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Статті в журналах з теми "Low-carbon gases"
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Ramesh, Gomasa. "“Low Carbon Buildings for Sustainable Constructions”." Indian Journal of Structure Engineering 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijse.b8003.111221.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Greenhouse gases emissions are very important for every structure and environment. Greenhouse gases are increased now a days due to changes in climatic conditions by involving human activities in the last decades. In this main contributor is carbon content and carbon dioxide and methane in the environment. The main solution is to limit the changes in the climatic conditions. To reduce the use of carbon emissions in construction of Buildings and construction of Industrial structures. Structures which are made from timber and steel are produce less carbon and greenhouse gases compared to the concrete and steel structures. By using reused and recyclable materials we can reduce the carbon footprints and greenhouse gases as well as to develop low carbon materials. We need to design low carbon buildings to avoid climatic changes in the environment. Which will be give renewable performance. This paper gives a knowledge and help to reduction of carbon footprints on buildings. The main concept of this paper is reducing the emissions and reduce the carbon footprints and increase the life of the structure and to make the structure sustainable.
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Ramesh, Gomasa. "Low Carbon Buildings for Sustainable Constructions." Indian Journal of Structure Engineering 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijse.b8003.111221.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Greenhouse gases emissions are very important for every structure and environment. Greenhouse gases are increased now a days due to changes in climatic conditions by involving human activities in the last decades. In this main contributor is carbon content and carbon dioxide and methane in the environment. The main solution is to limit the changes in the climatic conditions. To reduce the use of carbon emissions in construction of Buildings and construction of Industrial structures. Structures which are made from timber and steel are produce less carbon and greenhouse gases compared to the concrete and steel structures. By using reused and recyclable materials we can reduce the carbon footprints and greenhouse gases as well as to develop low carbon materials. We need to design low carbon buildings to avoid climatic changes in the environment. Which will be give renewable performance. This paper gives a knowledge and help to reduction of carbon footprints on buildings. The main concept of this paper is reducing the emissions and reduce the carbon footprints and increase the life of the structure and to make the structure sustainable.
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Shcherbyna, Yevhen, Oleksandr Novoseltsev, and Tatiana Evtukhova. "Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems." System Research in Energy 2022, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2022.02.004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carbon dioxide CO2 is a component of air that is responsible for the growing global warning and greenhouse gases emissions. The energy sector is one of the main sources of CO2 emissions in the world and especially in Ukraine. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a group of technologies that play a significant role along with renewable energy sources, bioenergy and hydrogen to reduce CO2 emissions and to achieve international climate goals. Nowadays there are thirty-five commercial CCUS facilities under operation around the world with a CO2 capture capacity up to 45 million tons annually. Tougher climate targets and increased investment provide new incentives for CCUS technologies to be applied more widely. CCUS are applications in which CO2 is captured from anthropogenic sources (power generation and industrial processes) and stored in deep geological formations without entering atmosphere or used in various products using technologies without chemical modification or with conversion. The article discusses the use of various technologies of CO2 capture (post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxy-combustion capture), CO2 separation methods and their application in the global energy transition to reduce the carbon capacity of energy systems. Technical and economic indicators of CO2 capture at different efficiencies for coal and gas power plants are given. Technologies of transportation and storage of captured carbon dioxide and their economic indicators are considered. The directions for the alternative uses of captured CO2, among which the main ones are the production of synthetic fuels, various chemicals and building materials, are also presented and described in the paper. The possibility of utilization captured СО2 in the production of synthetic fuel in combination with Power-to-Gas technologies was studied. Keywords: greenhouse gases emissions, fossil fuels, СО2 capture technologies, capture efficiency, synthetic fuel
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Song, Yimeng. "Characteristics of Generating Carbon Oxides at Low-temperature Oxidation Stages of Low-Rank Coal." Shock and Vibration 2022 (April 7, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9380297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coal oxidation leads to coal fires prone to coal geohazard accidents. However, studies on carbon oxide gases being indicator gases in predicting spontaneous combustion of coal remain in the initial stage. To better investigate the stage characteristics of generating carbon oxide gases in the low-temperature oxidation process of coal, this study adopts STA-FTIR to experimentally determine the coal weight variation and exothermic condition and the generation law during the low-temperature oxidation process of coal (30–350°C). And, by employing the DFT method, the study determines the chemical reaction and activation energy generated by carbon oxide gases in coal molecules and ascertains the reaction characteristics at different temperatures. The research results indicate that the low-temperature oxidation phase of coal is divided into four main phases, namely, the physical-chemical adsorption phase, the desorption phase, the dynamic equilibrium phase, and the oxidative adsorption phase, each of which has different characteristics for the production of carbon-oxygen compounds, which is important for the prediction of coal spontaneous combustion and the prevention of coal geological disasters.
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PAN, Jiahua, and Ying ZHANG. "China's Low Carbon Transformation." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 01, no. 01 (December 2013): 1350001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748113500012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Along with industrialization and urbanization processes, China's emission of greenhouse gases has been increasing rapidly and substantially over the past 40 years, as measured in aggregate and in per capita terms. While there are reasons to drive up the emissions, the Chinese government has made efforts to lower the rate of increase in emissions, as emission reduction is consistent with China's pursuit for energy security and sustainable development. Ambitious targets and aggressive actions have been made in China to accelerate the process of low carbon transformation. However, challenges remain and additional policies will be required to accomplish the process of low carbon transformation.
