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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "MACROECONOMIC ISSUES"

Talavyrya, М., and B. Dorosh. "Development of macroeconomic models based on behavioral economics: issues and further research." Zemleustrìj, kadastr ì monìtorìng zemelʹ, no. 4 (October 27, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/zemleustriy2021.04.02.

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The article analyzes the formation, spread and development of behavioral economics in microeconomic research, as well as its development in macroeconomic research over the past two decades. The key shortcomings of neoclassical macroeconomic models and their critique based on existing research and practical application by central bankers are highlighted. The key stages in the formation of behavioral macroeconomics, elements of which began to appear in the works of neoclassical macroeconomists, have been identified. The main arguments in favor of replacing neoclassical macroeconomic models with new behavioral macroeconomic models are presented, as well as key issues of behavioral macroeconomics and prospects for its further adoption as a basic concept for decision-making for governments. Key studies of behavioral economists on behavioral macroeconomic models, most of which are agents-based (microfoundations-based), have been identified and systematized. Based on the results of testing various behavioral models by world-renowned scientists, as well as our analysis, it is proposed to focus further macroeconomic research on behavioral models based on the activities of agents (microfoundations).

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JENSEN, HENRIK, PETER NORMAN SØRENSEN, and HANS JØRGEN WHITTA-JACOBSEN. "INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUE: DYNAMIC MACROECONOMIC THEORY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 12, S1 (April 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100507070113.

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This issue collects 11 articles at the frontier of the field of Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory.A majority of the articles discuss theoretical issues related to monetary policy. Many rich economies have now enjoyed a long period of stable monetary conditions, but many researchers remain puzzled as to what are the main mechanisms driving monetary stability. The field is of great importance to policymakers, and this issue's dynamic approaches will advance the debate. The other articles touch on other, equally inherently dynamic issues of macroeconomics, relating to growth, business cycles, and the role of credit. In light of the hard constraints we imposed on the length of the contributed articles, we will let the articles speak for themselves, and hope that the reader will enjoy this research sample as much as we do.

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Bidabad, Bijan. "Macroeconomics Needs Fresh Methodology of Theorization." Asian Finance & Banking Review 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v3i2.337.

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In this paper, we try to analyze the macroeconomic reasoning in different methodological issues. Subsequently, we try to touch some current macroeconomic debates on aggregations, relations, monetary and real sectors analyses. We assess that what we know about the behavior of macroeconomic variables is just our understanding from empiricism, and we have rarely found the laws of linkages among macroeconomic variables. We also conclude that successive theories have an intuitional foundation. It seems that to improve macroeconomic theories and policies, we need to be redirected to basic philosophical thinking about the macroeconomic theoretical foundation and try to rebuild a new concrete base for macroeconomics.

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Oglu, Hakimov Hakimjon Abdullo. "Issues of macroeconomic policy coordination." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 12, no. 2 (2022): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2022.00099.4.

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JANSEN, EILEV S. "Statistical Issues in Macroeconomic Modelling*." Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 29, no. 2 (June 2002): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9469.00280.

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Ofer, Gur. "Macroeconomic Issues of Soviet Reforms." NBER Macroeconomics Annual 5 (January 1990): 297–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/654147.

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Arida, Persio. "Macroeconomic issues for Latin America." Journal of Development Economics 22, no. 1 (June 1986): 171–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(86)90055-6.

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Solow, Robert M. "Macroeconomic Issues Confronting the Next President." Journal of Economic Education 19, no. 3 (1988): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1181947.

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Teplovodsky, M. N. "Macroeconomic Issues of Modernization in Russia." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(16) (February 28, 2011): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2011-1-16-143-146.

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Solow, Robert M. "Macroeconomic Issues Confronting the Next President." Journal of Economic Education 19, no. 3 (June 1988): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220485.1988.10845266.

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Дисертації з теми "MACROECONOMIC ISSUES"

Perdomo, Strauch Alvaro Andrés. "Essays in experimental economics: some macroeconomic issues." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400135.

