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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Low-temperature Techniques"

1

Conradi, Mark S. "Low-temperature NMR techniques." Concepts in Magnetic Resonance 5, no. 3 (July 1993): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmr.1820050304.

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2

Shimizu, Katsuya. "Introduction to DAC Techniques. Low Temperature Technique for DAC." REVIEW OF HIGH PRESSURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 8, no. 1 (1998): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.8.41.

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3

Rodgers, D. W. "Low-temperature techniques in macromolecular crystallography." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 52, a1 (August 8, 1996): C8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767396098674.

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4

Kosarev, S., D. Mokhorov, and A. Mokhorova. "Investigative techniques in low-temperature environments." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 539 (August 13, 2020): 012141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/539/1/012141.

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5

NODA, Yukio. "Techniques of low temperature X-ray experiments." Nihon Kessho Gakkaishi 38, no. 5 (1996): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5940/jcrsj.38.339.

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6

GIULIANI, A. "CUORE: low-temperature techniques for neutrino physics." Physica B: Condensed Matter 329-333 (May 2003): 1570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(02)02299-8.

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7

Webster, S., and T. D. Binnie. "PVDF sensors with low-temperature bonding techniques." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 49, no. 1-2 (June 1995): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-4247(95)01010-x.

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8

NAKAGAWA, Hisashi. "Low-Temperature Techniques for Realizing Temperature Standard Below 1 K." TEION KOGAKU (Journal of Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan) 50, no. 6 (2015): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.50.298.

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9

Pertijs, Michiel A. P., André L. Aita, Kofi A. A. Makinwa, and Johan H. Huijsing. "Low-Cost Calibration Techniques for Smart Temperature Sensors." IEEE Sensors Journal 10, no. 6 (June 2010): 1098–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2010.2040730.

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10

Wu, Z., Y. Shi, H. Xie, Y. Chen, J. Zhang, J. Xu, and H. Chen. "SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS BY LOW TEMPERATURE PlASMA TECHNIQUES." Surface Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1995): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sur.1995.11.1.53.

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Дисертації з теми "Low-temperature Techniques"

1

Hopkins, S. C. "Optimisation, characterisation and synthesis of low temperature superconductors by current-voltage techniques." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.604224.

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The reaction-diffusion behaviour of bronze process Nb3Sn wires has been modelled, and good agreement has been obtained between predicted and measured compositions and Nb3Sn layer thicknesses for a wide range of isothermal heat treatments. Isothermal and two-stage heat treatments have been assessed for uniformity of Nb3Sn layer thicknesses and predicted critical current behaviour, and suggestions for optimising heat treatments and wire designs have been made. The electrical resistivity of bronze as a function of temperature and composition has been measured, and its annealing behaviour investigated. These results have been used with the diffusion model to calculate the electrical resistivity during isothermal heat treatment. Most features are in good agreement with experiment results, suggesting that this technique has potential for the monitoring and control of bronze process wire heat treatments. Discrepancies and areas for improving in the calculations have been identified, and these will form the subject of future work. A critical current characterisation system using pulsed currents and pulsed magnetic fields, Cryo-BI-Pulse, has been developed with Metis Instruments and Equipment. Excellent agreement with DC measurements has been obtained for a copper-matrix NbTi wire and a nickel-matrix MgB2 tape, but discrepancies have been found for materials with resistive matrix materials. These discrepancies are mostly caused by current transfer effects when testing very short samples, and can be addressed by testing longer samples and improving the analysis of the measured sample voltages.
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2

Georgiacodis, D. N. "Low temperature ion-irradiation effects in silicon studied by ion-channelling techniques." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304345.

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3

Lopez-Calvo, Alfredo Manzanares Carlos E. "Vibrational spectroscopy in cryogenic solutions application of thermal lensing and Fourier transform techniques to the study of molecular C-H overtone transitions /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/4873.

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4

Abdullah, J. B. "The assessment of high temperature damage in 2.25 Cr - IMo low alloy steel using ultrasonic techniques." Thesis, Swansea University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.635833.