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Wangjiraniran, Weerin, Raksanai Nidhiritdhikrai, and Supawat Vivanpatarakij. "Low Carbon Scenario for Thailand Power Sector." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1089–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1089.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this study is to explore the picture of low carbon scenario focusing on Thailand power sector. Impact of related key factors on the emitted greenhouse gases have been evaluated quantitatively, e.g. economic and industrial restructuring, building code upgrading, and fuel switching for power generation. The reference scenario is initially created on the basis of the existing national plan. An alternative scenario of low carbon growth with the additional mitigation options have been comparatively simulated. The results indicate that the existing plan may not lead to the concept of low carbon growth. The proposed mitigation option in the LCS scenario is resulting in the saturated level of greenhouse gases emission in power sector. The emitted GHG can be possibly delinked apart from the growing of economic activities in the emerging country like Thailand.
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Gul, Mehreen Saleem, and Hassam Nasarullah Chaudhry. "Energy Efficiency, Low Carbon Resources and Renewable Technology." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 4553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134553.
Повний текст джерела
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Gazda-Grzywacz, Magdalena, Łukasz Winconek, and Piotr Burmistrz. "Carbon Footprint for Mercury Capture from Coal-Fired Boiler Flue Gas." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 3844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133844.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Power production from coal combustion is one of two major anthropogenic sources of mercury emission to the atmosphere. The aim of this study is the analysis of the carbon footprint of mercury removal technologies through sorbents injection related to the removal of 1 kg of mercury from flue gases. Two sorbents, i.e., powdered activated carbon and the coke dust, were analysed. The assessment included both direct and indirect emissions related to various energy and material needs life cycle including coal mining and transport, sorbents production, transport of sorbents to the power plants, and injection into flue gases. The results show that at the average mercury concentration in processed flue gasses accounting to 28.0 µg Hg/Nm3, removal of 1 kg of mercury from flue gases required 14.925 Mg of powdered activated carbon and 33.594 Mg of coke dust, respectively. However, the whole life cycle carbon footprint for powdered activated carbon amounted to 89.548 Mg CO2-e·kg−1 Hg, whereas for coke dust this value was around three times lower and amounted to 24.452 Mg CO2-e·kg−1 Hg. Considering the relatively low price of coke dust and its lower impact on GHG emissions, it can be found as a promising alternative to commercial powdered activated carbon.
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Hadi, Auday Shaker, Mohamed Alsaker, Ahmed Eshoom, Monaem Elmnifi, Mohammed A. Alhmode, and Laith Jaafer Habeeb. "Development of Low-Cost and Multi-Material Sensing Approach for MQ 135 Sensor." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 17309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.17309ecst.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gas tracking systems in factories and companies have become very critical. The most effective and most important element in these systems is the gas sensor. In this study, MQ 135 (butane and smoke) modified to sense common and harmful gases using a low-cost approach. The processor modified the sensor response unit to respond to hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and chlorine gases. Due to variation in physical properties between these gases mainly density, the gas rise on the air to the detector is different. Consequently, the response time for detection was different. It takes 9, 15, 33, and 36 sec. for butane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and chlorine gases, respectively. The cost reduction of the MQ 135 sensor reduced by 80%.
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Ngo, Gia Viet. "Automated Orbital Welding of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Pipelines with Small Diameter." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.766.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Welding of small-diameter pipelines made of carbon and low-alloy steels is highly demanded in various industries. However, there is practically no scientific literature covering all methods of welding of such pipelines. This article analyzes the available literature, as well as the authors' own developments. The survey showed the most common non-consumable electrode welding technology in inert gases. The main points of non-consumable electrode welding technology in inert gases, as well as the development of welding of small-diameter pipelines from carbon and low-alloy steels, are presented and structured.
Дисертації з теми "Low-carbon gases"
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VACCARIELLO, ENRICO. "Synthetic models of distribution gas networks in low-carbon energy systems." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2912988.
Повний текст джерела
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Whittlesea, Emma Rachel. "An investigation into the opportunities and challenges for a low carbon tourism economy in the South West of England." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/6563.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Achieving a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions has become a key challenge facing global society and its economies. Despite this, tourism policy and strategic planning rarely acknowledge carbon mitigation as a strategic objective and tourism as a sector is rarely recognised in low-carbon plans. This situation represents a substantial challenge, as tourism and travel have a high-carbon impact and carbon mitigation is hindered by lack of carbon data, and a continued drive for economic growth. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the effectiveness of carbon footprinting and scenario modelling to help examine the opportunities and challenges for implementing low-carbon tourism pathways in destinations, and to consider how the opportunities could be enabled. The 'REAP Tourism' footprint tool was used to investigate the carbon impact of visitors to destinations across South West England. The purpose was to estimate emissions, suggest a baseline footprint and offer alternative growth and mitigation scenarios of how tourism could more effectively reduce emissions. Through participatory workshops, evaluation questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, stakeholders identified the limitations and benefits of carbon modelling and the challenges and opportunities for a transition towards low-carbon tourism in destinations. The results demonstrated that the carbon footprint was a useful and informative indicator. The baseline data and scenarios provided a basis for constructive low-carbon dialogue with tourism stakeholders, which helped to challenge current thinking and facilitate the co-creation of ideas and potential interventions. A range of low-carbon opportunities and challenges were identified relating to the cultural, political and structural components of tourism governance. A conceptual low-carbon transition framework is proposed, to illustrate the opportunities. Stakeholder dialogue and debate, informed by quantitative and qualitative data, is central to the framework. Cultural, political and structural opportunities for change are also identified. Further investigation is needed to test the framework and examine the levels of influence and capabilities of different types of tourism stakeholders. The use of integrated environmental-economic indicators to inform national and local tourism policy and strategy, also require application. This thesis contributes to an emerging body of knowledge on the governance of low-carbon destinations, from a practical, methodological and conceptual basis.
