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Статті в журналах з теми "Logic-important model"
1
Jiang, Yaozhi. "Dialectical Logic K-Model: A Mathematical Model for Machine." Journal of Mathematics Research 9, no. 6 (October 27, 2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v9n6p82.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An axiom system for dialectical logic K-model which based on Kirchhoff energy-method is established by author in the paper. The author describes that subjective-laws is the mirror imagine reflected from objective-laws and defines that the three-step which named by sensation, abstraction and thinking in artificial intelligence. At same time, describes that axiom system for dialectical logic K-model, in which contains such as logic-variable energy conservation law, Mozi’s principle( mini-max principle) and forbidden law, etc. In the axiom system also contain such as a continuous true-value-function system valued on interval and the K-graph for logic-variable. And describes the giving value method by matrix based on K-graph satisfied Kirchhoff laws to the logic variable. The author describes simply the linear and nonlinear logic variable system. And describes simply the logic variable involved three-dimension Euclidean space and topology networks space separately. Dialectical logic K-model would supply an computation algorithm idea for machine so that the machine is able to think by dialectical logic method, thus an important information-treated method maybe the dialectical logic.
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Fu, Lihua, Dan Wang, and Jinyun Kuang. "Parametric Analysis of Flexible Logic Control Model." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/610186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on deep analysis about the essential relation between two input variables of normal two-dimensional fuzzy controller, we used universal combinatorial operation model to describe the logic relationship and gave a flexible logic control method to realize the effective control for complex system. In practical control application, how to determine the general correlation coefficient of flexible logic control model is a problem for further studies. First, the conventional universal combinatorial operation model has been limited in the interval[0,1]. Consequently, this paper studies a kind of universal combinatorial operation model based on the interval[a,b]. And some important theorems are given and proved, which provide a foundation for the flexible logic control method. For dealing reasonably with the complex relations of every factor in complex system, a kind of universal combinatorial operation model with unequal weights is put forward. Then, this paper has carried out the parametric analysis of flexible logic control model. And some research results have been given, which have important directive to determine the values of the general correlation coefficients in practical control application.
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Wang, Huan, Jie Ao Zhu, Xue Liu, and Jeffrey Zheng. "3D Visualization Model and Sample Implementation of 0-1 Function on Variant Logic." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.480.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Random sequences generated by different logic functions play an important role in cryptography. The structure and the special properties of the logic function has been one of the most active areas of research. In order to study the random sequence and its related logic functions, many models have been established, and different advanced tools are applied to make complex data visualization. In this paper, sample logic functions are transferred into variant logic expressions to form a set of measurements. Using selected measurements, a 3D visual model is proposed. Selected 3D visual results are shown their intrinsic 3D spatial characteristics of relevant logic functions respectively.
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CHARALAMBIDIS, ANGELOS, ZOLTÁN ÉSIK, and PANOS RONDOGIANNIS. "Minimum Model Semantics for Extensional Higher-order Logic Programming with Negation." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 14, no. 4-5 (July 2014): 725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068414000313.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractExtensional higher-order logic programming has been introduced as a generalization of classical logic programming. An important characteristic of this paradigm is that it preserves all the well-known properties of traditional logic programming. In this paper we consider the semantics of negation in the context of the new paradigm. Using some recent results from non-monotonic fixed-point theory, we demonstrate that every higher-order logic program with negation has a unique minimum infinite-valued model. In this way we obtain the first purely model-theoretic semantics for negation in extensional higher-order logic programming. Using our approach, we resolve an old paradox that was introduced by W. W. Wadge in order to demonstrate the semantic difficulties of higher-order logic programming.
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Zunaidi, Achmad, and Kurniawan Santoso. "PENERAPAN LOGIC MODEL DAN PENGANGGARAN BERBASIS KINERJA DALAM PERATURAN PENGANGGARAN." Indonesian Treasury Review: Jurnal Perbendaharaan, Keuangan Negara dan Kebijakan Publik 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.33105/itrev.v6i3.206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT
This study purposes to reveal the logic model in regulation, particularly in preparation Work and Budget Planning of Ministry/Agency (RKAKL). This paper builds logic model follows Knowlton, Lisa Wyatt., & Cynthia C. Phillips (2013). The result shows logic model Knowlton, Lisa Wyatt., & Cynthia C. Philips are reffered in broad outline but they difference in structure and terminology of logic model elements. This difference is important to know because it can affect the clarity of the logical relationship of input-activity-output-outcome-impact so that the final results of a program are achieved. This study captures the development of logic model in buget regulation on period 2010 – 2018.
