Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Madang Province"

The Papua New Guinea (PNG) species of the water beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann, 1794, are revised, based on the study of 7,411 databased specimens. The two previously named species are redescribed, and 130 new species are described. The species are placed in 32 species groups. High resolution digital images of all primary types are presented (online version in color), scanning electron micrographs of representative species are given, and geographic distributions are mapped. Male genitalia, representative female terminal abdominal segments and representative spermathecae are illustrated. Papua New Guinea Hydraena species are typically found in sandy/gravelly stream margins, often in association with streamside litter; some species are primarily pond or swamp dwelling, and a few species are usually found in the hygropetric splash zone on stream boulders or on rocks at the margins of waterfalls. The geographic distributions of PNG Hydraena are compared with the Areas of Freshwater Endemism recently proposed by Polhemus and Allen (2007), and found to substantially support those areas. Only one species, H. impercepta Zwick, 1977 is known to be found in both Australia and Papua New Guinea. The probable Australian origins of the PNG hydraenid genera Gymnochthebius and Limnebius are discussed. The origins of just a few species of PNG Hydraena appear to clearly be Australia, and of comparatively recent origin, whereas the origins of the remainder remain problematic because of lack of knowledge of the Hydraena fauna in Papua Province, Indonesia, and islands large and small to the west of New Guinea. No endemic genera of Hydraenidae are currently known for New Guinea, whereas 98% of the known species are endemic. New species of Hydraena are: H. acumena (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River), H. adelbertensis (Madang Province: Adelbert Mts., below Keki), H. akameku (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. altapapua (Southern Highlands Province: Sopulkul, 30–35 km NE Mendi), H. ambra (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. ambripes (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. ambroides (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. apertista (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Lower Naho Valley, Hinggia), H. apexa (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. aquila (Madang Province: Simbai area), H. aulaarta (Western Highlands Province: Kundum), H. austrobesa (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. bacchusi (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. balkei (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. bicarinova (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. bifunda (Morobe Province: c. 7 mi. Lae–Bulolo road), H. biundulata (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. brahman (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 4.5 km N Brahman), H. bubulla (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. buloba (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. buquintana (Western Highlands Province: Mt. Hagen town area), H. carinocisiva (Eastern Highlands Province: Aiyura), H. carmellita (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. cavifrons (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 4.5 km N Brahman), H. cheesmanae (Central Province: Kokoda), H. clarinis (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. colorata (Morobe Province: 5 miles W of Lae, Buins Creek), H. confluenta (Eastern Highlands Province: Umg. [=environs of] Kainantu, Onerunka), H. copulata (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. cunicula (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. decepta (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. diadema (Eastern Highlands Province: Purosa Valley, nr. Okapa), H. dudgeoni (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. einsteini (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. essentia (Eastern Highlands Province: Sepik River Basin, stream beside milestone labelled G-99), H. exhalista (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. fasciata (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. fascinata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, nr. Moro), H. fasciolata (Madang Province: Madang, Ohu Village), H. fasciopaca (Madang Province: Keki, Adelbert Mts.), H. fenestella (Morobe Province: Lae-Bulolo road), H. foliobba (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. formosopala (East Sepik Province: Prince Alexander Mts., Wewak), H. funda (Central Province: Moitaka, 7 miles N of Port Moresby), H. fundacta (Madang Province: Adelbert Mts., Sewan–Keki), H. fundapta (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. fundarca (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. fundextra (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Gusap), H. galea (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range, 700 m), H. herzogestella (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Bundun), H. hornabrooki (East Sepik Province: Sepik, main river), H. huonica (Madang Province: Kewensa, Finisterre Range, Yupna, Huon Peninsula), H. ibalimi (Sandaun Province: Mianmin), H. idema (Eastern Highlands Province: Umg. [=environs