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Alarfaj, Ayman M. A. "Validation of Low Resistance Filters for Gas/Vapour Sampling." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4257.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditional occupational hygiene assessment of occupational exposures to organic gases and vapours rely on low flow (<200 ml/min) NIOSH sorbent tubes. This work investigates 3M charcoal filter media (JK50 and JK40, 3M, Inc.) for collection and analysis of organic vapours across 0.1 ¿ 5 l/min. To enable this work, a custom exposure facility was constructed and validated within which organic analyte gas/vapour concentrations could be introduced at known concentrations while controlling environmental variables such as temperature and humidity and other variables. This facility enabled experiments designed to investigate collection and desorption efficiencies across a range of sample flow rates, temperature and humidity conditions for both NIOSH sorbent tubes (e.g. SKC tube) and 3M charcoal filter media. As a result of the investigations described in this thesis, the following conclusions are drawn.
Performance of the 3M charcoal filter media for collection and desorption efficiencies for loading, storage time, humidity and breakthrough at low flow rates (<0.5 l/min) were found comparable to the SKC sorbent tube. It is concluded that 3M charcoal media (JK50 and JK40) are suitable for sampling and analyses of hydrocarbons at flow rates <0.5 l/min.
The collection efficiencies of the 3M charcoal filter media were investigated at high flow rates (>0.5l/min) for the same parameters, i.e., loading, temperature and humidity. It is concluded that 3M charcoal filter media can be used with confidence in sampling and analysis of airborne hydrocarbons up to 5 l/min.
The Wheeler-Jonas model was found to satisfactorily predict the adsorption kinetics of the 3M charcoal filter media at different loading values of hydrocarbons. It was therefore concluded that the model can be applied to determine the suitable amount of 3M charcoal filter media prior to sampling for a given loading.
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Alarfaj, Ayman Mohammed Abdullah. "Validation of low resistance filters for gas/vapour sampling." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4257.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditional occupational hygiene assessment of occupational exposures to organic gases and vapours rely on low flow (<200 ml/min) NIOSH sorbent tubes. This work investigates 3M charcoal filter media (JK50 and JK40, 3M, Inc.) for collection and analysis of organic vapours across 0.1-5 l/min. To enable this work, a custom exposure facility was constructed and validated within which organic analyte gas/vapour concentrations could be introduced at known concentrations while controlling environmental variables such as temperature and humidity and other variables. This facility enabled experiments designed to investigate collection and desorption efficiencies across a range of sample flow rates, temperature and humidity conditions for both NIOSH sorbent tubes (e.g. SKC tube) and 3M charcoal filter media. As a result of the investigations described in this thesis, the following conclusions are drawn. Performance of the 3M charcoal filter media for collection and desorption efficiencies for loading, storage time, humidity and breakthrough at low flow rates (<0.5 l/min) were found comparable to the SKC sorbent tube. It is concluded that 3M charcoal media (JK50 and JK40) are suitable for sampling and analyses of hydrocarbons at flow rates <0.5 l/min. The collection efficiencies of the 3M charcoal filter media were investigated at high flow rates (>0.5l/min) for the same parameters, i.e., loading, temperature and humidity. It is concluded that 3M charcoal filter media can be used with confidence in sampling and analysis of airborne hydrocarbons up to 5 l/min. The Wheeler-Jonas model was found to satisfactorily predict the adsorption kinetics of the 3M charcoal filter media at different loading values of hydrocarbons. It was therefore concluded that the model can be applied to determine the suitable amount of 3M charcoal filter media prior to sampling for a given loading.
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Мотосова, Е. А. "Стимулирование развития низкоуглеродной экономики на основе налогов на выбросы парниковых газов передвижными источниками загрязнения". Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26486.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Введение дополнительных «климатических» налогов для передвижных источников загрязнения следует рассматривать в системе инструментов конкурентной борьбы, что предполагает проведение экологической модернизации производства с целью снижения выбросов парниковых газов.
При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26486
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Eriksson, Anna. "Carbon dioxide and Energy flows in Jämtland’s waste sector." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-29087.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study is to assess the current situation of energy and carbon flows through the waste sector in Jämtland. An energy flow analysis is performed by balancing the inflows and outflows of the lower heating value and embodied energy. A carbon flow analysis was made on the same principles although with the carbon content and embodied CO2eq. The results are showing that over a period of one year, 75 000 tons of waste flows through the waste sector in Jämtland. Approximately 60 % of all the waste is incinerated. The energy analysis shows that 970TJ flows through the waste sector every year. Household waste is the category with most energy consumption and emissions in total. However, other materials like metal and electronics have higher energy and carbon content per ton than the household category. The results of the analyses can further be implemented in the Sustainable Jämtland model and it can then be used as a base when making strategies for a sustainable waste treatment.
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Santana, Augusta Coelho. "Redução de gases de efeito estufa na agroindústria canavieira brasileira: discussão do instrumento crédito de carbono à luz da economia de baixo carbono." Escola de Administração da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2016. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/21429.
