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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Mandatory law"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 22 жовтня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Mandatory law"

&NA;, &NA;. "MANDATORY PHYSICIAN ASSIGNMENT LAW." Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 13, no. 6 (November 1986): 22A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152192-198611000-00007.

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Trossman, Susan. "Mandatory Reporting Law Gone Awry." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 105, no. 6 (June 2005): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200506000-00032.

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Zhou, Qi. "Limits of mandatory rules in contract law: an example in agency law." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 65, no. 4 (February 12, 2019): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v65i4.221.

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This paper uses Article 17 of the Commercial Agent (Council Directive) Regulations 1993 as an example to illustrate the regulatory limits of a mandatory rule in contract law. Article 17 aims to protect commercial agents by forcing the principal to a commercial agency contract to make a mandatory end payment to the agent on termination of the contract. This paper argues that Article 17 cannot benefit the commercial agent. Rather, it makes both the agent and the principal worse off. Based on the analysis, the paper provides four general implications for understanding the limits of the mandatory rule in policing abuse of bargaining power. First, the mandatory rule will generate a new compliance cost for the stronger party, who can pass it on to the weaker party. Second, the mandatory rule cannot benefit all of the parties aimed to be protected. It inevitably creates both winners and losers. Third, the mandatory rule cannot be used to force the stronger party to make a direct payment of money to the weaker party. Fourth, the mandatory rule may exacerbate the problem of information asymmetry in a contracting process.

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Madoc-Jones, Iolo. "Mandatory drug testing." Probation Journal 53, no. 1 (March 2006): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026455050605300111.

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Lazareff, S. "Mandatory Extraterritorial Application of National Law." Arbitration International 11, no. 2 (June 1, 1995): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arbitration/11.2.137.

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Gordon, Jeffrey N. "The Mandatory Structure of Corporate Law." Columbia Law Review 89, no. 7 (November 1989): 1549. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1122812.

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Wojewoda, Michal. "Mandatory Rules in Private International Law." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 7, no. 2 (June 2000): 183–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x0000700204.

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Maddern, Guy, and Joseph Wayne Smith. "Surgical ethics, law and mandatory reporting." ANZ Journal of Surgery 81, no. 12 (December 2011): 855–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2011.05928.x.

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Cuijpers, Colette. "A Private Law Approach to Privacy; Mandatory Law Obliged?" SCRIPT-ed 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2007): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2966/scrip.040407.304.

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Storme, Matthias E. "Freedom of Contract: Mandatory and Non-Mandatory Rules in European Contract Law." European Review of Private Law 15, Issue 2 (April 1, 2007): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2007012.

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Abstract:The purpose of this paper is a reflection of the position and function of common European rules in respect of limitations to freedom of contract, and more specifically on the role of mandatory and non-mandatory rules in general. After dealing with this more generally in the first part, the article addresses in its second part the different techniques restricting freedom of contract that we find in the PECL, the acquis communautaire, or the draft ‘common frame of reference’ (CFR). It is especially critical of anti-discrimination laws. Résumé:Cet article se propose de réfléchir sur la position et la fonction des règles européennes communes se rapportant à la liberté contractuelle et plus spécifiquement au rôle des règles obligatoires et non obligatoires en général. Après avoir abordé cette question de manière générale dans la première partie, la seconde partie de cet article traite des diverses techniques limitant la liberté contractuelles présentent dans les PECL, l’acquis communautaire ou encore le projet d’un cadre commun de références. L’article est notamment très critique à l’égard de toute législation anti-discrimination. Zusammenfassung:Der Zweck dieses Beitrags ist die Darstellung der Einordnung sowie der Funktion der gemeinschaftlichen europäischen Regelungen im Hinblick auf die Begrenzung der Privatautonomie und insbesondere auf die allgemeine Funktion der zwingenden und nicht zwingenden Vorschriften. Nachdem im ersten Abschnitt dieses Thema allgemein behandelt wird, widmet sich der zweite Teil den verschiedenen Methoden der Begrenzung von Privatautonomie, die man in den PECL, in der acquis communautaire oder auch in dem Entwurf ‘common frame of reference’ (CFR) wieder finden kann. Der Beitrag ist insbesondere kritisch gegenüber Antidiskriminierungsgesetze.