ABSTRAK
Tujuan kajian ini mengungkap logic model dalam peraturan penganggaran, khususnya petunjuk penyusunan Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran Kementerian Negara/Lembaga (RKAKL). Pengungkapan kajian ini menggunakan tahapan membangun logic model berdasarkan model Knowlton, Lisa Wyatt., & Cynthia C. Philips (2013). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa logic model Knowlton, Lisa Wyatt., & Cynthia C. Philips diacu sebagai gambaran besar saja tetapi ada perbedaan dalam struktur dan terminologi elemen-elemen logic model. Perbedaan tersebut penting diketahui karena dapat berpengaruh terhadap kejelasan hubungan kasualitas input-activity-output-outcomeimpact yang logis sehingga hasil akhir suatu program tercapai. Kajian ini merupakan upaya memotret perkembangan logic model dalam peraturan penganggaran tahun 2010-2018.
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Bezhanishvili, Nick, and Tim Henke. "A model-theoretic approach to descriptive general frames: the van Benthem characterization theorem." Journal of Logic and Computation 30, no. 7 (August 26, 2020): 1331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exaa040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The celebrated van Benthem characterization theorem states that on Kripke structures modal logic is the bisimulation-invariant fragment of first-order logic. In this paper, we prove an analogue of the van Benthem characterization theorem for models based on descriptive general frames. This is an important class of general frames for which every modal logic is complete. These frames can be represented as Stone spaces equipped with a ‘continuous’ binary relation. The proof of our theorem generalizes Rosen’s proof of the van Benthem theorem for finite frames and uses as an essential technique a new notion of descriptive unravelling. We also develop a basic model theory for descriptive general frames and show that in many ways it behaves like the model theory of finite structures. In particular, we prove the failure of the compactness theorem, of the Beth definability theorem, of the Craig interpolation theorem and of the upward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem.1
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Ye, Ming. "Novel Protocol Model Design of Wireless Sensor Real-Time Control Network." Key Engineering Materials 460-461 (January 2011): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.460-461.741.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wireless sensor real-time control network is important construction part. With same Real-time system, this network need Real-time and reliability. Modern network mainly is Ethernet. This network speed is fast than the older, the simple protocol, the lower cost and integrate TCP/IP technique in the IT world. But because its self mechanism decide that it is a no-realtime network. This paper propose a novel wireless sensor real-time control network protocol model based on Ethernet hardware, including protocol logic, communication strategy logic, server logic, communication control logic and CMIB. At the same time, this paper introduce work flows and main function of main constructing part of this real-time protocol model.
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Zhu, Weijun, Changwei Feng, and Huanmei Wu. "Model Checking Temporal Logic Formulas Using Sticker Automata." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7941845.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As an important complex problem, the temporal logic model checking problem is still far from being fully resolved under the circumstance of DNA computing, especially Computation Tree Logic (CTL), Interval Temporal Logic (ITL), and Projection Temporal Logic (PTL), because there is still a lack of approaches for DNA model checking. To address this challenge, a model checking method is proposed for checking the basic formulas in the above three temporal logic types with DNA molecules. First, one-type single-stranded DNA molecules are employed to encode the Finite State Automaton (FSA) model of the given basic formula so that a sticker automaton is obtained. On the other hand, other single-stranded DNA molecules are employed to encode the given system model so that the input strings of the sticker automaton are obtained. Next, a series of biochemical reactions are conducted between the above two types of single-stranded DNA molecules. It can then be decided whether the system satisfies the formula or not. As a result, we have developed a DNA-based approach for checking all the basic formulas of CTL, ITL, and PTL. The simulated results demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method.
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Hamasu, Claire, and Elizabeth Kelly. "The logic model: more than a planning tool." Performance Measurement and Metrics 18, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pmm-08-2017-0032.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe how the logic model can provide infrastructure for library programming from planning, tracking accomplishments, identifying where adjustments are required, to reporting outcomes. Design/methodology/approach The National Network of Libraries of Medicine, MidContinental Region has used the logic model since 2003 for planning and organizing its work. Its geographically dispersed librarians carry out six project initiatives. The logic model is used during planning to establish consensus on expectations and responsibilities. An online reporting tool, developed in 2004, tracks staff activities to the logic model. Quarterly reports for each project uses reporting tool data to determine whether the project is going along as planned or whether an intervention is required. At the end of the year, a final report assesses the achievement outcomes and indicators. Findings Writing a logic model is a study in semantics. It is important to be as specific as possible. Accurately defining terms saves puzzlement down the line on whether an activity was carried out as planned or an indicator was met. Measurable targets for each indicator encourage staff to continuously evaluate their activities and adjust their work to achieve the desired results. Writing realistic indicators is a process that improves with practice. Early in the program enthusiasm and the optimism of the librarian staff led to the indicators that were unrealistic within a one year timeframe. Practical implications The logic model accommodates the unforeseeable and helps evaluate whether an activity is worth doing. It is impossible to identify all future opportunities. The logic model runs from the visionary (goals) to the ordinary (activities). When the unexpected arises it can be evaluated on how closely it addresses goals and outcomes and can be tied to that goal or outcome when reporting. The integration of the logic model into the program is made more efficient with an online report system. Having a system that links staff work to the logic model facilitates analysis, decision making, and reporting. Originality/value The logic model is generally touted as a planning tool. This paper expands the use of the logic model as a tool for planning, tracking, and reporting.