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This dissertation uses an experimental approach to analyze the behavior of people in controlled environments based in different theoretical issues of relatively recent discussion in macroeconomic theory. The first chapter focuses in a rational bubbles environment. It shows that people behavior is affected by the presence of sunspot messages; however, they do not necessarily react optimally to these messages. In addition, people can adapt their strategies to the optimal equilibrium strategies if these are not too much complex, but not all people have the same ability to implement this adaptation process. The second chapter shows that in an information constraint environment people pay more attention to the most important and variable sources of information. In addition, it reveals that the strategic complementarity between the choices of people is a key ingredient to explain the size of the interaction effects. The third chapter analyzes some predictions attributed to the multiple equilibria that are present in the global game models with endogenous information structure. It shows in a lab experiment that the weakest policy makers have a higher probability that their policies become unsustainable. In addition, it founds that if the uncertainty about the strength of the policy makers increases, then the probability that people attack their policies also increases.
Esta tesis utiliza una aproximación experimental para analizar el comportamiento de las personas en ambientes controlados basados en diferentes temas teóricos de discusión relativamente reciente en teoría macroeconómica. El primer capítulo se enfoca en un ambiente de burbujas racionales. Éste muestra que el comportamiento de las personas se ve afectado por la presencia de mensajes “sunspot”; sin embargo, ellas no necesariamente reaccionan óptimamente a los mismos. Adicionalmente, las personas pueden adaptar sus estrategias a las estrategias óptimas de equilibrio si estas no son muy complejas; sin embargo, no todas las personas tienen la misma habilidad para adaptarse. El segundo capítulo muestra que en un ambiente con restricciones de información las personas ponen más atención a las fuentes de información más importantes y más variables. Adicionalmente, revela que la complementariedad estratégica entre las decisiones de las personas es un ingrediente esencial para explicar los efectos de interacción. El tercer capítulo analiza algunas predicciones que se atribuyen a los múltiples equilibrios que se presentan en los modelos de juegos globales que tienen una estructura de información endógena. Éste muestra en un experimento de laboratorio que los hacedores de política más débiles tienen una mayor probabilidad de que sus políticas se vuelvan insostenibles. Adicionalmente, éste encuentra que si la incertidumbre acerca de la fortaleza de los hacedores de política se incrementa, entonces la probabilidad de que las personas ataquen sus políticas también se incrementa

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BOZIC, VANJA. "Sovereign ratings: fundamentals, macroeconomic: issues and territorial heterogeneity." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/202677.

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Sarajevs, Vadims. "Macroeconomic issues in a small transition economy : the case of Latvia." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2002. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1723.

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In a series of essays a number of important issues of macroeconomic modelling of a small transition economy are explored. The essays are unified by the common theme of dollarization or currency substitution, which is asserted to be a significant characteristic of many transition economies. Two introductory chapters survey firstly, economic development in transition and secondly the phenomenon of currency substitution. These are followed by the construction of an integrated stochastic macroeconomic model of a transition economy at the early stage of reform, which employs a general equilibrium optimizing framework. The main issues addressed are: domestic money demand, the currency substitution ratio, the expected rate of inflation, real assets returns, the equilibrium growth rate of economy as well as government ability to control these variables. An expression for the currency substitution ratio is derived from the 'first principles' of stochastic optimization. Next is a comprehensive econometric analysis of currency substitution in Latvia. This is among the first research of this kind. Rather than drawing inferences on the degree of currency substitution from domestic money demand modelling, the most common approach to the empirical analysis of the phenomenon, the chapter employs direct modelling of the currency substitution ratio. Extensive model construction, estimation, evaluation and testing are perforined with the use of wide range of modem econometric techniques. Methodological issues are exposed and discussed. A number of instruments are identified, which can be used by the monetary authorities to influence currency substitution behaviour. Finally, the impact of an unanticipated monetary shock in a small open transition economy with dollarization, factor price rigidities, and nontradeables is reexamined. This chapter represents a first time, non-trivial expansion of the recent socalled 'new open economy macroeconomics' to account for the dollarization phenomenon which has been a persistent feature of many transition economies. Among other findings, it is interesting to note the stabilizing role of economic openness.

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Pereira, Manuel Bernardo Videira Coutinho Rodrigues. "Effects of fiscal policy: measurement issues and structural change." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3431.

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Doutoramento em Economia
Considerable uncertainty surrounds the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy. The re-search presented in this dissertation firstly aims at improving on the methods used to measure such effects - which feature vector autoregressions (VARs) as the basic tool. The investigation is partly carried out using structural VARs. The methodological innova¬tions in that part concern the joint identification of fiscal shocks vis-a-vis monetary policy shocks and the estimation of a model with time-varying parameters using a non-recursive identification scheme. I also use reduced-form VARs to assess the effects of a novel shock measure, derived from budget forecasts, that is arguably free of anticipatory movements. The second aim of the dissertation is to present empirical results for the US, focusing on the way the impacts of the government budget on the economy have changed over time. The thesis is divided into three essays. In the first one, I present evidence that taxes and transfers were the most important force attenuating the severity of recessions up to the eighties, surpassing the role of monetary policy. Fiscal policy has, however, become less effective in stimulating output in the course of the last decades. The findings in the second and the third essays corroborate this conclusion. Such a change in effectiveness is particularly marked for the shock measure that is relatively unaffected by anticipation, which features multipliers with non-conventional signs in the recent period. In general, these findings call for more research on the factors that intervene in the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy and can bring about important variation in its impacts.