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In petrochemical plants and power generating utilities, creep behaviour will affect the service life of components operating at elevated temperatures and stresses. Non-destructive techniques which detect creep damage are therefore important for assessing the remaining service life of the affected components. Whilst various non-destructive techniques have been reported, further studies are necessary to refine and assess the potential of these techniques for quantitative measures to be used for residual life-time prediction. In this thesis, the use of ultrasonic techniques to quantify creep cavitation in 2.25Cr-1Mo low alloy steel was explored. In contrast to conventional methods which only examine surface effects, these approaches should be capable of monitoring both surface and volumetric changes. A computer-based ultrasonic system was developed and testing procedures to characterise the metallurgical variables and creep damage in both ferritic and bainitic 2.25Cr-1Mo steel materials have been established. To evaluate the effects of high temperature exposure to assess microstructural changes and the development of creep damage, a systematic approach with a three-stages experimental work has been undertaken. Firstly, the effects of grain size and phase transformation product on ultrasonic behaviour were evaluated. Samples have been prepared with ferritic and bainitic microstructures. Austenitisation procedures were selected so that samples were produced with average grainsizes in the range 21 to 96 μm. Secondly, ultrasonic techniques were used to characterise microstructural changes due to thermal ageing effects. Materials in ferritic and bainitic microstructures were aged at 700°C for times from 2 to 2000 hours. Thirdly, the assessment of creep damage using ultrasonic techniques was undertaken. This was performed on specimens which had been subjected to creep at various stresses, in a temperature range of 575 to 625°C. In all cases, ultrasonic measurements were supported by optical microscopy, tensile testing and surface hardness measurements to document metallurgical condition.
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5

Spalholz, Hans. "Development of Short Term Storage Techniques for Grafted Vegetable Seedlings." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293734.

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Vegetable grafting confers soil-borne disease resistance through the use of selected rootstocks. Additional costs associated with grafted vegetable seedling propagation limit grower access to this technology. The use of low temperature storage in grafted seedling production reduces labor costs and allows propagators to meet the seasonal and narrow-window demand of growers. For the first part of the experiment 22 genotypes of Solanaceae or Cucurbitaceae seedlings were evaluated in low temperature storage conditions (5 or 12°C). Seedling performance was better in 12°C storage than in 5°C storage. For the second part of the experiment watermelon, the most low-temperature sensitive species found in our first study, was grafted onto two different commercial rootstocks or on to other watermelon seedlings and stored at 12°C for two and four weeks. Both 'Strong Tosa' and 'Emphasis' rootstocks conferred chilling tolerance during storage to watermelon scions, allowing storage of grafted plants for two weeks.
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Beale, Andrew Michael. "Novel low temperature preparation methods for mixed complex oxide catalysts and their characterisation via in situ SR techniques." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1453143/.

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Thankaraj, Salammal Shabi [Verfasser]. "Structural and morphological investigations of Poly(3-alkylthiophene) thin films prepared by low and room temperature casting and spin coating techniques / Shabi Thankaraj Salammal." Siegen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Siegen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024804259/34.

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8

Kadri, Mohammed. "Formation à basse température et nouvelles techniques de caractérisations [sic] du disiliciure de tungstène WSi2." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10053.

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Le disiliciure wsi::(2) pour la metallisation d'un circuit vlsi (contacts et lignes d'interconnexion) est forme a une temperature aussi basse que possible en utilisant la structure "sandwich" a-si: h(150 a)/w(110 a)/a-si: h(540 a)/c-si implantee par des ions a faible courant et a temperature ambiante. La concentration residuelle d'oxygene dans les couches de w et de a-si:h et a leur interface a une influence decisive sur la formation et la resistivite de wsi::(2). Les plus faibles temperatures de formation de wsi::(2) atteintes sont les plus basses, 550**(o)c apres recuit, 350**(o)c apres implantation de w puis recuit. Les resistivites sont aussi plus faible. Interet et sensibilite de la spectroscopie ir dans la caracterisation des impuretes
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9

Kermarrec, Edwin. "Nouveaux états quantiques de spin induits par frustration magnétique sur le réseau kagome." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00783605.