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Chen, Zhen Zi, and Yi Chen. "A Customer Credit Visual Analytics Model Based on Markov Logic Networks." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 1874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.1874.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Customer credit evaluation is very important for customer relationship management in Enterprise Resource Planning. However, how to evaluate the customers’ credit is a complicated problem. In this paper, we present a Customer Credit Visual Analysis Model (CCVAM) that can be used to evaluate and classify the credibility of new customers according to the historical data about past customers. The model is based on Markov Logic Networks (MLNs) that combines probability and first-order logic with a weight attached to each formula. In this model, the basic rules or indexes based on expert knowledge are transformed into the representation of normal form. Then MLNs is obtained by combining first-order logic and probabilistic graphical models of the rules. After acquiring the weights attached to the rules in a first-order logic knowledge base, the model provides an interface for visualize the corresponding relationships among the rules and weights. The model has been applied to grade clients’ credit degree in an international enterprise and achieved anticipative results. This model can also be used in other areas where level evaluation is required.
Дисертації з теми "Logic-important model"
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Козлова, Марія Олександрівна. "Система оцінки ефективності фінансових витрат у виробництві з використанням системного підходу". Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/25813.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Магістерська дисертація: 91 с., 29 рис., 24 табл., 2 додатки і 19 джерел. Об’єкт дослідження – виробничі лініі на виробництві, витрати які
виникають у процесі виробництва.
Предмет дослідження – моделі регресійного та дисперсійного аналізів та
методи інтелектуального аналізу даних для кількісного та якісного оцінювання показників.
Мета роботи – розробка моделей та методів моделювання розподілення фінансових витрат та їх порівняння із існуючими загальноприйнятими.
Методи дослідження – моделі регресійного аналізу, дисперсійного аналізу, побудова байесовських мереж.
У цій роботі наведені результати побудови моделей аналізу взаємозв'язків різних факторів виробництва. Проведено порівняльний аналіз отриманих моделей за допомогою різних критеріїв, а також зроблено висновки щодо їхньої точності. Виявлено, які саме причини є важливими, запропоновані фінансово ефективні дії для мінімізації витрат. Обрано найкращі моделі для побудови залежностей. Тому для подальших досліджень рекомендовано використовувати саме такі моделі.
За матеріалами магістерської дисертації були написані тези та наукова стаття. Стаття опублікована в електронній збірці доповідей у видавництві Інтернаука.
Прогнозні припущення щодо подальшого розвитку об’єкта дослідження – вдосконалення існуючих моделе, знаходження нових факторів виробництва та інше. А також покращення існуючої системи прийняття рішень на основі побудованих моделей.Master's dissertation: 91 pp., 29 figures, 24 tables, 2 annexes and 19 sources. The object of research - production lines in production, costs incurred in the production process. The subject of the study is regression and dispersion analysis models and methods of data mining for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of indicators. The purpose of the work is the development of models and methods for modeling the distribution of financial costs and their comparison with existing generally accepted. Methods of research - models of regression analysis, dispersion analysis, construction of Bayesian networks. In this work the results of construction of models of analysis of interconnections of various factors of production are presented. A comparative analysis of the obtained models was carried out with the help of various criteria, as well as conclusions were made regarding their accuracy. It is found out which causes are important, offered financially effective actions for minimization of expenses. The best models for constructing dependencies are chosen. Therefore, it is recommended to use such models for further research. The thesis and the scientific article were written on the materials of the master's dissertation. The article was published in the electronic collection of reports at the International Science Academy publishing house. Foreseeable assumptions about the further development of the research object - improvement of the existing model, finding new factors of production, and so on. As well as improving the existing decision making system based on the built models.
Книги з теми "Logic-important model"
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Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Philosophy and Model Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Model theory is used in every theoretical branch of analytic philosophy: in philosophy of mathematics, in philosophy of science, in philosophy of language, in philosophical logic, and in metaphysics. But these wide-ranging appeals to model theory have created a highly fragmented literature. On the one hand, many philosophically significant results are found only in mathematics textbooks: these are aimed squarely at mathematicians; they typically presuppose that the reader has a serious background in mathematics; and little clue is given as to their philosophical significance. On the other hand, the philosophical applications of these results are scattered across disconnected pockets of papers. The first aim of this book, then, is to consider the philosophical uses of model theory, focusing on the central topics of reference, realism, and doxology. Its second aim is to address important questions in the philosophy of model theory, such as: sameness of theories and structure, the boundaries of logic, and the classification of mathematical structures. Philosophy and Model Theory will be accessible to anyone who has completed an introductory logic course. It does not assume that readers have encountered model theory before, but starts right at the beginning, discussing philosophical issues that arise even with conceptually basic model theory. Moreover, the book is largely self-contained: model-theoretic notions are defined as and when they are needed for the philosophical discussion, and many of the most philosophically significant results are given accessible proofs.
