buffers in a synchronized construction production." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 12 (December 2014): 995–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0199.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Construction sites are dynamic environments due to the influence of variables such as changes in design and processes, unsteady demand, and unavailability of trades. These variables adversely affect productivity and can cause an unstable workflow in the network of trade contractors. Previous research on workflow stability in the construction and manufacturing domains has shown the effectiveness of ‘pull’ production or ‘rate driven’ construction. Pull systems authorize the start of construction when a job is completed and leaves the trade contractor network. However, the problem with pull systems is that completion dates are not explicitly considered and therefore additional mechanisms are required to ensure the due date integrity. On this basis, the aim of this investigation is to improve the coordination between output and demand using optimal-sized capacity buffers. Towards this aim, production data of two Australian construction companies were collected and analyzed. Capacity and cost optimizations were conducted to find the optimum buffer that strikes the balance between late completion costs and lost revenue opportunity. Following this, simulation experiments were designed and run to analyze different ‘what-if’ production scenarios. The findings show that capacity buffers enable builders to ensure a desired service level. Size of the capacity buffer is more sensitive to the level of variability in contractor processes than other production variables. This work contributes to the body-of-knowledge by improving production control in construction and deployment of capacity buffers to achieve a stable workflow. In addition, construction companies can use the easy-to-use framework tested in this study to compute the optimal size for capacity buffers that maximizes profit and prevents late completions.
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Varshavsky, A. E., and V. V. Dubinina. "Global Trends and Directions of Development of Industrial Robots." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 11, no. 3 (October 27, 2020): 294–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2020.11.3.294-319.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: the main purpose of this article is to analyze the main trends and directions of development of industrial robots, as well as the problems associated with their distribution. To achieve these goals, the following tasks were solved: analysis of the dynamics of the stock of industrial robots, the structure of the stock of robots by region (Europe, America, Asia / Australia), as well as the annual volumes and structure of world sales of robots by key industries; analysis of the main tasks of industrial robots, performed by them in these industries, and the directions of their use; analyze the dynamics of the robot fleet by industry in different countries (Japan, USA, South Korea, China, Germany, etc.); analysis of indicators and problems of using industrial robots in Russia.Methods: the research methodology consists in a comparative analysis of the use of industrial robots in different industries (automotive, food, chemical, electronic, etc.) based on statistical data by country. A systematic approach, tabular and graphical interpretation of information was applied, analysis of the dynamics of the levels of the time series, the calculation of growth indices of indicators.Results: the analysis showed that the use of industrial robots reduces injuries at the workplace, production costs and improves the quality of the final product, productivity, flexibility and safety, which contributes to a significant increase in their use in both developed and developing countries.Conclusions and Relevance: recently, robotization has become available even in non-industrial countries. The introduction of robotization into production processes increases the competitiveness of the economy. The acceleration of digitalization and automation, as well as the ease of use of industrial robots, are driving their proliferation. In Russia, the wider use of industrial robots, the development of the industrial Internet of things and the implementation of digitalization are possible only on the basis of the restoration and further development of mechanical engineering, electronic and other manufacturing industries.
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Denkena, Berend, Jan Thomas Schürmeyer, Rabih Kaddour, and Volker Böß. "Assessing mould costs analysing manufacturing processes of cavities." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 56, no. 9-12 (April 2, 2011): 943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3265-y.
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Hasan, Maruf, and Asare Boateng. "A Review of Manufacturing in Australia." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 7, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v7i3.11522.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Manufacturing as a share of Australia’s gross domestic product has constantly declined since 1960. In 2016 manufacturing activity accounted for less than 10% of gross domestic product and employed less Australians than ever before. The paper intends to review the history of manufacturing in Australia and evaluate the condition of the sector in 2016. After this evaluation; recommendations are made on how both governments and businesses can reform to rejuvenate growth. An extensive analysis of the literature in conjunction with interviews with different Australian manufacturing businesses was used to execute the analysis. The literature emphasised tariff removal, a high Australian dollar and an increasingly globalised world as the primary causes of manufacturing’s decline. Businesses highlighted the geographical isolation of the nation, the low population, high labour costs and the high Australian dollar as some of the barriers to growth of the sector. Focusing on new advanced manufacturing technologies, reducing corporate tax and improving public infrastructure are some of the recommendations made to help the sector reverse the negative trend. The evaluation of the sector with these recommendations is significant to both governments and businesses as it provides avenues for growth and investment relevant to the post mining boom economy.
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ERCEG, Aleksandar. "Lean manufacturing application in the frozen goods industry." Journal of Ekonomi 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.58251/ekonomi.1182631.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The long-standing producer's market, in which the selling price was the sum of costs and desired profit, has been transformed by globalization into a buyer's market, where profit is the difference between the realized selling price and the production costs. Therefore, every company must approach the reduction of operating costs and the optimal use of the resources at its disposal. Lean thinking can help companies in reducing business costs and increasing productivity. Lean companies can improve their processes and increase their competitiveness in the market. The paper aims to present lean thinking implementation in manufacturing companies to improve procedures and increase competitiveness. Based on proposed improvements to business processes, Frozen Ltd. saved time and costs, making it more competitive in the market and confirming the hypothesis that the lean methodology can help a company perform its business processes better. The company needs to continue with its efforts to use lean since this is not a single event but a journey.