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La déstabilisation de l'ordre antiferromagnétique de Néel au profit de nouvelles phases quantiques à température nulle à deux dimensions est envisageable grâce au phénomène de frustration magnétique. Le modèle théorique de spins Heisenberg S=1/2 répartis sur le réseau bidimensionnel frustré kagome, constitué de triangles joints uniquement par leurs sommets, est susceptible de stabiliser des phases quantiques originales de liquides de spin, qui ne présentent aucune brisure de symétrie à T = 0. Cette thèse a été consacrée à l'étude expérimentale de deux types de composés de spins S=1/2 (Cu2+) à géométrie kagome à l'aide de techniques spectroscopiques locales, la RMN et la μSR, ainsi que de mesures thermodynamiques (susceptibilité magnétique, chaleur spécifique). Dans Mg-herbertsmithite, la frustration est générée par une interaction d'échange premiers voisins antiferromagnétique J et est responsable d'un comportement liquide de spin jusqu'à des températures de l'ordre de J/10000. Par rapport au composé isostructural antérieur, Zn-herbertsmithite, nous avons montré qu'il possédait des propriétés physiques similaires tout en permettant une caractérisation fine du taux de défauts de substitutions Cu/Mg. Nos expériences réalisées à partir d'échantillons contrôlés permettent d'étudier finement l'origine des plateaux de relaxation observés en μSR à basse température en lien avec l'existence des défauts de spins interplans. La kapellasite et l'haydéite possèdent des interactions ferromagnétiques (J1) et antiferromagnétiques (Jd), offrant la possibilité d'explorer le diagramme de phases générées par la compétition de ces interactions sur le réseau kagome. Pour la kapellasite, nos mesures de μSR démontrent le caractère liquide de spin jusqu'à T ≈ J1/1000. La dépendance en température de la susceptibilité magnétique sondée par RMN du 35Cl ainsi que de la chaleur spécifique permettent d'évaluer le rapport Jd/J1 = 0.85, qui localise classiquement son fondamental au sein d'une phase originale de spins non coplanaires à 12 sous-réseaux appelée cuboc2. Les interactions présentes dans l'haydéite localisent son fondamental au sein de la phase ferromagnétique, en bon accord avec nos mesures qui indiquent une transition partielle à caractère ferromagnétique à T = 4 K. Cette étude confirme la pertinence du réseau kagome frustré pour la stabilisation de phases quantiques originales et démontre l'existence d'une nouvelle phase liquide de spin sur ce réseau, distincte de celle attendue pour des spins couplés antiferromagnétiquement.
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10

Grobler, Thelma. "Two-dimensional gas chromatography : a novel technique for iron low temperature Fischer-Tropsch selectivity studies." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5327.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-178).
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a process that catalytically converts hydrogen and carbon monoxide into a large variety of hydrocarbons and oxygenated products. Over the years many researchers have attempted to describe the full product spectrum (ranging from C1 to C100+) but due to the complexity of the product and shortcomings of certain analytical techniques (or equipment) most researchers were only able to construct product distributions from extrapolations of data recorded from analysis of the C1 to C5 fraction of the Fischer-Tropsch product. With recent advances in analytical technology and the development of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) it may now be possible to analyze the complex Fischer-Tropsch products in a relatively short time while delivering good separation of even minor compounds such as oxygenates and branched compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate if two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) really results in improved separation and identification of compounds in the complex Fischer-Tropsch product spectrum and will lead to a more complete product distribution especially of the minor compounds such as branched hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes and acids. For this study GCxGC equipment, supplied by Zoex Corporation, was connected to a micro slurry phase reactor system to provide for both on-line gas analysis as well as off-line product analysis. GCxGC methods were developed to analyze the hot tail gas and oil products from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Thereafter a test sample (C6 to C30 oil product from Fischer- Tropsch synthesis process) was injected several times into both the GCxGC and 1D GC systems. The purpose of this was to compare the detection ability and accuracy of the two instruments.
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Книги з теми "Low-temperature Techniques"

1

Experimental techniques in low-temperature physics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.

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2

J, Meeson Philip, ed. Experimental techniques in low-temperature physics. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002.