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A problemática dessa dissertação se insere no contexto da questão ambiental global, da contraditória relação de dominação do homem frente à natureza. Em função da crescente deteriorização das condições de vida no Planeta várias iniciativas começaram a surgir, a partir dos anos 1970, como o Protocolo de Kyoto, firmado na década de 90, que introduziu o mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, o MDL - com o objetivo de reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE), como uma das alternativas para diminuir tais emissões e ajudar no combate às mudanças climáticas. No Brasil, as iniciativas de redução de emissão de GEE, estão alinhadas com a postura do governo assumida na Política Nacional de Mudança do Clima, no intuito de ampliar sua matriz pelo uso de fontes alternativas de energia. Esse estudo buscou apresentar uma compreensão crítica das práticas usadas para conter as emissões dos gases causadores do efeito estufa, abordando a sistemática dos créditos de carbono na agroindústria canavieira, que tem diversificado a matriz energética brasileira com a produção de bioetanol e co-geração de energia. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo geral examinar a contribuição do instrumento crédito de carbono para redução de emissão de GEE na agroindústria canavieira à luz da economia de baixo carbono. A pesquisa foi qualitativa teórica e exploratória de caráter bibliográfico e documental e realizada por meio de análise de conteúdo. Os dados secundários foram obtidos através dos Documentos de Concepção do Projeto (DCPs) de co-geração com bagaço de cana de açúcar, através dos sites da United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) e do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI). Dessa forma, para compreender o funcionamento desse mecanismo, foram identificados vinte e sete projetos de co-geração com bagaço registrados na UNFCCC. Com relação aos projetos analisados verificou-se, que o setor sucroalcooleiro prevê a redução anual de cerca de 550.000 tCO2e . Para os padrões de uma economia de baixa emissão de carbono, os investimentos em eficiência energética mostraram-se insuficientes, observado no baixo número de projetos de co-geração de energia com bagaço. A pesquisa sinalizou a limitação e fragilidade desse instrumento frente aos desafios da questão ambiental. A transformação do carbono em mercadoria possível de negociação no mercado financeiro mostrou-se vulnerável e limitado.
The problem of this dissertation is in the context of global environmental issues, the contradictory relationship of man front of the domination of nature. Due to the increasing deterioration of the living conditions on the planet several initiatives began to emerge from the 1970s, such as the Kyoto Protocol, signed in the 90s, which introduced the Clean Development Mechanism, CDM - in order to reduce GHG emissions, as an alternative to reduce such emissions and help fight climate change. In Brazil, the GHG emission reduction initiatives are aligned with the government's stance taken in the National Climate Change Policy, in order to expand the energy matrix by the use of alternative energy sources. This study aimed to present a critical understanding of the practices used to curb emissions of gases causing the greenhouse effect, addressing the systematic carbon credits in the sugarcane industry, which has diversified Brazilian energy matrix with the production of bioethanol and cogeneration. Thus, this study has the general objective to examine the carbon credit instrument's contribution to GHG emission reduction in the sugar cane industry in light of the low carbon economy. The research was theoretical and exploratory qualitative of bibliographic and documentary character and conducted through content analysis. Secondary data were obtained from the Project Design Documents (PDDs) cogeneration with sugarcane bagasse, through the websites of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI). Thus, to understand the functioning of this mechanism, we identified 27 cogeneration projects bagasse registered in the UNFCCC. Regarding the projects examined it was found that the sugar and ethanol industry provides the annual reduction of approximately 550.000 tCO2e. This observed in the low number of cogeneration projects with bagasse. Energy efficiency investments proved insufficient to the standards of a low-carbon economy, shown in the low number of cogeneration projects with bagasse. The survey signaled the limitations and fragility of carbon credit to the challenges of environmental issues. The transformation of carbon possible commodity trading in the financial markets proved vulnerable and limited.
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Barbosa, Luciane Pereira. "Sustentabilidade e competitividade na cadeia logística: redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa com o uso do modal de transporte cabotagem: estudo de caso." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/25653.
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Este trabalho tem por objetivo levantar, analisar e divulgar a sustentabilidade ambiental no transporte por cabotagem na operação de logística de uma empresa fabricante de eletrodomésticos. O método usado foi um estudo de caso único, sobre a sustentabilidade no transporte por cabotagem, focando seus impactos na emissão de CO2 na cadeia logística das operações da empresa no Brasil. Devido às dimensões continentais de nosso país, a cadeia logística é um grande desafio para atender às demandas de clientes com rapidez mantendo a sua competitividade e segurança. Dentro deste contexto a partir de 2015 a empresa intensificou o uso do transporte marítimo de cabotagem visando a redução de custos com seguros e evitar problemas com roubo de cargas. Porém uma externalidade positiva passou despercebida, que é a redução nas emissões de CO2 devido ao uso deste modal. Uma das metas em Sustentabilidade da empresa é minimizar o seu impacto climático, impedindo a liberação de 25 milhões de toneladas de dióxido de carbono e seus equivalentes (CO2e) ao longo de 15 anos, entre 2005 e 2020, e um dos caminhos é promover o uso de modais de transporte mais eficientes. Na revisão da literatura evidenciou-se que as emissões de CO2 por transporte rodoviário podem ser até 10 vezes maiores que o transporte marítimo para um mesmo volume de produto transportado (SCHMIED e KNÖRR, 2012). Portanto, esta pesquisa foi realizada através da análise exploratória sobre os dados dos embarques realizados pela empresa no período de janeiro/2015 a agosto/2018 e cálculo do impacto das emissões de CO2 dos respectivos embarques, adotandose o método proposto na norma CEN - EN 16258 – “Metodologia para o cálculo e declaração do consumo de energia e das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa dos serviços de transporte”. Esse trabalho visa contribuir para o estudo sobre sustentabilidade em cadeias logísticas e trazer maior clareza aos gestores sobre os impactos positivos à competitividade e ao meio ambiente ao adotar transportes alternativos ao tradicional rodoviário.
