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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "LOAD EFFECTS"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "LOAD EFFECTS"

Tsal, Yehoshua, and Hanna Benoni. "Diluting the burden of load: Perceptual load effects are simply dilution effects." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 36, no. 6 (2010): 1645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018172.

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Yi, Z., A. K. Agrawal, M. Ettouney, and S. Alampalli. "Blast Load Effects on Highway Bridges. I: Modeling and Blast Load Effects." Journal of Bridge Engineering 19, no. 4 (April 2014): 04013023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0000547.

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Benoni, H., and Y. Tsal. "Diluting the burden of load: Perceptual load effects are simply dilution effects." Journal of Vision 9, no. 8 (March 22, 2010): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/9.8.228.

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Bloch-Salisbury, E., and A. Harver. "Effects of detection and classification of resistive and elastic loads on endogenous event-related potentials." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 1246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1246.

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Resistive and elastic loads added to inspiration are readily detected, and detection latencies vary as a function of load magnitude and load type. In the present study, we recorded endogenous event-related potentials (i.e., N2 and P3) to the detection and classification of large (15.0 cmH2O.1–1.s and 70.0 cmH2O/l) and small (1.45 cmH2O.1–1.s and 19.0 cmH2O/l) loads equated for subjective magnitude in 14 men (mean age 21.14 yr). In blocks of trials comprised of either large or small loads, subjects made a button-press response upon detecting a load and then classified the load as resistive or elastic. Loads were presented briefly (for approximately 200 ms) early in inspiration and at the same level of inspiratory pressure. For loads of comparable magnitude, subjects detected equivalent numbers of resistive and elastic loads but could not discriminate reliably between load types. On the other hand, the latency of N2 was shorter to larger than to smaller loads, to resistive than to elastic loads, and to correct than to incorrect load classifications. The latency of P3 was affected similarly by load magnitude and load type. These findings demonstrate that event-related potentials are elicited by brief presentations of resistive and elastic loads and that N2 and P3 latencies vary reliably as a function of load magnitude and load type. Most importantly, event-related potential latencies are sensitive to load type and to classification accuracy even when resistive and elastic loads are not distinguishable subjectively.

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Zhang, L. M., M. C. McVay, S. J. Han, P. W. Lai, and R. Gardner. "Effects of dead loads on the lateral response of battered pile groups." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-008.

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The effects of vertical load on the lateral resistance of single piles were initially reviewed to facilitate the interpretation of the test results of pile groups. Then, 18 different lateral load tests were carried out in the centrifuge on the 3 × 3 and the 4 × 4 fixed-head battered pile groups to investigate the effects of vertical load on the group lateral resistance. Vertical dead loads ranging from approximately 20 to 80% of the vertical ultimate group capacity Puv were applied. Based on these tests, the effects of vertical dead load on the lateral resistance of the battered pile groups are found to depend on pile arrangement, pile inclination, and soil density. The lateral resistances of the 3 × 3 pile groups do not appear to vary considerably with the vertical dead loads in the range of the vertical loads studied. For the 4 × 4 pile groups however, the lateral resistances at vertical loads of approximately 50 and 80% Puv may be 26-29% and even 40% higher than that at the 20% Puv dead load. It may be inferred that designs based on standard lateral load tests with small vertical dead loads would be on the safe side. Three mechanisms for vertical load effects are discussed in terms of axial tension and compression failures, influence of pile inclination, and initial subgrade reaction caused by vertical loading. Preliminary numerical analyses are also performed to simulate the responses of some of the battered pile groups.Key words: pile group, battered pile, lateral resistance, load test, pile-soil interaction, centrifuge test.

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Bartlett, F. M., H. P. Hong, and W. Zhou. "Load factor calibration for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada: Statistics of loads and load effects." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-087.