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3

Ventura, Guglielmo. The art of cryogenics: Low-temperature experimental techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.

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4

Ventura, Guglielmo. The art of cryogenics: Low-temperature experimental techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008.

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5

H, Fabik Richard, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Techniques for improving the accuracy of cryogenic temperature measurement in ground test programs. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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6

Experimental techniques for low-temperature measurements: Cryostat design, material properties, and superconductor critical-current testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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7

Logsdon, Jason. Beginning sous vide: Low temperature recipes and techniques for getting started at home. [Wolcott, Conn.?]: Primolicious LLC, 2010.

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8

Center, Langley Research, ed. Cryogenic strain gage techniques used in force balance design for the National Transonic Facility. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1986.

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9

Rodney, Ellis J., Swindeman R. W, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Current activities in standarization of high-temperature, low-cyle-fatigue testing techniques in the United States. [Cleveland, Ohio: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1990.

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10

B, Sleytr U., ed. Low temperature methods in biological electron microscopy. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

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Частини книг з теми "Low-temperature Techniques"

1

Tidecks, Reinhard. "Low temperature techniques." In Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, 9–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0048852.

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2

Armbruster, Barbara L., and Edward Kellenberger. "Low-Temperature Embedding." In Ultrastructure Techniques for Microorganisms, 267–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5119-1_10.

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3

Schreiber, Katherine A. "Low Temperature Measurement Techniques." In Ground States of the Two-Dimensional Electron System at Half-Filling under Hydrostatic Pressure, 37–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26322-5_3.

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4

Hayat, M. A. "Low-temperature Methods." In Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy, 377–406. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09857-6_7.

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5

Kent, Anthony. "Experimental techniques, hints and tips." In Experimental low-temperature physics, 177–202. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22736-5_8.

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6

Moortgat, Geert K., and David W. T. Griffith. "Cryogenic Sampling Techniques." In Low-Temperature Chemistry of the Atmosphere, 389–419. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79063-8_18.

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7

Beckett, Alan, and Nick D. Read. "Low-Temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy." In Ultrastructure Techniques for Microorganisms, 45–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5119-1_2.

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8

Fleck, Roland A. "Low-Temperature Electron Microscopy: Techniques and Protocols." In Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying Protocols, 243–74. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2193-5_9.

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9

Jain, Aakanchha, Richa Jain, and Sourabh Jain. "Deep Freezer (−20 °C) (Low-Temperature Cabinet)." In Basic Techniques in Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 13–14. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9861-6_6.

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10

Arcon, D., I. Heinmaa, and R. Stern. "Chapter 8. Low-temperature NMR: Techniques and Applications." In Modern Methods in Solid-state NMR, 231–61. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010467-00231.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Low-temperature Techniques"

1

Choi, J. W., M. J. Koo, and M. K. Ha. "Space and Tank Winterization Techniques for Vessels Operating in Cold Regions." In Vessels Operating in Low Temperature Environments 2007. RINA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.lt.2007.13.

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2

Anuroop, Deepak Bansal, Prem Kumar, Maninder Kaur, and Kamaljit Rangra. "Low temperature bonding techniques for MEMS devices." In 2015 IEEE Regional Symposium on Micro and Nanoelectronics (RSM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsm.2015.7354958.

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3

Matteï, S., and D. Especel. "Periodic Techniques for Low Temperature Radiative Property Measurements." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0042.

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Abstract Ordinary steady-state methods lend themselves poorly to low temperature total emissivity and reflectivity measurements because extensive reflected power is superimposed on emissive power. A means of separating emitted and reflected fluxes from each other through periodic radiometry is proposed. This technique consists in modulating either emitted or reflected flux by using either a modulated temperature sample or a modulated temperature source. In both cases, the radiative flux leaving the sample is the sum of two fluxes — a modulated one and a non-modulated one. The former can be isolated from the latter using a Fourier analysis. For a given apparatus, an estimation of the statistical uncertainties can be performed from the temperature amplitude (sample or source), the optical path, the electrical characteristics of the detection system, and the measuring time. On the other hand, the accuracy of a particular result (emissivity or reflectivity) can be obtained by measuring the amount of noise in the FFT spectra. Both calculations are explained in detail, and numerical examples for low temperature measurements are given as well. Several emissivity and reflectivity measurement apparatus are described, their performances are discussed, and examples of experimental results are given.
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4

Libioulle, Laurent. "Low-Temperature Ultrahigh-Vacuum Atomic Force Microscope." In SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY/SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED TECHNIQUES: 12th International Conference STM'03. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1639695.

