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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Local negotiations"

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Fang, Tony, Josephine Schaumburg, and Daniella Fjellström. "International business negotiations in Brazil." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 32, no. 4 (May 2, 2017): 591–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-11-2016-0257.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore an innovative strategy for studying the Brazilian negotiator’s unique and paradoxical characteristics from a cultural point of view to acquire a better understanding of the nature of international business negotiations in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach The study is of a qualitative nature, using a multiple-case study design at three levels (small-, medium- and large-scale negotiations). Interviews were conducted with Brazilian and German managers to capture the emic–etic view of the Brazilian negotiator. The Strategic Trinity Model was developed to assess the behavior of the Brazilian negotiator in agreement with three metaphors: “African Capoeirista”, “Portuguese Bureaucrat” and “Indigenous Warrior”. Findings The three roles “African Capoeirista”, “Portuguese Bureaucrat” and “Indigenous Warrior” comprised similar as well as contradicting characteristics. The Brazilian negotiator chose naturally and even paradoxically from these role features, effectively negotiating any given situation, context and time. During the pre- and post-negotiation phases, traits of the “African Capoeirista” and “Indigenous Warrior” were the most salient. During the formal negotiation phase, however, the characteristics of the “African Capoeirista” and “Portuguese Bureaucrat” dominated. Research limitations/implications International business negotiations in Brazil call for an in-depth comprehension of the paradoxical roles that local negotiators take on to achieve better negotiation outcomes. Originality/value The present study unveiled the contradicting Brazilian negotiating style in international business negotiations, thus acquiring a better understanding of the negotiation process in the Brazilian market.
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Hailu, Raiye, and Takayuki Ito. "Efficient Deal Identification by Constraint Relaxation for Collaborative Decision Making Using Negotiation." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 18, no. 4 (July 20, 2014): 608–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0608.

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Negotiation is one means for making decision collaboratively. We propose efficient protocols for identifying deals in such negotiations. Specifically we focus on situations in which the negotiators must agree upon one option from among many. This work proposes solutions to problems faced when automating negotiations over multiple and interdependent issues. When negotiations are over issues that are interdependent, previous and future decisions concerning other issues affect how one decides the current issue. Therefore generally we must deal with all of the issues at the same time. To identify deals for negotiations over multiple and interdependent issues previous work has proposed a bidding based protocol that works well only when there is a high probability that agents in the negotiation have local maxima at similar positions in the contract space. This happens only when the contract space is small and the number of agents in the negotiation is low. Otherwise the protocol fails to identify deals. We propose a multi round bidding approach in which agents submit supersets of their bids from earlier rounds. A superset of a bid is created by relaxing the constraints that it satisfies. We will use the same concept of negotiation using relaxed constraints to extend a Hill Climbing (HC) protocol. HC has a linear execution time cost. Ordinarily it can not be used for complex negotiations. But we modify it so that it is used optimally and efficiently for such negotiations.
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Pinto, Tiago, Mohammad Fotouhi Ghazvini, Joao Soares, Ricardo Faia, Juan Corchado, Rui Castro, and Zita Vale. "Decision Support for Negotiations among Microgrids Using a Multiagent Architecture." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102526.

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This paper presents a decision support model for negotiation portfolio optimization considering the participation of players in local markets (at the microgrid level) and in external markets, namely in regional markets, wholesale negotiations and negotiations of bilateral agreements. A local internal market model for microgrids is defined, and the connection between interconnected microgrids is based on nodal pricing to enable negotiations between nearby microgrids. The market environment considering the local market setting and the interaction between integrated microgrids is modeled using a multi-agent approach. Several multi-agent systems are used to model the electricity market environment, the interaction between small players at a microgrid scale, and to accommodate the decision support features. The integration of the proposed models in this multi-agent society and interaction between these distinct specific multi-agent systems enables modeling the system as a whole and thus testing and validating the impact of the method in the outcomes of the involved players. Results show that considering the several negotiation opportunities as complementary and making use of the most appropriate markets depending on the expected prices at each moment allows players to achieve more profitable results.
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Kew, Darren, and Anthony Wanis-St. John. "Civil Society and Peace Negotiations: Confronting Exclusion." International Negotiation 13, no. 1 (2008): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138234008x297896.

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AbstractThe fact that civil society groups play important roles in post-conflict peacebuilding has entered the mainstream of international conflict resolution dogma. Rarely do local civil society groups get a seat at the negotiation table for peace accords. Although the exclusion of civil society from peace negotiations may streamline the process, the absence of civil society voices and interests at the negotiating table can negatively impact the sustainability of a peace agreement during peacebuilding. Surveying a wide variety of different peace processes, a strong correlation was found between active civil society participation in peace negotiations and the durability of peace during the peacebuilding phase. Cases in which civil society groups actively engaged in peace negotiations seemed to enjoy more sustained peace in the peacebuilding phase. This holds true also for cases in which civil society groups did not have a direct seat at the table, but did exercise significant influence with the negotiators because they were democratic actors. War resumed in many cases not characterized by direct or indirect civil society involvement in the peace negotiations. No claim of causality is made; the sustainability of peace surely rests on causes as complex and dynamic as the initiation of war does. However, these findings do call attention to the need for further research to understand the special impact that civil society inclusion at the peace table may have.
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RHODES, R. A. W. "CORPORATISM, PAY NEGOTIATIONS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT." Public Administration 63, no. 3 (September 1985): 287–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1985.tb00906.x.

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Mayekiso, Mzwanele. "Civil society and local government negotiations." Urban Forum 3, no. 2 (June 1992): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03036754.

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Murphree, David W., Stuart A. Wright, and Helen Rose Ebaugh. "Toxic Waste Siting and Community Resistance: How Cooptation of Local Citizen Opposition Failed." Sociological Perspectives 39, no. 4 (December 1996): 447–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389417.

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Cooptation is used as a conceptual framework for analyzing a case of environmental conflict over a proposed toxic waste site that ended with allegations of betrayal aimed at community leaders who participated in structured negotiations with a waste disposal company. Though the negotiations committee challenging the waste company's proposal was stacked with veteran environmental activists, evidence suggests that they were effectively coopted. However, cooptation eventually failed when local activists not on the committee lost confidence in the negotiating process and accused committee members of “selling out” to the waste company and compromising the interests of the community. As a result of protests and citizen awareness campaigns, the opposition forces successfully convinced the regulatory agency to deny the company's permit. We find that cooptation theory helps to explain the short-lived success of corporate efforts during the early stages of negotiations, as well as the dynamics of failure in the long run. Three major components of cooptation are identified and discussed: (a) channeling, (b) inclusion/participation, and (c) salience control. The eventual failure of the siting process is linked to the latent demise of salience control.
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Cunningham, Kathleen Gallagher, and Katherine Sawyer. "Conflict negotiations and rebel leader selection." Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 5 (April 15, 2019): 619–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319829689.

