Готові списки джерел за темами / Maize growth

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Maize growth"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 січня 2025
Оновлено: 16 червня 2025

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Статті в журналах з теми "Maize growth"

1

Spitzer, T., P. Míša, J. Bílovský, and J. Kazda. "Management of maize stand height using growth regulators." Plant Protection Science 51, No. 4 (2016): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/105/2014-pps.

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2

Raczek, Ewa. "Growth of maize coleoptiles in the presence of natural and synthetic growth regulators. Growth correlations." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 53, no. 3 (2014): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1984.031.

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The effect of natural (IAA, FC, ABA) and synthetic (2,4-D) growth substances on the increase of the fresh weight of maize coleoptile segments and change of the pH of the incubation medium, accepted here as criteria of maize coleoptile growth, was studied. The growth of maize coleoptiles depended on the concentration of the growth substances, as well as, on the composition of the incubation medium. The highest stimulation of coleoptile growth was seen with FC at a concentration of 10<sup>-4</sup>M, whereas ABA at 10<sup>-3</sup> M gave the highest inhibition of maize coleoptile fresh weight increase and caused alkalization of the medium. The presence of K<sup>+</sup> ions in the incubation medium enhanced the stimulatory effect of IAA and FC on the increase of the coleoptile fresh weight, whereas the presence of these ions and phosphate buffer abolished the growth-promoting effect of IAA and FC. The best correlation of the "fresh weight" and "pH" effects was found in the case of the growth of maize coleoptiles in the presence of FC (r<sub>xy</sub> = 0.67). The inhibition of maize coleoptile growth in the presence of high concentrations of IAA can be explained by the destructive effect of natural auxin at these concentrations on the integrity of mitochondrial membranes, and therefore on the normal functioning of mitochondria.
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3

ANJORIN, Folake, Ridwan ABIOLA, Julius OLASOJI, and Daniel O. OLANIRAN OLANIRAN. "Soil weight determination for optimal growth and yield performances of pot-grown maize." Journal of Central European Agriculture 24, no. 4 (2023): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/24.4.3869.

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4

Wang, Liang, Yan Meng, Guoqing Chen, Xiaoyu Liu, Lan Wang, and Yuhai Chen. "Impact of maize growth on N2O emission from farmland soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 4 (2019): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/774/2018-pse.

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Crop growth is a key factor that effects nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emission in farmland soil. Clarification and quantification of the impact of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission are important to guide maize planting and patterns, which is also useful for building model to simulate N<sub>2</sub>O emission in an agroecosystem. In this study, we carried out a three-year (2013–2015) field experiment to evaluate the contribution of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission using a split-plot design. The factors included planting versus not planting maize, and four rates of nitrogen (N) application (0, 150, 300, 450 kg N/ha). Our results showed the impacts of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission decreased linearly with the growth of maize from the 43<sup>rd</sup> day after sowing (y = –1.07x + 26.85, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.95). Nitrogen fertilizer application can reduce the impacts of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission. The impact of maize growth on soil NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N are similar to N<sub>2</sub>O emission, and they have a strong correlation. We concluded that maize growth reduces soil N<sub>2</sub>O emission but N application can exert an antagonistic effect, and the impact of maize growth on soil NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N largely determines the impacts of maize growth on N<sub>2</sub>O emission.
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5

Liang, Qiuyan, Xiaoling Zhang, Yiyuan Ge, Tianyue Jiang, and Zihan Zhao. "Maize plant growth period identification based on MobileNet and design of growth control system." BioResources 19, no. 3 (2024): 5450–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.5450-5466.

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To address the current inefficiencies and subjective nature of manual observation in maize cultivation, with the aim of achieving high efficiency and productivity, this study focused on the DeMaya D3 maize variety. It proposes a maize growth stage recognition method based on the MobileNet model, which is a lightweight convolutional neural network architecture. The method was tested and achieved recognition accuracies of 0.98, 0.96, 0.92, 0.85, and 0.97 for different growth stages, respectively. Additionally, a maize growth prediction model was developed. Based on data collected from experimental plots regarding maize plant height and stem diameter, the Prophet model and an optimized version of the Prophet model were used to forecast maize growth trends. The Prophet model is an open-source tool for time series forecasting. Comparative analysis was conducted between the predictions of the original Prophet model and the optimized version. The relative errors of the Prophet model predictions were 0.85%, 2.11%, and 0.79%, while those of the optimized Prophet model were 0.76%, 0.47%, and 0.71%. Compared to the Prophet model, the optimized model reduced errors by 0.09%, 1.64%, and 0.08%, respectively. The maize plant growth control system was designed to obtain the information through the collection layer. The decision-making layer judged the soil nutrient absorption and growth status. Finally, the management layer controlled water and fertilizer.
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6

Ban, Ho-Young, Dana Sim, Kyu-Jong Lee, Junhwan Kim, Kwang Soo Kim, and Byun-Woo Lee. "Evaluating maize growth models “CERES-Maize” and “IXIM-Maize” under elevated temperature conditions." Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 18, no. 4 (2015): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12892-015-0071-3.

