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Статті в журналах з теми "Mandatory rules of public law"
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Shulakov, A. A. "RUSSIAN FEDERATION PUBLIC POLICY INTERESTS AND INTERNATIONAL ADOPTION." Lex Russica, no. 11 (November 22, 2019): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.156.11.056-069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the protection of the Russian Federation public policy interests in the field of intercountry adoption. It is established that strengthening of such protection entails changes in the legislation. Such changes are connected either with the super-mandatory character of already existing statutory mandatory substantive rules or with the emergence of new super-mandatory rules. In the field of intercountry adoption in Russia, this process is particularly striking. The study highlights that the general equation contained in Art. 1192 “Rules of direct application” of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes two ways that allow by analogy to determine the super-mandatory nature of certain mandatory substantive rules stated in the Family Code of the Russian Federation: “by reference in the mandatory rules themselves” (the over-mandatory character of the rule is expressly determined by the legislator) or “because of their particular importance also for the protection of rights and legally protected interests” (the over-mandatory character of the rule is determined by the executor of law). It is concluded that the emergence of constitutionally significant values/public interests in the content of the mandatory substantive rule (“protection of morals, health, rights and legitimate interests of other family members and other citizens”, etc.) forms a criterion that allows the executor of the law to determine such rules as rules of over-mandatory character. Based on the analysis of international treaties of the Russian Federation on interstate cooperation in the field of adoption of children, the article defines the fundamental principles that make up the structure of intercountry adoption in the Russian Federation. It is established that the additional conditions and requirements of the state of child’s origin are included in the regulation of intercountry adoption (provisions of articles 165, 124-133 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation; provisions of bilateral treaties between Russia and European countries where more than 85% of Russian children are adopted (France, Italy, Spain)) to protect the interests of the RF public policy.
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Pauknerová, Monika. "Mandatory rules and public policy in international contract law." ERA Forum 11, no. 1 (March 2010): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-010-0151-2.
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Bansal, Sharad. "The Dampening Effect of Foreign Mandatory Laws." Asian International Arbitration Journal 14, Issue 2 (December 1, 2018): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aiaj2018009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Party autonomy – a foundational facet of international arbitration – is often at loggerheads with public policy elements. A recurrent debate in international arbitration has been the extent of limits imposed by public policy on party autonomy. One aspect of this debate is when parties expressly opt for a law governing the merits of the dispute, can an arbitral tribunal derogate from such law and apply a mandatory rule which it finds to be relevant to the dispute? This issue has repercussions on the enforceability of arbitration agreements as well as arbitral awards where mandatory rules are involved. In this article, the author argues that arbitrators are bound to apply mandatory laws notwithstanding the fact that such a measure constitutes a departure from the lex contractus, since parties inherently lack the capacity to contract out of mandatory rules. To the extent that mandatory rules reflect public policy they now cast a limit to parties’ lex contractus.
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Zhilsov, A. N. "Mandatory and Public Policy Rules in International Commercial Arbitration." Netherlands International Law Review 42, no. 01 (May 1995): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00003387.
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Zamir, Eyal, and Ori Katz. "Do People Like Mandatory Rules? The Impact of Framing and Phrasing." Law & Social Inquiry 45, no. 4 (May 12, 2020): 1052–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2020.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Market regulation has traditionally focused on disclosure duties, yet mounting evidence questions their effectiveness. The efficacy of nudges is similarly doubted, especially when suppliers counter their effects. Consequently, there is growing interest in mandatory regulation of the content of contracts. Previous studies have examined public opinion about nudges but not about mandatory rules.We explore how the formulation of mandatory rules might affect their judged desirability, focusing on the choices: (1) between negative and positive formulation; and (2) between merely establishing substantive mandatory rules and supervising the wording of the contract as well. We also examine laypersons’ general attitude toward mandatory rules.We report the results of four studies, conducted with a representative sample of 968 US adults and 795 MTurk master workers. Contrary to our conjecture, we found that subjects generally judged wording rules as more desirable than merely substantive ones, and positive rules as more desirable than negative ones. There also appears to be strong support for pro-customer mandatory rules, even among conservative people. These results arguably legitimize more, and more effective, mandatory rules. They also suggest that the relative paucity of mandatory rules in US law is not due to public opposition to them but to other reasons.
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Pavić, Vladimir. "Bribery and International Commercial Arbitration – the Role of Mandatory Rules and Public Policy." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 43, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v43i4.5016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although designed to resolve private disputes, usually commercial in nature, arbitration may nevertheless encounter during its course allegations of impropriety and criminal behaviour. In the context of international commercial arbitration, the most common of those are allegations of bribery. However, tribunals may adjudicate only matters of private law and, should they establish existence of bribery, may draw only civil law consequences thereof. An additional problem in this respect is determining the body of rules that will be applicable in defining the very notion of bribery, since some aspects of bribery are almost universally prohibited, while the others are banned only in certain jurisdictions. In determining the law applicable to the matters of bribery, tribunals then face choice-of-law dilemmas. Each of the public policy techniques (overriding mandatory provisions, international and/or transnational) has its strengths and weaknesses.