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Дисертації з теми "Mandatory law"

Srikison, Veerashnie. "Mandatory child-Inclusive mediation - a possibility in South Africa?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73253.

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South Africa is a signatory state to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which promotes child participation as an essential right. South Africa has the advantage of the Constitution of South Africa and the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 which give the child a voice but has the disadvantage of the Divorce Act 70 of 1979 which is parent-centric. This research will show that a conundrum exists between realising Article 12 of the UNCRC, Section 28(2) of the Constitution, Section 10 of the Children’s Act and the Divorce Act. It will be shown that there are insufficient efforts currently practiced in dispute resolution related to parenting disputes because of the reliance placed by legal practitioners more on the Divorce Act provisions which show lack of support for child inclusion than the intent of the Children’s Act to include children. This research focuses on the process of mediation and its benefits that make it the ideal environment to include the voice of the child in separation and divorce processes. A case will be made out as to why South African legislators should consider making child inclusive mediation a mandatory process ancillary to the dissolution of the relationship between the parents. Pathways created by the Australian and Canadian jurisdictions, as signatories to the UNCRC, in realising Article 12 of the UNCRC will be looked at. Their initiatives will provide the backdrop for consideration to improving child inclusive practices in South Africa.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Private Law
LLM
Unrestricted

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Holmer, Mathilde. "Seeking asylum in the United States : Mandatory detention and international law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-244906.

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Smith, Barbara H. "Mandatory Internet filtering in public libraries the disconnect between law and technology /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0021600.

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McGregor, Dale. "The Impact of mandatory audit firm rotation on the statutory duties of Directors." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30833.

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On 5 June 2017, the Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors, the audit regulator in South Africa, implemented mandatory audit firm rotation (MAFR) with effect from 1 April 2023 in response to concerns regarding auditor independence in South Africa. The introduction of MAFR has been met with criticism from many stakeholders due to the adverse effects many believe the implementation of MAFR will have on audit quality and auditor independence. To date, there have been limited studies which focus on the impact of audit quality and auditor independence on audit practitioners in South Africa as a result of the implementation of MAFR but, to the best of my knowledge, no studies have assessed how the effects on audit quality and auditor independence will impact the ability of directors to discharge their statutory duties under section 76 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (‘the Act’ or ‘Companies Act’). This thesis first provides readers with a brief background of MAFR, followed by an overview of the statutory duties of directors as contained in the Act. I then subsequently assess how MAFR will affect audit quality and auditor independence before considering the impact this will have on the ability of directors to discharge their duties effectively. One of the duties of the directors is to produce the financial statements which are not false or misleading. Audit quality and auditor independence help directors produce financial statements which are not false or misleading, as determined under section 29 of the Act. As shown in this thesis, the enforced rotation of auditors results in situations which affect audit quality through the loss of client-specific knowledge which the outgoing auditor has developed over time. Furthermore, the enforced rotation of South African audit firms does create difficulties for multi-national entities which have their various entities audited by the same network of audit firms. These concerns, together with the concerns related to the cost of switching auditors and the threats posed to audit quality and auditor independence related to the initial discounts on audit fees offered by audit firms to new audit clients, poses serious concerns that directors will not be able to comply with section 29 of the Act. However, the introduction of a new audit team does provide instances which offer improvements to audit quality and auditor independence which may assist directors to produce financial statements which are not false or misleading. Lastly, I provide recommendations in terms of alternatives to MAFR, examining the existing measures which are already in place in South Africa to promote audit quality and auditor independence.

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Gombar, Thomas J. "An examination of the effects of Pennsylvania's mandatory recycling law on several municipalities." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1993. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1993.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2942. Abstract precedes thesis as [1] preliminary leaf. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-107).

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Nyamunda, James. "Mandatory Business-To-Government Data Sharing: Exploring data protection through International Investment Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443655.