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Abalala, Turki Shjaan. "Macroeconomic variables, oil prices and seasonality : three key issues empirically investigated for Islamic stock market indices." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1932.

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In the world of finance, the emergence of Islamic finance has led to many Islamic financial products and services. Access to professional fund managers who specialize in forming portfolios that fulfil the needs of Muslim investors to trade in investments that do not violate their Islamic principles and rules is now commonly available in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Islamic stock market indices (ISMI) have also been established. This thesis consists of three self-contained empirical essays that focus on important financial issues for Muslim investors: (1) the empirical support for orthodox asset pricing models when applied to Islamic stocks; (2) the volatility of Islamic stock market indices and the relevance of oil to this volatility; and (3) seasonality in an Islamic stock market. In addition, each empirical essay compares the findings of ISIM to those of an appropriate counterpart conventional stock market index (CSMI). The findings firstly demonstrated that ISMI can be exposed to different risk factors from those proposed by previous empirical works on CSMI. Secondly, the statistical results established that ISMI proves to be a safe investment during the oil market turbulences contrary to CSMI. Thirdly, the last empirical essay found out that the emergence of ISMI in the non-Muslim countries can bring about another calendar anomaly or at least change the effect of an existing one such as Friday effect. The general conclusion to be drawn from the findings of the whole thesis is that there are variations between ISMI and CSMI in the way they react towards the same exogenous variables. This is despite the fact that previous studies failed to find significant differences between them in terms of performance, and merely observed that investors lose nothing by restricting themselves to ISMI.

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Santos, Joana. "EDP - Energias de Portugal: electric utilities: the CMEC question: regulation and macroeconomic issues give rise to uncertainty." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9899.

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Odifa, Fakunle Taiwo. "Monetary aspects of exchange rate determination, macroeconomic issues of a resource price increase in LDCs : a case study." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9109.

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The impact of the world oil price increases of the early 1970s and those that occured in the 1980s, and the corresponding growth in revenue for the Nigerian economy had two major effects. First, it affected the official exchange rates and its determination, hence fiscal developments for the country. At the same time, the windfall also led to an unbalanced sectoral change within the economy. Both the internal and external economic situation since the oil shock had shown persistent imbalances requiring adjustments. In analysing the oil shock effect, a comprehensive assessment of the influences of exchange rates and structural adjustment problems employs the valuable strengths of the monetary approach aspects of exchange rates determination; particularly on the question of external payments adjustment and of inflation of domestic price levels. The function of exchange rate as an instrument of stabilization policy in an economy such as Nigeria is imperative. A relatively stable exchange rate standard in a world of significant variability is important in evaluating the impact of exchange rate changes on the economy; precisely because the financial infrastructures are at the developing state. When tight controls on the foreign trade sector also lead to the establishment of an unofficial market in foreign exchange, the question of stability would depend on which of the two markets adjust quicker. The market with the more rapid rate of adjustment can therefore provide a guide to exchange rate policy performance. In analysing the stuctural adjustments impact of the oil revenues, features of both national and global economic environment that are significant for macroeconomic performance, which are also proximately related to exchange rates determination are considered by using the dutch-disease framework. By laying emphasis on the fuction of exchange rates mechanism and the impact of the oil revenue increases at macroeconomic level, the large and persistent misalignment of real exchange rates and the general economic policies of the oil boom era are thus analysed in-depth.

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Rego, Jessé Sales. "O Debate previdenciário e as implicações macroeconômicas: uma análise da literatura especializada no período recente." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1488.

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Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-24T18:14:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JesseSalesRego.pdf: 1367385 bytes, checksum: b922c47e1d339b723df57400b026874c (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-24T18:14:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JesseSalesRego.pdf: 1367385 bytes, checksum: b922c47e1d339b723df57400b026874c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29
The present dissertation aims to present the social security debate in Brazil, in the World and its macroeconomic implications. The choice for this theme is justified by the absence of studies that, in addition to the technical aspects behind social security systems, present together historical, philosophical and, above all, political economy questions. For this, the debate is classified into two main categories: the conservative perspective and the perspective of the demand for social security. In addition, the debate in Brazil is focused on the macroeconomic controversies and on the relationship between social security spending and fiscal equilibrium.
A presente dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar o debate previdenciário no Brasil, no Mundo e suas implicações macroeconômicas. A escolha por esse tema justifica-se pela ausência de estudos que para além dos aspectos técnicos, por trás dos sistemas previdenciários, apresentem juntamente questões históricas, filosóficas e principalmente de economia política. Para isso, classifica-se o debate em duas grandes categorias: a da perspectiva conservadora e a da perspectiva das demanda por seguridade social. Além disso, apresenta-se o debate no Brasil com foco nas controvérsias macroeconômicas e na relação gasto previdenciário x equilíbrio fiscal.