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Garcia Rolo, António. "Steering Companies Towards Policy Objectives Through Mandatory Disclosure Rules in EU Law." European Company Law 19, Issue 2 (March 1, 2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2022006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mandatory disclosure rules applicable to EU companies, such as the basic information every company is required to disclose on a public register and periodical financial information, have traditionally sought to mediate agency problems between managers and shareholders and company insiders and outsiders. However, mandatory disclosure foreseen in EU law has since expanded beyond that, especially in large companies, listed companies or those carrying out certain activities. Some those more recent mandatory disclosure rules – such as the Shareholders Rights Directive and the environmental and social disclosure rules foreseen in the Non-Financial Reporting Directive and the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation – have gone beyond the traditional end of mediating agency problems (or, in the case of listed companies, provide price informativeness) and have, instead, been seeking to use their effects on corporate governance to steer companies towards distinct policy objectives set out by the legislator. By equipping the potential users of that information – shareholders and stakeholders alike – with more information, the legislator seeks to change the behaviour of the disclosing company without being too forceful or imposing.
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Agstner, Peter, and Davide Marchesini Mascheroni. "Breach of the Mandatory Bid Rule: Minority Shareholders’ Protection in the Public vs. Private Enforcement Debate." European Company and Financial Law Review 17, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 726–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ecfr-2020-0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mandatory takeover bid has been broadly investigated in the literature. The economics of such control acquisition and the pros and cons of the mandatory bid rule are nowadays well-established. Uncertainty still reigns with respect to the fundamental question whether private law remedies are available to minority shareholders in the case of a breach of the duty to make a takeover bid. Statutory law across Member States is essentially silent on this matter, and at a supranational level the CJEU’s case law does not offer valid precedents. European policymakers rely on public enforcement mechanisms, while an action for damages against the bidder is not made available or only reluctantly accepted by the courts. Italy is an outlier, allowing today – after the consolidation of the principles expressed in the leading case Fondiaria-SAI – the recourse to private enforcement remedies. This article shows that, for the purpose of good functioning and competitiveness of capital markets, private enforcement plays an important role against violations of the mandatory bid rules. Thus, public enforcement, which often proved to be ineffective or bypassed especially in cases of acting in concert, should be complemented by the recognition of civil liability of the bidder for breach of the duty to launch a takeover bid. Furthermore, the legal regime of such liability is outlined, thereby investigating the (contractual or tortious) nature of the bidder’s liability and the operativeness of such a regime (e. g., amount of damages, application of compensatio lucro cum damno rule).
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MacNeil, Iain, and Alex Lau. "International Corporate Regulation: Listing Rules and Overseas Companies." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 4 (October 2001): 787–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.4.787.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Listing rules have always played a significant role in corporate regulation by controlling the manner in which companies raise capital through the issue of securities and the subsequent trading of those securities between investors. The regulatory role of listing rules can be characterised as the top-tier in a system of regulation for listed companies in which the lower tiers are represented by securities law and general corporate law. Company law represents the bottom tier of regulation as it applies to all companies, albeit with some distinctions made between public and private companies. While company law does contain a substantial body of rules which are subject to change by share-holders (‘default rules’), it also contains a core of mandatory rules (not subject to change by shareholders) which are regulatory in their nature.
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Badr, Yehya Ikram Ibrahim. "The Grounds for Setting Aside Arbitral Awards under the Egyptian Arbitration Code: Unresolved Choice of Law Issues and Unwanted Extraterritorialism." Arab Law Quarterly 32, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-12321004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This article analyses the choice of law issues associated with setting aside an arbitral award under the Egyptian Arbitration Code (the Code), the challenges posed by applying the Code to arbitration conducted outside Egypt, and the lack of a clear criterion to define the Code’s scope of application. Choice of law issues – such as the law governing the parties’ capacity, the law governing the agreement to arbitrate and the applicable curial – are not addressed by defined choice of law rules. Under Egyptian law, there are several conflicting choices of rules. Finally, the article focuses on the Egyptian courts’ tendency to apply Egyptian law extraterritorially, either to protect Egyptian public policy or to apply Egyptian mandatory rules to determine the procedural validity of the arbitral award and the arbitration proceedings in general.
Дисертації з теми "Mandatory rules of public law"
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Saumier, Geneviève. "Public policy, mandatory rules and uniform choice-of-law rules in contract : the impact of European harmonization on English private international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627212.
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Montoya, Stahl Alfonso, and Jordán Fernando Loayza. "The mandatory determination of the Corporate Purpose: An outdated rule." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122677.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The authors discussed on the alleged utility as well as the drawbacks of the mandatory determination of corporate purpose. They analyze and criticize the required characteristics of the corporate purpose by the Peruvian corporate regulation as well as the alleged benefits of making mandatory its determination. The authors propose the elimination of the obligation to determine the corporate purpose in order to give corporations freedom to configure their economic activity without being limited by an outdated rule.En el presente artículo, los autores discuten la presunta utilidad como inconvenientes de la obligación de determinar el objeto social. En ese sentido, se analiza las características exigidas al objeto social, como los supuestos beneficios que traería su regulación. Los autores proponen la eliminación de la obligación de determinar el objeto social a fin de permitir a las sociedades configurar libremente su actividad, sin verse limitadas por una norma rígida.