of] Onerunka, Ramu River), H. impala (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. incisiva (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. incista (Western Highlands Province: Simbai, Kairong River), H. infoveola (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. inhalista (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. inplacopaca (Eastern Highlands Province: Waisa, nr. Okapa), H. insandalia (Eastern Highlands Province: Headwaters of Fio River, 0.5 km downstream of river crossing on Herowana/Oke Lookout path, ca. 4.5 km N of Herowana airstrip), H. intensa (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. johncoltranei (National Capital District, Varirata NP), H. jubilata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. koje (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. koma (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River, 100 m downstream of rattan bridge crossing, ca. 3.8 km S by E of Herowana airstrip), H. labropaca (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. lassulipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. limbobesa (Gulf Province: Marawaka, near Ande), H. maculopala (Madang Province: Madang, Ohu Village), H. manulea (Morobe Province: Lae, Buins Creek), H. manuloides (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. marawaka (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. mercuriala (Sandaun Province: May River), H. mianminica (Sandaun Province:May River), H. nanocolorata (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. nanopala (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. nitidimenta (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River, at rattan bridge crossing, ca. 2.6 km N by W of Herowana airstrip), H. okapa (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. ollopa (Western Highlands Province: Kundum), H. otiarca (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau, Snake River), H. owenobesa (Morobe Province: ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), H. pacificica (Morobe Province: Huon Pen., Kwapsanek), H. pala (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Gurakor Creek), H. palamita (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. paxillipes (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Patep Creek), H. pectenata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. pegopyga (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 3 km N Brahman), H. penultimata (Sandaun Province: May River), H. perpunctata (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. pertransversa (Eastern Highlands Province: Clear stream, summit of Kassem Pass at forest level), H. phainops (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Patep Creek), H. photogenica (Eastern Highlands Province: Goroka, Mt. Gahavisuka), H. picula (Eastern Highlands Province: Goroka, Daulo Pass), H. pilulambra (Eastern Highlands Province: Clear stream, summit of Kassem Pass at forest level), H. pluralticola (Morobe Province: c. 7 miles Lae–Bulolo road), H. processa (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. quadriplumipes (Madang Province: Aiome area), H. quintana (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Lae–Kainantu road, Erap R), H. ramuensis (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 6 km N Brahman), H. ramuquintana (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 6 km N Brahman), H. receptiva (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. remulipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. reticulobesa (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Moro), H. sagatai (Sandaun Province: Abau River), H. saluta (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. sepikramuensis (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, Sare River, 4 km N Brahman), H. sexarcuata (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. sexsuprema (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. spinobesa (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. striolata (Oro Province: Northern District, Tanbugal Afore village), H. supersexa (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. supina (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. tarsotricha (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau, Snake River), H. tetana (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. thola (Central Province: Port Moresby– Brown River road), H. tholasoris (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Gusap, c. 90 miles NW of Lae), H. thumbelina (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. thumbelipes (Sandaun Province: Mianmin), H. tibiopaca (Morobe Province: ridge between Aseki–Menyamya), H. torosopala (Madang Province: Keki, Adelbert Mts.), H. torricellica (Morobe Province: Torricelli Mts., village below Sibilanga Stn.), H. transvallis (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. trichotarsa (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. tricosipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. tritropis (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. tritutela (Morobe Province: ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), H. ulna (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. variopaca (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. velvetina (Eastern Highlands Province: Purosa Valley, nr. Okapa).