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5

Deepak, K., and A. V. S. S. K. S. Gupta. "Performance augmentation of low temperature Kalina cycle system." In 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceeot.2016.7755107.

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6

Kokkengada, Monnappa, Jack G. Zhou, and Zongyan He. "Low Temperature Polymer Infiltration for Rapid Tooling." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1834.

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Abstract The research presented in this paper is an effort toward developing a technique to produce injection mold inserts to handle small batch production of around a few thousand parts. Common infiltration methods used in rapid tooling have certain limitations viz., cracks, distortion and shrinkage caused by high temperature infiltration. Poor surface quality is also a limitation of conventional infiltration techniques. The high temperatures involved in conventional infiltration techniques make the process more expensive, complex and difficult to control. To overcome these difficulties, as well as to generate tooling for a small batch production, a low temperature polymer infiltration method is proposed in conjunction with existing rapid tooling techniques. Based on the curing principles of polymer materials, several infiltration materials were selected and their mechanical and chemical characteristics were investigated. To determine the necessary amount of polymer materials in the sintered mold an infiltration model is derived and results compared with experimental data. Testing results have shown significant improvements in the thermal resistance and mechanical properties of the rapid tool as a result of the resin infiltration.
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7

Guo, Qixin, Mitsuhiro Nishio, and Hiroshi Ogawa. "Recent progress on low-temperature epitaxial growth of nitride semiconductors." In Optics and Optoelectronic Inspection and Control: Techniques, Applications, and Instruments, edited by Jinfa Tang, Chao-Nan Xu, and Haizhang Li. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.401686.

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Pattyn, H., K. Baert, P. Debenest, M. Heyns, M. Schaekers, J. Nijs, and R. Mertens. "Low Temperature Poly-Si TFT's with Various Source/Drain Processing Techniques." In 1990 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1990.s-e-6.

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Colbert, Baron, Julian Mills-Beale, and Zhanping You. "Low Temperature Cracking Potential of Aged Asphalts Using Simulated Aging Techniques." In 11th International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals (ICCTP). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41186(421)410.

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Miura, Yoko, Ryusei Ibushi, and Hirotaka Manaka. "Observation of Ferroelectricity in Two-Dimensional Antiferromagnet (C2H5NH3)2CuCl4 Using Birefringence Imaging Techniques." In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT29). Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7566/jpscp.38.011142.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Low-temperature Techniques"

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Charoenphonphanich, Chinda, Wittawat Imerb, Preechar Karin, Nuwong Chollacoop, and Katsunori Hanamura. Low Temperature Starting Techniques for Ethanol Engine without Secondary Fuel Tank. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-32-0552.

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Balkanska, Eleonora, Stoyan Georgiev, Alexandre Kounov, Takahiro Tagami, and Shigeru Sueoka. Fission-track Analysis Using LA-ICP-MS: Techniques and Procedures Adopted at the New Low-temperature Thermochronology Laboratory in Bulgaria. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2021.01.13.

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Lichter, Amnon, Gopi K. Podila, and Maria R. Davis. Identification of Genetic Determinants that Facilitate Development of B. cinerea at Low Temperature and its Postharvest Pathogenicity. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592641.bard.