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Alves de Sousa, Ricardo J., and Mehdi Safari. "Numerical and Experimental Advances in Innovative Manufacturing Processes." Metals 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081273.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The severe competition in an international market pushes manufacturing companies to continuously improve current processes in the quest to minimize errors, reduce waste and speed up the entire idea-to-product cycle, while maintaining low costs [...]
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Sansom, Lloyd. "The subsidy of pharmaceuticals in Australia: processes and challenges." Australian Health Review 28, no. 2 (2004): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah040194.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increasing costs of health care, including new technologies and pharmaceuticals, pose challenges for all countries both in the developed and the developing world. It is essential that the increased expenditure on pharmaceuticals represents value for money and is seen as an investment in health care rather than simply the purchase of the latest released agent. The system in Australia uses a cost-effectiveness approach to guide the decisions as to whether a new drug can be recommended for subsidy. The need for a greater understanding and transparency of the processes is essential in order for a well-informed public debate to occur about the challenges to the system and its sustainability. The relevant issues are discussed in this article to assist that debate.
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LEVINSON, WILLIAM A. "REDUCING APPRAISAL COSTS IN MULTISTEP PROCESSES." Quality Engineering 6, no. 3 (January 1994): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982119408918732.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Manufacturing processes Australia Costs"
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Walshe, K. B. A. "Computer-aided estimating of production tooling costs with particular reference to injection moulds." Thesis, Brunel University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371208.
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Bohemia, Erik Industrial Design UNSW. "Lean manufacturing and its impact on the role of industrial designers in Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Industrial Design, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19087.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this research was to determine the extent of use, by Australian manufacturers, of lean manufacturing techniques, and the current and future implications for industrial designers. A survey was conducted to gather data on organisation demographics, the role of the industrial designer, production techniques and product development. The survey was distributed to 220 manufacturing organisations undertaking product development in Australia. The number of surveys returned was 134, representing a 60.9 percent response rate. The surveyed organisations represented a broad cross-section of Australian manufacturers by size, location and industry. Manufacturing organisations were categorised into three groups: lean manufacturers, emerging users of lean manufacturing and non-lean manufacturers. It was concluded that lean manufacturing is being adopted by Australian manufacturers and that lean manufacturing is impacting on the role of the industrial design. In general, the data obtained in this research confirms views expressed in the literature that describes current changes in the manufacturing industry. This literature suggests that design will become the next competitive 'weapon', and become a central part of organisational strategy. However, the data also suggests the design profession has still some way to go to adequately grasp its full professional potential, particularly in the area of product development management. The results indicate that industrial designers underperformed in five functional areas that could be considered fundamental to the service normally provided by industrial designers and they have not exceeded expectations in any of the functions included in the survey. It was found that overall, industrial designers were not regarded highly by organisations as a source of new product ideas. Another troubling finding was that industrial designers were generally not perceived as being suitable to manage product development groups. The results of this research could be used to guide educational institutions in regard to curricula for industrial design courses so that future graduates may more effectively fulfil industry requirements.
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Stary, Wendy R. "Simulation of a manufacturing system to reduce inventory costs without negative impacts to on-time delivery." Online version, 2008. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2008/2008staryw.pdf.
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Smit, Wiehahn. "Assessing the contribution of quality and efficiency initiatives to reduce productions costs at Distell's Green Park." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5042.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Manufacturers can gain a competitive advantage through lower production cost, better quality, better efficiencies and being more flexible and dependable than its competitors. Lower production cost can be a result of first-time-right quality products and efficient production processes in terms of throughput. Low production cost is not a destination but a journey where the goalpost will always move as competitors will continuously come up with ideas to lower prices and margins have to be cut in order to stay competitive. This is where manufacturers must come up with initiatives to continuously drive its operational metrics to remain competitive. This research report will explain how Distell's biggest bottling plant, Green Park, successfully introduced Process Control to increase its quality operational metric and a Six Sigma project to reduce downtime to increase its efficiency operational metric to drive its operational costs down. Process Control was introduced as a TOM initiative with a subsequent reduction in rework due to poor quality (thousands) from R1 585 to R484. This contributed to 'first-time-right' production, better efficiencies and not tying up valuable production time with reworks. The Six Sigma principles were used on a production line to introduce initiatives to reduce changeovers and unplanned downtime to improve its GEE. This initiative has a projected benefit of R687 (thousands). The report also indicated that a 1% increase in Green Park's overall GEE will result in 1% saving of production hours resulting in a 1% saving of variable cost. This will result in an OEE of 63% that will save 226 hours and R410(thousands).