A new muricid species assigned to the genus Favartia is described from Madang Province in Papua New Guinea and is compared with similar-looking species from the Indo-West Pacific. The Muricidae species, excluding Coralliophilinae, collected during several Belgian explorations in Papua New Guinea is listed in the appendix.

Purpose. To explore the prevalence of risk factors of retinal diseases among patients seeking services from Madang Provincial Hospital Eye Clinic in Papua New Guinea. Materials and Methods. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted at the only eye clinic serving the entire Madang province of Papua New Guinea. Purposive sampling was used to obtain data from patients’ record cards at the eye clinic from January to June 2021. The data collected included gender, age, presenting visual acuity, blood pressure, blood sugar level, body mass index, smoking habits, and history of cataract surgery. The data was analyzed using the International Business Machines Corporation’s Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. A p -value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. Two hundred and fifty-five (255) patients went through diabetes and hypertension screening during the period of the study (January to June 2021). The mean age of the patients was 53.14 ± 11.20 years and there were more males (56.86%) than females. Nearly half of the patients (43.6%) were either visually impaired or blind. More than half (52.6%) had diabetes mellitus. Majority of the patients (73.3%) were hypertensive and more than half (57.0%) of the patients had unhealthy body mass index (BMI <18.525 kg/m2 or > 25 kg/m2). Overweight was significantly associated with hypertension ( p < 0.001 ) and diabetes mellitus ( p < 0.001 ). A few of them were smokers or had a history of cataract surgery (13.7% and 2.0%, respectively). Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight among ophthalmic patients in Madang. It is important that measures are put in place to eliminate barriers to health care and to strengthen eye care services in Papua New Guinea.

A new genus and species of the tropiduchid planthopper of the tribe Tropiduchini is described as Bitara augusta gen. et sp. nov. from Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. It is the 18th species of Tropiduchini and the 9th genus known east of the Wallace line. It is another taxon with characteristic asymmetric genitalia within this tribe.

Behavioural difficulty is probably the least understood area of special education as it is very problematic to identify a specific cause. Behavioural difficulties are those behaviours that students sometimes exhibit that are inappropriate and unacceptable in the classrooms or schools, as they disrupt the smooth process of teaching and learning. This study investigated primary school teachers' perspectives of the causal factors of students' behavioural problems and what can be done to minimise this problem. The study was carried out in the Madang Province involving two primary schools. From the two schools, twelve teachers (six from each school) participated in the study. The same participants were involved in both the questionnaire and the semi structured interview. The data gathered for the questionnaire and interview were analysed and transcribed respectively. The findings discovered that the family and school factors contributed substantially towards students' inappropriate behaviours. Family factors include parental problems, abuse in the families, and the constant struggle to provide the basic necessities due to the high living cost. School factors, on the other hand, include negative teacher attitudes, teacher lack of knowledge and skills to adapt the curriculum to include social skills, lack of teacher support and encouragement, and peer influences. The findings also discovered that teachers were more bothered about externalising behaviours such as disruption and aggression than internalising behavioural problems like withdrawal and depression displayed by students. Further, teachers' limited pre-service and in-service training and lack of experience in teaching students with behavioural problems contributed significantly for teachers not attending to students who behave inappropriately. Based on the findings identified in the study, several recommendations were made on how to intervene to alleviate this problem. Of particular importance is teacher training at both the pre-service and in-service level. Also government support is needed in terms of funding for training, involving specialists and other resources to respond to student behavioural problems effectively and efficiently. The findings may have particular relevance to future studies in this area and provide teachers with effective and workable intervention strategies for students' behavioural problems in the classrooms.