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The international community often calls for negotiations in civil wars. Yet, we have limited understanding of when and why specific rebels enter into negotiations. The emergence of a new leader in a rebel group can provide an opportunity for the state seeking to end war, but this is conditional on how leaders take power. Rebel leaders who come to power through a local selection process (such as an election) provide information to the state about the likely cohesion of the rebel group. This affects state perceptions of the viability of a rebel group as a bargaining partner in civil war negotiations. Using original data on rebel leaders in civil wars, we show that new leaders coming to power through a local selection process are more likely to get to the negotiating table than leaders coming to power in other ways. We find that the election of a rebel group leader has a particularly strong and positive effect on the chance of getting to the table. Rebel leaders that founded their own group or brought together disparate rebels to create a single group are less likely to get to the negotiating table. This article advances our understanding of conflict dynamics by offering a novel argument of rebel leader ascension and its impact on conflict bargaining and has critical implications for parties external to the conflict interested in conflict resolution. External actors seeking to facilitate lasting peace may benefit from observing patterns of rebel leadership.
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Saragi, Martuama, Tjahya Supriatna, Sampara Lukman, and Dety Mulyanti. "MODEL NEGOSIASI POLITIK ANGGARAN DALAM PROSES PENETAPAN APBD PROVINSI SUMATERA UTARA." PAPATUNG: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, Pemerintahan dan Politik 2, no. 3 (December 23, 2019): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/japp.v2i3.26.

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Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menemukan model baru negosiasi politik anggaran dalam proses penetapan APBD Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Informan penelitian ini terdiri dari 13 orang yang ditentukan dengan snow ball sampling technique. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan, wawancara dan observasi. Analisis data penelitian menggunakan triangulasi. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan model baru dalam negoisasi politik anggaran yang disebut model negoisasi politik anggaran bernuansa positif. Model negoisasi politik anggaran bernuansa positif yaitu pola komunikasi pemerintahan yang berlangsung dalam perumusan, pembahasan dan penetapan kebijakan anggaran yang sepenuhnya untuk kepentingan publik dan anti korupsi, kolusi dan nepotisme yang terungkap dari motif negoisasi, dalil negoisasi dan konsekuensi negoisasi yang bernuansa positif. Hal ini mencakup tiga dimensi negoisasi politik anggaran, yaitu dimensi motif negoisasi anggaran bernuansa positif, dimensi dalil negoisasi anggaran bernuansa positif, dan dimensi konsekuensi negoisasi anggaran bernuansa positif. Kata Kunci: Model Baru, Interaksi Politik, Politik Anggaran, Pemerintahan Daerah. Abstract The purpose of this study is to find a new model of budget political negotiation in the process of establishing the North Sumatra Province APBD. This research is a qualitative research. The informants of this study consisted of 13 people who were determined by the snow ball sampling technique. Data collection is carried out through literature study, interviews and observations. Analysis of research data using triangulation. The results of this study found a new model in budget political negotiations called the positive nuanced budget politics negotiation model. A positive nuanced budget politics negotiation model is a pattern of government communication that takes place in the formulation, discussion and determination of budget policies that are fully in the public interest and anti-corruption, collusion and nepotism that are revealed from the negotiation motives, the propositions of negotiations and the consequences of positive negotiations. This includes three dimensions of budget politics negotiation, namely the dimensions of the motives for positive nuanced budget negotiations, the dimensions of the proposition of positive nuanced budget negotiations, and the consequence dimensions of positive nuanced budget negotiations. Keywords: New Model, Political Interaction, Budget Politics, Local Government.
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Kincaid, John, Roger Richman, Orion F. White, and Michaux H. Wilkinson. "Intergovernmental Mediation: Negotiations in Local Government Disputes." CrossRef Listing of Deleted DOIs 17, no. 1 (1987): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3330032.

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Дисертації з теми "Local negotiations"

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Pallas, Josef. "Talking organizations : corporate media work and negotiations of local practice /." Uppsala : Företagsekonomiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8351.

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Enthoven, Adrian. "The limits of local negotiations : politics in Greater Johannesburg, 1989-1998." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324336.

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Selamat, Nor Hafizah. "Negotiations and contradictions : local perceptions of tourism on Langkawi Island, Malaysia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23187.

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This thesis examines the impact of tourism development on Langkawi island. It explores the way in which the people of Langkawi have developed several strategies to deal with the various changes brought by tourism development. I suggest that tourism has been viewed as a ‘gateway’ for the development of Langkawi and has become a catalyst for the arrival of modernity in this local setting. This thesis primarily discusses how Langkawi people have dealt with the demands of the tourist industry, confronting modernity and mass consumption, negotiating their ‘old’ values/perception to absorb new values. It also shows the increase in distinction not only between outsiders and insiders but also among villagers in the local community, and the formation of the middle class. This process of negotiation was inevitable for them not only to fulfil their aspirations to become modern but also to fit in with the local tourist industry. I describe how the islanders have shown their eagerness to become modern but at the same time have made great efforts to maintain their identity as village people and as Muslims. Exploring their everyday experiences gives a deeper understanding of how tourism, either directly or indirectly, has impacted on their lives and how this has influenced their perception of tourism development. The different strategies adopted by local people show that they should not be seen as passive but as capable of accepting tourism and setting appropriate boundaries for their involvement with it. This exploration of their everyday lives contributes to the ongoing debates on the changes that tourism brings in the host country. I use tourism as a tool to address anthropological issues concerning modernity, consumption and changes in attitude, which contribute to a different ‘platform of thinking’ in the anthropology of tourism.
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Pozzebon, Marlei. "The implementation of configurable technologies : negotiations between global principles and local contexts." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84540.