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Dostál, Petr, and Chia-Yang Lin. Business Applications of Fuzzy Logic. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The chapter focuses on the use of fuzzy logic, or soft computing, among the different methods used as supports for decision making in business applications. The processes are focused on private corporate attempts at making money or decreasing expenses; therefore, the details of applications, successful or not, are not published very often. Fuzzy logic helps in decentralization of decisionmaking processes that are to be standardized, reproduced, and documented. Fuzzy logic plays very important roles, especially in business, because it helps reduce costs. It differs from conventional (hard) computing in that it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. In effect, the role model for fuzzy logic is the human mind. The guiding principle of fuzzy logic is to exploit this tolerance to achieve tractability, robustness, and low solution cost.
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Button, Tim, and Sean Walsh. Internal categoricity and the natural numbers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790396.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The simple conclusion of the preceding chapters is that moderate modelism fails. But this leaves us with a choice between abandoning moderation and abandoning modelism. The aim of this chapter, and the next couple of chapters, is to outline a speculative way to save moderation by abandoning modelism. The idea is to do metamathematics without semantics, by working deductively in a higher-order logic. In this chapter, the focus is on the internal categoricity of arithmetic. After formalising an internal notion of a model of the Peano axioms, we show how to internalise Dedekind’s Categority Theorem. The resulting “intolerance” of Peano arithmetic provides internalists with a way to draw the distinction between algebraic and univocal theories. In the appendices, we discuss how this relates to Parsons’ important work, and establish a certain dependence of the internal categoricity theorem on higher-order logic.
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Goro, Takuya. Logical Connectives. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.23.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter reviews results from recent experimental studies on the acquisition of logical connectives. Developmental psychologists have long been interested in the development of logic in children, and recent research in this field has made great advancement by incorporating insights from theoretical linguistics. There are two important theoretical grounds that were crucial to such advancement. One is dissociation between pragmatic implicature and lexical semantics. The other is a model of semantic interaction between a logical connective and another logical word in the same sentence. Experimental results from recent studies that incorporated these insights strongly suggest that preschool children have sophisticated semantic knowledge of logical connectives, even though their behavior may sometimes deviate from adults’ behavior.
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Li, Quan. Using R for Data Analysis in Social Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656218.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book seeks to teach undergraduate and graduate students in social sciences how to use R to manage, visualize, and analyze data in order to answer substantive questions and replicate published findings. This book distinguishes itself from other introductory R or statistics books in three ways. First, targeting an audience rarely exposed to statistical programming, it adopts a minimalist approach and covers only the most important functions and skills in R that one will need for conducting reproducible research projects. Second, it emphasizes meeting the practical needs of students using R in research projects. Specifically, it teaches students how to import, inspect, and manage data; understand the logic of statistical inference; visualize data and findings via histograms, boxplots, scatterplots, and diagnostic plots; and analyze data using one-sample t-test, difference-of-means test, covariance, correlation, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and model assumption diagnostics. Third, it teaches students how to replicate the findings in published journal articles and diagnose model assumption violations. The principle behind this book is to teach students to learn as little R as possible but to do as much reproducible, substance-driven data analysis at the beginner or intermediate level as possible. The minimalist approach dramatically reduces the learning cost but still proves adequate information for meeting the practical research needs of senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students. Having completed this book, students can use R and statistical analysis to answer questions regarding some substantively interesting continuous outcome variable in a cross-sectional design.
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Loney, Alexander C. Hesiod’s Temporalities. Edited by Alexander C. Loney and Stephen Scully. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190209032.013.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Temporality is an important aspect of the poetics of both the Theogony and the Works and Days. Hesiod’s temporality can be subdivided into different kinds of synchronic and diachronic temporalities: omnipresent, etiological, and teleological temporalities and seasonal (or kairological) and cyclical temporalities. Each of these modes has its own logic. Furthermore, Hesiod allows these temporal modes to interact with one another in complex and sometimes paradoxical ways. Hesiod views his cosmos as a permanent, stable reality that came into being through evolutionary and cyclical processes—the very processes that could threaten the reigning, unchanging order under Zeus. This tension between permanence and development animates Hesiod’s poetry.
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Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.
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Hollingsworth, Leslie, and Larry M. Gant. Theories of Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190463311.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: This chapter describes how the University of Michigan School of Social Work’s Technical Assistance Center (UMSSW/TAC) developed its theory of change as a partner in the Skillman Foundation-funded Detroit Good Neighborhoods initiative. The definition of a theory of change accepted was of “a specification of what must be done to achieve the desired goals, what other important impacts may also be anticipated, and how these goals and impacts would be generated.” The chapter discusses the processes in the creation of iterations of Foundation and UMSSW/TAC theories of change. The chapter concludes with the benefits, limitations, issues, and challenges of aligning logic models with the varied expectations and goals of residents, funding foundations, and university partners.