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vervaardigers kan 'n kompeterende voorsprong verkry deur laer produksiekoste, beter gehalte en groter doeltreffendheid te bewerkstellig en deur meer buigbaar en betroubaar as hul teestanders te wees. Goeie gehalte produkte wat die eerste keer reg is en doeltreffende produksieprosesse vir verwerkingskapasiteit kan laer produksiekoste tot gevolg het. Lae produksiekoste is nie 'n bestemming nie, maar 'n reis waartydens die doelpale sal skuif met teestanders wat deurgaans met idees om pryse te verjaag, vorendag sal kom. Winsgrense sal moet verklein word om kompeterend te bly. Hier moet vervaardigers inisiatief aan die dag lê om hul operasionele meetbares te dryf om kompeterend te bly. Hierdie navorsingsverslag sal verduidelik hoe Distell se grootste botterings aanleg, Green Park, prosesbeheer (Process Control) suksesvol in werking gestel het om sy meetbares wat operasionele gehalte betref, te verhoog, en 'n Six Sigma-projek ingestel het om staantyd te verminder sodat sy meetbares wat operasionele doeltreffendheid betref, kan verhoog en sy operasionele koste sodoende besnoei word. Prosesbeheer is as algehele gehaltebestuursinisiatief ingestel met 'n gevolglike vermindering van herverwerking weens swak gehalte (duisende) van R1 585 na R484. Dit het bygedra tot groter doeltreffendheid met produksie wat uit die staanspoor reg is, en verhoed dat kosbare produksietyd op herverwerking gespandeer word. Die Six Sigma-beginsels is in 'n produksielyn gebruik om inisiatiewe in werking te stel om oorskakelings en onbeplande staantyd ter verbetering van die algehele toerustingsdoeltreffendheid (OEE), te verminder. Hierdie inisiatief hou 'n geprojekteerde voordeel van R687 (duisende) in. Die verslag dui verder aan dat 'n 1%-verhoging in Green Park se algehele OEE sal lei tot 'n 1% besparing in produksie-ure, wat 'n 1% besparing op veranderlike koste tot gevolg het. Dit sal tot 'n OEE van 63% lei, wat 226 uur en R410 (duisende) sal spaar.
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Tu, Yu-Chen. "Condition-based maintenance cost model." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Meade, David Joseph. "Modeling the strategic impact of management accounting methods on the implementation of lean manufacturing." Full text available, 2004. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/meade.pdf.
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Ormon, Stephen Wayne. "Development of a hierarchical, model-based design decision-support tool for assessing uncertainty of cost estimates." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2002. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04092002-084914.
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Ivantysynova, Lenka. "RFID in manufacturing." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15942.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In dieser Doktorarbeit wird untersucht, wie Radiofrequenz-Identifizierung (RFID) zu einer Optimierung von Produktionsprozessen beitragen kann. In den ersten Kapiteln wird analysiert, welchen potenziellen Nutzen die Anwendung von RFID für Prozessoptimierungen ergibt und welche Herausforderungen daraus erwachsen. Diesbezüglich wurden sechs Fallstudien in Produktionsbetrieben durchgeführt, in denen die Autorin mögliche RFID-Szenarien untersuchte. Basierend auf den Fallstudien wertet sie sieben RFID-Anwendungsszenarien aus. Diese sind entweder ein Ersatz von Barcodes oder eine Anwendung, die nur mit Hilfe von RFID ermöglicht wird. Kap. 4 und 5 beschäftigen sich mit der Frage, wie RFID in die existierende IT-Infrastruktur eingebettet werden kann. Dafür evaluiert die Autorin zunächst generelle IT-Infrastrukturen bei verschiedenen, produzierenden Unternehmen, indem sie weitere sieben Fallstudien durchführt. Im Anschluss erstellt sie Leitlinien für eine Integration von RFID in existierende Softwaresysteme, bei der die in diesen Fallstudien gewonnenen Anforderungen erfüllt werden. Für die Produktion gibt es noch immer keine dedizierten Modelle für die Berechnung von quantifizierbaren und die Abschätzung von nicht-quantifizierbaren Nutzen und Kosten von RFID-Einführungen. Daher untersucht die Autorin in Kap. 6 quantifizierbare und nicht-quantifizierbare Kosten und Nutzen von RFID-Einführungen in der Produktion. In Kap. 7 untersucht die Autorin RFID-Anwendungen, die über die Unternehmensgrenzen hinausgehen: RFID kann, wenn es in inter-organisatorischen Systemen implementiert ist, einen Informationsaustausch in Echtzeit gewährleisten. Jedoch stellte sie bei den Unternehmen neben den unternehmensinternen auch in den inter-organisatorischen RFID-Szenarien Vorbehalte gegenüber RFID-Einführungen fest. Daher analysiert und identifiziert sie wichtige Faktoren für die Einführung von RFID in Lieferketten am Beispiel der Lieferkette der Automobilindustrie.In this thesis, the author investigates how radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology can contribute to the optimization of production processes. In the first chapters the author analyzes potential benefits and challenges of using RFID to improve production processes. To this end, she conducted case studies at six German manufacturing enterprises in which she explores possible RFID scenarios. Based on the case studies she evaluates seven use cases for RFID. They are either a replacement of bar codes or an application that can only be realized using RFID. Furthermore, the autor evaluates which challenges the manufacturer has to face when applying RFID. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with the question of how RFID can be embedded into an existing IT infrastructure. For this the author first evaluates general IT infrastructures at diverse manufacturers by conducting seven additional case studies. She then designs guidelines for integrating the RFID requirements obtained from the case studies into existing software systems, showing where RFID data processing can fit in. The manufacturing domain still lacks dedicated models for evaluating costs and benefits of an RFID rollout especially concerning the intangible, non-quantifiable aspects of such an investment. Therefore, Chapter 6 presents such a model. In Chapter 7 the author looks beyond inter-enterprise RFID applications in manufacturing: RFID can ensure real-time information sharing when implemented in inter-organizational systems along the supply chain. However, besides challenges in intra-organizational scenarios of applying RFID in production processes, the author can also observe an inter-organizational reservation of embedding RFID in supply chains. Therefore, the author analyzes and identifies important determinants of adopting RFID in supply chains; taking the automotive as an example.