This work analyzes and propagates the sustainability of cabotage transport in the logistics operation of a home appliances manufacturing company. The research method was a case study, unique and holistic, about cabotage transport and its impacts on CO2 emissions in the logistics chain of the company's operations in Brazil. The continental dimensions of this country lead to a significant challenge in the logistics chain to meet the demands of customers, while quickly maintaining its competitiveness and safety. In this context, starting in 2015, the company intensified the use of cabotage shipping in order to reduce insurance costs and avoid problems with cargo theft. Nevertheless, a positive externality went unnoticed: the reduction in CO2 emissions due to the use of this modal. One of the company's sustainability goals is to minimize its climate impact by preventing the release of 25 million tonnes of carbon dioxide and its equivalents (CO2e) over 15 years between 2005 and 2020, and one way is to promote the use of more efficient transport modes. In the review of the literature, it has shown that CO2 emissions by road transport can be up to 10 times greater than maritime transport for the same volume of transported product (SCHMIED and KNÖRR, 2012). Therefore, this research was carried out through the exploratory analysis on the data of shipments made by the company from January/2015 to August/2018 and calculation of the impact on CO2 emissions of the respective shipments, adopting the method proposed in CEN- EN 16258 - "Methodology for calculating and reporting energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from transport services". This paper aims to contribute to the study on sustainability in logistics chains and to bring greater clarity to managers about the positive impacts in competitiveness and environment when adopting an alternative mode of transport to the traditional road transport.
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Kuhn, Tara. "Application of low-cost sensing technologies towards advancement in atmospheric science and citizen engagement." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208420/1/Tara_Kuhn_Thesis.pdf.
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This project contributed towards advancement of low-cost air quality sensor networks. Two sensor networks were deployed with the aid of local communities, and data were collected via the 3G network to a cloud-based server. Data analysis involved using least square regression lines to determine temporal changes in air quality, and students t-tests to determine how air quality differed over space. The thesis investigated air quality results of two campaigns and evaluated the success of installing these networks with community aid. The methods demonstrated the robustness of a new low-cost sensor network and quantified how cruise ships deteriorate local air quality.
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Prabhakar, Rajeev Satish Freeman B. D. "Low hydrocarbon solubility polymers plasticization-resistant membranes for carbon dioxide removal from natural gas /." 2004. http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/1646/prabhakarr92852.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Low-carbon gases"
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Great Britain. Department of Trade and Industry. Options for a low carbon future. [London]: Dept. of Trade and Industry, 2003.
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Ivan, Zelenko, ed. A financing facility for low-carbon development. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2010.
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Neil, Strachan, Foxon Tim 1967-, and Fujino Junitso, eds. Modelling long-term scenarios for low carbon societies. London: Earthscan, 2008.
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Leach, Matthew. Options for a low carbon future: Review of modelling activities and an update. [London]: Department of Trade and Industry, 2005.
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Pablo, Fajnzylber, and Nash John D. 1953-, eds. Low carbon, high growth: Latin American responses to climate change : an overview. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009.
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Keiryō Hyōjun Sōgō Sentā (Japan). Tei tanso shakai ni muketa keiryō keisoku no torikumi: Approach of metrology and measurements toward a low carbon society. [Tsukuba-shi]: Sangyō Gijutsu Sōgō Kenkyūjo Keiryō Hyōjun Sōgō Sentā, 2011.
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Transition to low carbon and climate resilient economies in Asia: Challenges and opportunities. New York: Routledge, 2011.
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Zach, Willey, Chameides W. L, and Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions (Raleigh, N.C.), eds. Harnessing farms and forests in the low-carbon economy: How to create, measure, and verify greenhouse gas offsets. Durham [N.C.]: Duke University Press, 2007.
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Jolly, Adam. Clean tech clean profits: Using effective innovation and sustainable business practices to win in the new low-carbon economy. Philadelphia: Kogan Page Ltd, 2010.
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Prudic, David E. Tritium and radioactive carbon (p14sC) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995. Carson City, Nev: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Low-carbon gases"
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Bhattacharyya, Pratap, Himanshu Pathak, and Sharmistha Pal. "Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases Emission and Low Carbon Technologies." In Climate Smart Agriculture, 129–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9132-7_9.
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Hendriks, Chris. "Carbon dioxide recovery from flue gases of a conventional coal-fired power plant by low-temperature distillation." In Energy & Environment, 83–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0301-5_4.
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Zhang, Ying. "Low Carbon Management of Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games." In Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path, 219–31. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7738-1_15.
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Hernandez, Ariel Macaspac. "Theoretical Models, Case Studies and Simulation Games as Knowledge and Decision Tools." In Taming the Big Green Elephant, 125–42. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31821-5_7.
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AbstractThe methodological challenges identified by this book reflect the limitations of or the constraints on the ontological conceptualization of transformation towards sustainability due to complexity and uncertainty. This complexity is exacerbated by the inevitable contextualization of sustainable, low-carbon transformation, where there is the need to find ways to assess and understand the political, economic, cultural, technological and environmental context from many analytical and governance levels, degrees and scales of causalities as well as making use of insights from these contexts to draw up lessons for others. The context, as reflected by socio-technical and socio-linguistic narratives, not only defines power relations between agents (e.g., between change agents and status quo agents), but also constitutes the audience as codified by social contracts.