A bois-madame, la mineralisation sulfuree se localise a proximite immediate de niveaux riches en matiere organique (mo) d'origine planctonique marine, au sein de calcaires kimmeridgiens dolomitises. Les valeurs de tmax et divers indices moleculaires, revelent que la mo n'a atteint qu'un degre de maturite tres modere (transition diagenese/catagenese), vraisemblablement imputable a la seule diagenese d'enfouissement. Ceci exclut tout autre phenomene thermique d'intensite notable, hydrothermalisme notamment. Des proportions anormalement eleves de b,b-steranes resultent vraisemblablement d'une catalyse de la transformation ,-steroides ->b,b-steroides, par le soufre. Les bitumes frequemment observes au sein de gites mvt, sont ici absents. Les hydrocarbures, autochtones, ne montrent aucune marque d'alteration tardive par biodegradation et/ou lessivage. Les resultats de l'etude des biomarqueurs moleculaires et notamment celle des n-alcanes, des alkylcyclohexanes et des hopanes, apportent des preuves indubitables d'une diagenese precoce s'etant produite en conditions suboxiques, voire anoxiques. Une distribution secondaire de n-alcanes en n-c#2#2 n-c#2#8, domines par les composes a nombre pair d'atomes de carbone, pourrait provenir de la reduction d'acides gras de bacteries, eventuellement sulfato-reductrices. Ces resultats qui confortent et completent les donnees geologiques et de geochimie minerale anterieures, s'accordent avec une mise en place syn-/diagenetique precoce, de la mineralisation de bois-madame. A l'exception d'impregnations bitumineuses, la florida se caracterise par une tres grande pauvrete en mo des roches hotes et encaissantes (cot frequemment < 0,2%). Le caractere immature de la mo autochtone (diagenese s. S. ), implique un faible paleorecouvrement maximal de la serie etudiee ( 700-800 m). Une modeste augmentation des valeurs de tmax avec la proximite croissante de la mineralisation revele l'occurrence d'un phenomene thermique de faible intensite ( 60 a 100-120c). La composition des bitumes qui montre la mise en uvre d'un processus de fractionnement geochromatographique, indique le caractere allochtone de ces constituants. L'elimination partielle, voire totale, des n-alcanes, notamment des plus legers, met en evidence une alteration par biodegradation et lessivage. Ces diverses observations jointes aux donnees geologiques anterieures, amenent a envisager une mise en place epi-/diagenetique du gite. Le schema propose met en jeu des solutions hydrothermales de basse temperature, vectrices des metaux, d'hydrocarbures et de sulfates. La reduction in situ de ces derniers aurait ete realisee par des bacteries introduites dans le milieu par des infiltrations d'eaux meteoriques, aux depens des hydrocarbures

The Sam communities of Madang Province in Papua New Guinea define, conceptualise, and demonstrate a way of relating they refer to as wanbel ("one insides, reconciled" TP) which is essential to wellbeing. Living among three villages spread along the Kabeneo River, which runs from the Finisterre Range northward to the Astrolabe Bay in Madang Province, the Sam people spend a great deal of time talking about being wanbel and participating in ceremonies to restore or maintain a state of wanbel. They believe that a lack of wanbel causes barren gardens, sickness, sorcery, and death; conversely, being wanbel brings about bountiful gardens, healthy families, and access to “development.” In the vernacular, this state of good and harmonious relations is articulated in four ways: pari beli (“good insides”), pari kujex (“one insides”), udud kujex (“one thought”), and pari xosolox (“calm insides”). The notion of wanbel is a state as well as a process that occurs within both individuals and groups that provides a way to resolve divisive issues and be well, in terms of obtaining a holistic vision of a “good life” referred to as gutpela sindaun (“wellbeing” TP). However, Sam speakers believe that a person’s thoughts and emotions are opaque to others, and thus, they cannot know whether others are wanbel. Hence, to resolve conflict and demonstrate amity, individuals must choose to reveal their inner self through speech and behaviour in village meetings and ceremonies. In these contexts, wanbel provides a way for the community to talk about and critique relationships, and, importantly, resolve disputes and mediate conflict. In recent times, even as Sam people affirm the importance of wanbel in their daily lives, some acknowledge that episodes of disharmony seem to be increasing due to recent modernising influences, independence, and the “time of money.” These varied influences provide differing visions of what wanbel should yield, and are felt to be obstacles to maintaining a state of wanbel. Through wanbel discussions, the Sam interrogate these influences, navigate and negotiate conflicting desires, and how to become wanbel in the present. This thesis focusses on how Sam villagers conceptualise and talk about wanbel and practice it in their daily lives to strengthen and benefit themselves, the clan, and the wider Sam collective. These discussions about wanbel are dynamic and turbulent negotiations with overtones of efficacy, in which individuals and groups provide feedback on the status of their relationships and how to improve them in ways that will lead to health, good fortune, and prosperity. Moreover, wanbel is a reflexive way to critique, create, and sustain mutually dependent relationships. This thesis contributes to Melanesian themes of conflict, reconciliation, personhood and agency through an ethnographic exploration of how personhood and relationships are managed, mediated, and navigated in contemporary Papua New Guinea.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences : Anthropology & Development Studies, 2018