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7

Imbrie-Milligan, C., K. K. Kamo, and T. K. Hodges. "Microcallus growth from maize protoplasts." Planta 171, no. 1 (1987): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00395067.

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8

Nguyen, Huyen Khon, Le Thanh Hai, Tung Van Tra, et al. "Study on the use of sludge farming of catfish as organic fertilizer and evaluate its effectiveness in agriculture." Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment 4, no. 1 (2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjsee.v4i1.502.

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The purpose of this study is to reuse fishpond sediment to produce organic fertilizer for planting maize. The sludge was mixed with rice husk and Composted under aerobic conditions. The effectiveness of Compost on planting maizes was assessed by adding to maizes with and without combination chemical fertilizers as different dosages as recommendations. The amounts of Compost adding for maizes were 10 and 20 tons/ha. Maize growth, characteristics of corn, and soil physical and chemical parameters such as bulk density, soil aggregate stability, the volume of moisture, and useful moisture of soil were measured and evaluated. The results showed that the quality of organic fertilizer produced from waste sludge met Vietnamese standard (QCVN:2018/BNNPTNT) for adding to crops. Applying organic fertilizer with the quantity of 20 tons/ha to combine with the recommendation of inorganic fertilizer amount for planting maizes increased the yield. Moreover, 20 ton/ha of organic fertilizer coupling with 50% of chemical fertilizer amount as a recommendation for planting maize also enhanced the yield to compare with the control (only using inorganic fertilizer as a recommendation). The maize yield of applying 20 tons/ha of organic fertilizer was higher than the maize yield of 10 tons/ha of organic fertilizer. Using organic fertilizer produced by fishpond sediment did improve not only the soil quality but also protected the canals and increased household income.
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9

MacKinnon, J. C. "CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2, no. 2 (1987): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1699(87)90028-7.

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10

Brown, D. M. "CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 41, no. 3-4 (1987): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(87)90089-x.

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Дисертації з теми "Maize growth"

1

Maende, Cleophas Makokha. "An application of a model of maize growth to maize production by smallholders in Kenya." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240744.

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2

Drost, Roelof Gerrit. "MAIS, a mechanistic model of maize growth and development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ61892.pdf.

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3

Schortemeyer, Marcus. "Effects of nitrogen form on the growth of maize seedlings /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=10739.

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4

Massignam, Angelo Mendes. "Quantifying nitrogen effects on crop growth processes in maize and sunflower /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17639.pdf.

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5

Verheul, Michel J. "Seedling growth of maize (<> L.) genotypes under chilling conditions /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1992. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=9855.

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6

Anil, Leena. "The growth and utilization of forage maize intercrops for livestock production." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266795.

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7

Raymond, Fred Douglas. "Reducing Corn Yield Variability and Enhancing Yield Increases Through the Use of Corn-Specific Growth Models." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36304.

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Crop simulation models (CSMs) are used to evaluate management and environmental scenarios on crop growth and yields. Two corn (Zea Mays L.) crop growth simulation models, Hybrid-Maize, and CERES-Maize were calibrated and validated under Virginia conditions with the goal of better understanding corn response to variable environmental conditions and decreasing temporal yield variation. Calibration data were generated from small plot studies conducted at five site-years. Main plots were plant density (4.9, 6.2, 7.4, and 8.6 plants m-2); subplots were hybrids of differing relative maturity (RM) [early = Pioneer® Brand â 34B97â (108 day RM); medium = Pioneer® Brand â 33M54â (114 day RM); and late = Pioneer® Brand â 31G66â (118 day RM)]. Model validation was generated from large scale, replicated strip plot trials conducted at various locations across Virginia in 2005 and 2006. Prior to model adjustments based on calibration data, both CSMs under predicted corn grain yield in calibration and validation studies. CERES-Maize grain yield prediction error was consistent across the range of tested plant density while accuracy of Hybrid-Maize varied with plant density. Hybrid-Maize-estimated biomass production was highly accurate. Greater leaf area index (LAI) and biomass production were measured than was predicted by the CERES-Maize CSM. Both CSMs were modified based on calibration data sets and validated. Validation results of the calibrated CSMs showed improved accuracy in simulating planting date and environmental effects on a range of corn hybrids grown throughout Virginia over two years. We expect that both modified models can be used for strategic research and management decisions in mid-Atlantic corn production.<br>Master of Science
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8

Traynor, Mary. "Root growth in drying soil : a role for ABA?" Thesis, Lancaster University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322894.