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Tandon, Ajay Jr. "Essays on Development Economics: Issues in Macroeconomics and Population." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40513.

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This dissertation consists of three chapters on development economics. The first two chapters are in the area of international macroeconomics. The third chapter is in an area that is the intersection of macroeconomics and population economics. The first chapter studies currency substitution in an environment where agents' inflation tax evasive demand for foreign money is balanced by the concern for the possibility that the government may impose economy-wide capital controls under which foreign currency transactions are costly. We contrast implications of constant beliefs regarding capital controls with those obtained under endogenous beliefs. With endogenous beliefs, agents expect a greater likelihood of capital controls as economy-wide currency substitution rises. Our results show a persistent demand for foreign money under endogenous beliefs despite efforts by the government to reduce inflation. The second chapter is a theoretical study of currency substitution in an overlapping-generations economy. We focus on the role of beliefs in determining the relative demands for domestic and foreign money. Domestic money suffers from a lack of confidence leading agents to demand foreign money as an alternate store-of-value. We study equilibria in which the level of confidence in domestic money evolves as a function of expected future aggregate domestic money demand: agents increase their demand for domestic money only if aggregate economy-wide real domestic money demand is expected to rise. The third chapter is a study of intertemporal substitution and fertility dynamics. The demographic experience of Iran after the revolution poses an interesting puzzle. A brief increase in period fertility after the 1979 revolution interrupted a trend of decline that had started in the 1950s. The rise in fertility, however, appears to have lasted only a few years: in the late 1980s fertility decline resumed its course at an even faster pace. We present evidence that suggests that the changes in Iranian fertility since the revolution were in part a birth timing phenomenon. The revolution may well have been a transient economic shock which temporarily depressed the relative "price" of children and caused adjustment in fertility patterns which, at least in an ex post sense, is suggestive of intertemporal substitution.
Ph. D.

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Severe, Sean P. "Monetary Policy Issues Arising From Bank Competition." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11554.

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xii, 114 p. : ill.
The banking sector has been extensively analyzed in economics. On the microeconomic side, research has advanced our understanding of banks and the inverse relationship between market power and bank production. The macroeconomic side of research has focused on the transmission of monetary policy, and it is understood that the financial system, including banks, plays an integral role in transmitting monetary policy decisions to economic variables such as investment, consumption, and GDP. There is limited understanding, however, about how market power and bank concentration affects the transmission of monetary policy. The main focus of this dissertation is to address this gap in the literature and is achieved by three contributions. First, I develop a theory of banking behavior that accounts for competition and monetary policy. I empirically test the theory and show that banking concentration dampens the impact of monetary policy on lending activity in the short-run. My second contribution involves building a theoretical model with these short-run lending effects incorporated into an endogenous growth model that allows agents, banks, and the central bank to interact. This model shows how short-run lending is tied to growth. Again, monetary policy is less effective in markets with higher concentration. The last contribution is made by empirically testing the second contribution. The empirical findings are consistent with both the first and second contributions; banking markets with less competition adversely affect growth and also diminish the long-run impact of monetary policy.
Committee in charge: Dr. Mark Thoma, Co-Chair; Dr. Wesley Wilson, Co-Chair; Dr. Shankha Chakraborty, Member; Dr. Larry Dann, Outside Member

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Книги з теми "MACROECONOMIC ISSUES"

1953-, Hicklin John, Robinson David 1958-, and Singh Anoop, eds. Macroeconomic issues facing ASEAN countries. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1997.

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Taylor, Lance. Fiscal issues in macroeconomic stabilization. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Office of the Vice President, Development Economics, the World Bank, 1988.

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Associates, Fitzpatrick. Study on external macroeconomic issues. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1991.

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Carson, Robert Barry. Macroeconomic issues today: Alternative approaches. 6th ed. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 1999.

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Marshall Islands. Policy Advisory Team for Economic Management., ed. Macroeconomic issues and fiscal policy. [Marshall Islands]: The Team, 1995.

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Macroeconomic issues today: Alternative approaches. 5th ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.

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Carson, Robert Barry. Macroeconomic issues today: Alternative approaches. 4th ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.

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1942-, Ghosh B. N., Ibrahim Abdul Rahim, and Abdul Fatah Che Hamat, eds. Contemporary issues in macroeconomic management. Leeds, England: Wisdom House, 2002.

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Fry, Maxwell J. Current macroeconomic policy issues in Taiwan. Taipei: Tamkang University, 1990.

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1946-, Davis Jeffrey M., and IMF Institute, eds. Macroeconomic adjustment: Policy instruments and issues. Washington, D.C: IMF Institute, International Monetary Fund, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "MACROECONOMIC ISSUES"

Holden, K. "Macroeconomic Forecasting." In Current Issues in Macroeconomics, 163–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20286-7_8.