The topographical church floor mosaics of Provincia Arabia, dated between the sixth and eighth centuries, have a close but complex relationship with the late sixth or early seventh-century cartographical mosaic in the Church of the Map in Madaba. The corpus of ten topographical mosaics considered in this thesis has a relationship with the Madaba Mosaic Map in three areas: artistic origins, date and provenance, and function and meaning. The nature of this relationship has not been fully considered in Byzantine scholarship and as such, the intention of this thesis is to fill that gap in scholarship. An investigation of the artistic origins involves breaking the topographical and cartographical iconographies down into their composite parts: motifs and composition, and then analysing the development of these components. Issues of dating and provenance demonstrate the extent to which the relationship between the topographical corpus and Madaba Map is very close, and ultimately, these discussions of origins, date, and provenance prepare the background for the analysis of the most complex aspects of the relationship. These aspects predominantly involve the extent to which the topographical corpus and Madaba Map communicate the same meaning and to a lesser extent, share the same functions. These three major areas are investigated in order to answer the broader question about the nature of the relationship between the set of topographical mosaics and the cartographical mosaic, divided mainly by compositional variation. This compositional variation resonates in other aspects of the relationship and is also responsible for disparity of function and meaning.
Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2010

In Papua New Guinea, a country rich in mineral and other natural resources, “development” has become largely inseparable from the extension of capitalist relations of production and exchange across land. This is a cultural process as well as an economic one, and it both materially undermines and ideologically devalues customary forms of subsistence production, as well as forms of informal sector economic activity. Ethnographic exploration of communities around the Pacific Marine Industrial Zone and the RD Tuna Cannery in Madang Province also reveal the functioning of “development” as a cultural, ideational and symbolically laden phenomenon. Specifically, the consumption of tinpis (Tok Pisin: tinned fish), functions ambivalently as a signifier both of status and of dispossession. If dominant development practices devalue customary land and customary forms of production, however, it also creates new opportunities for asserting new visions of development and of the good life.

Although it diverges markedly from the vision of the Melanesian Way elaborated in the 1975 constitution, large-scale resource extraction has in recent decades been championed as the key mechanism for development in Papua New Guinea. In this context, forms of “middle-way” land reform are advocated as means of rendering customary land tenure commensurable with the requirements of modern, capitalist practices of production and economic activity. Principal amongst these are Incorporated Land Groups (ILGs) and lease-lease-back arrangements. Ethnographic exploration of communities affected by the tuna industry in Madang Province shows how these land reforms transform structures and cartographies of power, privileging the agents of the state and global capital at the same time that they transform relations of power within communities. At the same time, however, forms of codification and the assertion of landowner identities allow communities to make claims against outside agents involved in resource extractive activity on their lands.

‘Well, Madame,’ said Winter, when the queen had sent away the servants. ‘Well, just what I expected has happened, my Lord.’ ‘He refuses?’ ‘Have I not already told you in advance?’ ‘The cardinal refuses to receive the king? France refuses hospitality to...

This study attempts to clarify the tense systems in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea; particularly, the past tense and habitual past forms in the sample three languages in the area: Amele, Waskia, and Kobon. This study thus investigates past tense and habitual features, and discusses how the people in the area interpret past events. The study then discusses how these people map their temporal frames in their grammars (“anthropology of time”, Gell 1996). To aid analysis, I collected data through observing descriptive grammars and fieldwork, finding that Amele exhibits three types of past tense and habitual tense forms, as in (1). Kobon has two distinct simple and remote past tenses, as in (2). Kobon has habitual aspect with the help of the verb “to be.” Waskia, in contrast, has a distinction between realis and irrealis meanings, and the realis forms can indicate past and habitual meanings (two habitual forms: one is include in realis, another is with the help of the verb “stay”), as shown in (3). (1) Amele: Today’s past: Ija hu-ga. “I came (today).” Yesterday’s past: Ija hu-gan. “I came (yesterday).” Remote past: Ija ho-om. “I came (before yesterday).” Habitual past (by adding the habitual form “l”): Ija ho-lig. “I used to come.” (2) Kobon (Davies 1989): Simple past: Yad au-ɨn. “I have come.” Remote past: Nöŋ-be. “You saw” Habitual aspect (by using the verb “mid” to be): Yad nel nipe pu-mid-in. “I used to break his firewood.” (3) Waskia (Ross and Paol 1978): Realis: Ane ikelako yu naem. “I drank some water yesterday.” (simple past) Realis: Ane girako yu no-kisam “In the past I used to drink water” (habitual past) Habitual (by using the verb “bager“ (stay)): Ane girako yu nala bager-em. “In the past I used to drink water.“ Finally, this study claims that Amele and Kobon have remoteness distinctions; near and remote past distinctions, but there is no such a distinction in Waskia. The observed habitual usages are different to each other. Nevertheless, the three languages have a grammatical viewpoint of habitual past mapping.