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9

Siqueira, Rafael Telles Tenorio de. "Characterizing nitrogen deficiency of maize at early growth stages using fluorescence measurements." Thesis, Colorado State University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10138898.

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<p> Among all nutrients that are important for crop production, nitrogen (N) is one of the least efficiently utilized, mainly due to its high mobility in soil. The possibility of using crop sensing in real-time to detect variability in N deficiency within a field has the potential to enhance N efficiency, increase crop yield, and reduce potential environmental risks and crop production costs. Potassium (K), another important crop nutrient, can also lead to higher yield when applied in the right amount and manner. Real-time fluoro-sensing is a new technology for crop sensing and studies have shown that it could enable variable rate nutrient management for precision agriculture practices. The objective of this study was (1) to evaluate if fluorescence sensing can detect variability of N and K in crop canopy at early growth stages of maize (prior to V6 crop growth stage) under controlled condition (greenhouse), (2) to evaluate the effect of different fertilization dosages of N over the plant growth, and (3) to verify if induced fluorescence can detect <i>in situ </i> N variability at early growth stages of maize. Research was conducted in two stages, first in a greenhouse condition and later in field spread over three site-years. The greenhouse research was conduct in year 2011 and plants were grown in plant-pots with silica sand and supplied with modified Hoagland solution with different rates of N and K. Field trials were conducted in year 2012 and 2013 in northern Colorado. For the greenhouse study, data collected via fluorescence sensor (Multiplex<sup>&reg;</sup>3) were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey&rsquo;s HSD to test significant differences among treatments in each experiment. For the N experiment, regression analysis between the seven fluorescence indices and N uptake was performed for the 12 days of data acquisition at five different growth stages (i.e. 2-leaf to 6-leaf growth stages) and coefficient of determination was used to identify the best fluorescence indices to detect N status. Also, root mean square error (RMSE) was used to test the precision of the estimates for each index. Results of this study indicated that all fluorescence indices were able to detect N variability in maize canopy prior to V2 growth stage. However, the fluorescence indices failed to identify K deficiency as the maize plants with K treatments showed small variability at early crop growth stages. For the field study, two site-years had 5 N rate treatments applied as UAN 32% (urea ammonium nitrate; 32-0-0), while one site-year had 6 N treatments applied pre-planting. Sensors used in this study were the Multiplex<sup>&reg;</sup>3 for fluorescence sensing and the GreenSeeker<sup>&reg;</sup> for reflectance sensing (NDVI). Sensor measurements were correlated with aboveground biomass, N content, and N uptake measured at two growth stages (V6 and V9 maize growth stage). The aboveground biomass, N content, N uptake, yield, and sensors readings were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey&rsquo;s HSD to test significant differences among the N treatments. Also, a regression tree between N uptake and the fluorescence indices was fitted along with the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2 </sup>). The N rates had no effect on aboveground biomass, N content and N uptake (for both sampled growth stages). Under field conditions, fluorescence indices failed to detect N variability in maize at early growth stages for all three site-years. This finding may require further investigation, as for most of the N treatment plots, maize plants had sufficient N levels and another biotic or abiotic stress may be responsible for unexplained differences in N variability as measured by fluorescence sensor. Contrasting findings under greenhouse conditions versus field conditions limit the application of fluorosensing sensor. Further field studies are needed to evaluate the potential of this sensor for detecting N variability <i>in situ.</i></p>
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10

Yang, Rick L. "Tissue specificity of signal transmission and differential growth during maize root gravitropism." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1244222463.

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Книги з теми "Maize growth"

1

Allan, Jones C., Kiniry J. R. 1954-, and Dyke P. T, eds. CERES-Maize: A simulation model of maize growth and development. Texas A&M University Press, 1986.

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2

Raj, Paudyal Kamal, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center., and National Agricultural Research Center (Nepal), eds. Maize in Nepal: Production systems, constraints, and priorities for research. NARC, 2001.

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3

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. [Root gravitropism in maize and arabidopsis]: [final report 1 Mar. 1992 - 30 Nov. 1993]. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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4

(Zimbabwe), CIMMYT Regional Office, ed. Characterization of maize germplasm growth in eastern and southern Africa: Results of the 2006 regional trials. CIMMYT-Zimbabwe, 2007.

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5

Council, Maine Economic Growth. Goals for growth: Progress 95 : first report of the Maine Economic Growth Council. The Council, 1995.