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Družić, Ivo. "Macroeconomic Issues in Eastern Europe." In Macroeconomic Management, 221–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24280-1_13.

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Ramsay, David. "The Macroeconomic Environment." In Current Issues in Financial Services, 48–66. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24462-1_4.

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Chowdhury, Anis, and Iyanatul Islam. "Fiscal Consolidation: Issues and Evidence." In Beyond Macroeconomic Stability, 72–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137379252_3.

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Dufrénot, Gilles. "Fiscal Policy Issues." In New Challenges for Macroeconomic Policies, 333–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15754-7_7.

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Reed, Michael, and Sayed Saghaian. "Macroeconomic issues in agricultural economics." In The Routledge Handbook of Agricultural Economics, 399–411. New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315623351-22.

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Smithin, John. "Teaching the New Consensus Model of ‘Modern Monetary Economics’ from a Critical Perspective: Pedagogical Issues." In Macroeconomic Theory and Macroeconomic Pedagogy, 255–72. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-29166-9_14.

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Hart, Robert A. "Working Time Reductions and Employment: The Discrepancy between Macroeconomic and Macroeconomic Research Findings." In Current Issues in Labour Relations, edited by Alan Gladstone, Russell Landsbury, Jack Stieber, Tiziano Treu, and Manfred Weiss, 219–28. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110849233-018.

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Epstein, Gerald. "Achieving Coherence Between Macroeconomic and Development Objectives." In Contemporary Issues in Macroeconomics, 148–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137529589_12.

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Hallett, Andrew Hughes. "Macroeconomic Interdependence and the Coordination of Economic Policy." In Current Issues in Macroeconomics, 182–213. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20286-7_9.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "MACROECONOMIC ISSUES"

Plevokaitė, Jurgita, and Raimonda Martinkutė-Kaulienė. "Estimation of Investment Perspectives in the Baltic Stock Market." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. VGTU Technika, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibme.2015.01.

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Short analysis of stock market and stock indices of Baltic countries is presented in the article. Theoretical aspects of importance of fundamental economic analysis, presented by Lithuanian and foreign authors for investigation of investment market is analysed and presented in the research. Research of correlation analysis and stochastic dependence test between chosen stock indices and macroeconomic indicators of Baltic countries is fulfilled. After analysis of the 2004–2013 year period statistics, the relationship between macroeconomic indicators and stock indices in the long term is established. After evaluating the results of the research, macroeconomic indicators, mostly influencing the changes in Baltic stock markets are picked out and their influence on stock indices is described. Investment perspectives in the Baltic stock market are estimated in the near future using macroeconomic forecastings of every country.

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Tvrdoň, Michal. "Macroeconomic Comparison Of The Czech Nuts 3 Regions." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education ‘2012. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Publishing House Technika, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibme.2012.39.

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Małecka, Joanna. "Alternative Securities Markets as Financing Sources for SMEs – Selected Aspects of AIM and NC." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.072.

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Small and medium-sized enterprises are the foundation for the development of each contemporary national economy. Their number affects macroeconomic indices of economies and directly translates into the labour market created by SMEs. This article aims to investigate the key conditionings behind the macroeconomic significance and legal factors of the financial market operation in Poland and the UK, with particular emphasis on the stock exchange as the fundamental element of the capital market. Both AIM and NewConnect are platforms dedicated to SMEs, which have been allowed easier access to this capital market segment by minimising mandatory legal conditions. This study analyses the number of listed companies and their capitalisation values in 1999–2015, covering: the rules of the financial market operation, with a special focus on the legal bases of the stock market operation in the economies investigated; legal conditions for the development of this economic segment; and a detailed analysis of the number of participants and capitalisation values achieved on the Warsaw and London Stock Exchanges, in particular AIM and NewConnect. This paper builds on source data from various annual reports and stock exchange publications drawn up and made available by stock exchanges and financial supervisors. The attempt to compare the indices and capacities of the WSE and the NC with the biggest European player is motivated by the fact that the Warsaw Stock Exchange is classified as the largest and most dynamically growing stock exchange in Central and Eastern Europe.

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Khachaturian, Raisa. "SUPPLY-DEMAND SHOCKS AND GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO PANDEMIC ISSUES (EXAMPLE OF GEORGIA)." In Proceedings of the XXIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25112020/7240.

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In this article, it is discussed the main threats and consequences of the cause of the modern economic crisis - the coronavirus pandemic - that have affected the macroeconomic situation in different countries and regions of the world. The focus is on the radical international economic changes that have caused supply and demand shocks, which have conditioned the structural nature of the crisis. The negative consequences of the pandemic in different sectors of the world are analyzed and general tendencies related to foreign trade, protectionism, employment, fiscal, monetary and other policies are listed. It describes the anti-crisis economic plan developed by the Georgian government and provides examples related to corporate tax shelters. Finally, the conclusion stresses that the priority of the post-crisis economic plan should be to position the country well after the end of the pandemic, as well as to overcome macroeconomic problems such as current account deficits, public debt, unemployment and poverty, rapid economic growth, competitiveness and etc.