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This investigation focuses on configurable technologies, a term which refers to technologies that are highly parameterizable and are built from a range of components to meet the very specific requirements of a particular organization. They cannot be seen independently of their representations through external intermediaries who "speak" for the technology by providing images, descriptions, demonstrations, policies, templates and "solutions". I use the term technology-configuring mediation to refer to the process characterized by a socially constructed relationship between clients and consultants, where visions of how the technology should operate are negotiated. Configurable tools are well illustrated by ERP projects and represent an important trend in IS, drawing its popularity from the hope of benefiting from increased economies of scale and access to cumulative knowledge supposedly "embedded" into these technological artifacts.
From a critical interpretive perspective that combines ideas from structuration theory, social shaping views of technology and critical discourse analysis, this dissertation is based on an empirical investigation that spanned one year and is primarily organized in three papers. The first paper investigates the use of structuration theory in the IS field, asking: How can we successfully apply structuration theory in IS empirical research? Paper 1 contributes to the advancement of interpretive research methods by describing, analyzing and illustrating the ways IS scholars have used Giddens' theory in their research. In addition, it presents a repertoire of research strategies that may help overcome barriers to the empirical application of structurationist theory by dealing with three core elements: time, context and duality of technology.
The second paper discusses the rhetorical closure that often dominates discourses about IT, arguing that configurable technologies are social constructions and, to different degrees, are always open to change. Taking ERP projects as a typical illustration of configurable IT, Paper 2 describes a multilevel framework that identifies occasions for ERP package negotiation and change at three levels---segment, organization and individual---thereby breaking down the rhetorical closure that seems to dominate public debate. Paper 2 draws on structurationist and political streams of thinking about technology to set out a theoretical framework that contributes to advancing our knowledge of configurable IS phenomena.
The third paper addresses the question: How does the mediation process influence the negotiation between global principles and local contexts during the implementation of configurable IS, and how does such a negotiation influence the success of the implemented technology? Paper 3 provides a new understanding of configurable technology implementation. The structuring of a new configuration is seen as a mediation process where knowledge and power dependencies are created and recreated over time by consultants and clients, the entire process being bordered by internal and external constraints. Paper 3 recognizes different patterns of mediation and explains how these patterns affect the negotiation of global principles and local contexts as well as the project results. The study ends by identifying a collection of mediating strategies that are likely to improve the implementation of configurable IS.
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Gingembre, Mathilde. "Being heard : local people in negotiations over large-scale land deals : a case study from Madagascar." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76093/.

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This thesis examines local people's voices and influence in negotiations over large-scale land deals. Drawing on ethnographic work on a case study from southern Madagascar, it highlights the variety of agropastoralists' responses to, and experienced outcomes of, the implementation of an agribusiness project on their land. The purpose of this research was to understand the conditions under which certain local people get heard, and others silenced, in the context of corporate land access and the processes by which some of these local voices manage to influence the terms and conditions of the deal. It looked at how horizontal and vertical power dynamics interface with situated moral economies and contentious politics to inform variations in local people's perspectives over, engagement with and experienced outcomes of the land deal. I argue that local voices and opportunities for influence in the context of land transactions in Madagascar are constructed at the intersection of national and village politics. I draw attention to the practices and discourses through which local state officials produce ‘powers of exclusion' and ‘powers of compliance' in their mediation of land deals. I show that, in socially-differentiated local populations, formal compliance with dispossession reflects processes of different natures: “compliance as acquiescence” for some, but also “constrained hope”, and potential challenging of local structures of domination or “compliance as resistance” for others. I explore the moral economies that underpin perspectives on corporate land access as well as choices to express, or suppress, subversive voices and observe a resistance, across social divides, to the “demoralising of land deals”. I show how the vulnerability of state authorities to social movements combined with competition for the resources of patronage and of authority associated with the control of corporate land access open interstices for influence. In a context of institutional bias however, only those who manage to activate key alliances with state officials and to unify village voices beyond inter and intra-class differences stand a chance of being heard.
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Chan, Ming Ming Joiy Danielle. "Somali community groups and their relationships with local public agency-actors : a process of communicative relations, negotiations and transitions." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442192.

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Olsson, Krister. "From preservation to creation of value." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Infrastructure, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3618.

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This report asks the question how to balance thepreservation of cultural built heritage against other publicand private interests in local planning. The aim of the studyis to contribute to knowledge about how different actors valuethe built heritage and how they interact in planning. The studydiscusses how this knowledge can be taken into account inplanning practice. As society develops further into a knowledgesociety, the valuation of local environmental qualities seemsto be more complex than during previous decades. For thatreason the maintenance of cultural built heritage is moredifficult to handle than before. The planning process has bytradition been characterised by a strong public sectorinvolvement and by strict procedural links to the regulationsystem. However, private initiatives have come to play anincreasingly important role in the planning process. Thesechanges have led to a situation where decision-making becomesinformal. The question is if planning functions in such waythat all values represented by different interests areconsidered carefully when decisions are made for preservation,renewal or change of the builtenvironment. There are reasonsto question the notion of citizen representation by localpoliticians and experts of various kinds. The theoreticalfoundation for the study is economic valuation theory, andespecially environmental economics, in combination withnegotiation theory and planning theory. These theories are usedas a starting point for an analysis of different actors’understanding of the cultural built heritage, their incentivesfor participating in planning, and, hence, for understandingthe interaction which determines preservation practice.Empirical findings are based on a case study of planning andheritage management in the municipality of Umeå. Itincludes studies of five recently completed planning processesconcerning specific real estate properties, as well as, aquestionnaire directed to a random selection of 1000inhabitants in the municipality. The study concludes that theoutcome of planning to a substantial part is depending of theinteraction and relations between the stakeholders, and, hence,structured by what has developed as the intellectual traditionand context of the city. The study shows that the builtenvironment seen as a public good in general is not fullyacknowledged and understood. Consequently, the private goodcharacteristic of the built environment is stressed inplanning, not only by private actors, but also by the publicsector. Furthermore, the study concludes that one importantissue in the management of the cultural built heritage is todraw on the actors’incentives for preservation, hence,paying more attention to the question of future direct andindirect use of the built heritage. An actor who primarilyfocuses on existence value runs the risk of being situated inthe margin of planning, with no real influence on decisionsconcerning heritage management.

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Ramanath, Ramya. "From Conflict to Collaboration: Nongovernmental Organizations and their Negotiations for Local Control of Slum and Squatter Housing in Mumbai, India." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28167.