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The 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) will adopt a companion-action format for load combinations and specify wind and snow loads based on their 50 year return period values. This paper summarizes statistics for dead load, live load due to use and occupancy, snow load, and wind load that have been adopted for calibration, and a companion paper presents the calibration itself. A new survey of typical construction tolerances indicates that statistics for dead load widely adopted for building code calibration are adequate unless the dead load is dominated by thin, cast-in-place concrete toppings. Unique statistics for live load due to use and occupancy are derived that pertain specifically to the live load reduction factor equation used in the NBCC. Statistics for snow and wind loads are normalized using the 50 year values that will be specified in the 2005 NBCC. New statistics are determined for the factors that transform wind speeds and ground snow depths into wind and snow loads on structures.Key words: buildings, code calibration, companion action, dead loads, live loads, load combinations, load factors, reliability, safety, snow loads, wind loads.

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Willy, Richard W., Paul DeVita, Stacey A. Meardon, Michael Baggaley, Christopher C. Womble, and John D. Willson. "Effects of Load Carriage and Step Length Manipulation on Achilles Tendon and Knee Loads." Military Medicine 184, no. 9-10 (March 6, 2019): e482-e489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz031.

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Abstract Introduction Longer steps with load carriage is common in shorter Soldiers when matching pace with taller Soldiers whereas shorter steps are hypothesized to reduce risk of injury with load carriage. The effects of load carriage with and without step length manipulation on loading patterns of three commonly injured structures were determined: Achilles tendon, patellofemoral joint (PFJ) and medial tibiofemoral joint (mTFJ). Materials and Methods ROTC Cadets (n = 16; 20.1 years ± 2.5) walked with and without load carriage (20-kg). Cadets then altered preferred step lengths ±7.5% with load carriage. Achilles tendon, PFJ and mTFJ loads were estimated via musculoskeletal modeling. Results Large increases in peak Achilles tendon load (p < 0.001, d = 1.93), Achilles tendon impulse per 1-km (p < 0.001, d = 0.91), peak mTFJ load (p < 0.001, d = 1.33), and mTFJ impulse per 1-km (p < 0.001, d = 1.49) were noted with load carriage while moderate increases were observed for the PFJ (peak: p < 0.001, d = 0.69; impulse per 1-km: p < 0.001, d = 0.69). Shortened steps with load carriage only reduced peak Achilles tendon load (p < 0.001, d = –0.44) but did not reduce Achilles impulse per km due to the resulting extra steps and also did not reduce peak or cumulative PFJ and mTFJ loads (p > 0.05). Longer steps with load carriage increased PFJ loads the most (p < 0.001, d = 0.68–0.75) with moderate increases in mTFJ forces (p < 0.001, d = 0.48–0.63) with no changes in Achilles tendon loads (p = 0.11–0.20). Conclusion A preferred step length is the safest strategy when walking with load carriage. Taking a shorter step is not an effective strategy to reduce loading on the Achilles tendon, PFJ, and mTFJ.

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Kawabe, Shoko. "Effects of Force Output and Preparatory Set on Premotor Time of Simultaneous Bilateral Responses." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 2 (April 1989): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.619.

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Premotor times in simultaneous bilateral elbow-flexion movements were measured for 20 subjects when loads (light or heavy) were applied to both elbow joints. Premotor times for the heavy load were longer than those for the light load on both sides. The difference in premotor time between the two loads was larger for bilateral response than for unilateral response, suggesting that exertion of strength combines with response modality to increase the difference between the two loads. Preparatory set did not affect premotor time under the heavy load but affected premotor time under the light load. Possible mechanisms subserving these findings are discussed.

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Wang, Zi Jian, Rong Pan Hu, and Shun Long Li. "A New Combination Method of Temperature and Vehicle Load Effects Based on SHM Data." Advanced Engineering Forum 5 (July 2012): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.5.157.

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When more than one load act on a structure, the combination of the load effects should be considered, especially for which are variant in time and in space. A new method to calculate the combination of two different loads effects as well as to predict the extreme value distributions in the subsequent service life is proposed. The loads discussed in this paper are two main loads acting on the cable-stayed bridge: the temperature and vehicle load, which can be modeled as rectangular pulse process and filtered Poisson process respectively. Firstly, truncated distributions of the two load effects are depicted using the monitoring data of Nanjing 3rd Yangtze River Bridge. The generalized Pareto distribution fits well to the upper tails of the vehicle load effect and the mean values of the temperature load effect in an hour follows a two weighted normal distribution. Then the combination of the two load effects as well as the prediction of extreme values in the subsequent service life can be calculated. In the end, the results obtained through the proposed method are compared with the observed value of the bridge.