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Abahamye, Aloysius. "Cost comparison between repackaging bulk oral solid medicines and purchasing manufacturer-prepared patient-ready packs in the public sector in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020596.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In an attempt to have medicines available in patient-ready packs (PRPs) prior to the dispensing process, the provincial medicine depots in South Africa have, for many years, been repackaging bulk medicines into PRPs. Notwithstanding the fact that bulk medicine packages may have been the only packages available from the manufacturers to service the Primary Health Care (PHC) sector, the main aim of this process was to ensure that medicines were available in PRPs for dispensing to patients, thus, minimising the time spent on each prescription by the pharmacist, pharmacist’s assistant or Nurse. Currently, some medicines are being procured in PRPs from the manufacturers, whereas others are still procured in bulk packs which must be repackaged into PRPs. After a thorough literature search, it was established that, up until this point in time, no studies have been performed to compare costs of repackaged medicines from bulk packs with costs of medicines procured from manufacturers in PRPs. There was very scanty literature comparing the use of medicines procured either in PRPs or bulk packs. However, literature on cost comparison between repackaging and purchasing of commercially available manufacturer-prepared PRPs was not identified.
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Vogt, Christian. "An experimental cost model for composite parts using vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6579.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM) belongs to the category of resin infusion techniques that use lower than atmospheric pressure to infiltrate a reinforced cavity. This technique has various advantages; however, manufacturing costs can be relatively high due to more difficult shapes fabricated and a lack of knowledge regarding cost driving factors. The objective of this study was to develop a cost model for composite parts. Such a model allows the estimation of manufacturing costs of shapes of different geometries. Therefore, it provides a comparison to alternative manufacturing techniques, such as metal forming or composite spray lay-up and helps to avoid unnecessarily expensive design features. The proposal was made to split complex shaped composite parts into individual basic shapes, which are further investigated here. For the basic shapes, an experimental approach was used where the manufacturing times of each process step are measured and then statistically analysed. Infusion simulation software was used to obtain additional filling times to complete the design of experiments. This method allows the estimation of manufacturing times of composite parts with different geometries. The manufacturing times were validated to that of a complex shaped industrial part, with reasonable results. Finally, a flexible cost model was developed to compare different manufacturing techniques and to estimate the manufacturing costs.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vakuumgesteunde harsinspuitingsgietwerk (VARTM) behoort tot die kategorie harsinspuitingstegnieke wat laer-as-atmosferiese druk gebruik om ʼn versterkte holte binne te dring. Hierdie tegniek hou verskeie voordele in. Tog kan vervaardigingskoste betreklik hoog wees wanneer dit by ingewikkelder vorms en ʼn gebrek aan kennis met betrekking tot kostesnellers kom. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om ʼn kostemodel vir saamgestelde onderdele te ontwikkel. Die model maak voorsiening vir die raming van die vervaardigingskoste vir verskillende afmetings. Sodoende bied dit ʼn vergelyking met alternatiewe tegnieke, en help voorkom onnodig duur ontwerpkenmerke. Daar is voorgestel dat dele met ingewikkelde vorms in individuele basiese vorms verdeel word, wat dan hier verder ondersoek word. Vir die basiese vorms word ʼn eksperimentele benadering gebruik waar die vervaardigingstye in elke prosesstap gemeet en statisties ontleed word. Voorts word inspuitingsimulasiesagteware gebruik om komplementêre inspuitingstye te bepaal ten einde die eksperimentele ontwerp te voltooi. Hierdie metode maak dit ook moontlik om die vervaardigingstye vir saamgestelde materiaal onderdele van verskillende afmetings te raam. Die vervaardigingstye word dan bevestig aan die hand van dié van ʼn kompleks gevormde industriële onderdeel, met redelike resultate. Uiteindelik word ʼn buigsame kostemodel ontwikkel om verskillende vervaardigingstegnieke te vergelyk en die vervaardigingskoste te raam.
Книги з теми "Manufacturing processes Australia Costs"
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Precision manufacturing costing. New York: M. Dekker, 1995.
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Kharbanda, Om Prakash. Capital cost estimating for the process industries. London: Butterworths, 1988.
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S.A.) International Manufacturing Leaders Forum (2002 Adelaide. Leadership of the future in manufacturing: Proceedings : 8-10 February 2002, Adelaide Australia. Mawson Lakes, S.Aust: Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Research, 2002.
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R, Greer Willis, and Nussbaum Daniel A. 1943-, eds. Cost analysis and estimating: Tools and techniques. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
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1948-, Rafiquzzaman Mohammed, and Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch., eds. The determinants of the adoption lag for advanced manufacturing technologies. Ottawa, Ont: Analytical Studies Branch, Statistics Canada, 1998.