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Dunaway, Billy. Duns Scotus’s Epistemic Argument against Divine Illumination. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798705.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Theories of “divine illumination” were popular from St Augustine through the Middle Ages. Henry of Ghent is traditionally thought of as providing one of the last and most sophisticated theories of Divine Illumination. This chapter examines one of John Duns Scotus’s main arguments against Henry’s theory of Divine Illumination. The chapter reads Scotus as claiming that Henry’s theory aims, but fails, to avoid skepticism—the conclusion that we can’t have any knowledge on the basis of sensation. It shows how this argument can be understood formally on the basis of an analogy with modal logic, which Scotus explicitly calls attention to. The chapter argues that this way of understanding Scotus’s argument points toward some important refinements that contemporary anti-risk principles in epistemology will need to account for.
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Friedlander, Jennifer. A Ruse for the Real. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190676124.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter analyzes “Bitte liebt Österreich” (“Please Love Austria”), the controversial public art installation created by the late German conceptual artist and provocateur Christoph Schlingensief. Schlingensief staged a variation on the reality TV show Big Brother, in which asylum seekers were housed in a structure in a public square in Vienna, Austria. Passersby were invited to cast their vote each night for which detainee should be evicted the following day. By staging his intervention as a “game” that borrowed from the familiar “reality TV” genre, Schlingensief invites us to consider the question of whether using a fictional, game-like mode of representation to describe a politically reactionary event may help to subvert it. He thus offers an important twist to the logic which undergirds the position that realistic depictions of revolutionary events can themselves be politically potent.
Частини книг з теми "Logic-important model"
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Bourou, Dimitra, Marco Schorlemmer, and Enric Plaza. "Image Schemas and Conceptual Blending in Diagrammatic Reasoning: The Case of Hasse Diagrams." In Diagrammatic Representation and Inference, 297–314. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86062-2_31.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn this work, we propose a formal, computational model of the sense-making of diagrams by using the theories of image schemas and conceptual blending, stemming from cognitive linguistics. We illustrate our model here for the case of a Hasse diagram, using typed first-order logic to formalise the image schemas and to represent the geometry of a diagram. The latter additionally requires the use of some qualitative spatial reasoning formalisms. We show that, by blending image schemas with the geometrical configuration of a diagram, we can formally describe the way our cognition structures the understanding of, and the reasoning with, diagrams. In addition to a theoretical interest for diagrammatic reasoning, we also briefly discuss the cognitive underpinnings of good practice in diagram design, which are important for fields such as human-computer interaction and data visualization.
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Stewart, Lizzie. ""The cultural capital of postmigrants is enormous"." In Postmigration, 87–108. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839448403-006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lizzie Stewart argues here for a step back from more celebratory discussions of the term 'postmigration' as lens and for critical attention to its role as label. She brings critical perspectives on the 'brand value' of postcolonialism, and on »the rationalizing/racializing logic of capital« (Saha 2018) in the cultural industries, into conversation with a detailed discussion of branding and formatting practices at three theatres in Germany: Ballhaus Naunynstraße; Gorki; Schauspiel Cologne. Entanglements of artist activism with production of culture in a capitalist context provide important lessons and models for the developing usage of the term postmigration in the academic sphere.
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Wen, Yun. "From Path-Dependent to Pathbreaking?" In The Huawei Model, 115–42. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043437.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter delineates Huawei’s path to its cutting-edge technology and innovation leadership by examining its specific R&D strategies in different domains, including its core strength in switching technology, its contradictory role in developing China’s indigenous telecom standards, the catch-up strategy in semiconductor technology, and its patents and intellectual property strategies. It highlights the paradoxical dynamics between the techno-nationalist initiative and the logic of capitalist accumulation underlying Huawei’s technological innovation. Huawei’s increasing power in international markets and the arena of technological governance suggests that Chinese technological firms have played an increasingly important role in influencing and even defining global technology.
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Pedrycz, Witold, and Giancarlo Succi. "Fuzzy Logic Classifiers and Models in Quantitative Software Engineering." In Software Applications, 3142–59. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-060-8.ch182.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The learning abilities and high transparency are the two important and highly desirable features of any model of software quality. The transparency and user-centricity of quantitative models of software engineering are of paramount relevancy as they help us gain a better and more comprehensive insight into the revealed relationships characteristic to software quality and software processes. In this study, we are concerned with logic-driven architectures of logic models based on fuzzy multiplexers (fMUXs). Those constructs exhibit a clear and modular topology whose interpretation gives rise to a collection of straightforward logic expressions. The design of the logic models is based on the genetic optimization and genetic algorithms, in particular. Through the prudent usage of this optimization framework, we address the issues of structural and parametric optimization of the logic models. Experimental studies exploit software data that relates software metrics (measures) to the number of modifications made to software modules.