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6

Council, Maine Economic Growth, ed. Goals for growth: Report of the Goal Committees to the Maine Economic Growth Council. The Council, 1995.

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7

Maine. Dept. of Economic and Community Development. Office of Comprehensive Planning. Guidelines for Maine's growth management program. Office of Comprehensive Planning, Maine Dept. of Economic and Community Development, 1988.

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8

Delogu, Orlando E. Maine land use and zoning control: Case law perspectives on planning and growth. Butterworth Legal Publishers, 1992.

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9

Maine. Legislature. Joint Standing Committee on Economic Development. A strategy to assist regional economies of Maine during structural economic change and growth. Office of Policy and Legal Analysis, 1988.

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10

Council, Maine Economic Growth. Measures of growth, 1997.: Performance measures and benchmarks to achieve Maine's long term economic goals : third report of the Maine Economic Growth Council. The Foundation, 1997.

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Частини книг з теми "Maize growth"

1

Shaffique, Shifa, Muhammad Imran, Shabir Hussain Wani, et al. "Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Mitigating Drought Stress in Maize." In Maize Improvement. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21640-4_15.

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2

Maiti, Ratikanta, Humberto González Rodríguez, Ch Aruna Kumari, Sameena Begum, and Dasari Rajkumar. "Physiological Basis of Crop Growth and Productivity." In Advances in Maize Science. Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003104995-6.

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3

Hedden, Peter, and Stephen J. Croker. "Regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis in maize seedlings." In Progress in Plant Growth Regulation. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2458-4_64.

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4

Kuang, Enjun, Baoguo Zhu, Jiuming Zhang, et al. "Optimized Fertilization’s Beneficial Impact on Soil Nutrient Levels and Its Influence on the Principal Agronomic Traits of Maize." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_23.

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AbstractThe soil nutrients, main agronomic indexes, and key yield factors during the maize growth period were studied by using a nutrient expert system to recommend optimal fertilization. The results showed that the fertilizer application had a significant impact on the growth and yield formation of maize, especially the N fertilizer application. N deficiency in maize seriously affected the yield and its component factors, while P and K deficiency had no significant effect on decreasing maize yield. The optimized fertilization treatment (NE) significantly reduced the bald tip length and increased the ear length and the yield of maize by 10.2% compared with the conventional fertilization treatment (FP). NE significantly increased the utilization rate of N, P, and K in maize, which was 20.1%, 12.4%, and 45.4% higher than that of FP. The trend of fertilizer N deficiency was opposite to NE, but P and K deficiency were not obvious. Compared with FP, soil organic matter of NE did not change significantly, and the pH value was increased. Nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were decreased by 51.9% and 3.9%, respectively. A significant correlation between maize yield and alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen, organic matter. In conclusion, the optimized fertilization treatment had obvious effects on the growth indicators and yield components of maize, improving the fertilizer utilization rate, and providing technical support for rational fertilization of maize.
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Westgate, Mark E. "Strategies to Maintain Ovary and Kernel Growth During Drought." In Physiological Bases for Maize Improvement. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003578499-7.

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6

Nair, Sudha K., Pervez Haider Zaidi, Madhumal Thayil Vinayan, and Gajanan Saykhedkar. "Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying excess moisture stress tolerance in maize: molecular breeding opportunities to increase yield potential." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0017.

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Abstract Understanding the impact of excess moisture (EM) on maize plants at various growth stages, and studying the phenological, physiological and molecular responses of tolerant maize genotypes towards adaptation to EM stress, could help define ways in which this trait could be improved through targeted breeding. Thus, this chapter discusses the (i) impact of EM stress on maize plants, (ii) phenological adaptations and physiological mechanisms leading to EM stress tolerance in maize, and (iii) molecular signature of EM stress tolerance. Genetic studies on EM stress tolerance in maize are presented, and the application of molecular mreeding for EM tolerance in maize is described.
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Fyson, A., and A. Oaks. "Promotion of maize growth by legume soil factors." In The Rhizosphere and Plant Growth. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3336-4_81.

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Rigobelo, Everlon Cid. "Promotion of Maize Growth Using Endophytic Bacteria." In Microbial Services for Cereal Crops. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63149-8_3.

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Phinney, B. O., and C. R. Spray. "Dwarf Mutants of Maize — Research Tools for the Analysis of Growth." In Plant Growth Substances 1988. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74545-4_7.