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Adel, Zaher Mina. "L'ordre public dans les relations privées internationales : l'exemple des contrats internationaux devant le juge étatique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’autonomie de la volonté est un principe relatif à la liberté des parties quant au choix de la loi applicable au contrat international. Cependant, ce principe est limité par les règles d’ordre public, et plus généralement les dispositions impératives, réduisant l’étendue de cette autonomie. Afin de perfectionner la mise en application de ces règles tout en garantissant une certaine prévisibilité, il s’avère important d’étudier en détail l’origine et la nature des règles d’ordre public. Une étude comparée avec le droit international privé égyptien s’avère nécessaire pour perfectionner les mécanismes actuels. Le débat conceptuel actuel met en évidence le rôle de la coopération internationale, outre les intérêts purement étatiques, ce qui suscitera un nouvel ordre public transnational, voire supranationalThe freedom of choice is a principle referring to the freedom of the parties concerning the choice of the law ruling the international contract. However, this principle is limited by public policy, which reduce the extent of this freedom. In order to improve the application of these rules with a minimum of predictability, it is important to study in detail the origin and nature of the rules of public policy. A comparative study with Egyptian private international law is needed to take advantage from all current mechanisms. The current conceptual debate highlights the role of international cooperation, in addition to purely State interests, which will tend to create a new transnational, or even supranational, public policy
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Latil, Cédric. "Intérêt public et lois de police en droit international privé." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM1077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les lois de police sont traditionnellement définies comme des lois dont l’observation est jugée nécessaire pour la sauvegarde de l’organisation politique, sociale et économique du pays. Le juge procède dès lors à leur application immédiate sans même recourir à la règle de conflit de lois. Une telle définition ne permet cependant pas d’identifier avec certitude ce type de normes. Cette recherche entend ainsi proposer un définition du concept des lois de police délimité au regard de l’intérêt public, élément qui a été intégré l’article 9, paragraphe 1 du règlement « Rome I » sur la loi applicable aux obligations contractuelles. Les réflexions menées conduisent ensuite à s’interroger sur les conditions qui permettent de conférer aux lois de police une impérativité dans l’ordre international. Il s’agit alors de rechercher quelle est l’incidence de la considération d’intérêt public dans le traitement de conflits de lois mais aussi des conflits de juridictionsOverriding mandatory provisions is traditionally defined as a provisions the respect for which is regarded as necessary by a country for safeguarding its political, social or economic organisation. Hence, the Courts apply the law of the forum automatically and do not apply their own conflit of rules. Definition is not precise enough to be used accurately. Therefore we propose to define concept of Overriding mandatory provisions focuses on the « Public Interest », which is derived from article 9, paragraph 1 of the regulation on the law applicable to the contractual obligations. In the following lines, we wonder about the mandatory implantation of these rules at the intrenational level. Our aim is to measure the impact of Public Interest in the conflict of laws and in the conflict of jurisdictions
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Buruianã, Monica-Elena. "L'application de la loi étrangère en droit international privé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0067/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le droit international privé, tel qu’il résulte des droits nationaux et du droit de l’Unioneuropéenne, accorde une attention particulière aux systèmes juridiques étrangers. L’application de la loiétrangère constitue l’expression de l’importance reconnue aux systèmes juridiques étrangers, mais appliquerune loi qui est extérieure au système juridique du for peut provoquer, du fait de sa différence, des réactionsdéfensives. L’application de la loi étrangère se trouve ainsi confrontée à différents obstacles qui tendent àgarantir une application prioritaire de la lex fori. D’une part, les techniques employées par le systèmejuridique du for pour appliquer la loi étrangère ne lui sont pas favorables, comme en témoigne l’interventionrécurrente de l’exception d’ordre public international. D’autre part, des éléments exogènes au systèmejuridique du for, comme la compréhension différente d’une même institution juridique, peuvent égalementfaire échec à l’application de la loi étrangère. Il existe ainsi un décalage entre la lettre des règles de droitinternational privé du for, qui permettrait d’envisager une application fréquente de la loi étrangère et l’usagequi en est fait par les autorités du système juridique du for, qui mène souvent à sa neutralisation. Cette étudedéfend un meilleur respect de la lettre des règles relatives à l’application de la loi étrangère, qui aurait poureffet de promouvoir ce type d’application. Dans cette perspective, le droit international privé de l’Unioneuropéenne fournit d’importants enseignements, dans la mesure où il dynamise l’application de la loiétrangère appartenant à d’autres Etats membresThe national or the European private international law is taking into a particular accountthe foreign legal systems. The foreign law application is an expression of the attention given to the foreignlegal systems, but applying a law that belongs to a different legal system than the legal system of the forumcountry may provoke a defence reaction caused by the existing differences between the legal systemsinvolved. The foreign law application is therefore confronted to different obstacles that tend to ensure aprimary application of the lex fori. First, the techniques used by the legal system of the forum country toapply the foreign law are not entirely favourable to this kind of application, as evidenced by the recurrentintervention of the international public policy. Furthermore, there are elements that are exogenous to thelegal system of the forum country, such as different understandings of the same legal institution that canobstruct the foreign law application. There is thus a gap between the theory of the private internationalrules, which would appeal a frequent application of the foreign law, and the use that is made of them by theauthorities of the forum country, which often leads to the neutralization of the foreign law. This studydefends a better compliance to the theory of private international law, which would promote the applicationof the foreign law. In this perspective, the private international law of the European Union provides animportant source of « savoir-faire » as it promotes the application of a foreign law belonging to anotherMember States