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Interorganizational arrangements, such as partnerships between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governmental organizations (GOs), are increasingly regarded by policymakers as critical to effective social sector development. This is particularly true in the arena of housing provision for residents of slums and squatter settlements. The recent pursuit of collaboration between NGOs and government housing agencies in large urban agglomerations such as Mumbai, India marks a significant shift from the adversarial climate that previously characterized NGO-GO interactions. In other words, NGOs engaged in housing issues appear to be evolving from ''housing rights advocates'' to ''housing developers''. However, very little research has examined the struggles and pressures facing organizations as they travel from confrontational to collaborative relationships. This dissertation provides an empirical and theoretical basis for examining the evolution of NGO-GO relationships over time and, in doing so, links research on urban political economy of housing to research on organizational life cycles and strategic institutional change. Two questions are central to the dissertation: 1) How do shifts in state housing policies influence the strategies pursued by advocacy NGOs in housing the poor? 2) What are the factors that influence the emergence and sustenance of NGO-government housing partnerships? To address these, I use a multiple-case study analysis of critical incidents in the history (from 1981 to 2003) of three NGOs in Mumbai: Nivara Hakk Suraksha Samiti, Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action, and Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. In addition, I examine five state and city level housing authorities. The dissertation's findings address three broad themes of literature: i) NGO-GO Interaction Styles; ii) Institutional Isomorphism; and, iii) NGO Development Continuum. Findings related to these broad streams of literature suggest that NGO behavior is shaped both by public policy orientation and by internal strategies and decisions. In efforts to gain and retain legitimacy, NGOs will likely use multiple interaction styles both simultaneously and sequentially. Analysis of internal institutional processes in NGOs suggests that organizational responses to isomorphic demands are circumscribed by path-dependent factors and the variability in NGO resource environments. NGO development strategies have evolved towards greater complexity and sophistication.
Ph. D.
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9

Gleissner, Xenia Tabitha. "Local for locals or go global : negotiating how to represent UAE identity in television and film." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/8642.

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This dissertation in Middle Eastern Studies explores the creation of national identity through visual media in the contemporary United Arab Emirates. Within a framework of cultural and media studies the thesis analyses how forms of representation are negotiated by Emirati media producers. The research tests the applicability of cultural theories developed by Appadurai and Eickelman in the context of the Gulf Region. The UAE media industry is considered within a network of global media companies. The local industry's interaction with global media production companies illustrates a constructed divide between local and global identities. This creates specific patterns of media making and influences local audience perceptions of different narratives and representations. The research uses qualitative methods, based on interviews and focus groups conducted between September 2009 and April 2010 in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The interviewees were Emirati media professional and Students of Media Communication. They discuss how media producers and television presenters try to reconcile their notions of what a national media should be with the restrictive structure of the industry. The interviews demonstrate the challenges of a government-controlled national media for the development of a public dialogue on national identity and confirm that the state-controlled television and film industry, does not account for the diversity of the Emirati community of nationals. The criticism of Emirati representation in the media is accompanied by a feeling of stagnation and inability to change the existing patterns. It results in their turning away towards commercial media. Going beyond an analysis of restrictive media praxis, the research provides an inside perspective on the complex issue of contemporary Emirati identity.
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10

Johansson, Marit. "Life in a World Heritage City : A case study of discussions and contested values in Angra do Heroísmo, the Azores." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Kultur och samhälle – Tema Q, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-118008.

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The objectives of this study are to critically map and analyse past and current  discussions, negotiations and social processes that take place and relate to conditions created by living in- or monitoring the World Heritage City Angra do Heroísmo in the Azores, Portugal. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and qualitative interviews with the stakeholders in the city, the purpose has been to study how, and with what result and consequences, contested values, interests, rhetoric and powers are mobilized and made into dynamic forces for these stakeholders. Hence, this thesis gives a chronological presentation of selected issues and discussions, which have been taking place in the city from 1980 to 2012. The first subjects attended to are the 1980 earthquake and the nomination process which led to the inscription of Angra to the World Heritage List in 1983. However, some of the core objectives relate to the implications of living in a World Heritage City, given the preservation provisions which follow such a classified area. The aim has further been to assess the point of departure for the official monitors and their views on monitoring a vibrant historical area. The discussions analysed relate to the predicaments occurring when modern development is set up against preservation. However, the analyses show how policies and preservation ideals change, as well as how powers and authorities are challenged and affected by forces within and outside the “authorized heritage discourse”. Finally, this study has assessed the notions of pride, local attachment and identity among the inhabitants in Angra. The World Heritage Status can trigger a double sense of feelings; on the one side it holds emotions related to pride and recognition, on the other it represents obstacles for living- and developing the city in accordance with the present needs. World Heritage and tourism are closely linked, and this investigation explores how the stakeholders in Angra relate to the possibilities and threats which tourism holds. Angra represents a site where there is a limited influx of tourist, and we can see how most stakeholders speak for a quality-based tourism. In this respect, one could say there is a prevailing consensus among the stakeholders. Finally, this study has assessed the notions of pride, local attachment and identity among the inhabitants in Angra. These sensations are related to the historical cityscape, an environment which also frames personal experiences and processes. The World Heritage Status can trigger a double sense of feelings; on the one side it holds emotions related to pride and recognition, on the other it represents obstacles for living- and developing the city in accordance with the present needs. Angra do Heroísmo is studied for its particularities, yet comparisons made with other studies reveal that the matters and aspects addressed in this thesis can be universal rather than particular.
Avhandlingen er en kritisk kartlegging og analyse av tidligere og pågående diskusjoner, forhandlinger og sosiale prosesser som er relatert til det å leve i og forvalte verdensarvbyen Angra do Heroísmo på Asorene i Portugal. Basert på etnografisk feltarbeid og kvalitative intervjuer med for eksempel innbyggere, kulturminneforvaltningen, politikere og utviklere har formålet vært å forstå hvordan, og med hvilke konsekvenser, ulike verdier, retorikker, interesser og ressurser er mobilisert og gjort til drivende krefter for disse stakeholderne. Avhandlingen gir en kronologisk fremstilling av utvalgte tematikker og diskusjoner fra 1980 og frem til 2012, hvor de første temaene er knyttet til jordskjelvet som rammet byen i 1980, og den påfølgende nominasjonsprosessen til verdensarvlisten som ga Angra do Heroísmo verdensarvstatus i 1983. Et hovedanliggende for denne avhandlingen er problemstillinger knyttet til det å leve i en verdensarvby, med de restriksjoner som følger et klassifisert område. Videre har målet vært å studere myndighetenes- og kulturminnevernets ståsted og deres bevaringspolitikk. I skjæringspunktet mellom hensynet til bevaring og behovet for utvikling oppstår diskusjoner og forhandlinger, og avhandlingen analyserer utvalgte diskusjoner som hovedsakelig er knyttet til utbyggingsprosjekter. Studien viser imidlertid hvordan bevaringsidealer- og politikk endres, og likeledes hvordan myndigheter og autoriteter utfordres av krefter innenfor og utenfor ‘the authorized heritage discourse’. Avslutningsvis gir avhandlingen en analyse av hvilken betydning verdensarvstatusen har for innbyggerne, noe som berører temaene identitet, stolthet og lokal tilknytning. Verdensarven har således en dobbeltsidig størrelse, som på den ene siden trigger følelser som stolthet og annerkjennelse, mens på den andre siden representerer begrensninger og diskusjoner.
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Книги з теми "Local negotiations"