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Botrytis cinerea is the postharvest pathogen of many agricultural produce with table grapes, strawberries and tomatoes as major targets. The high efficiency with which B. cinerea causes disease on these produce during storage is attributed in part due to its exceptional ability to develop at very low temperature. Our major goal was to understand the genetic determinants which enable it to develop at low temperature. The specific research objectives were: 1. Identify expression pattern of genes in a coldenriched cDNA library. 2. Identify B. cinerea orthologs of cold-induced genes 3. Profile protein expression and secretion at low temperature on strawberry and grape supplemented media. 4. Test novel methods for the functional analysis of coldresponsive genes. Objective 1 was modified during the research because a microarray platform became available and it allowed us to probe the whole set of candidate genes according to the sequence of 2 strains of the fungus, BO5.10 and T4. The results of this experiment allowed us to validate some of our earlier observations which referred to genes which were the product of a SSH suppression-subtraction library. Before the microarray became available during 2008 we also analyzed the expression of 15 orthologs of cold-induced genes and some of these results were also validated by the microarray experiment. One of our goals was also to perform functional analysis of cold-induced genes. This goal was hampered for 3 years because current methodology for transformation with ‘protoplasts’ failed to deliver knockouts of bacteriordopsin-like (bR) gene which was our primary target for functional analysis. Consequently, we developed 2 alternative transformation platforms, one which involves an air-gun based technique and another which involves DNA injection into sclerotia. Both techniques show great promise and have been validated using different constructs. This contribution is likely to serve the scientific community in the near future. Using these technologies we generated gene knockout constructs of 2 genes and have tested there effect on survival of the fungus at low temperature. With reference to the bR genes our results show that it has a significant effect on mycelial growth of the B. cinerea and the mutants have retarded development at extreme conditions of ionic stress, osmotic stress and low temperature. Another gene of unknown function, HP1 is still under analysis. An ortholog of the yeast cold-induced gene, CCH1 which encodes a calcium tunnel and was shown to be cold-induced in B. cinerea was recently cloned and used to complement yeast mutants and rescue them from cold-sensitivity. One of the significant findings of the microarray study involves a T2 ribonuclease which was validated to be cold-induced by qPCR analysis. This and other genes will serve for future studies. In the frame of the study we also screened a population of 631 natural B. cinerea isolates for development at low temperature and have identified several strains with much higher and lower capacity to develop at low temperature. These strains are likely to be used in the future as candidates for further functional analysis. The major conclusions from the above research point to specific targets of cold-induced genes which are likely to play a role in cold tolerance. One of the most significant observations from the microarray study is that low temperature does not induce ‘general stress response in B. cinerea, which is in agreement to its exceptional capacity to develop at low temperature. Due to the tragic murder of the Co-PI Maria R. Davis and GopiPodila on Feb. 2010 it is impossible to deliver their contribution to the research. The information of the PI is that they failed to deliver objective 4 and none of the information which relates to objective 3 has been delivered to the PI before the murder or in a visit to U. Alabama during June, 2010. Therefore, this report is based solely on the IS data.
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Karstensen, Johannes, Alexandra Andrae, Ludwig Bitzan, Jakob Deutloff, Christiane Lösel, Paul J. Witting, Nils O. Niebaum, et al. Student cruise: Observing techniques for Physical Oceanographers Cruise No. AL529. GEOMAR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al529.

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Oct. 07 2019 – Oct. 10, 2019 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MNF-Pher-110The main purpose of the ALKOR cruise AL529 was the training of students in observational techniques applied by physical oceanographers. The students who participated in the trip attend the module "Measurement Methods of Oceanography" which is offered in the Bachelor program "Physics of the Earth System" at CAU Kiel. During the AL529 the students were instructed in instrument calibration and in the interpretation of measurement data at sea. In addition, the students had the opportunity to learn about working and living at sea and to explore and study the impact of physical processes in the western Baltic Sea, the sea at their doorstep. The observations show a quasi-synoptic picture of the hydrography and currents in the western Baltic Sea. Twice-repeated hydrographic and current sections across the Fehmarn Belt show well the short time scales where significant changes occur. A zonal section along the deepest topography, from about 10°40'E to 014°21'E, shows very nicely the two-layer system of outflowing low salinity and inflowing North Sea water. A bottom shield anchorage shows the currents in the water column and the near-bottom temperature and salinity variations in the Fehmarnbelt area.
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Bruce, Berg, and Agrawald. L52304 Development of Criteria-Guidelines for Welding Onto In-Service Chemical Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010678.