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LAURINAVIČIUS, Alfredas, Antanas LAURINAVIČIUS, and Algimantas LAURINAVIČIUS. "MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES INFLUENCING LIFE SATISFACTION IN THE EU, AND ITS IMPACT ON EMIGRATION." In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.616.

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Abstract. Purpose of the research is to analyse what variables influence subjective well-being (which is measured as overall life satisfaction in the EU) and how it affects population’s decisions on emigration. Research methodology – a correlation between several independent variables and overall life satisfaction is calculated. Then, a correlation between overall life satisfaction and emigration rates is measured. Finally, regression equations are constructed showing how some variables affect the other. Findings – analysis helped to identify key variables which influenced overall life satisfaction and its impact on population’s decisions on emigration. Those key variables include GDP per capita, income inequality and unemployment. Research limitations – to analyse more social phenomena and not only the economic ones would contribute to research development in the future. Moreover, analysis of dynamic aspects would provide deeper insight of relationships. Practical implications – the analysis of emigration problem and the identification of its possible links with life satisfaction will allow economists to assess a priori potential of various measures suggested in practice and, consequently, will allow for more targeted formulation of the economic policy. Originality/Value – scientific analysis of life satisfaction enables to have a new look on emigration problem in theory and practice.

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Prasolov, A. V. "On The Dynamics Of Different Qualification Labor In Macroeconomic Aspect." In CIEDR 2018 - The International Scientific and Practical Conference "Contemporary Issues of Economic Development of Russia: Challenges and Opportunities". Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.04.80.

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Robertas VAITKUS, Robertas VAITKUS, and Asta VASILIAUSKAITĖ. "FINANCIAL SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMICS WELFARE." In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.585.

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Abstract. Purpose – to describe financial security assurance models and assess the possibilities of using them to solve problems to ensure economics welfare. Research methodology – analytic, systematic, generalization and comparative methods are used in this article. Findings – the content of the financial security concept is revealed at the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels, while examining how the selection and implementation of appropriate financial security measures can contribute to sustainable economic prosperity. Research limitations – the consequences of the implementation of the financial security models analyzed in this article are commented on assessing the peculiarities of one country’s national legal system. Practical implications – appropriate solutions for maintaining financial security provided in the strategies of creating economics welfare can help to decrease social exclusion, risks and negative effects of economic crises. Originality/Value – in the article was formulated theoretical models of financial security assurance. The use of these models or combinations of models at microeconomic and macroeconomic levels to incorporate financial security instruments allows policy makers to have a universal toolkit in their arsenal. This enables not only to make decisions more quickly, but also to solve the problems of ensuring economics welfare in a more systematic way.

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Umarov, Khodjamahmad. "Macroeconomic Assessment of post-Soviet Development in Tajikistan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00376.

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Official statistic data show a very optimistic picture of the post-Soviet economic growth in Tajikistan. In fact, over the period 1999 to 2008 these rates are overestimated. It is well known that between growth rate of gross savings there is a close correlation, that proves not only the world's economic history, but also by current trends and proportions of macro-economic relations. Base on well-founded arguments, the author proves the need for significant adjustments in economic growth and a number of indicators of socio-economic development. Recommendations will summarize the issues related with mobilizing domestic savings, gross savings closer regulations and gross savings on the way stop capital flight to offshore zones.

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Евграфова, Дарья Игоревна, and Елена Сергеевна Недорезова. "THE ROLE OF INVESTMENT IN THE MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA." In Научные исследования в современном мире. Теория и практика: сборник избранных статей Всероссийской (национальной) научно-практической конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Июнь 2022). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/nitp329.2022.89.82.008.

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В статье рассмотрено влияние инвестиций на структурные изменения в хозяйственной жизни, технический прогресс и экономический рост в России. Приведены формулировки понятия и описано прямое влияние инвестиций на экономику страны. Исследованы вопросы повышения инвестиционной активности среди экономических субъектов. The paper considers the impact of investment on structural changes in economic life, technical progress and economic growth in Russia. The wording of the concept is given and the direct impact of investment on the country's economy is described. The issues of increasing investment activity among economic subjects are investigated.

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Tóth, Zsuzsanna. "Human Development Equalization Issues Within the European Union." In 5th International Scientific Conference 2021. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-464-4.2.