1

Haywood, Peter. Preparing for local negotiations. London: Human Resources Directorate, Manpower & Pay Policy Unit, North West Thames Regional Health Authority, 1991.

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Adrian, John M. Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307216.

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F, White Orion, and Wilkinson Michaux H, eds. Intergovernmental mediation: Negotiations in local government disputes. Boulder: Westview Press, 1986.

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San Francisco (Calif.). Municipal Transportation Agency. and Transport Workers Union of America. Local 200., eds. Negotiations overview 2007: Transport Workers' Union, Local 200. [San Francisco, Calif: Municipal Transportation Agency, 2007.

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Sheldon, Helen. Local authority/developer negotiations: A case study of local authority development control. Bristol: Bristol Polytechnic, Department of Town and Country Planning, 1991.

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Sheldon, Helen. Local authority/developer negotiations: A case study of local authority development control. Bristol: Bristol Polytechnic, Department of Town and Country Planning, 1991.

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Sheldon, Helen. Local authority/developer negotiations: A case study of local authority development control. Bristol: Bristol Polytechnic, Department of Town and Country Planning, 1991.

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McGrattan, Colm. Break-up of Local Government Staff Negotiations Board: Strategic re-positioning by management sides. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.

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9

Raymond, Saner, Jáuregui Sergio, Yiu Lichia, and Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development, eds. Negociaciones en cambio climático y ambiente : dinámica global y local : reflexiones desde Bolivia =: Climate change and environmental negotiations : global and local dynamics : reflections from Bolivia. Bolivia: Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development, 2001.

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Raymond, Saner, Jáuregui Sergio, Yiu Lichia, and Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development, eds. Negociaciones en cambio climático y ambiente : dinámica global y local : reflexiones desde Bolivia =: Climate change and environmental negotiations : global and local dynamics : reflections from Bolivia. Bolivia: Centre for Socio-Eco-Nomic Development, 2001.

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Частини книг з теми "Local negotiations"

1

Adrian, John M. "Local Consciousness in Renaissance England." In Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680, 4–50. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307216_2.

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Suzuki, Hitoshi. "Negotiations over Financial Assistance and Local Content." In Japanese Investment and British Trade Unionism, 39–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9058-0_4.

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Adrian, John M. "Introduction." In Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680, 1–3. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307216_1.

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Adrian, John M. "William Lambarde and Tudor Centralization." In Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680, 51–73. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307216_3.

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Adrian, John M. "Michael Drayton and Jacobean Court Culture." In Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680, 74–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307216_4.

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Adrian, John M. "George Herbert and Caroline Religious Uniformity." In Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680, 96–119. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307216_5.

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Adrian, John M. "Izaak Walton, Lucy Hutchinson, and the Experience of Civil War." In Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680, 120–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307216_6.

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Adrian, John M. "The Country House Poem and the Localization of Empire." In Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680, 154–78. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307216_7.

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Adrian, John M. "Conclusion." In Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680, 179–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230307216_8.

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Mills, China. "Psychopharmaceuticals as ‘Essential Medicines’: Local Negotiations of Global Access to Psychotherapeutic Medicines in India." In The Sedated Society, 227–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44911-1_9.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Local negotiations"

1

Kojo, Matti. "Local Negotiation on Compensation: Siting of the Spent Nuclear Fuel Repository in Finland." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7094.

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The aim of the paper is to analyse the local negotiation process between the Municipality of Eurajoki and the nuclear power company Teollisuuden Voima (TVO) and the nuclear waste management company Posiva Oy. The aim of the negotiations was to find an acceptable form of compensation for siting a spent nuclear fuel repository in Olkiluoto, Finland. The paper includes background information on the siting process in Finland, the local political setting in the Municipality of Eurajoki and a description of the negotiation process. The analysis of the negotiations on compensation is important for better understanding the progress of the Finnish siting process. The paper describes the picture of the contest to host the spent nuclear fuel repository. It also provides more information on the relationship between the Municipality of Eurajoki and the power company TVO. The negotiations on compensation and the roles of various players in the negotiations have not been studied in detail because the minutes of the Vuojoki liaison group were not available before the decision of the Supreme Administrative Court in May 2006.
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2

Bergmans, Anne. "Local Partnerships: Towards a New Approach in Nuclear Waste Management in Belgium." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1252.

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Abstract Over the last few years the Belgian government organisation responsible for the Belgian nuclear waste, NIRAS-ONDRAF, experienced increased public resistance against its efforts to create a low level nuclear waste repository. In response to this resistance, the Universities of Antwerp (Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen - UIA) and Luxemburg (Fondation Universitaire Luxembourgoise - FUL) assisted in the establishment of local partnerships between NIRAS-ONDRAF and representatives of the local communities involved. These partnerships are intended to bring the decision making process closer to the public concerned and to lower the threshold for active participation. This model of collective decision making in a democratic environment is a process of negotiation. These negotiations should lead to a mutual project in which both experts and local stakeholders participated and which should replace the unsuccessful top-down approach formerly used.
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3

Elkhodr, Mahmoud, Seyed Shahrestani, and Hon Cheung. "Enhancing the security of mobile health monitoring systems through trust negotiations." In 2011 IEEE 36th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcn.2011.6115545.

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Qureshi, Faisal Z. "Collaborative sensing via local negotiations in ad hoc networks of smart cameras." In the Fourth ACM/IEEE International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1865987.1866017.