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Hedberg, Christoffer Coello. "International Commercial Arbitration and Money Laundering : Problems that arise and how they should be resolved." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-299071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This thesis is concerned with examining the intersection between the areas of international commercial arbitration and money laundering. There are various points of connectivity between the two and the aim of this thesis is to discern how an arbitrator should conduct arbitral proceedings involving money laundering. For this purpose, a few selected topics have been examined. The practical challenges arising out of these topics, as well as the tools available to arbitrators to face them have been analysed in turn. After a brief inquiry into the nature of international commercial arbitration, money laundering and the ways that they come together, the topics of jurisdiction, the norms applicable to the substance of the dispute, and matters of evidence are subject to discussion. In studying these topics, a recurring theme, which goes to the very heart of the intersection between the seemingly odd areas of international commercial arbitration and money laundering, is discernible. In practically all of the challenges that an arbitrator will face when adjudicating a dispute involving money laundering a conflict of interest between the pivotal principle of party autonomy and other interests will arise. These interests originate from the public policy concerns vested in countering money laundering and the criminal law nature of this phenomenon. The tools which the arbitrator deem to be applicable as well as the conduct that he might choose in regards to the topics discussed, very much depend on his perception of the role that international arbitrators ought to assume in this conflict. Keeping these conceptual building blocks in mind the author, whilst examining the relevant legal instrument, case law and legal commentary, reaches the conclusion that arbitral tribunals ought to claim jurisdiction over disputes arising out of contracts tainted by money laundering in the majority of cases. The author also reaches the conclusion that there are other norms than the lex contractus that can be applied to the substance of the dispute and that the willingness to apply them will depend on the attitude of the arbitrator. Similarly, the arbitrator could, and arguably should, investigate the issue of money laundering of his own accord, albeit with a few important reservations. The rules of evidence, especially those of the burden of proof and standard of proof, should be tailored to reflect the nature of the complex offence of money laundering. Finally, the eventual possibility for an international arbitrator to report suspicions of money laundering is touched upon.
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Vodounon-Djegni, Comlan René. "L’exécution des sentences arbitrales contre les personnes publiques de l’OHADA." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La thèse porte sur « L’exécution des sentences arbitrales contre les personnes publiques de l’OHADA ». Elle a pour but de démontrer comment mettre en œuvre ces sentences sans se heurter à l’immunité d’exécution des personnes qui en bénéficient. En effet, en l’absence d’une exception arbitrale, l’interdiction de l’exécution forcée et des mesures conservatoires à l’encontre de ces personnes semble s’étendre à l’exécution forcée des sentences arbitrales contre les personnes publiques de l’OHADA. Or, comme ces dernières, l’immunité d’exécution a également un fondement contractuel ; c’est une règle d’ordre public de protection à laquelle le bénéficiaire peut renoncer. Donc, son application ne serait requise que si son bénéficiaire n’y a pas renoncé. Mais, pour être valable, la renonciation à l’immunité d’exécution doit être expresse, au sens du droit international coutumier, dont fait partie la Convention des Nations Unies sur l’immunité juridictionnelle des Etats et de leurs biens du 2 décembre 2004, applicable en droit OHADA, pour raison de droit. Cette condition de validité de la renonciation pose le problème de l’efficacité des contrats soumis aux règles impératives du droit public ou des conventions et règlements d’arbitrage. Alors, faudrait-il envisager la réécriture des modèles habituels de conventions et règlements d’arbitrage pour y intégrer cette condition ? Cette approche garantirait l’effectivité des sentences arbitrales administratives, sur le fondement de la force obligatoire des contrats (Pacta sunt servenda) et de leur exécution de bonne foi. Aussi, pourrait-on renforcer cette renonciation par la mention de biens affectés à l’activité en cause ou à l’exécution de la sentence qui s’ensuivra sans lien avec l’activité qui y a donné lieu. En tout état de cause, l’immunité d’exécution ne s’oppose ni à l’identification des débiteurs des condamnations pécuniaires des personnes publiques, ni à l’exequatur des sentences arbitrales adm inistratives, ni même à l’exécution volontaire ou spontanée desdites sentences. Ainsi, en dépit de sa conception absolue ou stricte, l’immunité d’exécution de l’OHADA a des limites à l’égard des sentences arbitrales administrativesThe thesis focuses on " The execution of arbitral awards against public persons of OHADA ". Its purpose is to demonstrate how to implement these sentences without coming up against the immunity from execution of the persons who benefit from them. Indeed, in the absence of an arbitration exception, the