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Gaĭvoronskai︠a︡, K. D. Izderzhki proizvodstva i t︠s︡ena: Praktikum dli︠a︡ malogo biznesa. Iz︠h︡evsk: Izd-vo i tip. Izhevskogo gos. tekhn. universiteta, 1999.
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Distance and duties: Determinants of manufacturing in Australia and Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University Press, 1985.
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Whitehead, Judy A. Empirical production analysis and optimal technological choice for economists: A dynamic programming approach. Aldershot [Hants, England]: Avebury, 1990.
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Keller, Hans-Joachim. Beitrag zur Optimierung der Fertigungsfolge Kaltmassivumformen und Spanen. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
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Gerdin, Jonas. Ekonomisystems utformning inom produktionsavdelningar: En tvärsnittsstudie. Uppsala: Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2002.
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Travis, Karen Snyder. "People, Processes, and Materials." In Reducing Operational Costs in Composites Manufacturing, 23–36. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429466397-4.
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Kianian, Babak, and Carin Andersson. "Analysis of Manufacturing Costs for Powder Metallurgy (PM) Gear Manufacturing Processes: A Case Study of a Helical Drive Gear." In Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management, 471–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6779-7_33.
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Wilson, John, Thècle Alix, Elise Gruhier, Nicolas Maranzana, Nicolas Perry, Gérard Magnin, Nicolas Parrod, Rémy Servonnat, and Julien Tuery. "Initial Proposal for a General Systems Engineering Methodology to Early Design Phase Cost/Value Estimation." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 393–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_62.
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AbstractWe propose that a systems engineering methodology may be applied in an effective interactive design environment for lifecycle cost estimation and value optimization in the context of a manufacturing enterprise. In order to optimize a product design for value, engineering and manufacturing businesses need to be able to estimate accurately product lifecycle costs during the early design phases of its development, because this is when the majority of these costs are determined. Systems engineering defines realizing value as meeting stakeholder requirements and emphasizes formalizing these in order to link coherently the individual estimated costs of a design to the needs it fulfils. Furthermore, formalized requirement and design parameters are suitable for modelling and simulation, and we envision a systems model implemented within existing knowledge-based engineering tools embedded in a design environment. The results of this model may support design decisions, as well as reinforce systems engineering analyses in evaluating processes for value chain simulations.
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Kamsvåg, Pål Furu, Sylvi Thun, and Joakim Klemets. "From Intention to Use to Active Use of a Mobile Application in Norwegian ETO Manufacturing." In Digital Transformation in Norwegian Enterprises, 91–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05276-7_6.
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AbstractThe introduction of digital technologies is starting to change the prevailing work practices at Aker Solutions’ yard at Stord in Vestland county. However, in order to derive business value and attain real transformative effects of digitalization, the challenges related to implementation must be identified and addressed. In this chapter, we examine the ongoing implementation of the mobile application WeBuild, at Aker Solutions’ yard at Stord. The overall goal with the application is to support more efficient work processes, reduce costs, increase organizational flexibility, and thereby ease the coming transition to “green” market segments. We use data from an extensive survey with answers from more than 500 respondents working at the yard at Stord to identify both organizational and infrastructural challenges with regard to this specific implementation. Analyses indicate that training and user involvement, functionality and usability, and technical infrastructure are important determinants which influence the active use of the WeBuild application. In more detail, our findings show that functionality adapted to the needs of the respondents’ respective disciplines was the strongest predictor of active use and that poor Internet access in certain parts of the yard makes it challenging to use WeBuild and other digital solutions. Further, we discuss how Aker Solution could overcome some of these challenges and attain business value from WeBuild and other digital solutions and initiatives. WeBuild is one of the many digital initiatives in Aker Solutions. By investigating the implications of this specific implementation along several dimensions, this study sheds light on the many difficulties Norwegian companies are facing when they try to reap the benefits of digital transformation. While Aker Solutions get insights with regard to the contextual challenges at this specific yard, one can extract important learning points that are useful in other contexts as well. Norwegian manufacturers must learn from each other to succeed with digital transformation.
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Hussein, Mohamed, Gim Seow, and Kinsun Tam. "Assessment of the costs and benefits of environmental investment." In Green Design, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 613–17. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15002-119.
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Campbell, F. C. "Adhesive Bonding and Integrally Cocured Structure: A Way to Reduce Assembly Costs through Parts Integration." In Manufacturing Processes for Advanced Composites, 241–301. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-185617415-2/50009-5.
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Stavropoulos, Panos, Angelos Koutsomichalis, and Nikos Vaxevanidis. "Laser-Based Manufacturing Processes for Aerospace Applications." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 24–45. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0329-3.ch002.
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In this chapter the latest developments in Laser manufacturing technologies and processes, used in the aerospace industry, are discussed. Current developments in the aerospace industry are characterised by the reduction of manufacturing and exploitation costs. Thus, the need for implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies and processes in the aeronautic industry, offering cost effective products with improved life cycle, is becoming more and more imperative. Lasers can be used in many industrial machining processes for a variety of materials including metals, ceramics, glass, plastics, and composites. Laser beams, used as machining tools, are not accompanied by problems such as tool wear, tool breakage, chatter, machine deflection and mechanically induced material damage, phenomena that are usually associated with traditional machining processes. The effectiveness of Lasers depends on the thermal nature of the machining process. Nevertheless, difficulties arise due to the difference in the thermal properties of the various components.