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Welding onto in-service pipelines and piping systems allows cost-effective installation of branchconnections (hot taps) and repair sleeves. Beyond the normal in-service welding concerns ofburnthrough and hydrogen cracking, there are often additional concerns when welding ontopipelines and piping systems in chemical service. For example, some products can undergochemical changes when exposed to the heat from an in-service weld. In spite of these concerns,some companies routinely weld on lines in chemical and other potentially hazardous service,although limitations and special precautions are often specified. Examples include wallthickness limitations below which in-service welding is not permitted and the use of weldingprocedures that limit heat input. The objective of this project was to review the concerns forwelding on in-service pipelines in chemical service, the techniques that have been used in thepast to address these concerns, and to develop criteria that will allow this type of welding to becarried out safely. Criteria for in-service welding were developed for a wide range of chemicals that were identified as being of interest. The format for these criteria is similar to material safety data sheets (MSDSs). Many of the potential concerns that were identified can be controlled by limiting the inside surface temperature. Factors that affect inside surface temperature include: (1) pipe wall thickness, (2) the introduction of heat into the pipe wall by the welding process, and (3) the removal of heat by the contents. For many of the concerns that were identified, if protection from burnthrough using the inside surface temperature approach is practiced, protection from these other concerns is also accomplished. The ability to accurately control heat input levels is an important aspect of being able to weld safely onto in-service pipelines, particularly when inside surface temperature needs to be limited. Methods for controlling heat input levels in the field were reviewed and detailed guidance was developed. The benefits of using small-diameter electrodes (lower current levels), which allows the attachment of a hot tap fittings at relatively low heat input levels, were identified. Techniques to address other concerns that are not inside surface temperature related were also identified.
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agustsson, ron. Low-temperature bonding technique for high-gradient normal conducting accelerator structures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1823654.

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Dyck, Ken, Alan Glover, and Dirk Varo. L51581 Heat-Affected-Zone Toughness in Heavy Wall Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011404.

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The objective of this program has been to determine the significance of low toughness regions on the service performance of heat-affected zones in heavy wall pipe materials. The low temperature HAZ toughness of welds in microalloyed and quenched and tempered materials at two heat inputs was established, a test technique to produce fatigue cracks in the HAZ was developed, and four full scale fracture tests were completed at -49�F.
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van der Heijden, Joost. Optimizing electron temperature in quantum dot devices. QDevil ApS, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53109/ypdh3824.

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The performance and accuracy of quantum electronics is substantially degraded when the temperature of the electrons in the devices is too high. The electron temperature can be reduced with appropriate thermal anchoring and by filtering both the low frequency and radio frequency noise. Ultimately, for high performance filters the electron temperature can approach the phonon temperature (as measured by resistive thermometers) in a dilution refrigerator. In this application note, the method for measuring the electron temperature in a typical quantum electronics device using Coulomb blockade thermometry is described. This technique is applied to find the readily achievable electron temperature in the device when using the QFilter provided by QDevil. With our thermometry measurements, using a single GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dot in an optimized experimental setup, we determined an electron temperature of 28 ± 2 milli-Kelvin for a dilution refrigerator base temperature of 18 milli-Kelvin.
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Groeneveld. L51690 Evaluation of Modern X-70 HFER Line Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010316.

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In recent years, several pipe mills have produced heavy-wall, large diameter pipe from plates of microalloyed steels that were controlled-rolled to develop properties to meet the API 5LX Grade 70 or Grade 80 requirements and that were electric resistance welded (ERW) using advanced techniques. The use of advanced electric seam-welding practices on the steels produced using advanced steel making and processing methods offers the possibility of obtaining high strength line pipe at a lower cost than pipes produced from similar steels but with double submerged arc seam welds. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the properties of the pipe body and the ERW seam-weld region of a recently produced heavy-wall X70 line pipe. This report describes the evaluation of that pipe. The mechanical properties of the weld zone from this pipe were evaluated and reported under Task 18-89. Those data are included in this report. A high-frequency electric resistance welded (HFERW) X70 line pipe was evaluated to assess the strength properties, fracture behavior, thermal stability, and susceptibility to environmentally induced degradation that may affect its behavior in gas transmission service. A 20-inch-(508 mm)-diameter by 0.500-inch-(12.7 mm)-wall high-frequency, electric-resistance-welded (HFERW) X70 line pipe was evaluated to assess the strength properties, fracture behavior, thermal stability, and susceptibility to environmentally induced degradation that may affect its behavior in gas transmission service. The steel from which the pipe was produced was processed using advanced steel-making practices that resulted in a low sulfur content and was microalloyed with Cb, V, and Ti. The steel was controlled rolled with 75 percent of the rolling reduction being accomplished at temperatures below 1418 F (770 C); the finishing temperature was 1328 F (720 C) and the steel was hot coiled after finishing. The seam weld was produced by high frequency electric resistance welding and the seam weld region was post-weld normalized.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John McMurtry, and Isaac Plavnik. Thermotolerance Acquisition in Broiler Chickens by Temperature Conditioning Early in Life. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580676.bard.