prohibition of forced execution and interim measures against these persons seems to extend to the forced execution of arbitral awards against public persons of the OHADA. However, like the latter, immunity from execution also has a contractual basis ; it is a rule of public order of protection which the beneficiary can waive. Therefore, its application would only be required if its beneficiary has not waived it. However, to be valid, the waiver of immunity from execution must be express, within the meaning of customary international law, of which the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunity of States and their Property of December 2, 2004 forms part. applicable in OHADA law, for legal reasons. This condition of validity of the waiver poses the problem of the effectiveness of contracts subject to the mandatory rules of public law or arbitration agreements and regulations. So, should we consider rewriting the usual models of arbitration agreements and rules to include this condition ? This approach would guarantee the effectiveness of administrative arbitration awards, based on the binding force of contracts (pacta sunt servenda) and their performance in good faith. Also, this waiver could be reinforced by the mention of property assigned to the activity in question or to the execution of the award which will ensue unrelated to the activity which gave rise to it. In any event, immunity from execution does not preclude either the identification of the debtors of the pecuniary judgments of public persons, nor the exequatur of administrative arbitration awards, nor even the voluntary or spontaneous execution of the said sentences. T hus, despite its absolute or strict design, OHADA immunity from execution has limits with respect to administrative arbitral awards
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Ramírez, Reyes Santiago. "L’affinement des mécanismes liés à l’ordre public dans le choix de la loi applicable aux contrats internationaux : regards franco-mexicain." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D088.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les notions d’exception d’ordre public et de lois de police appartiennent au vocabulaire de la théorie générale du droit international privé. Il est légitime de se demander si cette affirmation de principe est illustrée par une comparaison franco-mexicaine. La pertinence d’un tel rapprochement peut paraître suspecte, compte tenu de la participation de la France à un processus plus ou moins fédérateur, du fait de son appartenance à l’Union européenne ; alors que le Mexique s’organise autour d’un « pacte fédéral ». Or, la comparaison retrouve sa pertinence dès lors qu’on observe que le rapport entre l’État-Nation et le droit international privé passe inexorablement par le prisme de la souveraineté et que la France et le Mexique demeurent détenteurs de la souveraineté au plan international. L’analyse se rend possible grâce à l’existence d’un fond historique et d’une culture juridique communes, elle se circonscrit à la matière contractuelle car particulièrement sensible aux mécanismes liés à l’ordre public. Cependant, le droit international privé a évolué depuis l’identification et la construction des grandes catégories que sont l’exception d’ordre public et les lois de police aboutissant à un certain nombre d’affinements dont il faudra vérifier leur orientation. Éléments d’affinement aussi multiples que variés tels que les droits fondamentaux, la protection de la partie faible, le contrôle de constitutionnalité, et la proportionnalité entre autres, font de cette étude l’occasion de mettre en évidence le caractère évolutif des mécanismes liés à l’ordre public en droit international privéThe concepts of public policy and overriding mandatory rules are to be found within the vocabulary of the general theory of conflict of laws. It is legitimate to ask whether this statement of principle can be illustrated by a French-Mexican comparison. The relevance of such a comparison may seem doubtful, given France's participation in a more or less unifying process, due to its membership of the European Union; whereas Mexico, on the other hand, is organized around a "federal pact". However, the comparison remains relevant as we can observe that the relationship between the nation-state and private international law inexorably passes through the prism of sovereignty and that France and Mexico remain masters of their sovereignty at the international level. This analysis is made possible thanks to the existence of a common historical background and a common legal culture, contractual matters are specifically targeted due to their high level of sensitivity to the influence of public policy. However, private international law has evolved since the identification and construction of the broad categories of the public policy and overriding mandatory rules, which have led to a number of developments whose orientation will have to be verified. These specification elements as multiple as they are varied, such as fundamental rights, protection of the weaker party, constitutional review and proportionality, among others, renders this study an opportunity to highlight the evolving nature of mechanisms related to public policy in international private contract law
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Moberger, Elin. "Free Movement of Goods : Article 36 TFEU and Mandatory Requirements Justification under Public Policy and Public Security." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76477.
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Smith, Barbara H. "Mandatory Internet filtering in public libraries the disconnect between law and technology /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0021600.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Mandatory rules of public law"
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American Bar Association. Task Force on Implementation of the Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct and Mandatory Disclosure Rule and American Bar Association. Section of Public Contract Law, eds. Guide to the mandatory disclosure rule: Issues, guidelines, and best practices : report of the Task Force on Implementation of the Contractor Code of Business Ethics and Conduct and Mandatory Disclosure Rule. [Chicago, Ill.]: American Bar Association, Section of Public Contract Law, 2010.