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Sahini, Deepak Kumar, Joyjeet Ghose, Sanjay Kumar Jha, Ajit Behera, and Animesh Mandal. "Optimization and Simulation of Additive Manufacturing Processes." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 187–209. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4054-1.ch010.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) has developed and gained popularity across the globe into a multi-billion-dollar industry that involves many materials and techniques. AM has created itself as a technology for the manufacturing of metallic parts with enhanced mechanical characteristics that are scientifically sound and commercially feasible. However, there are various challenges, from business point of view, like high machine and material costs. Considering the complexities involved, sustainable manufacturing, optimization tools, and simulation models are necessary in order to save time and costly trial and errors. Topology optimization and simulation of AM processes are commercially available and are receiving attention from scientists and industry. Thus, this chapter is designed to provide readers with a brief introduction to AM technologies with typical applications. The main objective of this chapter is to provide the current trends and innovations in the field of design for additive manufacturing (DFAM), topology optimization, and simulation technologies.
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Stavropoulos, Panos, Angelos Koutsomichalis, and Nikos Vaxevanidis. "Laser-Based Manufacturing Processes for Aerospace Applications." In Materials Science and Engineering, 374–91. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1798-6.ch014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this chapter the latest developments in Laser manufacturing technologies and processes, used in the aerospace industry, are discussed. Current developments in the aerospace industry are characterised by the reduction of manufacturing and exploitation costs. Thus, the need for implementation of advanced manufacturing technologies and processes in the aeronautic industry, offering cost effective products with improved life cycle, is becoming more and more imperative. Lasers can be used in many industrial machining processes for a variety of materials including metals, ceramics, glass, plastics, and composites. Laser beams, used as machining tools, are not accompanied by problems such as tool wear, tool breakage, chatter, machine deflection and mechanically induced material damage, phenomena that are usually associated with traditional machining processes. The effectiveness of Lasers depends on the thermal nature of the machining process. Nevertheless, difficulties arise due to the difference in the thermal properties of the various components.
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"Reducing Hospital Costs by Reducing Supply Waste." In Lean Six Sigma for Optimal System Performance in Manufacturing and Service Organizations, 82–105. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4062-5.ch004.
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Hospitals lose a large amount of money through waste as defined by lean. Processes have been in place many years at medical facilities and waste is often accepted as unavoidable in the rightful “patient first” mentality. The Plan, Do, Check, Act cycle is used for the control and continual improvement of the waste management process at the hospital where the study took place. By adapting and utilizing lean and statistical tools such as scatter diagrams, histograms, Pareto charts, fishbone diagrams, and control charts, waste can be identified and reduced or eliminated. The use of the statistical tools provides a visual presentation of the message that the team conveyed. They are especially useful to summarize the information that would normally require much time and effort to elucidate its complexity. Further, they provide a visual summation with still a great deal of details leading to increased satisfaction, efficiency, and creates competitive advantage.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Manufacturing processes Australia Costs"
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Kissani, I. "Alternative technologies for controlling CO2 emissions and energy costs minimization in manufacturing processes." In 2013 International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irsec.2013.6529683.
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Wack, Peter. "Producing High Quality Parts In Manufacturing Processes In Spite of Reducing The Costs." In Automotive and Transportation Technology Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3366.
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Linke, Barbara, Destiny Garcia, Gurpreet Kaur, and Farhad Ghadamli. "Sustainable Process Planning for Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing Unit Processes." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8517.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sustainability in manufacturing implies regarding economic, environmental and social aspects and is of increasing concern to companies and consumers. Traditionally, process planning decisions were mainly based on costs and quality. This paper shows a method to compare different process chains in terms of sustainability indicators. It proposes to include non-value adding steps such as quality control or transport. The method is explained with a case study, where students design, plan, manufacture, and test models for water table experiments. Common additive and subtractive manufacturing processes are applied.
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Nguyen, Christy, Marshall Laminen, and Durul Ulutan. "A Review of Assisted / Augmented Manufacturing Processes." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-3030.
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Abstract Manufacturing has a history almost as long as the humankind, but as materials get more and more complex due to material science technology, manufacturing them becomes increasingly difficult. Using processes in combination has been a common practice. Similarly, using a simple process to aid a more complex process has often been employed. However, more advanced technologies have been developed to manufacture difficult-to-manufacture materials, as well as advanced auxiliary techniques to aid the main manufacturing process. In most of these processes, the aim is to improve the manufacturability of the part. Initial considerations to improve manufacturability were focused on being able to produce the part in ways aligning with the design. For example, in hot forging, it was not possible to achieve the right product without the aid of the secondary process (heating). As the manufacturing field evolved, needs of the industry changed to improving part quality and lowering manufacturing costs. Modern methods of assisting main manufacturing processes focus on ensuring (1) an extended use of the tool quantified by lower tool wear and higher tool life, (2) improved machine capabilities quantified by lower maintenance times and higher automation, (3) improved final product quality quantified by dimensional accuracy and surface, subsurface, and bulk material quality, and (4) increased sustainability of the process quantified by lower resource use such as machine power and lubrication. In this study, an overview of the use of assistance in manufacturing processes is provided. The review is focused on more modern techniques such as laser, electrical, magnetic field, and ultrasonic assistance, more modern materials that are difficult-to-manufacture such as hardened steels and titanium and nickel-based alloys, and on machining processes that are more imminent for the critical industries such as automotive, aerospace, energy production, and biomedical industries.