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Chassels, David. "Object Model Development/Engineering." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 289–99. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4494-6.ch013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Solving the business “software problem” of inflexibility with poor user experience was at the heart of the original R&D that started over 20 years ago. Any solution had to acknowledge how people work and most importantly remove the interpretation gap between users and “IT,” thus removing the need for programmers in the build process. It was quickly recognised that in reality business logic does not really change, and it was therefore important to separate from the ever-changing technologies, such as operating systems and browsers, to “deliver.” After 20+ years of research and development and working with early adopters, this approach has achieved the objectives set. As is explained, generic task objects and the important links were built and displayed in a Graphical Model where the building of custom applications takes place with no change to the core code and no code generation or compiling. This approach has opened a new perspective on capability in software yet does it by adopting simplicity in the core design. Indeed the driving philosophy for all development was to produce enabling technology that was business friendly, simple to use, and generic in application.
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Chen, Xing, Maimai Prayongrat, and Yasushi Kiyoki. "A Concept for Control and Program Based on the Semantic Space Model." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia200818.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most important mechanism of the computer is that various functions are implemented based on programs stored in it. Programs are developed by program languages implementing functions of models. One of the efficient methods to construct a model is to construct it by semantic computation models. Using semantic computation models, we can construct a model in a semantic space. In this paper, we present a mechanism to execute models presented by the semantic spaces. We have presented a mechanism to implement combinational and sequential logic computations based on the semantic space model. The combinational and sequential logic computations are the basic functions in computer systems. However, we still need a control mechanism like that in computers. In this paper, we present a control mechanism based on the semantic space model and some of execution examples. The most important contribution of this paper is that we first present a concept for control and program based on the semantic space model. In order to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed mechanism, we performed a demonstration experiment. In the experiment, an agent is constructed for unmanned ground vehicle control with the control mechanism. A video camera is used to determine the position of the vehicle and obstacles on the road. The control signals, including “turn left,” “turn right,” “go ahead” and “stop” outputted from the agent are used to demonstrate the efficiency of the mechanism.
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Yang, Yanwu. "Semantic User Model Inferences for Travel Recommender Systems." In Tourism Informatics, 23–37. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-818-5.ch002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter proposes a semantic user model based on a description logic language to represent user’s knowledge and information, and a set of domain-dependent rules specific to the tourism domain in terms of spatial criteria (i.e., distance) and cognition to infer useful user features such as interests and preferences as important inputs for travel recommender systems (TRS). We also identify a spatial Web application scenario in the tourism domain, which is intended to provide personalized information about a variety of spatial entities in order to assist the user in traveling in an urban space.
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Hamdi, Ghassen, and Mohamed Nazih Omri. "New Model for Handling Inconsistency Issues in DL-Lite Knowledge Bases." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia210019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The lightweight description logic (DL-lite) represents one of the most important logic specially dedicated to applications that handle large volumes of data. Managing inconsistency issues, in order to effectively query inconsistent DL-Lite knowledge bases, is a topical issue. Since assertions (ABoxes) come from a variety of sources with varying degrees of reliability, there is confusion in hierarchical knowledge bases. As a consequence, the inclusion of new axioms is a main factor that causes inconsistency in this type of knowledge base. Often, it is too expensive to manually verify and validate all assertions. In this article, we study the problem of inconsistencies in the DL-Lite family and we propose a new algorithm to resolve the inconsistencies in prioritized knowledge bases. We carried out an experimental study to analyze and compare the results obtained by our proposed algorithm, in the framework of this work, and the main algorithms studied in the literature. The results obtained show that our algorithm is more productive than the others, compared to standard performance measures, namely precision, recall and F-measure.
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Dasso, Aristides, and Ana Funes. "Threat and Risk Assessment Using Continuous Logic." In Encyclopedia of Organizational Knowledge, Administration, and Technology, 1212–27. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3473-1.ch083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Threat and Risk Assessment is an important area in cybersecurity. It covers multiple systems and organizations where cybersecurity is significant, such as banking, industry, SCADA, Energy Management System, among many others. The chapter presents a method to help assessing threats and risks associated with computer and networks systems. It integrates the Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity—developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology—with a quantitative method based on the use of a Continuous Logic, the Logic Scoring of Preference (LSP) method. LSP is a method suitable for decision making that provides the guidelines to produce a model to assist the expert in the process of assessing how much a product or system satisfy a number of requirements, in this case associated to the identification, protection, detection, response and recovery of threat and risks in an organization.