Background: The prevalence of stunting in Parigi-Moutong District (Parimo District) was 33.7% at 10 villages. Stunting prevention effort are structured into a response-surveillance system (SSR) that includes all stages of the natural course of child growth disorders (GPA) to detect (Dx) and provide action (Rx) on the agent-environment (primordial prevention) and the host (primary prevention to rehabilitation). This study aimed to examine the development of a stunting-response surveillance system in Parigi-Moutong District, Central Sulawesi. Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study conducted at Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gajah Mada University, Yogyakarta from November 26 to 30. The development of SSR Stunting in Parimo Regency was carried out by means of a Training of Trainer (ToT), the following stages: (1) ToT 1 in the health sector (secondary and tertiary prevention); (2) training in 10 locus villages, sub-districts and districts by trainer from parimo district; (3) establishing ssr stunting; (4) ToT 2 across sector (primordial prevention, primary prevention and rehabilitation); (5) training throughout parimo district; and, (6) establishing the sr system for priority diseases. Results: SSR officers are able to train Individual Health Effort (UKP) officers, Information technology (IT) officers, Surveillance-Response (SR) officers Conclusion: SSR follows the WHO SSR pattern which consists of four components: (1) Main functions; (2) Supporting functions; (3) Structure; and, (4) quality criteria. Keywords: stunting, SSR, surveillance Correspondence: Rossi Sanusi. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada. l. Farmako, Senolowo, Sekip Utara, Depok, Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.18

ABSTRACT Background: On 24 November 2015, public health center Kokap 2 reported an outbreak of suspected measles in the village of Hargowilis. In Kokap District, outbreaks of suspected measles have never occurred in school-age children in the last three years. This study aims to ascertain the suspected measles outbreaks and identify risk factors, sources, and transmission routes. Subjects and Method: This was a matched case control study conducted from November 2015 to January 2016, in Hargowilis Village, Central java. A Sample of 21 who has the main clinical symptoms suspected of measles such as: fever, rash and followed by one of the symptoms of cough, flu, and red eyes (cases) and classmates who did not have case-like symptoms (control) were selected by snowball sampling. The data were analyzed using McNemar’s test and logistic regression. Results: Five out of ten sera tested were positive for rubella. There were 21 total cases. None of the pregnant women was a rubella case. Most of the patients were male (61.90%) with ages ranging from 5 to 11 years (71.43%) and were served at the public health center (80.95%). The case index is a student who travels in the District of Wates. The highest number of cases was at week 46 of 2015 (9 cases). Bivariate analysis showed that contact history (OR = 0.14; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.39; p = <0.001) and age (OR = 0.06; 95% CI 0.00 to 0.24; p = <0.001) were risk factors for this Rubella outbreak. Conclusion: There has been an outbreak of rubella in the village of Hargowilis, Yogyakarta. Public health centers are recommended to provide information to the public about rubella. Health workers need to take all blood serum cases to confirm outbreak. Public health centers are suggested to strengthen the surveillance system for measles and rubella. Keywords: Rubella, risk factors, Public health center, outbreaks Correspondence: Siti Nurfadilah H. Center for Health Policy and Management (PKM) Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Email: siti.nurfadilah.h@mail.ugm.ac.id. Mobile: 085255987009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.20