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Meunier, Vincent, Eduardo Costa Girão, and Bobby G. Sumpter. "Modeling and Simulation of Electron Transport at the Nanoscale: Illustrations in Low-Dimensional Carbon Nanostructures." In Architecture and Design of Molecule Logic Gates and Atom Circuits, 123–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33137-4_10.
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Thornley, Patricia, and Paul Adams. "Outlook–for Low Carbon Bioenergy." In Greenhouse Gases Balances of Bioenergy Systems, 261–68. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-101036-5.00019-7.
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Araújo, Kathleen. "Beyond Malthus." In Low Carbon Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362554.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the evolving understanding of carbon and sustainability since the 18th and 19th centuries. Relevant applications of influential ideas are then identified with respect to knowledge, innovation, policy, and meta-level change. More than 100 years ago, Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius hypothesized about the onset of ice ages and interglacial periods by considering high latitude temperature shifts (NASA Earth Observatory, n.d.). Applying an energy budget model and ideas of other scientists, like John Tyndall, Arrhenius argued that changes in trace atmospheric constituents, particularly carbon dioxide, could significantly alter the Earth’s heat budget (Arrhenius, 1896, 1897; NASA Earth Observatory, n.d.). Today, science indicates that the global, average surface temperature has continued to rise alongside the increase in greenhouse gases. Among global GHGs, CO2 emissions have increased by more than a factor of 1,000 in absolute terms since 1800. During that time, global carbon emissions found in the primary energy supply increased by roughly 6% per year (Grubler, 2008a). This growth in carbon emissions from energy is significant because CO2 from fuel combustion dominates global GHG emissions (IEA, 2015a and 2015b; IPCC, 2013). As noted earlier, 68% of the global GHGs that are attributed to human activity are linked to the energy sector; namely, fuel combustion and fugitive emissions (IEA, 2015a). Within this share, 90% consisted of CO2 (IEA, 2015a). In contrast to the rise in absolute numbers, carbon emissions per unit of output in the global primary energy supply has decreased 36% overall or by slightly less than 0.2% per year over the past two centuries (Grubler, 2008a). This subtle decarbonizing pattern in the energy mix is explained by the faster growth rate of energy use in relation to the rate of carbon emissions from that use. The delinking of energy utilization and carbon emissions occurred in part with the introduction of less carbon-intensive fossil fuel sources, like natural gas, in which a higher hydrogen-to-carbon ratio is evident (Gibbons and Gwin, 2009; Grubler, 2004, citing Marchetti, 1985).
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Araújo, Kathleen. "Icelandic Geothermal Energy: Shifting Ground." In Low Carbon Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199362554.003.0007.
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Today’s energy sectors hold different potentials for saving on energy, carbon, and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Buildings, for instance, represent more than 40% of energy use worldwide and one-third of GHGs (United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP], n.d.a). Improvements in heating, cooling, and powering of buildings, as well as industrial processes, can deliver substantial and cost-effective savings. In line with this, geothermal energy represents a more unusual form of renewable energy in that it can directly contribute to heating, cooling, and electricity services. Unlike a number of its counterparts, geothermal energy can provide a more stable and renewable form of energy that is largely unaffected by weather. The chapter focuses on geothermal energy adoption in Iceland, “a little country that roars,” according to UNFCCC Executive Secretary Christina Figueres (Iceland Monitor, 2014), when discussing leadership in renewable energy use and related action. In developing its renewable energy leadership, Iceland has wrestled, like many countries, with tradeoffs in energy, the environment, and economic development. The chapter highlights the interplay of these interests and explores the innovative engineering and industrial spillovers in Iceland’s geothermal adoption. Iceland is a country of roughly 333,000 people, and is a global leader in renewable energy use (Islandsbanki, 2010; Ministry of the Environment, 2010; Statistics Iceland, 2017). Two-thirds of the country’s primary energy consists of geothermal energy, with roughly nine out of ten Icelandic homes heated by the fuel source and a quarter of the country’s electricity powered by it (Orkustofnun, 2015; Ragnarsson, 2015). The nation leads globally in terms of geothermal heat capacity per capita and serves as a principal source of international training and consulting on geothermal energy, with a diverse industrial cluster that has developed around the technology (Gekon, n.d.; United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme [UN- GTP], n.d). The country’s low carbon development pathway reflects choices and debate about how to manage its natural resources and allow for foreign investment. Iceland began the 20th century as one of the poorest nations in Europe and is now a top-ranked country in the United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Index (Hannibalsson, 2008; United Nations Development Program [UNDP], 2015).
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Purser, David. "Interactions Among Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Cyanide, Low Oxygen Hypoxia, Carbon Dioxide, and Inhaled Irritant Gases." In Carbon Monoxide Toxicity, 157–91. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420039320.ch7.
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Stenton, Chris. "Toxic gases and aerosols." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Pallav L. Shah, 4267–71. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0431.
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Acute exposure to noxious agents causes pulmonary effects that are determined by the size of aerosol particles and by the solubility of gases. Large particles (>10 um) and soluble agents such as CS gas, ammonia, or sulphur dioxide affect primarily the upper respiratory tract, causing lacrimation, blepharospasm, rhinitis, cough, and breathlessness. Nitrogen oxides, ozone, and other agents of low solubility affect mainly the lungs, with pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema that can develop 24 hours or more after exposure. Smoke inhalation, intermediate solubility gases such as chlorine, and overwhelming exposures have effects throughout the respiratory tract. Some inhaled gases such as carbon monoxide and methane act as simple asphyxiants. Other reactions occur, such as metal fume fever with zinc and cadmium, and pulmonary haemorrhage with crack cocaine. Management is essentially supportive. Carboxyhaemoglobin and lactate levels should be measured with smoke inhalation.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Low-carbon gases"
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Lee, Norman M. H., and Yassine Bennani Braouli. "Application of Low Carbon Concrete on Reinforced Earth Wall." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.25.