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Sinha, Neelima, and Sarah Hake. "Perturbations in leaf development caused by the dominant knotted-mutation in maize." In Progress in Plant Growth Regulation. Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2458-4_42.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Maize growth"

1

Kintl, Antonin, Julie Sobotkova, Jakub Elbl, and Martin Brtnicky. "QUALITY OF POST-HARVEST RESIDUES WHEN GROWING MAIZE IN THE SYSTEM OF MIXED CROPPING." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s13.34.

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Potential environmental impacts of growing maize as monoculture lead to efforts focused on finding other potentially suitable crops or their combinations that could replace the pure maize cultures. The most frequent and most effective combination is a mixed crop of maize and legumes. The presented paper deals with the issue of the quality of post-harvest residues when growing maize in the system of mixed cropping. In the field experiment, yield and quality of post-harvest residues were studied during the growing season in the following variants: maize grown as monoculture and maize grown in the mixed culture with bean. Compared with the C:N ratio in the post-harvest residues of maize grown in monoculture (39:1), a benefit of mixed cropping was significantly reduced C:N ratio in the biomass of post-harvest residues that was approaching 30:1 which is considered optimal for their decay. The biomass of post-harvest residues from the mixed crop of maize and bean for silage contained by 70 kg/ha (54 %) more nitrogenous substances than the biomass of post-harvest residues from the pure maize culture.
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2

Kulchin, Yu N., S. O. Kozhanov, A. S. Kholin, et al. "Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of maize plants grown under linearly polarized light." In 2024 International Conference Laser Optics (ICLO). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclo59702.2024.10624190.

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Szczepanek, Malgorzata. "Technology of maize with growth stimulants application." In 17th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2018.17.n074.

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4

"Prediction of maize weevil population growth rate." In 2014 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20141908072.

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Ruleva, Olga, and Gleb Rulev. "Relationship Between Air Temperature and Maize Growth Function." In IV International Scientific and Practical Conference 'Anthropogenic Transformation of Geospace: Nature, Economy, Society' (ATG 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.200202.051.

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Qiaoyu, Li, Liu Shuyun, Mu Yuanjie, and Shang Minghua. "Maize Growth Monitoring Based on Embedded Vision System." In 2019 2nd International Conference on Safety Produce Informatization (IICSPI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iicspi48186.2019.9096002.

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Wu, Qiongli, and Paul-Henry Cournède. "Sensitivity Analysis of GreenLab Model for Maize." In 2009 Third International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2009.37.

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Saylan, Levent, Josef Eitzinger, and Murat Durak. "INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC CHANGE ON MAIZE GROWTH IN AUSTRIA." In Energy and the Environment, 1998. Begellhouse, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/1-56700-127-0.1140.

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Ma, Yuntao, Meiping Wen, Baoguo Li, Yan Guo, Paul-Henry Cournede, and Philippe De Reffye. "Calibration of GREENLAB Model for Maize with Sparse Experimental Data." In 2006 Second International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2006.27.

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Боровская, Ала, Раиса Иванова та Наталия Мащенко. "Влияние теплового стресса и биологически активных веществ из Linaria genistifolia на прорастание семян кукурузы и содержание в них крахмала". У VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.04.

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The use of reserve substances by maize during germination may depend on various factors, in-cluding genotypic and abiotic ones. The aim of the study was to establish the changes in the germination characteristics, starch content and reserve substances mobilization of various maize hybrids under the in-fluence of supraoptimale temperature and genistifoliosides. The heat stress promoted an increase in the metabolic efficiency of maize germination and led to a decrease in the starch content in the seeds. These changes were mostly dependent on the maize hybrid. The seeds pretreatment with genistifoliosides al-lowed removing the growth inhibition caused by increased temperature.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Maize growth"

1

Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.

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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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Susan M. Wick. Growth and development of maize that contains mutant tubulin genes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826290.

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Blom-Zandstra, Greet, Yu Tinzar Htet, and Jennifer Lee. Data collection on maize growth during a field visit in Shan State, Myanmar. Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Agrosystems, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/516092.

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Harman, Gary E., and Ilan Chet. Enhancement of plant disease resistance and productivity through use of root symbiotic fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695588.bard.