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Marek, P., and W. J. Venuti. "On combinations of load effects." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 16, no. 3 (January 1990): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(90)90009-6.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "LOAD EFFECTS"

Zhou, Xiao Yi. "Statistical analysis of traffic loads and traffic load effects on bridges." Phd thesis, UNIVERSITE PARIS-EST, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949929.

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Une grande majorité (85%) des ponts français a une portée inférieure à 50 m. Pour ce type d’ouvrage d’art, la charge de trafic peut être déterminante pour la conception et le recalcul. Or, en Europe, le fret routier a augmenté de 36.2% entre 1995 et 2010, et la croissance annuelle du volume transporté par la route a été évaluée à 1.7% entre 2005 et 2030. Il est donc essentiel de s’assurer que les infrastructures européennes sont en mesure de répondre à cette demande croissante en capacité structurelle des ouvrages. Pour les ouvrages neufs, les modèles de trafic dans les normes ou les législations pour la conception des ponts incluent une marge de sécurité suffisante pour que la croissance du trafic soit prise en compte sans dommage par ces ouvrages. Mais pour les ouvrages existants, la résistance structurelle aux trafics actuels et futur est à vérifier et une priorisation des mesures doit être faite pour assurer leur intégrité structurelle et leur sécurité. De plus, afin de préserver leur infrastructure tout en ne menaçant pas leur compétitivité nationale, certains pays réfléchissent à l’introduction de poids lourds plus longs, plus lourds, ce qui permet de réduire le nombre de véhicules pour un volume ou un tonnage donné, ainsi que d’autres coûts (d’essence, de travail, ..), ce qui justifie encore plus les calculs effectués. Pour répondre à ce genre de problématique, différentes méthodes d’extrapolation ont déjà été utilisées pour modéliser les effets extrêmes du trafic, afin de déterminer les effets caractéristiques pour de grandes périodes de retour. Parmi celles-ci nous pouvons citer l’adaptation d’une gaussienne ou d’une loi de Gumbel sur la queue de distribution empirique, la formule de Rice appliquée à l’histogramme des dépassements de niveaux, la méthode des maxima par blocs ou celle des dépassements de seuils élevés. Les fondements et les utilisations faites de ces méthodes pour modéliser les effets extrêmes du trafic sur les ouvrages sont donnés dans un premier chapitre. De plus, une comparaison quantitative entre ces méthodes est réalisée. Deux études sont présentées, l’une basée sur un échantillon numérique et l’autre sur un échantillon réaliste d’effets du trafic. L’erreur induite par ces méthodes est évaluée à l’aide d’indicatifs statistiques simples, comme l’écart-type et les moindres carrés, évalués sur les valeurs caractéristiques et les probabilités de rupture. Nos conclusions sont, qu’en général, les méthodes sont moins précises lorsqu’il s’agit de déterminer des probabilités de rupture que lorsqu’elles cherchent des valeurs caractéristiques. Mais la raison peut en être les faibles probabilités recherchées (10-6 par an). De plus, bien qu’aucune méthode n’ait réalisée des extrapolations de manière correcte, les meilleures sont celles qui s’intéressent aux queues de probabilités, et en particulier des dépassements au-dessus d’un seuil élevé. Ainsi une étude de cette dernière méthode est réalisée : en effet, cette méthode, nommé "dépassements d’un seuil élevé", considère que les valeurs au-dessus d’un seuil correctement choisi, assez élevé, suit une distribution de Pareto généralisée (GPD). Cette méthode est utilisée de manière intensive dans les domaines de l’hydrologie et la finance, mais non encore appliquée dans le domaine des effets du trafic sur les ouvrages. Beaucoup de facteurs influencent le résultat lorsqu’on applique cette méthode, comme la quantité et la qualité des données à notre disposition, les critères utilisés pour déterminer les pics