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Muroyama, Alexander, Mahesh Mani, Kevin Lyons, and Bjorn Johansson. "Simulation and Analysis for Sustainability in Manufacturing Processes." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47327.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
“Sustainability” has become a ubiquitous term in almost every field, especially in engineering design and manufacturing. Recently, an increased awareness of environmental problems and resource depletion has led to an emphasis on environmentally friendly practices. This is especially true in the manufacturing industry where energy consumption and the amount of waste generated can be high. This requires proactive tools to be developed to carefully analyze the cause-effect of current manufacturing practices and to investigate alternative practices. One such approach to sustainable manufacturing is the combined use of Discrete Event Simulation (DES) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to analyze the utilization and processing of manufacturing resources in a factory setting. On an economic aspect such method can significantly reduce the financial and environmental costs by evaluating the system performance before its construction or use. This project considers what-if scenarios in a simplified golf ball factory, using as close to real-world data as possible, to demonstrate DES and LCA’s ability to facilitate decision-making and optimize the manufacturing process. Plastic injection molding, an energy-intensive step in the golf ball manufacturing process, is the focus of the DES model. AutoMod, a 3-D modeling software, was used to build the DES model and AutoStat was used to run the trials and analyze the data. By varying the input parameters such as type and number of injection molding machines and material used, the simulation model can output data indicating the most productive and energy efficient methods. On a more detailed level, the simulations can provide valuable information on bottlenecks or imbalances in the system. Correcting these can allow the factory to be both “greener” and more cost-effective.
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Weissman, Alexander, and Satyandra K. Gupta. "Selecting a Design-Stage Energy Estimation Approach for Manufacturing Processes." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48418.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Manufacturing is an energy-intensive process which could account for significant energy consumption worldwide. Reducing energy consumption on a product level, in addition to a process or facility level, is being seen as a more worthwhile endeavor in light of rising energy costs and environmental concerns. To accomplish this, it is necessary to consider the role of product design in energy consumption. It is possible to design a product such that its manufacture consumes less energy. However, this requires a good model of energy consumption based on the design parameters. A good model must be detailed enough to yield accurate results, but at the same time simple enough such that it can be applied easily and consistently in day-to-day design work. In this paper, we propose an approach for generating such a model by decomposing the manufacturing process into its energy-consuming components. For each component, the relevant design and manufacturing parameters can be elicited by performing sensitivity analysis through analysis and experimentation. Parameters which do not greatly contribute to variance in energy consumption can be held constant, thus simplifying the model. Thus, the simplest possible model can be derived for a specified level of accuracy. We illustrate that critical parameters from energy point of view can differ greatly from process to process by investigating representative manufacturing processes in four general categories: additive, subtractive, forming, and solidification. Finally, we present a case study for injection molding.
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Potluri, Hemanth, Joshua J. Jones, and Laine Mears. "Comparison of Electrically-Assisted and Conventional Friction Stir Welding Processes by Feed Force and Torque." In ASME 2013 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 41st North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2013-1192.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The process of friction stir welding involves high tool forces and requires robust machinery; the forces involved make tool wear a predominant problem. As a result, many alternatives have been proposed in decreasing tool forces such as laser assisted friction stir welding and ultra-sound assisted friction stir welding. However, these alternatives are not commercially successful on a large scale due to scalability and capital/maintenance costs. In an attempt to reduce forces in a cost-feasible manner, electrically-assisted friction stir welding (EAFSW) is studied in this work. EAFSW is a result of applying the concept of electrically-assisted manufacturing (i.e., passing high direct electrical current through a workpiece during processing) to the conventional friction stir welding process. The concept of EAFSW is a relatively new adaptation of conventional frictional stir welding, which is well established. The expected benefits are reduction in the feed force and torque, which allow for improved processing productivity as well as the possibility for deeper penetration of the weld.
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Moss, Justin, and Nicole Liang. "A Contemporary Comparison of Life Cycle Evaluations of Road Pavements in Australia-Asphaltic Concrete vs Portland Cement Concrete." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/qyk86wg1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Life cycle cost analyses (LCC/A) have not typically been used for pavement optioneering for nearly 30 years in Australia, nor are they generally required in detailed design. To date, asphalt pavements were assumed to have lower construction costs but acknowledged as requiring regular maintenance (every 5 to 10 years), whereas concrete is well known to require less maintenance (typically at intervals of 10 to 20 years). Concrete is therefore characterised as being lower cost only in terms of its life cycle and consequently overlooked where construction costs are the focus of pavement options evaluation. However, with significant recent changes in road construction materials and processes, preconceptions around life cycle costs of asphalt and concrete pavements around the world should be reviewed. This paper reports on the findings of a study conducted by Arcadis which compared the life cycle costs of highway low- noise high-speed pavements - plain concrete (PCP), full depth asphalt (FDA) and asphalt over heavily bound (ACH). The study compared LCC of these pavements across a range of project- specific scenarios (resource availability, site complexity and traffic constraints) in addition to the impact of adopting international discount rates. With a new generation of pavement renewal now commencing in Australia (45 years after the first), this work also examined the viability of prolonging the service life of pavements in relation to its impact on life cycle costs, closures and environmental impact. This paper ultimately concludes best value of the various pavement scenario combinations by ranking and comparing all pavements options, and makes recommendations for future life cycle assessments.