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As more data is gathered, analysed and stored, private companies create new products and unlock new commercial frontiers. Simultaneously, governments are beginning to realise that the laws in place require a revamp for the good of commercial innovation and for execution of governmental prerogatives. Hence, in a bid to catch up with the data economy, governments have begun looking for new legal measures that allow them to legally access the data that is held by private companies. Amongst the existing solutions and sprouting suggestions, mandatory business-to-government data sharing often features as a measure through which obligations may be imposed upon private data holding companies to share their data with governments. Other governments have already put in place laws and adopted practices that impose mandatory business-to-government data sharing obligations on private companies. Many of the countries where private enterprises carry out their businesses have entered into International Investment Agreements (IIAs) which invariably entitle investors to Fair and Equitable treatment and prohibit unlawful compensation. Against this background, this thesis discusses the subject of mandatory business-to-government data sharing by dwelling on three main issues, that is, (i) whether data is/are protected as investment, (2) whether mandatory business-to-government data sharing obligations may infringe the Fair and Equitable Treatment standard and (3) whether mandatory business-to-government data sharing obligations may amount to unlawful expropriation.

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Shirai, Tomoko. "The WTO and the mandatory labeling of generically modified foods /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81235.

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The manipulation of nature using modern biotechnology has resulted in the creation of Genetically Modified (GM) foods. There are states already enacting laws requiring the mandatory labeling of GM foods so that consumers can make informed choices as to what food to eat. However, on the flip side, the mandatory labeling of GM foods can also constitute non-tariff barriers as it can impose burdens on states that export GM foods. How should these two interests be balanced? This thesis takes the ambitious challenge of exploring whether the mandatory labeling of GM foods enacted under the government's protection of the consumers' right to information regarding what food to consume is consistent with the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework, particularly the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (MT Agreement). This thesis holds the view that the WTO, an international organization established to promote trade liberalization, can incorporate protection of consumers' interests by including it within to the interpretation of "legitimate objective" contained in Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement. Rather, the heart of problem lies in the threshold setting of exempting mandatory labeling. In particular, the dispersed threshold should be adjusted hi order to solve this issue, this thesis contends that both the TBT Committee and the dispute settlement system should be utilized.

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Luk, Joyce Si Man. "Is mandatory mediation suitable for personal injury claims in Hong Kong?" access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b22052215a.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Sept. 7, 2007) "Master of Arts in arbitration and dispute resolution 2006-2007, LW 6409 dissertation" Includes bibliographical references.

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Cai, Wei, and 蔡伟. "The mandatory bid rule, hostile takeovers and takeover defences in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46968398.

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Maclons, Whitney. "Mandatory court based mediation as an alternative dispute resolution process in the South African civil justice system." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4407.

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Анотація:

Magister Legum - LLM
Civil litigation is the primary method of dispute resolution in the South African civil justice system. This process is characterised by a number of shortcomings which include the adversarial nature of the process which often creates further conflict between disputing parties and often results in permanently destroyed relationships between them. Further shortcomings include the highly complex, costly and time-consuming nature of civil litigation. These shortcomings infringe on the constitutional imperative of access to justice for South Africans, particularly for the indigent members of society. In addition, court rolls have become overburdened due to the rapidly increasing volume of litigation at court. This often results in extensive waiting periods before matters are heard at court and further infringes the attainment of access to justice. While progress has been made in enhancing the civil justice system over the years, the aforementioned shortcomings prevail. In recent years the South African government has introduced the concept of mandatory court based mediation to the civil justice system with the view of promoting access to justice and enhancing the civil justice system. In a nutshell, mandatory court based mediation refers a civil dispute to mediation once an appearance to defend is entered at court, in order to attempt the settlement of the matter. In the event of the dispute not being resolved, the matter is then referred back to the conventional litigation process for resolution. Mandatory court based mediation, while controversial and bearing valid criticism; aims to promote access to justice and reconciliation between aggrieved parties and remedies a number of the shortcomings currently plaguing the South African civil justice system. In answering the research question of whether this ADR process is suitable to implement in South Africa in order to remedy the shortcomings of its civil justice system, the following aspects are considered in this thesis: the benefits, advantages, and the constitutionality of mandatory court based mediation, as well as the criticisms and challenges of the process. South Africa may have an adversarial civil justice system, but is no stranger to the practice of mediation. Within South African civil law a number of fields have mentioned mediation as the preferred method of dispute resolution over years. These areas of law will be highlighted in this thesis. Internationally, the jurisdiction of the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria will also be highlighted. This analysis is done in order to assess the implementation and function of a mediation system, as a preferred method of dispute resolution, across all areas of civil law within an adversarial civil justice system. The current civil justice system in South Africa needs to be remedied due to its negative impact on civil disputants and the nation of South Africa in a broader sense. This thesis does not suggest that mandatory court based mediation is a panacea for all ills plaguing the country’s civil justice system. However, this ADR process may suit South Africa and its implementation may make a considerable remedial contribution and possibly significantly enhance its civil justice system.