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The objectives of the project were to (a) compare effects ofT22 and T-203 on growth promotion and induced resistance of maize inbred line Mol7; (b) follow induced resistance of pathogenesis-related proteins through changes in gene expression with a root and foliar pathogen in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203 and (c) to follow changes in the proteome of Mol? over time in roots and leaves in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203. The research built changes in our concepts regarding the effects of Trichoderma on plants; we hypothesized that there would be major changes in the physiology of plants and these would be reflected in changes in the plant proteome as a consequence of root infection by Trichoderma spp. Further, Trichoderma spp. differ in their effects on plants and these changes are largely a consequence of the production of different elicitors of elicitor mixtures that are produced in the zone of communication that is established by root infection by Trichoderma spp. In this work, we demonstrated that both T22 and T-203 increase growth and induce resistance to pathogens in maize. In Israel, it was shown that a hydrophobin is critical for root colonization by Trichoderma strains, and that peptaibols and an expansin-like protein from Ttrichoderma probably act as elicitors of induced resistance in plants. Further, this fungus induces the jasmonate/ethylene pathway of disease resistance and a specific cucumber MAPK is required for transduction of the resistance signal. This is the first such gene known to be induced by fungal systems. In the USA, extensive proteomic analyses of maize demonstrated a number of proteins are differentially regulated by T. harzianum strain T22. The pattern of up-regulation strongly supports the contention that this fungus induces increases in plant disease resistance, respiratory rates and photosynthesis. These are all very consistent with the observations of effects of the fungus on plants in the greenhouse and field. In addition, the chitinolytic complex of maize was examined. The numbers of maize genes encoding these enzymes was increased about 3-fold and their locations on maize chromosomes determined by sequence identification in specific BAC libraries on the web. One of the chitinolytic enzymes was determined to be a heterodimer between a specific exochitinase and different endochitinases dependent upon tissue differences (shoot or root) and the presence or absence of T. harzianum. These heterodimers, which were discovered in this work, are very strongly antifungal, especially the one from shoots in the presence of the biocontrol fungus. Finally, RNA was isolated from plants at Cornell and sent to Israel for transcriptome assessment using Affymetrix chips (the chips became available for maize at the end of the project). The data was sent back to Cornell for bioinformatic analyses and found, in large sense, to be consistent with the proteomic data. The final assessment of this data is just now possible since the full annotation of the sequences in the maize Affy chips is just now available. This work is already being used to discover more effective strains of Trichoderma. It also is expected to elucidate how we may be able to manipulate and breed plants for greater disease resistance, enhanced growth and yield and similar goals. This will be possible since the changes in gene and protein expression that lead to better plant performance can be elucidated by following changes induced by Trichoderma strains. The work was in, some parts, collaborative but in others, most specifically transcriptome analyses, fully synergistic.
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Knight, Charles. Does N fertilizer rate affect microbial benefits to early maize growth? An evaluation of Iowa-isolated microbial communities. Iowa State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cc-20240624-565.

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Cramer, Grant R., and Nirit Bernstein. Mechanisms for Control of Leaf Growth during Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570555.bard.

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In the project "Mechanisms for Control of Leaf Growth during Salinity Stress" ionic and enzymatic changes in the cells and cell walls of the expanding region of salt-stressed maize leaves were evaluated. Conventional numerical techniques for REG estimation were reevaluated; 'Greens' method was recommended and applied throughout the project for growth intensity estimation. Salinity slowed leaf development and reduced leaf size, but increased cell development within the leaf-growing zone. Leaf elongation rate was most affected by salinity from the region of maximal growth to the distal end; the basal region was largely unaffected. Creep assays indicated that the physical properties of the cell wall were not altered. Furthermore, pH or protein concentrations in the apoplastic space were not altered. Salinity decreased in half the concentrations of putative oligosaccharides in both the apoplast and the Golgi vesicles, suggesting that salinity reduced oligosaccharide biosynthesis. Salinity significantly increased solute concentrations in the vacuoles, but the ion concentrations tested remain unchanged in the vacuole. Most importantly, salinity increased the ion concentrations in the apoplast, particularly Cl-concentrations. The evidence obtained clearly points to the biochemical and ionic components of the apoplast as otential factors controlling leaf elongation of salt-stressed plants.
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Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.