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Doersch, Christian, Joerg Muessig, and Dieter H. Mueller. "Modelling of Manufacturing Processes by FEA-Method for the Production of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Plastics." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41826.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years a growing demand for natural fiber-reinforced plastic components and structures has been observed. One important area of application is transportation, particularly in the automotive industry. Due to market demand, innovative process technologies for fast, cost-effective and quality-driven manufacture of natural fiber-reinforced plastic components is required. This paper will focus on the development of technologies for automised manufacturing of NFRP-components with resin infusion processes. At present NFRP-components are manufactured automatically but without flexibility concerning the deviations of material properties or part geometries. This lack of control in manufacturing results in long cycle times, low process control and high costs. The Bremen Institute for Engineering Design (BIK) is developing and improving machine and process technologies for automised textile handling. The handling system has to meet the requirements of large, limp textile material. The authors have mutually developed methods for the simplified simulation of textiles. The simulation supports the evaluation of textiles and handling devices concerning the ability for better control in manufacturing. To meet these requirements, a simulation of the textile material with the “Finite Element Analysis” method supports the part and process design by reducing developing time and costs. For this purpose, the authors showed a simplified model with a reduced set of material data which is required for the FEA-model.
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Cheng, Xudong, and Xiaochun Li. "Fabrication and Application of Micro Sensor Arrays on Nickel Substrate for Meso-Scale Manufacturing Processes." In ASME 2006 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2006-21113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Real time monitoring, diagnosis and control of numerous manufacturing processes is of critical importance in reducing operation costs, improving product quality, and shortening response time. Current sensors used in manufacturing, especially at meso/micro scale, are normally unable to provide measurements with desired spatial and temporal resolution at critical locations in metal structures (e.g. tooling). Micro sensors are expected to offer tremendous benefits for real time sensing in manufacturing processes. In this study, a batch production of micro thin film sensor arrays was realized by transferring thin film sensors from silicon wafers directly onto nickel substrates through standard microfabrication and electroplating techniques. To demonstrate the potential applications, micro sensor arrays that consist of multiple thermocouples and thermopiles were designed, fabricated and transferred into electroplated nickel to study temperature field and heat generation during meso-scale ultrasonic welding. Sensor arrays are arranged immediately adjacent to the mesoscale welding area for in-situ temperature and surface heat flux measurement. These micro sensor arrays provide high spatial and temporal resolution that cannot be achieved with conventional macro sensors.
Звіти організацій з теми "Manufacturing processes Australia Costs"
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Slattery, Kevin T. Unsettled Aspects of the Digital Thread in Additive Manufacturing. SAE International, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the past years, additive manufacturing (AM), also known as “3D printing,” has transitioned from rapid prototyping to making parts with potentially long service lives. Now AM provides the ability to have an almost fully digital chain from part design through manufacture and service. Web searches will reveal many statements that AM can help an organization in its pursuit of a “digital thread.” Equally, it is often stated that a digital thread may bring great benefits in improving designs, processes, materials, operations, and the ability to predict failure in a way that maximizes safety and minimizes cost and downtime. Now that the capability is emerging, a whole series of new questions begin to surface as well: •• What data should be stored, how will it be stored, and how much space will it require? •• What is the cost-to-benefit ratio of having a digital thread? •• Who owns the data and who can access and analyze it? •• How long will the data be stored and who will store it? •• How will the data remain readable and usable over the lifetime of a product? •• How much manipulation of disparate data is necessary for analysis without losing information? •• How will the data be secured, and its provenance validated? •• How does an enterprise accomplish configuration management of, and linkages between, data that may be distributed across multiple organizations? •• How do we determine what is “authoritative” in such an environment? These, along with many other questions, mark the combination of AM with a digital thread as an unsettled issue. As the seventh title in a series of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports on AM, this report discusses what the interplay between AM and a digital thread in the mobility industry would look like. This outlook includes the potential benefits and costs, the hurdles that need to be overcome for the combination to be useful, and how an organization can answer these questions to scope and benefit from the combination. This report, like the others in the series, is directed at a product team that is implementing AM. Unlike most of the other reports, putting the infrastructure in place, addressing the issues, and taking full advantage of the benefits will often fall outside of the purview of the product team and at the higher organizational, customer, and industry levels.
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Hasan, Shahid, and Rami Shabaneh. The Economics and Resource Potential of Hydrogen Production in Saudi Arabia. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy transition discussions, policymakers are increasingly viewing hydrogen as a preferred emissions-free substitute for oil, natural gas and coal in hard-to-abate sectors. However, hydrogen is not a primary energy source but rather is a carrier of energy. Many factors, including its source and the technology used to manufacture it, influence its production costs. Currently, hydrogen manufacturing processes themselves have significant carbon footprints. Thus, for hydrogen to be accepted as a low-carbon fuel source, its production methods must also be decarbonized.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.