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The establishment and enlargement of the European Union have been partly motivated by catching up on higher living standards of living. This study examines whether developmental convergence can be demonstrated among the NUTS 2 regions of the Union. The existence of convergence among the EU is generally approached from an economic perspective by using macroeconomic indicators. Although these metrics are suitable for comparing the performance of Member States, they are less reflective of each country's social well-being. Several analyses, usually based on mortality indicators, have been conducted in an attempt to characterize convergence from a social point of view. However, these calculations are usually limited to country-level convergence analyses with diseases and causes of death in their focus. Thus, this study applies a complex measure, the Human Development Index (HDI), to examine convergence at a regional level. For this purpose, the regional HDI is calculated and the existence of absolute and conditional beta convergence is assessed. Our calculations confirm convergence among EU regions over the period between 2006 and 2017, but the analysis also reveals divergent trends and various national characteristics that will call into question the long-term sustainability of equalization.

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McCallum, Bennett. Unit Roots in Macroeconomic Time Series: Some Critical Issues. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4368.

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Edwards, Sebastian. Macroeconomic Stabilization in Latin America: Recent Experience and Some Sequencing Issues. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4697.

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Martínez-Ventura, Constanza, Julián A. Parra-Polania, Tatiana Mora-Arbeláez, and Angélica Lizarazo-Cuéllar. Expected Macroeconomic Effects of Issuing a Retail CBDC. Banco de la República, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1247.

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This document reviews the potential macroeconomic effects of issuing a central bank digital currency (CBDC) for the use of individuals and businesses. A careful selection of the architecture, and the economic and technological design aspects of this digital form of central bank money that best suit the needs of Colombian economy is made to frame the analytical approach used to study these issues. The most salient results of the related literature are reviewed to establish the consequences of undertaking this initiative. For the set of selected assumptions, we find that the expected macroeconomic consequences are negligible.

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Burriel, Pablo, Iván Kataryniuk, Carlos Moreno Pérez, and Francesca Viani. New supply bottlenecks index based on newspaper data. Madrid: Banco de España, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/25166.

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We develop a new monthly indicator of supply bottlenecks using newspaper articles. The supply bottlenecks index (SBI) provides a consistent narrative of supply issues related to wars, natural disasters, strikes and, most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovations in the SBI have important macroeconomic implications: an increase in the SBI functions as a cost-push shock, decreasing industrial production and employment, and pushing prices up, so that monetary policy faces important trade-offs.

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Hambur, Jonathan, and Qazi Haque. Can We Use High-frequency Yield Data to Better Understand the Effects of Monetary Policy and Its Communication? Yes and No! Reserve Bank of Australia, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rdp2023-04.

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Understanding the effects of monetary policy and its communication is crucial for a central bank. This paper explores a new approach to identifying the effects of monetary policy using high-frequency data around monetary policy decisions and other announcements that allows us to explore different facets of monetary policy, specifically: current policy action; signalling or forward guidance about future rates; and the effect on uncertainty and term premia. The approach provides an intuitive lens through which to understand how policy and its communication affected expectations for rates and risks during certain historical periods, and more generally. For example, it suggests that: (i) signalling/forward guidance shocks tended to raise expected future policy rates in the mid-2010s as the RBA highlighted rising risks in housing markets; (ii) COVID-19-era monetary policy worked mainly through affecting term premia rather than expectations for future policy rates, unlike pre-COVID-19 policy; and (iii) shocks to the expected path of rates are predictable based on data available at the time, which suggests that markets systematically misunderstand how the RBA reacts to data, highlighting the importance of clear communication. We also explore the macroeconomic effects of these different shocks. The effects of shocks to current policy are similar to those estimated in previous papers, and existing issues such as the 'price puzzle' remain, while the effects of other shocks are imprecisely estimated. Although the approach provides little new information on the macroeconomic effects of monetary policy, it does highlight the importance of these other facets of policy in moving interest rates and suggests additional work in this space could be valuable.

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Mendoza, Waldo, Marco Vega, Carlos Rojas, and Yuliño Anastacio. Fiscal Rules and Public Investment: The Case of Peru, 2000-2019. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003018.

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This article has three goals. First, it describes the genesis of fiscal rules in Peru and its degree of compliance. Second, it estimates the effect of fiscal rules adoption on public investment. Last, it analyzes the impact of alternative fiscal rules on public investment and public debt sustainability. Our main results are as follows. First, the implementation of fiscal rules in the year 2000 caused a 60 to 80 percent fall in public investment relative to several counterfactuals. Second, our DSGE model suggests a Structural Fiscal Rule would have increased the consumers welfare in the period 2000-2019 more than other fiscal designs. This rule reduces the procyclicality of public investment under commodity price shocks and macroeconomic volatility under world interest rate shocks. Third, a Structural Fiscal Rule has the lowest probability of exceeding the current public debt limit (30 percent of GDP), although there is a trade-off between investment-friendly rules and fiscal sustainability issues. Nevertheless, our quantitative results are limited to short spans of analysis. With a long-run perspective, we may say that fiscal rulesdespite constant modifications and recurring non-compliancehave fulfilled their original and most important goal of achieving the consolidation of public finances.