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Книги з теми "Mandatory law"

Paterson, Lee T. Federal mandatory workplace posters. Los Angeles, Calif: Parker & Son Publications, 1989.

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Paterson, Lee T. Federal mandatory workplace posters. 3rd ed. Carlsbad, Calif: Parker Publications, 1992.

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Paterson, Lee T. Federal mandatory workplace posters. 2nd ed. Carlsbad, Calif: Parker & Son Publications, 1991.

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Mandatory continuing education: Discussion paper. Edmonton, Alta: the Bureau, 1991.

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Grey, Joseph. Mandatory seat belt use laws. Charlottesville, Va: Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council, 1985.

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Taylor, Sheila. Michigan's mandatory drug lifer law: A legislative history. [Lansing, Mich.]: Legislative Service Bureau, 2000.

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Adams, George W. Mandatory retirement and constitutional choices. Kingston, Ont: Industrial Relations Centre, Queen's University, 1992.

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Paterson, Lee T. Mandatory workplace posters in California. 4th ed. Carlsbad, Calif: Parker Publications, 1992.

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Paterson, Lee T. Mandatory workplace posters in California. 3rd ed. Carlsbad, Calif: Parker & Son Publications, 1991.

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Paterson, Lee T. Mandatory workplace posters in California. 5th ed. Carlsbad, Calif: Parker Publications, 1994.

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Частини книг з теми "Mandatory law"

Fishman, Michael J., and Kathleen M. Hagerty. "Mandatory Disclosure." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, 1263–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_239.

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Tincani, Chiara. "The Mandatory Nature of the Geneva Convention." In Law for Professionals, 35–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08487-4_2.

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Merkt, Hanno. "Creditor Protection Through Mandatory Disclosure." In The Law and Economics of Creditor Protection, 93–120. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-633-6_5.

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Cohen, Cynthia B. "Ethical Issues in Mandatory Drug Testing." In Ethical Practice in Psychiatry and the Law, 313–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1663-1_22.

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Fallon, Marc, and Stéphanie Francq. "Towards Internationally Mandatory Directives for Consumer Contracts?" In Private Law in the International Arena, 155–78. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-575-9_10.

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Spanjaart, Michiel. "The law applicable in the absence of a mandatory convention." In Multimodal Transport Law, 144–67. New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315213699-7.

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Horder, Jeremy. "The mandatory sentence and the case for second degree murder." In Homicide in Criminal Law, 7–20. New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Substantive issues in criminal law: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351016315-2.

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Hertig, Gérard. "Codetermination as a (Partial) Substitute for Mandatory Disclosure?" In The Law and Economics of Creditor Protection, 121–28. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-633-6_6.

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Ullrich, Hanns. "Mandatory Licensing Under Patent Law and Competition Law: Different Concerns, Complementary Roles." In MPI Studies on Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 333–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54704-1_17.

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Azcárraga Monzonís, Carmen, and Raquel Guillén Catalán. "The Mandatory Nature of the Right of Withdrawal." In European Perspectives on the Common European Sales Law, 45–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10497-3_4.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Mandatory law"

Yao, Haibo. "Study on Mandatory Norms of Company Law." In 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Economic Management and Social Science (IEMSS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iemss-17.2017.274.

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Denihan, William M. "Hardware Issues in a Mandatory Use Law State." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/870228.

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Hastuti, Indira. "Giving Mandatory Wills for Adopted Children as a Legal Protection Based on Justice Value." In International Conference on Law, Economics and Health (ICLEH 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200513.027.

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"CONVALIDATION OF DESTRUCTIVE TRANSACTIONS IN THE INTERESTS OF GOOD PARTICIPANTS OF CIVIL TURNOVER OF PROPERTY MANDATORY RIGHTS." In Current Issue of Law in the Banking Sphere. Samara State Economic University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/banking.forum-10.2019-278/293.