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5

Sudo, Yasuhiro, Keisuke Kasiwase, and Michiko Matsuda. "Verification of Scheduling Efficiency of an Autonomous Assembly System Using the Multi-Agent Manufacturing Simulator." In ASME/ISCIE 2012 International Symposium on Flexible Automation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isfa2012-7231.

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This study is an examination of the effect of agent-based autonomous production scheduling, using the virtual factory on multi-agent simulation system. In the autonomous manufacturing system, a production plan is generated autonomously and dynamically, using communication and negotiation between agents that correspond to factory components. As infrastructure software for agent based manufacturing, the artisoc(c) is used as multi-agent simulator system. In this virtual factory, three types of agents are equipped. Users can operate a configuration such as input new jobs, adjusting a machine setting, etc, with monitoring conditions of agents. Additionally, this simulator has capability of input and output files such as assembly process schedules and logs of practical operations. As a result, by adjustment of the agent’s behavior with factory floor detail, the assembly schedule becomes more effective. The experiment was carried out to show that local negotiations contribute to global optimization when resources in the factory are effectively distributed and shared.
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6

Worster, Shawn, and Andrew Brydges. "Making Lemonade From Lemons: Lessons Learned in Reducing the Economic and Environmental Impact and Negotiating the Post-2005 Service Agreements on Behalf of the 23 NESWC Communities." In 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec12-2209.

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The twenty-three communities that comprise the North East Solid Waste Committee have labored under what may well be the worst municipal solid waste service agreement in the country. In FY 2004, the disposal fee is $140 per ton. Over the past eighteen years, the communities have paid more for disposal, as much as two to three times what the neighboring communities have paid. The NESWC Board of Directors has, over the course of the past ten years, implemented a multifaceted program to reduce the environmental and economic burden associated with managing the municipal solid wastes generated in the 23 member communities. The program has included a series of innovative approaches to obtaining negotiating leverage and support from diverse stakeholders to reduce the cost and implementing innovative programs to help reduce the amount and toxicity of waste requiring disposal. What makes this particularly significant is that it was done on a regional basis, involved interaction with a broad, diverse group of stakeholders at the local, state and federal level and required the use of a wide array of change inducing tools, including arbitration and litigation, to achieve the results. Most recently, the communities and the vendor, Wheelabrator North Andover, completed negotiations regarding service post termination of the existing Service Agreement in September, 2005. This paper updates key lessons learned over the past decade.
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7

Qiu, Yuming, Ping Ge, and Solomon C. Yim. "Enabling Local Risk Assessment to Support Global Collaboration in a Distributed Environment." In ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99159.

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Risk is a crucial criterion for decision making among multiple stakeholders negotiating for an agreement in a distributed environment. The challenge here is that risk may have different meanings and implications to different stakeholders, and this creates considerable barriers to effective negotiation and coordination in collaborative design. Our goal is to 1) capture the heterogeneous risk information at intra- and inter- stakeholder levels, 2) represent them using a uniform structure based on a function-failure relationship, and 3) enable the negotiation of the risk information among the multiple stakeholders through this uniform structure. Though a significant number of existing methods for risk analysis and management have been developed, these methods mainly focus on the local domain of a certain single stakeholder, and few have considered the possible influence and variations related to global aspects that is important for negotiation among multiple, distributed stakeholders. This work develops intra-level risk property tables to capture and represent the various risk evaluations from individual members in a single stakeholder; and then inter-level risk property tables are formed based on the synthesis of the various intra-level risk properties into a group representation for the single stakeholder, which is directly used in global negotiation and coordination with other stakeholders. An adjustable approach is used in our work to enable the adjustability of the intra- and inter- level risk evaluations via negotiation. An example problem from a NSF/NEES-sponsored research collaborative network is used to demonstrate the use of this method. The preliminary results show that this method has potential in enabling local risk assessment to support global negotiation and coordination in a distributed, collaborative environment.
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SIMONE, Pierluigi. "THE RECASTING OF THE OTTOMAN PUBLIC DEBT AND THE ABOLITION OF THE CAPITULATIONS REGIME IN THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ACTION OF TURKEY LED BY MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.64.

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The recast of the international debt contracted by the former Ottoman Empire and the overcoming of the capitulations regime that had afflicted Turkey for centuries, are two of the most relevant sectors in which the political and diplomatic action promoted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk has been expressed. Extremely relevant in this regard are the different disciplines established, respectively, by the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 and then by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. After the Ottoman Government defaulted in 1875, an agreement (the Decree of Muharrem) was concluded in 1881 between the Ottoman Government and representatives of its foreign and domestic creditors for the resumption of payments on Ottoman bonds, and a European control of a part of the Imperial revenues was instituted through the Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire was burdened by capitulations, conferring rights and privileges in favour of their subjects resident or trading in the Ottoman lands, following the policy towards European States of the Byzantine Empire. According to these capitulations, traders entering the Ottoman Empire were exempt from local prosecution, local taxation, local conscription, and the searching of their domicile. The capitulations were initially made during the Ottoman Empire’s military dominance, to entice and encourage commercial exchanges with Western merchants. However, after dominance shifted to Europe, significant economic and political advantages were granted to the European Powers by the Ottoman Empire. Both regimes, substantially maintained by the Treaty of Sèvres, were considered unacceptable by the Nationalist Movement led by Mustafa Kemal and therefore became the subject of negotiations during the Conference of Lausanne. The definitive overcoming of both of them, therefore represents one of the most evident examples of the reacquisition of the full sovereignty of the Republic of Turkey.
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Brown, Peter, and David McCauley. "Port Hope Area Initiative." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4675.