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Global warming is one of the big issues all over the world. Continued global warming could bring a series of damaging effects. Many countries are now pursuing a broad range of strategies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, such as reducing the vehicle use, development of renewable energy etc. Minimize the use of cement is one the method to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Comparing the concrete volume used between Reinforced Earth Wall and traditional R.C. wall, Reinforced Earth Wall is an environmental friendly and more economical solution with less concrete consumption. Apart from this, the carbon dioxide emission can be reduced by minimizing the cement ratio in concrete.
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Rongde, Xu, Chen Jianfa, and Wan Yunyang. "The Component and Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis of Casing Gases on Low Permeability Reservoir Meor." In 29th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902909.
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Jacquet, Philippe, Daniel R. Rousse, and Clemente C. Ibarra. "Predictions of Carbon Fluxes During a Low Pressure Carburizing Treatment." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/htd-24332.
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Abstract This paper presents the qualitative assessment of a novel device developed for the regulation of carburizing processes in industrial vacuum furnaces. The proposed device involves a U-shaped thin wall iron tube: the outside surface of the tube is exposed to the carburizing atmosphere simultaneously with the workload, while the decarburizing gas mixture (here H2 + H2O) is circulated inside the tube. The outflow of decarburizing mixture is then continuously analyzed and eventually permits to determine the carbon potential and the transfer coefficient at the interface between the carburizing atmosphere and the workloads. To assess the principle, the probe has been used to compare the carburizing powers of different gases (propane, methane, ethylene, and acetylene) for a specific set of parameters. The results reported here, compared with microhardness and micrographies of the samples, indicate that the probe can indeed be used to carry out this task.
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Schiffres, Scott N., Kyu Hun Kim, Youngseok Oh, Mohammad F. Islam, and Jonathan A. Malen. "Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube Aerogels With Different Filling Gases." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75122.
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We report on measurements of thermal conductivity in single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) aerogels in vacuum, and as infiltrated by different gases. The remarkable thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of single CNTs have led to great interest in bulk carbon nanotube materials, including the CNT aerogels. Carbon nanotube aerogels are light-weight (7–8kg/m3) and porous, which means that heat will be conducted in parallel through the SWCNT matrix and the filling gas. The overall thermal conductivity of the aerogel was measured with helium, and argon filling gases, using a modified 3ω method designed to interrogate low thermal effusivity materials. Measurements of thermal conductivity at vacuum are 0.023 W/m-K and at atmospheric pressure infiltrated SWCNT aerogels have thermal conductivities in helium of 0.19 W/m-K and in argon of 0.039 W/m-K. Our vacuum measurement suggests that transport within the aerogel is limited by the thermal interface resistance between SWCNTs, rather than by phonon transport within the SWCNT itself. We have also extracted the mean distance traveled by gas molecules between collisions with SWCNT aerogel by fitting the gas contribution to thermal conductivity using a kinetic theory based model.
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Sabla, P. E., and G. G. Kutzko. "Combustion Characteristics of the GE LM2500 Combustor With Hydrogen-Carbon Monoxide-Based Low Btu Fuels." In ASME 1985 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-gt-179.
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An experimental test program was conducted with the objective of evaluating the combustion performance of fuel gases comprised of mixtures of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen. These gases were intended to be representative of alternate fuels that might be produced by air blown coal or biomass gasifiers. The purpose of this test program was to identify if the LM2500 combustion system would burn fuels at heating values (150 Btu/SCF – 250 Btu/SCF) typical of those produced by gasifier processes. Two combustor configurations were tested and two representative gas compositions were evaluated. The objectives of this test were to determine the flammability or burning limits for the two combustor designs and the impact of the low heating value gas on combustor exit temperature performance. Both designs exhibited burning limits substantially below the target caloric level. The exit temperature measurement showed the exit temperature distribution quality was adversely affected due to the high volumetric gas flows. However, this exit temperature distribution degradation is not severe enough to make the burning of a low heating value fuel prohibitive in the LM2500 engine.
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Creffield, G., and M. Cole. "Safe Working Practices with Thermal Spray Gases." In ITSC 1999, edited by E. Lugscheider and P. A. Kammer. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1999p0397.
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Abstract This paper informs about the potential dangers associated with the gases used in thermal spraying. These include fuel gases, oxygen, inert gases, and carbon dioxide. The paper addresses the following: flammability, explosion, oxygen enrichment and tolerance, asphyxiation, and low-temperature technology. It presents regulations and leaflets relating to the safe storage, handling, and use of gases with various supply options. Safe working techniques are recommended along with a brief description of the relevant safety equipment. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
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Matichenkov, V. "REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION UNDER SILICON FERTILIZER APPLICATION." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1701.978-5-317-06490-7/165-169.
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The application of Si fertilizer is example of “green” low emission technology. The using of biochemical active forms of Si allow to reduce the greenhouse gases emission from cultivated soils, increase the carbon content in soil matrix, increase cultivated plants resistance to abiotic stresses and increase the quality and quantity of crop. Our investigations have sowed the presence of monosilicic acid in soil provide the reduction of N2O emission in 1.6-2 times because the denitrification process in such soil are complete with final formation of N2. The application of Si fertilizer increased the rice crop on 5-55% with carbon sequestration up to 15 t/ha of CO2 during one season.