indépendants, l’estimation des paramètres et le choix du seuil. C’est pour cette raison qu’une étude et une comparaison des différentes méthodes d’estimation des paramètres de la distribution GPD sont effectuées : les conditions, hypothèses, avantages et inconvénients des différentes méthodes sont listés. Différentes méthodes sont ainsi étudiées, telles la méthode des moments (MM), la méthode des moments à poids (PWM), le maximum de vraisemblance (ML), le maximum de vraisemblance pénalisé (PML), le minimum de la densité de la divergence (MDPD), la méthode des fractiles empiriques (EPM), la statistique du maximum d’adaptation et la vraisemblance des moments (LM). Pour comparer ces méthodes, des échantillons numériques, des effets de trafic simulés par Monte Carlo et des effets mesurés sur un ouvrage réel sont utilisés. Comme prévu, les méthodes ont des performances différentes selon l’échantillon considéré. Néanmoins, pour des échantillons purement numériques, MM et PWM sont recommandées pour des distributions à paramètre de forme négatif et des échantillons de petite taille (moins de 200 valeurs). ML est conseillé pour des distributions à paramètre de forme positif. Pour des effets du trafic simulés, ML et PML donne des valeurs de retour plus correctes lorsque le nombre de valeurs au-dessus du seuil est supérieur à 100 ; dans le cas contraire, MM et PWM sont conseillés. De plus, comme c’est prouvé dans l’étude de valeurs réelles mesurées, les valeurs a priori aberrantes ("outliers") ont une influence notable sur le résultat et toutes les méthodes sont moins performantes. Comme cela a été montré dans la littérature, ces "outliers" proviennent souvent du mélange de deux distributions, qui peuvent être deux sous-populations. Dans le cas de l’effet du trafic sur les ouvrages, cela peut être la raison d’une estimation des paramètres non correcte. Les articles existant sur le sujet soulignent le fait que les effets du trafic sont dus à des chargements indépendants, qui correspondant au nombre de véhicules impliqués. Ils ne suivent pas la même distribution, ce qui contredit l’hypothèse classique en théorie des valeurs extrêmes que les événements doivent être indépendants et identiquement distribués. Des méthodes permettant de prendre en compte ce point et utilisant des distributions mélangées (exponentielles ou valeurs extrêmes généralisées) ont été proposées dans la littérature pour modéliser les effets du trafic. Nous proposons une méthode similaire, que nous appelons dépassement de seuils mélangés, afin de tenir des différentes distributions sous-jacentes dans l’échantillon tout en appliquant à chacune d’entre elles la méthode des dépassements de seuil. Pour des ponts ayant des portées supérieures à 50 m, le scénario déterminant est celui de la congestion, qui n’est pas ce qui est étudié ici. De plus, le trafic n’est pas la composante déterminante pour la conception des ponts de longue portée. Mais des problèmes de fatigue peuvent apparaître dans certains ponts, tels les ponts métalliques à dalle orthotrope, où l’étude du trafic peut devenir nécessaire. Ainsi nous avons fait une étude de l’influence de la position des véhicules sur le phénomène de fatigue. Pour cela, quatre fichiers de trafic réels, mesurés en 2010 et 2011 par quatre stations de pesage différentes, ont été utilisés. Ils ont mis à jour des comportements latéraux différents d’une station à l’autre. Si nous les appliquons au viaduc de Millau, qui est un pont métallique à haubans et à dalle orthotrope, nous voyons que l’histogramme des effets et l’effet de fatigue cumulé est beaucoup affecté par le comportement latéral des véhicules. Ainsi, des études approfondies utilisant les éléments finis pour modéliser les ouvrages et des enregistrements de trafic réel, peuvent être utilisées pour pré-déterminer quels éléments, donc quelles soudures, doivent être examinés dans les ponts afin d’estimer leur santé structurelle.

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Güngör, Güven. "Biaxial Load Effects on Fatigue Properties." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19079/.