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Katajeva, Viktorija. "Obligāta vakcinācija pret Covid-19 militārajā dienestā: pamattiesības versus valsts aizsardzības intereses." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.1.03.

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The purpose of the article is to determine whether mandatory vaccination is permissible and justified in military service, paying special attention to the justification of the infringement of fundamental rights. The author concludes that the existing mandatory obligation of soldiers to be vaccinated against Covid-19 complies with the methodology of examination of restrictions on fundamental rights established in the practice of the Constitutional Court and the ECHR, including the principle of proportionality, and thus is recognized as justifiable infringement under Articles 96, 101 and 111 of the Constitution.

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Lazdins, Janis. "Payment of Mandatory Social Insurance Contributions in a Socially Responsible State as a Safeguard for the Inviolability of Human Dignity in Emergency Conditions in a State Governed by the Rule of Law." In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.02.

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The article provides an analysis of the impact of economic crises on improving regulation on the state mandatory social insurance in Latvia following the restoration of its independence de facto (1990–1991), as well as of the legal principles and case law related to social insurance. In examining case law, particular attention is paid to such concepts as human dignity, a state governed by the rule of law, and a socially responsible state. The subsistence minimum, which has not been calculated by the State, is recognised as being an unsolved problem, which, effectively, prohibits from discussing the effectiveness of the system of state mandatory social insurance in the area of social security when an insured event occurs.

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Coelho, Victor de Araújo, Gabriela Malaquias Barreto Gomes, Vicente José Araújo Neto, and Rodrigo Costa Micheli Xavier. "Epidemiological comparison of adults with TBI before and after the mandatory use of frontal airbags in Salvador." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.218.

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Introduction: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is an external trauma, which results in brain alterations. Law 11.910, which requires the presence of frontal Airbags, was developed as a mechanism to minimize the consequences of automobile accidents, like TBI. Objectives: To epidemiologically compare adults with TBI before and after the mandatory use of Airbags in Salvador. Design and settings: An ecological study in Brazil. Methods: Data was published by the Ministry of Health through DATASUS. The selected timeframe was five years before and after the mandatory use of frontal Airbags (2014). The data collected were hospitalizations, deaths, mortality rate, age, and total value. Results: The average mortality rate due to TBI (2009-2013) was 11.6, while decreasing from 2014- 2018 to 8.9 (reduction of 23,3%). The average amount spent in the period preceding the law was 1.250.675 reais, while afterwards it was 1.535.268 (increase of 22,76%). The age group with the most hospitalizations before the law was 20-29 years old, while after it was 30-39. Conclusions: There was a reduction in the mortality rate after 2014, which may be associated with the mandatory use of Airbags. Prior to the law, the total amount spent was lower, possibly associated with a greater severity of injuries and, consequently, a higher number of deaths.

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Stoyanova, Antoaneta. "ASSESSMENT OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS WHEN BUILDING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS." In THE LAW AND THE BUSINESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/lbcs2020.85.

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The number of reported alerts with registered environmental incidents raises concerns in government agencies about the safety of the environment. These concerns are the basis for seeking answers as to whether the existing environmental protection requirements are sufficiently comprehensive or adequate. The binding of the state policy on the environment in the sectoral policies is expressed by the observance of the legal obligations for the protection of the environment. Тhe purpose of the present study is to determine in the scope of environmental management systems the methodology for assessment of compliance with regulatory requirements in the management of aspects and subsequent impact on the environment. An expert method related to a logical approach was applied in the research. Regulatory requirements aimed at monitoring the state of the environment are mandatory as requirements for all business operators. They need to provide objective evidence of how aspects of their activities prevent and limit their impact on environmental pollution.

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Koevski, Goran, Borka Tushevska Gavrilovikj, and Darko Spasevski. "MANDATORY RULES OF THE LAW ON CONCESSIONS AND PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AND THE PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM OF CONTRACTING." In "Social Changes in the Global World". Универзитет „Гоце Делчев“ - Штип, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46763/scgw211187k.