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Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its host. The first objective was to examine the interface where small molecule peptide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms overlap. The second objective was to determine if the molecular explanation for common function is common signal transduction pathways. These pathways, built around sensor kinases, response regulators, and transcription factors may link sequestering of iron, production of antioxidants, resistance to oxidative stress, and virulence. We tested these hypotheses by genetic manipulation of the pathogen, virulence assays on the host plant, and by following the expression of key fungal genes. An addition to the original program, made in the first year, was to develop, for fungi, a genetically encoded indicator of redox state based on the commercially available Gfp-based probe pHyper, designed for animal cell biology. We implemented several tools including a genetically encoded indicator of redox state, a procedure to grow iron-depleted plants, and constructed a number of new mutants in regulatory genes. Lack of the major Fe acquisition pathways results in an almost completely avirulent phenotype, showing how critical Fe acquisition is for the pathogen to cause disease. Mutants in conserved signaling pathways have normal ability to regulate NPS6 in response to Fe levels, as do mutants in Lae1 and Vel1, two master regulators of gene expression. Vel1 mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and the reason may be underexpression of a catalase gene. In nps6 mutants, CAT3 is also underexpressed, perhaps explaining the sensitivity to oxidative stress. We constructed a deletion mutant for the Fe sensor-regulator SreA and found that it is required for down regulation of NPS6 under Fe-replete conditions. Lack of SreA, though, did not make the fungus over-sensitive to ROS, though the mutant had a slow growth rate. This suggests that overproduction of siderophore under Fe-replete conditions is not very damaging. On the other hand, increasing Fe levels protected nps6 mutants from inhibition by ROS, implying that Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions are not the main factor in its sensitivity to ROS. We have made some progress in understanding why siderophore mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and in doing so, defined some novel regulatory relationships. Catalase genes, which are not directly related to siderophore biosynthesis, are underexpressed in nps6 mutants, suggesting that the siderophore product (with or without bound Fe) may act as a signal. Siderophores, therefore, could be a target for intervention in the field, either by supplying an incorrect signal or blocking a signal normally provided during infection. We already know that nps6 mutants cause smaller lesions and have difficulty establishing invasive growth in the host. Lae1 and Vel1 are the first factors shown to regulate both super virulence conferred by T-toxin, and basic pathogenicity, due to unknown factors. The mutants are also altered in oxidative stress responses, key to success in the infection court, asexual and sexual development, essential for fungal dissemination in the field, aerial hyphal growth, and pigment biosynthesis, essential for survival in the field. Mutants in genes encoding NADPH oxidase (Nox) are compromised in development and virulence. Indeed the triple mutant, which should lack all Nox activity, was nearly avirulent. Again, gene expression experiments provided us with initial evidence that superoxide produced by the fungus may be most important as a signal. Blocking oxidant production by the pathogen may be a way to protect the plant host, in interactions with necrotrophs such as C. heterostrophus which seem to thrive in an oxidant environment.
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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Exploring General and Specific Regulators of Phase Transitions for Crop Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699851.bard.

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The transition of plants from a juvenile to adult growth phase entails a wide range of changes in growth habit, physiological competence and composition. Strikingly, most of these changes are coordinated by the expression of a single regulator, micro RNA 156 (miR156) that coordinately regulates a family of SBP genes containing a miR156 recognition site in the coding region or in their 3’ UTR. In the framework of this research, we have taken a broad taxonomic approach to examine the role of miR156 and other genetic regulators in phase change transition and its implication to plant development and crop improvement. We set to: Determine the common and unique factors that are altered upon juvenile to adult phase transition. Determine the functions of select miR156 target genes in tomato and maize, and identify those targets that mediate phase transition. Characterize the role of miR172 and its targets in tomato phase change. Determine the relationships between the various molecular circuits directing phase change. Determine the effects of regulated manipulation of phase change genes on plant architecture and if applicable, productivity. In the course of the study, a new technology for gene expression was introduced – next generation sequencing (NGS). Hence some of the original experiments that were planned with other platforms of RNA profiling, primarily Affymetrix arrays, were substituted with the new technology. Yet, not all were fully completed. Moreover, once the initial stage was completed, each group chose to focus its efforts on specific components of the phase change program. The Israeli group focused on the roles of the DELAYED SYMPODIAL TERMINATION and FALSIFLORA factors in tomato age dependent programs whereas the US group characterized in detail the role of miR156 (also termed Cg) in other grasses and in maize, its interplay with the many genes encoding miR172.
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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott, and Gregory E. Welbaum. Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits Using the Maize Non-Host Disease Resistance Gene Rxo1. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699843.bard.