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Kudryavtseva, Olga, Alexander Kurdin, and Ekaterina Yakovleva. "LOW-CARBON INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN TURBULENT TIMES: THE CASE OF RUSSIA." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s21.078.
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The impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on the increase in the average temperature on the planet and the risk of initiating irreversible processes are recognized by most of the scientific community as real threats to humanity. Many countries have a legal and institutional framework for a consistent industrial policy taking into account the climate and environmental components, including carbon accounting. Russia is a country with high intensity of production-based CO2 emissions. In is well-known that the industry generates necessary hence it induce demand for products from other sectors of the economy. Environmental and social parameters in the formation of industrial policy should not be considered as any limitations for the development of industry. Despite a serious change in the agenda for the industrial policy in recent years, caused by COVID-19 and by current geopolitical situation in the world, it is highly undesirable to lag behind in this area, since it is necessary for international cooperation and human technological development. Low-carbon areas correspond to the modern ideology of industrial policy for many countries. The novelty of the study is the evaluation of the total GHG (greenhouse gases) intensity of Russia`s industry by means of intersectoral model. The paper analyses some of industrial policy measures and their implementation that affect low-carbon economic development. The proposed study could be of interest for other economies aiming to reduce their carbon footprint.
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Narayanan, G., and S. O. Bade Shrestha. "Landfill Gas: A Fuel for IC Engine Applications." In ASME 2007 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2007-1623.
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Landfill gases and biogases are low Btu gases which were, until recently, underutilized. However interest on the utilization of these gases for energy production has been increasing due to environment concerns and global warming caused by burning fossil fuels, energy security concerns and renewable nature of these gases. The main portion of landfill gas or biogas is comprised of methane and carbon dioxide with some other gases in small proportions. Release of methane directly to the atmosphere causes about 21 times global warming effects than carbon dioxide. Thus landfill gas is flared often, where the energy recovery is not economically viable in practice. Using landfill gas to generate energy encourages more efficient collection reducing emissions into the atmosphere and generates revenues for the operators. However the use of landfill gases for electricity generation is not perceived as an attractive option because of some disadvantages. Thus it becomes necessary to address disadvantages involved by studying the landfill gases in a technological perspective and motivate the utilization of the landfill gas for the future energy needs. This paper discussed landfill gas as a fuel for a spark ignition engine to produce power in an effective way and effects of additions of a small quantity of hydrogen in the fuel mixtures. The effect of the composition changes in landfill gases on the performance of the engine is also presented.
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Almubarak, Zainab, Mohammad Alrowaie, Feng Lu, and Ranya Algeer. "Gas Chemical and Carbon Isotope Composition as a Diagnostic Tool for Energy." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209992-ms.
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Abstract As the world is moving toward a low-carbon energy structure, natural gas has become critical in the supply of global energy. The genetic identification of different types of natural gas is important for the assessment of their source and exploration potential. Chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of produced gas are useful tools to assess their origin, thermal maturity, migration and to monitor gas production. In this study, we present different geochemical approaches to assess the origin of the gases and thermal maturity as well as to evaluate the effect of adsorption on shale gas during production. Thirteen gas samples from different conventional reservoirs were analyzed for their isotopic compositions to assess gas origin and thermal maturity. To assess gas production, seven gas samples were collected periodically from the same unconventional shale interval and were analyzed for their isotopic signatures. The results demonstrate that carbon isotopic composition of methane to pentane can be used as fingerprinting tool to identify different sources of gas. The studied gases are all of a thermogenic origin and were generated from Type-II marine source rocks. Mixing of gases generated from different source rocks were observed. The mixed gases are characterized by similar isotopic profiles in methane and ethane and they differ in C3+ hydrocarbons. Thermal maturity trends were identified on the studied samples using the relationship between methane, ethane, and propane isotopes versus the wetness index (total HC/methane concentration). To study the effect of gas adsorption during production, samples produced from the same hydrocarbon source rock were assessed at different time intervals (one-year period of production). The results show small variations between isotope compositions; thus, the impact of adsorption is still uncertain and a longer-term monitoring plan is designed. The results of this study shed insight into using isotope geochemistry as an important diagnostic tool for natural gas exploration and production.
Звіти організацій з теми "Low-carbon gases"
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Jorge Camacho, Mahesh Subramanya, and Ahsan R. Choudhuri. Flame Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes Using Low Calorific Value Gases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/924881.
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Martin, Noémie, and Pierre-Olivier Pineau. Choosing to Pay More for Electricity: an experiment on the level of residential consumer cooperation. CIRANO, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/xdvi6385.
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Reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions are two cornerstones of the fight against climate change. Signaling negative externalities of individual consumption on the environment is at the heart of public policies, and usually materializes through an increase in the price of polluting good and services. However, social resistance typically arises when such policies are implemented. In this experiment, we are interested in testing the context in which individuals would be willing to pay more for electricity. We use the situation of Québec (Canada), where low-cost hydropower sold below market value, akin to a consumption subsidy, leads to high residential consumption. Increasing regulated prices closer to their market value would result in a direct welfare gain and free some green energy, reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) in other sectors. The choice to pay more is a prisoner’s dilemma, and we find in this framework that giving clear and transparent information on the consequences of the price increase induces a majority of people to choose to pay more. In addition to the economic benefit of the public good, the presence of the environmental benefit increases contributions. Participants with a more severe budget constraint tend to contribute less. These results are encouraging for the development of efficient energy policies reducing GHG emissions.
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Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.
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The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.