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Dasso, Aristides, and Ana Funes. "Threat and Risk Assessment Using Continuous Logic." In Research Anthology on Business Aspects of Cybersecurity, 156–72. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3698-1.ch007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Threat and Risk Assessment is an important area in cybersecurity. It covers multiple systems and organizations where cybersecurity is significant, such as banking, industry, SCADA, Energy Management System, among many others. The chapter presents a method to help assessing threats and risks associated with computer and networks systems. It integrates the Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity—developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology—with a quantitative method based on the use of a Continuous Logic, the Logic Scoring of Preference (LSP) method. LSP is a method suitable for decision making that provides the guidelines to produce a model to assist the expert in the process of assessing how much a product or system satisfy a number of requirements, in this case associated to the identification, protection, detection, response and recovery of threat and risks in an organization.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Logic-important model"
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Udoyen, Nsikan, and David W. Rosen. "Description Logic Representation of Finite Element Analysis Models for Automated Retrieval." In ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99451.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Adaptive reuse of archived parametric finite element analysis (FEA) models to model similar, new problems is an important part of the process of learning to apply the finite element method to specific domains. Retrieval of relevant archived models and supporting documents from electronic repositories is difficult when a modeler is unable to describe information needs precisely in a query using keywords. The use of description logic concepts to describe archived models and build expandable classification hierarchies to facilitate retrieval is proposed and illustrated. A domain-independent retrieval algorithm based on the traversal of description logic concept hierarchies is introduced. Its usefulness is asserted by: • showing that intent behind FEA models can be represented precisely using a fairly inexpressive description logic; • showing that standard description logic inference supports retrieval of FEA models based on a modelers’ intent.
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Drakatos, P. A., M. Kallaras, and K. Karakassis. "Introducing Fuzzy Logic Analysis in the Life Cycle of Mechanical Systems." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/rsafp-14476.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract During an operation a mechanical system cost is a function of the time operation. Until now, we have taken into account the variation of economical factors as a function of time. The present work tries to import fuzzy logic in order to determine a variable model of economical factors as a reference to stillness, lubrication, repair of the mechanical systems and the variation of the operation tensions as for time. Which important levels are the mechanical systems so time operation affects the equivalent cost. The fuzzy logic model which was established, have data which was measured in the past and these data make a model with polynomial method, which doesn’t gives trustworthily results. The use of computer software is important because this method is variable as a function of cost and time.
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Achiche, Sofiane, and Saeema Ahmed. "Mapping Shape Geometry and Emotions Using Fuzzy Logic." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49290.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An important aspect of artifact/product design is defining the aesthetic and emotional value. The success of a product is not only dependent on it’s functionality but also on the emotional value that it creates to its user. However, if several designers are faced with a task to create an object that would evoke a certain emotion (aggressive, soft, heavy, friendly, etc.) each would most likely interpret the emotion with a different set of geometric features and shapes. In this paper the authors propose an approach to formalize the relationship between geometric information of a 3D object and the intended emotion using fuzzy logic. To achieve this; 3D objects (shapes) created by design engineering students to match a set of words/emotions were analyzed. The authors identified geometric information as inputs of the fuzzy model and developed a set of fuzzy if/then rules to map the relationships between the fuzzy sets on each input premise and the output premise. In our case the output premise of the fuzzy logic model is the level of belonging to the design context (emotion). An evaluation of how users perceived the shapes was conducted to validate the fuzzy logic model and showed a high correlation between the fuzzy logic model and user perception.
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De Giacomo, Giuseppe, Bastien Maubert, and Aniello Murano. "Nondeterministic Strategies and their Refinement in Strategy Logic." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/30.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nondeterministic strategies are strategies (or protocols, or plans) that, given a history in a game, assign a set of possible actions, all of which are winning. An important problem is that of refining such strategies. For instance, given a nondeterministic strategy that allows only safe executions, refine it to, additionally, eventually reach a desired state of affairs. We show that strategic problems involving strategy refinement can be solved elegantly in the framework of Strategy Logic (SL), a very expressive logic to reason about strategic abilities. Specifically, we introduce an extension of SL with nondeterministic strategies and an operator expressing strategy refinement. We show that model checking this logic can be done at no additional computational cost with respect to standard SL, and can be used to solve a variety of problems such as synthesis of maximally permissive strategies or refinement of Nash equilibria.
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Torlak, Sülün Evinç, and Bilsev Gürsan. "A Study on the Regional Development Agencies as Project Based Development Model." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00472.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Development concept, especially regional development concept has become the most important topic to even out the regional imbalances after the Second World War. The most important date has been after 1929, beginning with big crisis in the world. Regional development agencies which are the role of growth and development key have been established since the early of 1930’s, initially in America, and then in European Countries together with in some other Eastern Countries. Today, the key role of the development within the framework of ‘new development perception’ form the basis of project logic, in other words; project based development model which the agencies are intervening notably. This model is on the agenda, with the strong impact of regional and cohesion politics of European Union and takes the role excessively through grants and funds which development agencies are seen as the place of implementation of those policies. Many different sector-specific projects from infrastructure to protection of heritage, presented to the related authorities are being executed. Supported projects within grants and funds help people changing viewpoints; improve competences and direct people to act through project logic as well. This case carries the meaning of the strong impact of development by relieving the problems or needs through projects. In this study, some definitions related with development, development project examples to the published extent by European Commission and the case of the model that is very new to Turkey within project examples of development agencies have been examined using the comparative analysis method.