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The research on thermotolerance acquisition in broiler chickens by temperature conditioning early in life was focused on the following objectives: a. To determine the optimal timing and temperature for inducing the thermotolerance, conditioning processes and to define its duration during the first week of life in the broiler chick. b. To investigate the response of skeletal muscle tissue and the gastrointestinal tract to thermal conditioning. This objective was added during the research, to understand the mechanisms related to compensatory growth. c. To evaluate the effect of early thermo conditioning on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during 3 phases: (1) conditioning, (2) compensatory growth, (3) heat challenge. d. To investigate how induction of improved thermotolerance impacts on metabolic fuel and the hormones regulating growth and metabolism. Recent decades have seen significant development in the genetic selection of the meat-type fowl (i.e., broiler chickens); leading to rapid growth and increased feed efficiency, providing the poultry industry with heavy chickens in relatively short growth periods. Such development necessitates parallel increases in the size of visceral systems such as the cardiovascular and the respiratory ones. However, inferior development of such major systems has led to a relatively low capability to balance energy expenditure under extreme conditions. Thus, acute exposure of chickens to extreme conditions (i.e., heat spells) has resulted in major economic losses. Birds are homeotherms, and as such, they are able to maintain their body temperature within a narrow range. To sustain thermal tolerance and avoid the deleterious consequences of thermal stresses, a direct response is elicited: the rapid thermal shock response - thermal conditioning. This technique of temperature conditioning takes advantage of the immaturity of the temperature regulation mechanism in young chicks during their first week of life. Development of this mechanism involves sympathetic neural activity, integration of thermal infom1ation in the hypothalamus, and buildup of the body-to-brain temperature difference, so that the potential for thermotolerance can be incorporated into the developing thermoregulation mechanisms. Thermal conditioning is a unique management tool, which most likely involves hypothalamic them1oregulatory threshold changes that enable chickens, within certain limits, to cope with acute exposure to unexpected hot spells. Short-tem1 exposure to heat stress during the first week of life (37.5+1°C; 70-80% rh; for 24 h at 3 days of age) resulted in growth retardation followed immediately by compensatory growth" which resulted in complete compensation for the loss of weight gain, so that the conditioned chickens achieved higher body weight than that of the controls at 42 days of age. The compensatory growth was partially explained by its dramatic positive effect on the proliferation of muscle satellite cells which are necessary for further muscle hypertrophy. By its significant effect of the morphology and functioning of the gastrointestinal tract during and after using thermal conditioning. The significant effect of thermal conditioning on the chicken thermoregulation was found to be associated with a reduction in heat production and evaporative heat loss, and with an increase in sensible heat loss. It was further accompanied by changes in hormones regulating growth and metabolism These physiological responses may result from possible alterations in PO/AH gene expression patterns (14-3-3e), suggesting a more efficient mechanism to cope with heat stress. Understanding the physiological mechanisms behind thermal conditioning step us forward to elucidate the molecular mechanism behind the PO/AH response, and response of other major organs. The thermal conditioning technique is used now in many countries including Israel, South Korea, Australia, France" Ecuador, China and some places in the USA. The improvement in growth perfom1ance (50-190 g/chicken) and thermotolerance as a result of postnatal thermal conditioning, may initiate a dramatic improvement in the economy of broiler's production.
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