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Monasterolo, Irene, María J. Nieto, and Edo Schets. The good, the bad and the hot house world: conceptual underpinnings of the NGFS scenarios and suggestions for improvement. Madrid: Banco de España, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/29533.

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Climate mitigation scenarios are an essential tool for analyzing the macroeconomic and financial implications of climate change (physical risk), and how the transition to a low-carbon economy could unfold (transition risk). The Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) has co-developed a set of climate mitigation scenarios for climate financial risk assessment. Despite the important role that these scenarios play in climate stress tests, the understanding of their main characteristics and limitations is still poor. In this paper, we contribute to filling this gap by focusing on the following issues: comparison of the process-based Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) used by the NGFS with alternative models; the role of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) in shaping the scenario narratives, and their shortcomings; the interpretation and sensitivities of carbon price pathways; and, comparison with other climate mitigation scenarios. We then draw lessons on how to increase the relevance of the NGFS scenarios. These include updating the SSP narratives; considering the potential trade-offs between different types of climate policies; assessing acute physical risks and their compounding; integrating physical risks within transition scenarios; and, taking into account the role of the financial sector and investors’ expectations.

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Mooney, Henry, David Rosenblatt, Cloe Ortiz de Mendívil, Gralyn Frazier, Ariel McCaskie, Victor Gauto, Elton Bollers, Jason Christie, Jeetendra Khadan, and Nazera Abdul-Haqq. Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin: Volume 10: Issue 2, August 2021. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003573.

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For more than a year, the Caribbean economics team at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has focused on the potential implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for lives and livelihoods across the region. The pandemic is still with us, but there is hope that the cycles of lockdowns and containment measures will eventually come to an end as vaccination programs progress, even if unevenly, across the region. However, the availability of vaccine supply remains a concern, and the pandemic continues to pose a constraint for the recovery of key sectors such as tourism and local services sectors. This edition of the Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin focuses on two topics: (1) forecasts of key macroeconomic variables, based on the April 2021 WEO, and (2) financial sector risks. In general, regional economies are embarking on a fragile path to recovery. Continued progress with vaccination programs, credible medium-term fiscal programs, and continued attention to financial vulnerabilities will be needed to push that path to recovery forward.

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Rosenblatt, David, Khamal Clayton, Henry Mooney, Cloe Ortiz de Mendívil, Ariel McCaskie, Victor Gauto, Anna-Kaye Walters, Monique Graham, Gisele Teixeira, and Nirvana Satnarine-Singh. Caribbean Economics Quarterly: Volume 11, Issue 3: Headwinds Facing The Post-Pandemic Recovery. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004643.

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Just as Caribbean economies are emerging from the sharp recessions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, a confluence of external shocks now complicates the recovery. Commodity prices started rising in late 2021, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine in late February of this year disrupted supplies and led to further price increases. The macroeconomic effects are varied across the Caribbean, depending on each country's trade specialization. However, households across the region are feeling the impact on their purchasing power. In addition, the normalization of monetary policy in global financial centers is increasing the cost of external borrowing for governments, with knock-on effects for borrowing costs for firms and households. This edition of the Caribbean Economics Quarterly provides a regional overview of the impacts of these external shocks, as well as country chapters that provide more detailed country-level information.

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Rosenblatt, David, Henry Mooney, Khamal Clayton, José Luis Saboin, Cloe Ortiz de Mendívil, Victor Gauto, Gisele Teixeira, Monique Graham, and Nirvana Satnarine-Singh. Caribbean Economics Quarterly: Volume 12, Issue 2: Global and Regional Economies at a Crossroads. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005092.

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The global economy and Caribbean regional economies are at a crossroads. In general terms, tourism-oriented economies have recovered more rapidly than expected from the sharp pandemic-induced contraction of 2020. Commodity prices have subsided; however, they remain above pre-pandemic levels, with persistent negative effects on households across the region, while at the same time buoying macroeconomic prospects for commodity exporters. Regional economies have grown faster than the global economy, recovering from a deeper shock, but growth rates are likely to converge to pre-pandemic levels unless there are significant structural changes to enhance productivity, country circumstances vary substantially, as noted in the country sections of this report. Some countries (e.g., The Bahamas and Jamaica) tourism sectors have recovered more rapidly than others (e.g., Barbados), and there is the hydrocarbon-fueled extraordinary growth of Guyana that dwarfs the economic growth of all countries in the Western Hemisphere. Key risks and opportunities also vary across countries, and these are analyzed in the country sections of the report.

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