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Maji, Subhadeep, Rohan Kumar, Manish Bansal, Kalyani Roy, and Pawan Goyal. "Logic Constrained Pointer Networks for Interpretable Textual Similarity." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/333.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Systematically discovering semantic relationships in text is an important and extensively studied area in Natural Language Processing, with various tasks such as entailment, semantic similarity, etc. Decomposability of sentence-level scores via subsequence alignments has been proposed as a way to make models more interpretable. We study the problem of aligning components of sentences leading to an interpretable model for semantic textual similarity. In this paper, we introduce a novel pointer network based model with a sentinel gating function to align constituent chunks, which are represented using BERT. We improve this base model with a loss function to equally penalize misalignments in both sentences, ensuring the alignments are bidirectional. Finally, to guide the network with structured external knowledge, we introduce first-order logic constraints based on ConceptNet and syntactic knowledge. The model achieves an F1 score of 97.73 and 96.32 on the benchmark SemEval datasets for the chunk alignment task, showing large improvements over the existing solutions. Source code is available at https://github.com/manishb89/interpretable_sentence_similarity
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Li, Hua, and Kaiming Hu. "Fuzzy Controller for Active Vibration Control of Cylindrical Shells." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cylindrical shells are widely used engineering structures, such as pipelines, tubes, submarine shells, etc. The active vibration control of these structures are important methods for ensuring their performance. In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller was proposed for the active vibration control of cylindrical shells. Piezoelectric actuators were laminated on the shell surface for the generation of control force. Then, the mathematical model of the model control force were given based the inverse piezoelectric effects and modal summation method. The transfer equation of the controlled system was derived from the modal equation. The fuzzy logic controller was then designed, in which the centroid method was used for defuzification. The proposed controller was then implemented in Matlab/Simulink environment, followed by case studies to evaluate its performance. Numerical results shown the effectiveness of fuzzy logic controller on active vibration of smart cylindrical shells. For all evaluated cases, more than 33% of amplitude reduction were achieved.
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Bott, Terry F., and Stephen W. Eisenhawer. "A Structured Approach to Resource Allocation." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2998.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Allocating limited resources among competing candidates is an important problem in management. In this paper, we describe a structured and flexible approach to resource allocation using logic-evolved decision (LED) analysis. LED analysis uses logic models to generate an exhaustive set of competing alternatives and the inferential model that is used for preference ordering of these alternatives. The inferential models can use data in numerical, linguistic, or mixed forms; uncertainty in the evaluation results can be expressed using probabilistic- or linguistic-based methods. We illustrate the use of LED analysis for an allocation problem with numerical input data and for an allocation problem with only linguistic input data.
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Ke, Zhiwu, Xianling Li, Rui Yu, and Rui Xiang. "Research on Digital Instrumentation and Control System in Nuclear Power Plant Using Mixed Redundant Model." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reliability is the most important factor in instrumentation and control (I&C) system for nuclear power plant (NPP). Now in order to reach high reliability, static redundant and dynamic redundant technique is in common use. Static redundant method can keep out the failure of one module, but could not detect the mistake. Dynamic redundant mean would examine the mistake of the working unit, but can not ward off the failure. In this study, our main purpose is to develop the advanced redundant way which includes the advantage of static redundancy and dynamic redundancy means by mixed redundant model (MRM). Utilizing logic order in the relationship between unit and system using reliable diagram, analyzing the reliability of MRM by the way of probability, the result has obvious effect upon improving the system reliability compared with above two models. MRM can be applied for safety critical I&C.
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RAZZAQ, Mohaj Ghanem Abdel, and Qahtan Mahboub FADIL. "MONOTHEISM AND ITS IMPACT ON LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIETY(SURAT AL-IKHLAS AS A MODEL)." In 2. IJHER-International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress2-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Surat Al-Ikhlas is called Surat Al-Tawhid and in it is the declaration of God’s oneness and his transcendence of what is not worthy of Him, acknowledgment with the tongue, and belief in the heart. This is the logic of faith and its essence Whoever does not believe in the oneness of God, and that he is the God and the Lord who has no partner, nor is there any equal or equal, he is not from the people of religion at all. and monotheism has many effects on the individual and society, including these effects: Achieving true slavery. Reducing the phenomenon of extremism and extremism. Developing a culture of peaceful coexistence in society. - Building people and urbanization. and other important effects that aim to build and develop a sound society; By transforming a person into positive energy that builds and does not destroy, and gives more than it takes. Key words: Monotheism, Compliance, Slavery, Distance From Extremism, Peaceful Coexistence.
Звіти організацій з теми "Logic-important model"
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.