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Israel. Mandatory tenders: Verbatim English translations of the ... 4th ed. [Haifa]: A.G. Publications, 1998.
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Maine. Maine notary public law and rules. [Augusta, Me.]: Bill Diamond, Secretary of State, 1995.
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Commission, Texas Public Utility. Substantive rules. Austin, Tex. (7800 Shoal Creek Blvd., Suite 450N, Austin 78757): Public Utility Commission of Texas, 1986.
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Kansas. Kansas public warehouse law: Rules and regulations. Topeka, KS (P.O. Box 1918, Topeka 66603): Kansas State Grain Inspection Dept., Warehouse Division, 1990.
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Kansas. Kansas public warehouse law: Rules and regulations. Topeka, KS (P.O. Box 1918, Topeka 66603): Kansas State Grain Inspection Dept., Warehouse Division, 1987.
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Louisiana. Insurance Dept. Regulations, directives, and rules of practice and procedure (new rules) and Public Safety Department rules. Chatsworth, Calif: National Insurance Law Service, 1985.
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Dakota, North. Laws and rules governing public utilities. Bismarck, N.D: The Commission, 1994.
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Finance, Grenada Ministry of. Financial rules for the public service. St. George's, Grenada: G.P.O., 1989.
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Project, Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General Evaluation Committee for the Mandatory Mediation Pilot. Evaluation of the Ontario Mandatory Mediation Program (Rule 24.1): Executive summary and recommendations : submitted to Civil Rules Committee, Evaluation Committee for the Mandatory Mediation Pilot Project. [Toronto: Ministry of the Attorney General], 2001.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Mandatory rules of public law"
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Zarra, Giovanni. "Testing the Distinction Between Public Policy and Overriding Mandatory Rules." In Imperativeness in Private International Law, 55–107. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-499-0_2.
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Zavadilová, Lucie. "United in Diversity – Regional Unification of the Conflict-of-law Rules in Matters of Matrimonial Property Regimes." In Universal, Regional, National – Ways of the Development of Private International Law in 21st Century, 160–78. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9497-2019-8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The unification of the conflict-of-law rules in matters of matrimonial property regimes at EU level seeks to mitigate differences in substantive law in particular legal systems. The aim of this contribution is to analyse the doctrine of overriding mandatory provisions and consider the applicability of the public policy exception, which limit the application of the law otherwise applicable determined in compliance with the unified conflict-of-law rules. The question author addresses in this paper is whether these institutes of the general part of private international law provide for sufficient safeguards to protect the fundamental values and public interests of the forum law in matters of matrimonial property regimes.
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Bertoli, Paolo. "The ECJ’s Rule of Reason and Internationally Mandatory Rules." In International Courts and the Development of International Law, 771–80. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-894-1_56.
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Lewisch, Peter. "Privately Versus Publicly Enforced Rules." In Punishment, Public Law Enforcement, and the Protective State, 64–148. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9392-1_3.
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Bhatti, Madhu. "Rules of State Responsibility: A South Asian Perspective." In Shifting Horizons of Public International Law, 269–88. New Delhi: Springer India, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3724-2_12.
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Oellers-Frahm, Karin, and Andreas Zimmermann. "ILC Model Rules on Arbitral Procedure of June 27,1958." In Dispute Settlement in Public International Law, 105–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56626-4_4.
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Smith, Rhona, Eimear Spain, and Richard Glancey. "Civil Procedure Rules 1998, Part 54." In Core Statutes on Public Law & Civil Liberties, 346–50. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-54504-6_61.
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Louise, Merrett. "7 Mandatory Rules in Employment Cases." In Employment Contracts and Private International Law. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198860327.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter addresses the role of mandatory rules in employment cases. Mandatory rules and public policy operate in a number of distinct spheres in private internal law. Whether or not a rule is intended to be mandatory is essentially a matter for the internal law of the relevant country whose rule is involved. However, in a private international law context, the way in which those rules take effect and how they relate to the choice of law process as a whole is determined by rules set out in the Rome I Regulation. The chapter details how mandatory rules operate in both the Rome Convention and the Rome I Regulation. Having considered these general principles, the focus will then turn to overriding mandatory rules in English employment law.
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Cai, Xin. "Public Order, Mandatory Rules and Evasion of Law." In Chinese Private International Law. Hart Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781509924400.ch-010.
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"Public policy and mandatory rules of law: definition, distinction, and function." In Overriding Mandatory Rules in International Commercial Arbitration, 9–33. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788973854.00009.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Mandatory rules of public law"
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Koevski, Goran, Borka Tushevska Gavrilovikj, and Darko Spasevski. "MANDATORY RULES OF THE LAW ON CONCESSIONS AND PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AND THE PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM OF CONTRACTING." In "Social Changes in the Global World". Универзитет „Гоце Делчев“ - Штип, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46763/scgw211187k.