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This study aims to aid many issues related to fatigue, namely biaxial loading, the definition of the finite geometry correction factor of the stress intensity factor and the understanding of the energy dissipation per fatigue crack growth. In our work, we are using the geometry correction factor definition that uses the ratio of external work introduced to the material. Using different biaxiality ratios varies the external work done, thus makes it possible for us to observe how the geometry correction factor handles this variation. The trend of strain energy release rate per crack growth is also investigated through biaxiality. Moreover, the common discussion of the effects of biaxiality on fatigue properties is aided with yet another study. For this purpose, cruciform shaped plate specimen from an aluminum alloy are manufactured and biaxially loaded. Crack growth is observed while load-to-displacement data is recorded to evaluate the external work done on the specimen. As a result, it is seen that biaxiality delays the fatigue failure. Crack growth rates decreases as the biaxiality increases for a given effective stress intensity factor. Making use of the work values for the calculation of the finite geometry correction factor handles the effects of biaxiality well. Strain energy release rate increases as the crack propagates, but there is no trend between strain energy release rate and biaxiality of the loading. In the future works, observing also the crack tip plasticity and trying out a wider range of biaxiality ratios with different types of material would result in more generalizable conclusions. Moreover, more repetitions of the fatigue tests would give more accurate values for the amount work introduced to the material with changing biaxiality.

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Islam, Shariful. "Load Rating Study of Effects of Special Hauling Vehicle Loads on Ohio Bridges." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1544818358028013.

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James, Gerard. "Analysis of traffic load effects an railway bridges." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Civil and Architectural Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3523.

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The work presented in this thesis studies the load and loadeffects of traffic loads on railway bridges. The increasedknowledge of the traffic loads, simulated using fieldmeasurements of actual trains, are employed in a reliabilityanalysis in an attempt at upgrading existing railwaybridges.

The study utilises data from a weigh-in-motion site whichrecords, for each train, the train speed, the loads from eachaxle and the axle spacings. This data of actual trainconfigurations and axle loads are portrayed as moving forcesand then used in computer simulations of trains crossing twodimensional simply supported bridges at constant speed. Onlysingle track short to medium span bridges are considered in thethesis. The studied load effect is the moment at mid-span. Fromthe computer simulations the moment history at mid-span isobtained.

The load effects are analysed by two methods, the first isthe classical extreme value theory where the load effect ismodelled by the family of distributions called the generalisedextreme value distribution (GEV). The other method adopts thepeaks-over-threshold method (POT) where the limiting family ofdistributions for the heights to peaks-over-threshold is theGeneralised Pareto Distribution (GPD). The two models aregenerally found to be a good representation of the data.

The load effects modelled by either the GEV or the GPD arethen incorporated into a reliability analysis in order to studythe possibility of raising allowable axle loads on existingSwedish railway bridges. The results of the reliabilityanalysis show that they are sensitive to the estimation of theshape parameter of the GEV or the GPD.

While the study is limited to the case of the ultimate limitstate where the effects of fatigue are not accounted for, thefindings show that for the studied cases an increase inallowable axle load to 25 tonnes would be acceptable even forbridges built to the standards of 1940 and designed to LoadModel A of that standard. Even an increase to both 27.5 and 30tonnes appears to be possible for certain cases. It is alsoobserved that the short span bridges ofapproximately fourmetres are the most susceptible to a proposed increase inpermissible axle load.

Keywords:bridge, rail, traffic load, load effect,dynamic amplification factor, extreme value theory,peaks-over-threshold, reliability theory, axle loads, fielddata.