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The Port Hope Area Initiative involves a process that will lead to the cleanup of low-level radioactive wastes in two communities in Southern Ontario and the construction of three new long-term waste management facilities in those communities. The history of the Initiative provides important insights into local participation and the successes and failures of siting efforts. The wastes resulted from the operations of an industrial process in Port Hope that began in the 1930s. Initially, wastes (contaminated with radium, uranium, and arsenic) from radium processing were deposited in a relatively uncontrolled manner at various locations within the town. By the 1940s, uranium processing wastes were deposited at nearby purpose-built radioactive waste management facilities. The problem of contamination was first recognized in 1974 and the worst cases quickly cleaned up. However, large volumes of contamination remained in the community. There were three successive efforts to develop an approach to deal with the area’s contamination. In the early to mid 1980s, a standard approach was employed; i.e. indentifying the most technically appropriate local site for a disposal facility, proceeding to evaluate that site, and communicating the benefits of the chosen approach to the local community. That approach was resoundingly rejected by local citizens and government representatives. The second effort, an innovative and consultative voluntary siting effort carried out during the late-1980s and early to mid-1990s involved the solicitation of other municipalities to volunteer to host a facility for the disposal of the Port Hope areas wastes. That effort resulted in the identification of a single volunteer community. However, negotiations between the federal government and the municipality were unable to reach an acceptable agreement establishing the conditions for the community to host the waste management facility. The third effort, a community-driven approach, was undertaken in the late-1990s and resulted in an agreement in 2001 between the Government of Canada and the local communities that sets in motion a process for the cleanup of the local wastes and long-term management in new local waste management facilities. This paper provides insights into the history of the problem, the efforts of the federal government over the last two decades to deal with the issue, how local participation and decision-making processes affected the successes of the various siting approaches, and lessons learned that might be of interest to others who must deal with environmental remediation situations that involve siting long-term management facilities.
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Abacı, Hilal, Gizem Saray, Hasan Akça, and Levent Şahin. "Investigation of EU Grant Funded Projects Implemented in Turkey (2000-2015)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01400.

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Turkey has benefitted from financial assistance of the EU in order to enhance the institutional capacity and the quality of legislation in different areas since 2001. It is aimed that Turkey could integrate easily to common policies when she became a full member of the EU via projects funded by the EU. In this context, financial assistance is distributed to both public and private sectors and also non-governmental organizations via Central Finance and Contracts Unit (CFCU), National Agency, Agriculture and Rural Development Support Institution (ARDSI), and Ministries. At least 50% or all of the funds in some projects have been taken from the EU. After recognition of Turkey as a candidate country by the EU in December 1999, accession negotiations started between Turkey and the EU in October 2005. Therefore, the study covers the period of 2000-2015. The method of STEEPLED Analysis was used in the study. EU grant projects implemented in the last 15 years were investigated various point of view (Social, Technological, Economics, Environmental, Politics, Legal, European and Demographic) and in the light of the findings, contribution of the EU grant schemes to the local/regional development, employment, environmental conservation and reduction of poverty were determined.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Local negotiations"

1

Morsy, Ahmed. Towards a renewed local social and political covenant in Libya, Syria and Yemen. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ofgn2229.

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This SIPRI Insights Paper examines the domestic and external factors at play in Libya, Syria and Yemen and their impact on negotiating post-war peaceful settlements and shaping prospective social contracts.The paper’s argument is two-fold. Firstly, policymaking must move beyond a static approach to understanding these conflicts. Despite apparent stalemates, the three countries should be approached as ever-evolving simmering conflicts. Secondly, policymakers have to move below the national level in order to achieve various forms of localized social peace. Given the nature of these conflicts and the varied sub-national segmentation, the analysis concludes that community-level social and political covenants may offer a first building block towards nationwide social contracts and sustainable conflict resolution.The role of external actors, particularly the European Union (EU), is critical in paving the way for these local-level dialogues and negotiations in Libya, Syria and Yemen. In short, external powers, including the EU, should adopt policies that push for long-term resolution to achieve post-conflict stabilization rather than the opportunistic taking of sides.
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Rao, Sumedh. Impact of Non-conflict Interventions on De-escalation of Conflict and Acceptance of Negotiations. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.059.

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There exists is a broad range of academic and grey literature that looks at non-conflict interventions and its impact on de-escalation of conflict and reduction of violence. There seems to be little in relation to the acceptance of negotiations. Of this literature there are a few studies of high quality, that demonstrate a clear connection between the intervention and reduction in violence or conflict. This report focuses on those studies and, in particular, those related to protracted conflict and involving local actors. The report aims to Identify literature which shows how non-conflict (eg. humanitarian, environmental) interventions have impacted on the de-escalation of conflict and acceptance of negotiations with focus on contexts of protracted, multi-actor conflicts and the role of local conflict actors. It entails a detailed summary of these studies, followed by an annotated bibliography of the studies.
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Kamminga, Jorrit, Lotje Boswinkel, and Tamara Göth. Because She Matters: Ensuring women’s meaningful participation in peacebuilding in Afghanistan. Oxfam, Cordaid, Inclusive Peace, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6430.

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While intra-Afghan talks have started, sustainable peace is still a distant reality in Afghanistan. Ongoing peace efforts ignore women’s meaningful participation: women are included in only one in every five meetings. Evidence shows that when women have a meaningful role in peace negotiations, peace is more sustainable. Afghan and international actors must stress the importance of including women in all stages of formal and informal talks at national and local levels. This research paper uses the seven modalities of the Broadening Participation framework to identify practical ways to include Afghan women meaningfully and pave the way for inclusive peacebuilding.
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Hanbali, Layth, Elliot Hannon, Susanna Lehtimaki, Christine McNab, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Monitoring Mechanism for the Pandemic Accord: Accountability for a safer world. United Nations University International Institute of Global Health, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2022/1.

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To address the challenges in pandemic preparedness and response (PPR), the World Health Assembly (WHA), at a special session in November 2021, established an Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (the INB) and tasked it with drafting a new legal instrument for PPR. During its second meeting in July 2022, the INB decided to develop the accord under Article 19 of the WHO Constitution, which grants the WHO the authority to negotiate a legally-binding Convention or Agreement and requires ratification by countries according to their local laws to enter into force. The aim is to complete negotiations and adopt a new pandemic instrument at the WHA in May 2024. The new legally binding agreement aims to address many of the failures exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the adoption of such an agreement is not the end of the process but the beginning. The negotiations on the instrument must establish a mechanism to monitor countries' compliance with the accord, particularly on the legally-binding elements. In this paper, we recommend creating such a mechanism as part of the accord: an independent committee of experts that monitors state parties' compliance with the pandemic accord and the timeliness, completeness, and robustness of states’ reports on their obligations. Its primary purpose would be to verify state self-reports by triangulating them with a range of publicly available information, making direct inquiries, and accepting confidential submissions. It would report its findings to a body consisting of or that is directly accountable to heads of state, with a particular focus on elevating instances of non-compliance or inadequate reporting. Its reports would also be available to the public. The proposed design builds on the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of existing monitoring approaches to 11 international treaties and mechanisms within and outside of health, a review of the literature, and interviews and input from more than 40 experts from around the world.
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Pearce, Fred. Common Ground: Securing land rights and safeguarding the earth. Rights and Resources Initiative, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/homt4176.