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"PUBLIC PROCUREMENT DISCUSSION: MANDATORY CASES AND EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULES." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-2-778/781.
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Kimura, Kazuhiro, Seiichi Hamada, and Masaaki Fujita. "Outline of the JSME Mandatory Rules for Thermal Power Generation Facilities as the Harmonized Code in the Regulatory Requirements." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) issued the latest edition of Rules on Thermal Power Generation Facilities (JSME S TA1, TA2-2008) and the Mandatory Rules (JSME S TA0-2008) to satisfy the Japanese Electric Utility Industry Law and the Ministerial Ordinance (MO) No.51 of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). This Mandatory Rules were developed and described in form corresponding to the text of the regulatory Interpretations of MO No.51. Japan Electric Standards Committee (JESC) reviewed and evaluated these JSME Rules and proposed METI to accept the JSME Mandatory Rules as the harmonized code in MO No.51 of METI. These JSME Rules are basically equivalent to the ASME B & PV and Piping codes. In this paper, differences between JSME Rules and the ASME Rules were described to be helpful for the ASME Code users.
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Fournier, Knut. "Competition Policy in Asia: The Role of Economics in the Enforcement of Competition Rules." In 2nd Annual International Conference on Law, Regulations and Public Policy (LRPP 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum Pte Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-3809_lrpp13.62.
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Topaloğlu, Mustafa. "Effects of Public Policy on Arbitration." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00805.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Public policy is a ambiguous concept. Public policy can be defined as a set of rules which protecting the essential structure of society and its interests. Under New York Convention dated 1958, an arbitration verdict which breaching of public policy in the executing country can’t be executed. Same provision valid under Turkish Act Related International Private Law and Procedure Law. An arbitration verdict can’t be subject to appeal directly. But, it can be sued for annulment before court of first instance. The public policy is stipulated as a ground of annulment in the Turkish International Arbitration Act. New Turkish Civil Procedure Act accepted same solution about domestic arbitration. In this paper was tried to define the public policy concept and examined point of view of legal rules questioned above.
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Đorđević, Slavko. "Merodavno pravo za ugovor o distribuciji u međunarodnom privatnom pravu Srbije." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.075dj.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper author analyses the conflict-of-law regime for cross-border distribution contracts in Serbian private international law. The study begins with the characterisation of distribution contract and its delimitation form other similar contracts in Serbian legal system, such as a sale contract, franchising contract and agency contract. It continues with the analysis of conflict-of-law rules of Serbian PIL Act which have to be applied to distribution contract, where the attention is given to the choice of law rule of Art. 19 of Serbian PIL Act and to the hard conflict-of law rule for innominate contracts contained in Art. 20 point 20 of Serbian PIL Act which may be derogated by special escape clause (Art. 20 sentence 1 of Serbian PIL Act). This hard conflict-of-law rule is heavily criticised because it deviates from the principle of characteristic performance which has been established in hard conflict- of-law rules of Art. 20 point 1-19 that apply to nominate contracts. Finally, author analyses the issue of determining applicable law for formal validity of distribution contract as well as the application of overriding mandatory rules which directly affect the cross-border distribution contracts.
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Kayıhan, Şaban, and Mehmet Eski. "International Economy Law Concept and the Source of International Economy Law." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01366.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Depending on the justification of the domination promulgates Law principles which is related with the multi-areas of the social life and assures implementation of Law rules due to its judicial power. However, nowadays implementation of State’s Law principles has been gradually damaged. In fact, not only markets transformed into the world bazaar with the globalization but also the participants of the markets acts global. As a result of the findings of the economic facts, one State’s cross-border trade and beside the national law which regulates the economic actions, normative arrangements increase which adjust identical subjects and receive the sources from different fields and in order for the operation of the current adjustment they create novice establishments with the view point of showing action in different types of areas. As a parallel of these improvements “international economy law” which arranges the international economical actions in the western countries and examines the law principles as a whole which is usually founded dispersedly is developed. Cross border economical actions constitute the subject of a lots of diversified law arrangement. While some of them are the characters of public law and private law, the others originate from international law. Fractionally, nonbinding rules are also inclusive here. At this point the whole law regulations which are about the international rules, determines the scope of international law relations. So in this research, in accordance with the globalization, our purpose is to examine the source and term of the international economy law.