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Kimura, Kazuhiro, Seiichi Hamada, and Masaaki Fujita. "Outline of the JSME Mandatory Rules for Thermal Power Generation Facilities as the Harmonized Code in the Regulatory Requirements." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25119.

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The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) issued the latest edition of Rules on Thermal Power Generation Facilities (JSME S TA1, TA2-2008) and the Mandatory Rules (JSME S TA0-2008) to satisfy the Japanese Electric Utility Industry Law and the Ministerial Ordinance (MO) No.51 of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). This Mandatory Rules were developed and described in form corresponding to the text of the regulatory Interpretations of MO No.51. Japan Electric Standards Committee (JESC) reviewed and evaluated these JSME Rules and proposed METI to accept the JSME Mandatory Rules as the harmonized code in MO No.51 of METI. These JSME Rules are basically equivalent to the ASME B & PV and Piping codes. In this paper, differences between JSME Rules and the ASME Rules were described to be helpful for the ASME Code users.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Mandatory law"

Davoudi Kakhki, Fatemeh, and Maria Chierichetti. Exploring the Relationship Between Mandatory Helmet Use Regulations and Adult Cyclists’ Behavior in California Using Hybrid Machine Learning Models. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2024.

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In California, bike fatalities increased by 8.1% from 2015 to 2016. Even though the benefits of wearing helmets in protecting cyclists against trauma in cycling crash has been determined, the use of helmets is still limited, and there is opposition against mandatory helmet use, particularly for adults. Therefore, exploring perceptions of adult cyclists regarding mandatory helmet use is a key element in understanding cyclists’ behavior, and determining the impact of mandatory helmet use on their cycling rate. The goal of this research is to identify sociodemographic characteristics and cycling behaviors that are associated with the use and non-use of bicycle helmets among adults, and to assess if the enforcement of a bicycle helmet law will result in a change in cycling rates. This research develops hybrid machine learning models to pinpoint the driving factors that explain adult cyclists’ behavior regarding helmet use laws.

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Haarsager, Ulrike, Fernando Barbosa, Stefania De Santis, Melanie Putic, Frank Hoekman, and Roland Michelitsch. Evaluation of IDB Lab: Evaluation of Operations and Summary of Findings. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003968.

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El presente informe recoge los hallazgos de la segunda fase y las conclusiones y recomendaciones generales de una evaluación de BID Lab a cargo de la Oficina de Evaluación y Supervisión (OVE) del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID). OVE realizó la evaluación en dos fases superpuestas. La primera de ellas (de abril de 2020 a mayo de 2021) evaluó la pertinencia del mandato, el enfoque estratégico y la estructura institucional de BID Lab (documento MIF/RE-5-6), mientras que en la segunda, realizada de febrero a octubre de 2021, evaluó las operaciones y los productos de conocimiento de BID Lab.

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Iyengar, Radha. Does the Certainty of Arrest Reduce Domestic Violence? Evidence from Mandatory and Recommended Arrest laws. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13186.

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Carpenter, Christopher, and Mark Stehr. The Effects of Mandatory Seatbelt Laws on Seatbelt Use, Motor Vehicle Fatalities, and Crash-Related Injuries among Youths. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13408.

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Smyle, Jim, Sally Collins, and Claire Biason. Rependando las Regulaciones Forestales: Superando los retos de la reforma regulatoria. Rights and Resources Initiative, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/hdcd2764.

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Este breve análisis va dirigido a las instancias decisorias y de políticas públicas del sector forestal que participan en la regulación y la supervisión de bosques naturales y regenerados. Por ello, el documento se refiere a un área limitada pero extremadamente fundamental de la gobernanza forestal: las regulaciones y los proceos regulatorios como instrumentos y medios para lograr los objetivos de la gestión forestal sostenible (GFS). Muchos de los elementos impulsores y de los factores que atenúan esta gestión se encuentran fuera del sector forestal, tal como la conversión de bosques para actividades agrícolas, y no es el propósito ni la intención de este documento abordarlos aquí. El propósito principal es centrarse en los asuntos que generalmente recaen dentro del mandato jurídico de las agencias públicas del sector forestal y por consiguiente dentro de las posibilidades de sus líderes para generar cambios.