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Up to 2.5 billion people depend on indigenous and community lands, which make up over 50 percent of the land on the planet; they legally own just one-fifth. The remaining land remains unprotected and vulnerable to land grabs from more powerful entities like governments and corporations. There is growing evidence of the vital role played by full legal ownership of land by indigenous peoples and local communities in preserving cultural diversity and in combating poverty and hunger, political instability and climate change. The importance of protecting and expanding indigenous and community ownership of land has been a key element in the negotiations of the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement on climate change, and is central to their successful implementation. This report launches a Global Call to Action on Indigenous and Community Land Rights, backed by more than 300 organizations all over the world. It is a manifesto of solidarity with the ongoing struggles of indigenous peoples and local communities seeking to secure their land rights once and for all.
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6

Ng, Andrew, and Melissa Beresford. Negotiating Transportation Insecurity: Local Responses and Coping Strategies in San José, CA. Mineta Transportation Institute, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2019.

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People rely on transportation every day to access food, work, and social activities. Transportation insecurity—the lack of regular access to adequate transportation—can therefore cause significant disruptions to livelihoods. Understanding how people experience transportation insecurity in metropolitan areas may contribute to building better transportation systems and help formulate ways to alleviate persistent and underlying transportation issues. In this study, the researchers interviewed San José residents who experience transportation insecurity to better understand their experiences and identify the major ways that they cope with lack of adequate transportation. The researchers then used inductive techniques for thematic text analysis to identify patterns major themes in people's experiences and coping strategies. Findings suggest that people experience transportation insecurity as excess time consumption through congested traffic, convoluted travel schedules, and service complications, which causes worry, anxiety, and missed opportunities due to wasting or losing personal time. Overall, people's experiences and reactions allude to what could be improved in San José’s transportation infrastructure.
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7

Schreuer, Anna, ed. Negotiating the local embedding of socio-technical experiments: a case study in fuel cell technology. Vienna: self, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/ita-pa-mo-10-2.

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8

Kira, Beatriz, Rutendo Tavengerwei, and Valary Mumbo. Points à examiner à l'approche des négociations de Phase II de la ZLECAf: enjeux de la politique commerciale numérique dans quatre pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Digital Pathways at Oxford, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/01.

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Realities such as the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the move to online operations, highlighting the undeniable fact that the world is continuing to go digital. This emphasises the need for policymakers to regulate in a manner that allows them to harness digital trade benefits while also avoiding associated risk. However, given that digital trade remains unco-ordinated globally, with countries adopting different approaches to policy issues, national regulatory divergence on the matter continues, placing limits on the benefits that countries can obtain from digital trade. Given these disparities, ahead of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Phase II Negotiations, African countries have been considering the best way to harmonise regulations on issues related to digital trade. To do this effectively, AfCFTA members need to identify where divergencies exist in their domestic regulatory systems. This will allow AfCFTA members to determine where harmonisation is possible, as well as what is needed to achieve such harmonisation. This report analyses the domestic regulations and policies of four focus countries – South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal – comparing their regulatory approaches to five policy issues: i) regulation of online transactions; ii) cross-border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection; iii) access to source code and technology transfer; iv) intermediary liability; and v) customs duties on electronic transmissions. The study highlights where divergencies exist in adopted approaches, indicating the need for the four countries – and AfCFTA members in general – to carefully consider the implications of the divergences, and determine where it is possible and beneficial to harmonise approaches. This was intended to encourage AfCFTA member states to take ownership of these issues and reflect on the reforms needed. As seen in Table 1 below, the study shows that the four countries diverge on most of the five policy issues. There are differences in how all four countries regulate online transactions – that is, e-signatures and online consumer protection. Nigeria was the only country out of the four to recognise all types of e-signatures as legally equivalent. Kenya and Senegal only recognise specific e-signatures, which are either issued or validated by a recognised institution, while South Africa adopts a mixed approach, where it recognises all e-signatures as legally valid, but provides higher evidentiary weight to certain types of e-signatures. Only South Africa and Senegal have specific regulations relating to online consumer protection, while Nigeria and Kenya do not have any clear rules. With regards to cross border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection, the study shows that all four focus countries have regulations that consist of elements borrowed from the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, this was regarding the need for the data subject's consent, and also the adequacy requirement. Interestingly, the study also shows that South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria also adopt data localisation measures, although at different levels of strictness. South Africa’s data localisation laws are mostly imposed on data that is considered critical – which is then required to be processed within South African borders – while Nigeria requires all data to be processed and stored locally, using local servers. Kenya imposes data localisation measures that are mostly linked to its priority for data privacy. Out of the four focus countries, Senegal is the only country that does not impose any data localisation laws. Although the study shows that all four countries share a position on customs duties on electronic transmissions, it is also interesting to note that none of the four countries currently have domestic regulations or policies on the subject. The report concludes by highlighting that, as the AfCFTA Phase II Negotiations aim to arrive at harmonisation and to improve intra-African trade and international trade, AfCFTA members should reflect on their national policies and domestic regulations to determine where harmonisation is needed, and whether AfCFTA is the right platform for achieving this efficiently.
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Rokhideh, Maryam. Leveraging the Peacebuilding Potential of Cross-border Trader Networks in Sub-Saharan Africa. RESOLVE Network, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.17.lpbi.

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Cross-border trade plays a prominent role in economic, social, and political life in Sub-Saharan Africa, contributing significantly to development, poverty reduction, and job creation. Across the continent, cross-border trade accounts for 43 percent of the entire population’s income. As actors embedded in licit and illicit networks at local and regional levels, cross-border traders have the potential to fuel conflict or mitigate it. They can act as spoilers, supporting armed groups and war economies, or as peace intermediaries, negotiating peace deals and bridging conflict divides across communities. Given that most armed conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa are shaped by cross-border dynamics, cross-border traders present an underexamined yet critical point of entry for analyzing and addressing conflicts and should be included in new and ongoing peacebuilding programming. This policy note provides recommendations on how policymakers can leverage the untapped peacebuilding potential of cross-border traders and decrease their spoiling power.
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