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Pejaković-Đipić, Silvija, and Željko Karas. "TWO-WITNESS RULE DURING HOME SEARCH IN THE LIGHT OF THE COVID PANDEMIC." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22432.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Authors are analysing the extent of acceptance of rule on mandatory presence of two witnesses during a home search in national criminal proceedings in EU Member States. While some police powers in Croatia are regulated using modern forms of protection of suspects’ rights, some other investigative actions are regulated using rules that are uncommon in EU. Home search has a historic model of obligatory presence of two witnesses. These witnesses are often randomly selected among citizens, they are not legal professionals. A suspect has no right to reject witnesses if he considers that they could violate his privacy or health rights. Besides that, the Two-witness Rule has a peculiar impact on the evidence law. Items found during home search cannot be legally used if only one witness was present. According to such consequence, this rule actually requires a certain number of witnesses to prove a fact. Such requirements on number of witnesses have been abandoned in modern evidence law. The results of the analysis of the EU Member States show that the rule on the mandatory presence of two witnesses is widespread only in some post-communist systems. When it comes to EU criminal procedure codes (CPCs), the mandatory presence of witnesses exists in Croatian, Slovenian and Bulgarian CPC. The study is showing influence of former Russian CPC in post-Soviet era as well as the influence of former Yugoslav CPC. Regarded as the relic of the past, these procedural guarantees of home inviolability in the cases of home search should be reassessed and improved. In the context of COVID crisis, mandatory presence of witnesses presents challenge for the protection of suspect’s and witnesses’ health. Observed from the suspect’s right to protect his health or the witnesses’ right not to expose themselves to potentially health endangered situations, finding witnesses presents even more complexed mission. If the suspect is in COVID quarantine and the search must be conducted, can witnesses be forced to enter such premises? In case that suspect requires fully vaccinated witnesses who can present valid COVID Certificate or negative PCR test, how could his requirement be fulfilled? The possible solution for both evidence law and health reasons could be the use of modern technologies such as video recording that could replace mandatory witnesses presence. Finally, it would be more appropriate to respect the suspect’s choice on protection of his rights or to use modern technical means or defence lawyer, as in other investigative actions in criminal procedure.
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Mateeva, Zhivka. "NATURE OF THE CONTROL OVER THE PROTECTION OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATION, CARRIED OUT BY THE STATE COMMISSION OF INFORMATION SECURITY." In THE LAW AND THE BUSINESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/lbcs2020.263.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The report examines the control activities of the State Commission of Information Security, as one of the bodies ensuring compliance with the rules for protection of classified information. Undoubtedly, the fast and efficient protection of classified information is a matter of great public importance, and the unregulated disclosure or disclosure of information, as well as illegal access to it can damage the interests of the state and its security to varying degrees. The control performs basic public functions such as the lawful application of the legislation governing the protection of classified information. Based on the performed analysis, conclusions are made regarding the effectiveness of the control activity of the commission for compliance with the legislation for protection of classified information.
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Avcı, Mustafa. "Treatise about Confiscation without Expropriation According to Turkish Law." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01144.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the Turkish law, the most characteristic example of de facto action is confiscation without expropriation. A certain case is defined as confiscation without expropriation when an immovable property belonging to someone was occupied by the Administration for being used in public service and the occupation is not based on an expropriation procedure established in accordance with the rules and principles specified in the legislation. In that vein, it has been accepted that de facto confiscation resulting from unlawful acts of the Administration does not differ from wrongful acts of private persons, and thus such administrative acts should be subject to ordinary jurisdiction just like in the case of damages arising from wrongful acts of private persons. However, confiscation without expropriation is not always of this nature. In certain cases, although a given immovable property is not exposed to a de facto confiscation without expropriation, it may have been specified as a green area on the zoning plan. In such a case, the owner’s authorities deriving from property rights will be restricted. This situation may be considered a legal confiscation without expropriation. This study investigates the dualist structure resulting from the temporary Article 6 of the Law no. 2942 on Expropriation amended by Article 21 of the Law no. 6487 and the temporary Article 7 added to the Law of Expropriation by Article 22 of the same Law.
Звіти організацій з теми "Mandatory rules of public law"
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.
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Foster, Jessica. Survey of Legal Mechanisms Relating to Groundwater Along the Texas-Mexico Border. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.groundwateralongborder.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study is to present a factual picture of the multiple groundwater governance frameworks that cover the same transboundary aquifers on the Texas-Mexico border. The study can then serve as a foundation to support future research and as a reference for those sharing groundwater resources on the border to use in considering whether and how to coordinate management. Currently, Texas A&M School of Law, the Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University, and the Texas Water Resources Institute are collaboratively pursuing a larger interdisciplinary project, and the study presented in this report is part of that concerted endeavor. First, the project establishes a study area, then identifies who are the stakeholders in the area, and finally summarizes the various rules each entity applies to groundwater. The study area selected is based on the aquifers identified in the 2016 study noted above (see Figure 1). Although there is currently no formal agreement between governments or users in Mexico and Texas for managing the reservoirs that cross underneath the international border, this survey represents a preliminary step in addressing the larger problems that the absence of a cooperative groundwater management framework presents. All of the institutional approaches employed in the various jurisdictions surveyed here model features from which developing management approaches could draw. Equally, noting gaps in the institutional approaches themselves and the ad hoc groundwater withdrawals occurring outside the reach of those institutions illustrates potential value in engaging local users in Texas’ and Mexico’s respective groundwater governance arrangements.
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Colomb, Claire, and Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals: Platform-based property rentals in European cities: the policy debates. Property Research Trust, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.