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Salomón, Leticia. Honduras 2022. Los retos de la gobernabilidad en el contexto poselectoral. Fundación Carolina, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/ac_06.2022.

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El golpe de Estado de 2009 en Honduras produjo una interrupción del proceso de transición a la democracia y propició un proceso de confrontación ideológica que dividió a la sociedad hondureña en dos bandos. A partir de ahí, cuatro fenómenos se intensificaron en la vida política y social del país: la corrupción, el irrespeto a la ley, la impunidad y la politización partidaria de las instituciones, los cuales se evidenciaron con mayor fuerza en los ocho años del mandato del entonces presidente Juan Orlando Hernández (2014-2018 y 2018-2022). Por la intensidad de los acontecimientos en el mes de febrero de 2022, daba la impresión de que el país vivió, y vive todavía, una especie de transición caótica, alimentada por la existencia de fenómenos confrontados o, en el mejor de los casos, con lógicas diferentes que acentúan la tensión en diversos aspectos de la vida política y social del país. De esta manera podemos observar las siguientes tensiones: lo viejo y lo nuevo, lo urgente y lo importante, lo político y lo social, lo interno y lo externo, partido y gobierno, partido gobernante y partidos no gobernantes, poder ejecutivo y poder legislativo, presidenta entrante y presidente saliente, presidenta y esposo de la presidenta.

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Dütsch, Matthias, and Ralf Himmelreicher. Characteristics contributing to low- and minimum-wage labour in Germany. Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-54129.

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In this article we examine the characteristics of individuals, companies, and industries involved in low-wage labour in Germany to understand their impact on the risks workers face of earning hourly wages that are below the minimum-wage and low-wage thresholds. To identify these characteristics, we use the Structure of Earnings Survey 2014 (SES). The SES is a mandatory survey of companies which provides information on wages and working hours from about 1 million jobs and nearly 70,000 compa-nies from all industries. This data allows us to present the first systematic analysis of the interaction of individual-, company-, and industry-level factors on minimum- and low-wage working in Germany. Using a descriptive analysis, we first give an overview of typical low-paying jobs, companies, and in-dustries. Second, we use random intercept-only models to estimate the explanatory power of the indi-vidual, company, and industry levels. One main finding is that the influence of individual characteristics on wage levels is often overstated: Less than 25 percent of the differences in the employment situa-tion regarding being employed in minimum-wage or low-wage jobs can be attributed to the individual level. Third, we performed logistic and linear regression estimations to assess the risks of having a minimum- or low-wage job and the distance between a worker’s actual earnings and the minimum- and low-wage thresholds. Our findings allow us to conclude that several determinants related to indi-viduals appear to suggest a high low-wage incidence, but in fact lose their explanatory power once controls are added for factors relating to the companies or industries that employ these individuals.

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Molina Peralta, Iraide, Sandra Perdomo Paredes, and Arturo Enrique Díaz Pabón. Perfil ocupacional de los egresados del programa académico de administración de empresas de la universidad nacional abierta y a distancia -UNAD. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22490/ecacen.4263.

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La Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia -UNAD como organización pública, educativa, del orden nacional, por mandato legal debe mantener un canal de comunicación permanente con los graduados a fin de conocer el impacto social y laboral que estos generan en la región. En tal sentido, la investigación tiene por objetivo analizar el perfil ocupacional de los egresados de administración de empresas de la Universidad en el CEAD Florencia, desde el año 2016 hasta 2018. Por la naturaleza de la investigación, ésta se abordó desde un enfoque mixto - descriptivo, combinando unos estudios de tipo cuantitativo y cualitativo, aplicando una encuesta sobre una muestra aleatoria previamente definida. Los resultados obtenidos, permiten detallar que el perfil ocupacional del egresado es acorde con el contexto laboral y profesional del mismo, y que, en la actualidad, se están desempeñando en áreas relacionadas con el objeto del programa. Al evaluar la misión, visión, y competencias profesionales, el plan de estudios con las funciones que ejecutan, se evidencia un nivel de aceptación y satisfacción adecuado, y la relación del programa con el contexto regional, es muy pertinente.

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Busso, Matías, and Sebastián Montaño. Signaling Specific Skills and the Labor Market of College Graduates. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004454.