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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: (1) To determine whether Rxol can recognize AacavrRxo1 to trigger BFB disease resistance in stable transgenic watermelon plants. (2) To determine the distribution of Aac-avrRxo1 in a global population of Aae and to characterize the biological function of Aac-avrRxo1. (3) To characterize other TIS effectors of Aae and to identify plant R gene(s) that can recognize conserved TIS effectors of this pathogen. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aae), is a devastating disease that affects watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) production worldwide, including both Israel and USA. Two major groups of Aae strains have been classified based on their virulence on host plants, genetics and biochemical properties. Thus far, no effective resistance genes have been identified from cucurbit germplasm. In this project, we assessed the applicability of a non-host disease resistance gene, Rxol, to control BFB in watermelon. We also tried to identify Aae type III secreted (TIS) effectors that can be used as molecular probes to identify novel disease resistance genes in both cucurbits and Nieotianatabaeum. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We generated five independent transgenic watermelon (cv. Sugar Babay) plants expressing the Rxol gene. The transgenic plants were evaluated with Aae strains AAC001 and M6 under growth chamber conditions. All transgenic plants were found to be susceptible to both Aae strains. It is possible that watermelon is missing other signaling components that are required for Rxol-mediated disease resistance. In order to screen for novel BFB resistance genes, we inoculated two Aae strains on 60 Nieotiana species. Our disease assay revealed Nicotiana tabaeum is completely resistant to Aae, while its wild relative N. benthamiana is susceptible to Aae. We further demonstrated that Nieotiana benthamiana can be used as a surrogate host for studying the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Aae. We cloned 11 TIS effector genes including the avrRxolhomologues from the genomes of 22 Aae strains collected worldwide. Sequencing analysis revealed that functional avrRxol is conserved in group" but not group I Aae strains. Three effector genes- Aave_1548, Aave_2166 and Aave_2708- possessed the ability to trigger an HR response in N. tabacum when they were transiently expressed by Agrobaeterium. We conclude that N. tabacum carries at least three different non-host resistance genes that can specifically recognize AaeTIS effectors to trigger non-host resistance. Screening 522 cucurbits genotypes with two Aae strains led us to identify two germplasm (P1536473 and P1273650) that are partially resistant to Aae. Interestingly, transient expression of the TIS effector, Aave_1548, in the two germplasms also triggered HR-Iike cell death, which suggests the two lines may carry disease resistance genes that can recognize Aave_1548. Importantly, we also demonstrated that this effector contributes to the virulence of the bacterium in susceptible plants. Therefore, R genes that recognize effector Aave1548 have great potential for breeding for BFB resistance. To better understand the genome diversity of Aae strains, we generated a draft genome sequence of the Israeli Aae strain, M6 (Group I) using Iliumina technology. Comparative analysis of whole genomes of AAC001, and M6 allowed us to identify several effectors genes that differentiate groups I and II. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The diversity of TIS effectors in group I and II strains of Aae suggests that a subset of effectors could contribute to the host range of group I and II Aae strains. Analysis of these key effectors in a larger Aae population may allow us to predict which cucurbit hosts may be at risk to BFB. Additionally, isolation of tobacco and cucurbit Rgenes that can recognize Aae type III effectors may offer new genetic resources for controlling BFB.
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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter B. Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham H. Halevy. Inhibition of the Gravitropic Shoot Bending in Stored Cut Flowers Through Control of Their Graviperception: Involvement of the Cytoskeleton and Cytosolic Calcium. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586533.bard.

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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to study the mechanism involved in shoot graviperception and early transduction, in order to determine the sequence of events operating in this process. This will enable to control the entire process of gravity-induced differential growth without affecting vertical growth processes essential for development. Thus, several new postulated interactions, operating at the perception and early transduction stages of the signaling cascade leading to auxin-mediated bending, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon spikes and oat shoot pulvini, according to the following research goals: 1) Establish the role of amyloplasts as gravireceptors in shoots; 2) Investigate gravity-induced changes in the integrity of shoot actin cytoskeleton (CK); 3) Study the cellular interactions among actin CK, statoliths and cell membranes (endoplasmic reticulum - ER, plasma membrane - PM) during shoot graviperception; 4) Examine mediation of graviperception by modulations of cytosolic calcium - [Ca2+]cyt, and other second messengers (protein phosphorylation, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate - IP3). Revisions: 1) Model system: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) spikes and oat (Avena sativa) shoot pulvini, the model system of maize (Zea mays) primary roots was targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for graviperception. 2) Research topic: brassinolide, which were not included in the original plan, were examined for their regulatory role in gravity perception and signal transduction in roots, in relation to auxin and ethylene. Background to the topic: The negative gravitropic response of shoots is a complex multi-step process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel. Most of the long-lasting studies regarding the link between graviperception and cellular components were focused mainly on roots, and there are relatively few reports on shoot graviperception. Our previous project has successfully characterized several key events occurring during shoot bending of cut flowers and oat pulvini, including amyloplast displacement, hormonal interactions and differential growth analysis. Based on this evidence, the present project has focused on studying the initial graviperception process in flowering stems and cereal shoots. Major conclusions and achievements: 1) The actin and not the microtubule (MT) CK is involved in the graviperception of snapdragon shoots. 2) Gravisensing, exhibited by amyloplast displacement, and early transduction events (auxin redistribution) in the gravitropic response of snapdragon spikes are mediated by the acto-myosin complex. 3) MTs are involved in stem directional growth, which occurs during gravitropism of cut snapdragon spikes, but they are not necessary for the gravity-induced differential growth. 4) The role of amyloplasts as gravisensors in the shoot endodermis was demonstrated for both plant systems. 5) A gravity-induced increase in IP.
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