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We study how signaling skills specic to the major aects labor market outcomes of college graduates. We rely on census-like data and a regression discontinuity design to study the impacts of a well-known award given to top performers on a mandatory nationwide exam, which constitutes a graduation requirement for college seniors in Colombia. Students who can rely on the signal when searching for a job have a wage premium of 7 to 12 percent compared to otherwise identical students. This positive return persists even ve years after graduation. The signal mostly benets workers who graduate from low-reputation colleges, and allows workers to nd jobs in more productive rms and in sectors that better use their skills. We rule out that the positive wage returns are explained by human capital. The signal favors mostly less advantaged groups, implying that less information frictions about students' skills could potentially reduce earnings gaps. Our results imply that information policies like those that formally certify specic skills can potentially improve the eciency in talent allocation of the economy and level the playing eld for workers who come from disadvantaged backgrounds.

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Or, Etti, Tai-Ping Sun, Amnon Lichter, and Avichai Perl. Characterization and Manipulation of the Primary Components in Gibberellin Signaling in the Grape Berry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592649.bard.

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Seedless cultivars dominate the table grape industry. In these cultivars it is mandatory to apply gibberellin (GA) to stimulate berry development to a commercially acceptable size. These cultivars differ in their sensitivity to GA application, and it frequently results in adverse effects such as decreased bud fertility and increased fruit drop. Our long term goals are to (1) understand the molecular basis for the differential sensitivity and identify markers for selection of sensitive cultivars (2) to develop new strategies for targeted manipulation of the grape berry response to GA that will eliminate the need in GA application and the undesirable effects of GA on the vine, while maintaining its desirable effects on the berry. Both strategies are expected to reduce production cost and meet growing consumer demand for reduced use of chemicals. This approach relies on a comprehensive characterization of the central components in the GA signaling cascade in the berry. Several key components in the GA signaling pathway were identified in Arabidopsis and rice, including the GA receptors, GID1s, and a family of DELLA proteins that are the major negative regulators of the GA response. GA activates its response pathway by binding to GID1s, which then target DELLAs for degradation via interaction with SLY, a DELLA specific F-box protein. In grape, only one DELLA gene was characterized prior to this study, which plays a major role in inhibiting GA-promoted stem growth and GA-repressed floral induction but it does not regulate fruit growth. Therefore, we speculated that other DELLA family member(s) may control GA responses in berry, and their identification and manipulation may result in GA-independent berry growth. In the current study we isolated two additional VvDELLA family members, two VvGID1 genes and two VvSLY genes. Arabidopsis anti-AtRGA polyclonal antibodies recognized all three purified VvDELLA proteins, but its interaction with VvDELLA3 was weaker. Overexpression of the VvDELLAs, the VvGID1s, and the VvSLYs in the Arabidopsis mutants ga1-3/rga-24, gid1a-2/1c-2 and sly1-10, respectively, rescued the various mutant phenotypes. In vitro GAdependent physical interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and the VvGID1s, and GAindependent interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and VvSLYs. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 did not interact with VvGID1b. Together, the results indicate that the identified grape homologs serve as functional DELLA repressors, receptors and DELLA-interacting F-box proteins. Expression analyses revealed that (1) VvDELLA2 was expressed in all the analyzed tissues and was the most abundant (2) VvDELLA1 was low expressed in berries, confirming former study (3) Except in carpels and very young berries, VvDELLA3 levels were the lowest in most tissues. (4) Expression of both VvGID1s was detected in all the grape tissues, but VvGID1b transcript levels were significantly higher than VvGID1a. (5) In general, both VvDELLAs and VvGID1s transcripts levels increased as tissues aged. Unfertilized and recently fertilized carpels did not follow this trend, suggesting different regulatory mechanism of GA signaling in these stages. Characterization of the response to GA of various organs in three seedless cultivars revealed differential response of the berries and rachis. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 transcript levels in the GA-unresponsive berries of cv. Spring blush were significantly higher compared to their levels in the highly responsive berries of cv. Black finger. Assuming that VvDELLA2 and VvDELLA3 are regulating berry size, constructs carrying potential dominant mutations in each gene were created. Furthermore, constitutive silencing of these genes by mIR is underway, to reveal the effect of each gene on the berry phenotype.

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