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FERREIRA, MARCELO PIERI. "ESTIMATION OF THE SHORTAGE EFFECTS IN LOAD FORECASTING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4545@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
Esta dissertação investiga os efeitos do racionamento de energia elétrica ocorrido no período entre junho de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002, nas previsões de energia das principais concessionárias brasileiras. Para tal, estudamos o desempenho de modelos lineares e não-lineares. Dentre os modelos lineares, analisamos os modelos ARIMA (p,d,q) de Box & Jenkins e os modelos de amortecimento exponencial de Holt & Winters. Dentre os modelos não-lineares, são abordadas técnicas de inteligência artificial tais como Redes Neurais e Lógica Fuzzy. Visto que o racionamento levou a previsões ineficientes, propomos alternativas para reduzir seu impacto. Por último, investigamos os impactos causados pela crise energética nas previsões doze passos à frente de carga elétrica provenientes de vinte e oito concessionárias. A base de dados é composta pelos valores observados e as previsões fornecidas pelo PREVCAR, um dos sistemas de previsão da cadeia oficial de programas do setor elétrico brasileiro. Por meio de um procedimento de Análise de Agrupamento utilizando Redes Neurais Artificiais do tipo SOM (Self Organizing Map) de Kohonen são estabelecidos os grupos de concessionárias que possuem os mesmos comportamentos diante do racionamento. Como resultado final, foram estimados fatores de redução das previsões causados pelo racionamento, que servem como base de cálculo para reduções nas previsões futuras em períodos de crise de abastecimento.
This dissertation aims at an exploratory study of impacts caused by the 2001 energy crisis on the current forecasts produced on a monthly basis for main distributing utilities. For that we show an accuracy study of the performance of the linear and non-linear models. It has been used, within the linear models class, the modeling approach of Box-Jenkins and exponential smoothing of Holt- Winters. Within the non-linear ones, it was chosen those based on artificial intelligence techniques, such as Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Network. Due to the lack of accuracy of the models to cope with the discontinuities provoked by the crisis on the forecasts, some alternative tools to reduce the impact on the forecast errors are proposed. Finally, the impacts caused by the crisis on multiple steps ahead forecasts have also been investigated. It was taken the monthly forecasts produced by PREVCAR (one of official Brazilian load forecasting system), as well as the observed values covering the same period, to create the crisis response indices series for each one of the twenty and eight utilities included in the analysis. It was also used the well-known neural network based algorithm SOM (Self Organizing Maps) to classify the utilities into homogeneous groups, according to their response to the energy crisis. As a final result, for each group, it was estimated the reduction factors that can be used as a prior information in future energy supply crisis.

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URAO, Akira, and Kazuhisa MIWA. "EFFECTS OF COGNITIVE LOAD IN COMPUTER-BASED LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS." INTELLIGENT MEDIA INTEGRATION NAGOYA UNIVERSITY / COE, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10472.

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Ross, Patricia. "Electrophysiology of working memory, task modality and load effects." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ51224.pdf.

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Tabarra, M. "Load factor effects on thermally stratified solar storage tanks." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356458.

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ARAUJO, THIAGO GOMES DE. "ADJUSTING LOAD SERIES BY THE CALENDAR AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=23850@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
O objetivo do presente trabalho é a geração de uma série mensal de carga elétrica livre das variações de calendário e de temperatura. Para tal, foram comparadas duas abordagens, uma totalmente empírica e outra híbrida com métodos empíricos e modelagens de regressão dinâmica, para identificar a mais adequada para a retirada desses ofensores. Os dados utilizados são provenientes de observações diárias de cada um dos quatro subsistemas que integram o Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN), porém a ideia é produzir séries mensais do SIN e não apenas de cada um dos subsistemas. A série trimestral do PIB foi utilizada para decidir qual abordagem melhor ajustou os dados de Carga. A série mensal de carga ajustada do SIN será utilizada para subsidiar decisões, de compra e venda de energia nos leilões, das empresas distribuidoras de energia elétrica.
This thesis proposes a method to generate monthly load series free of variations coming from two sources: calendar and temperature. Two approaches were considered, one totally empirical and another one called hybrid, as it use empirical procedure to remove the calendar effect and a dynamic regression type of model to remove the temperature effects. The data set used comes found to daily observations from each one of the four subsystems that form the SIN (Brazilian Integrated Grid). However the final task is to obtain a unique monthly series for the SIN and not only the four subsystems monthly series. The quarterly PIB series was used to check the performance of the two proposed methods. Such adjusted series are quite important tools to hold on the decision of acquisitions and dailes of energy in the energy audits.

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Kai, Lauren C. (Lauren Catherine). "Effects of varying inertial load on human wrist movement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32938.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 44).
To study natural wrist movements in human subjects, a magnetic motion sensing system was employed to document unimpeded motion. Three identical bottles of different weights were designed as handles to provide a wide range of inertial loads. Subjects executed a series of horizontal and vertical moves with each bottle at two different speeds. Hypotheses concerning the effects of increased load on target overshoot, maximum acceleration and speed, and hand tremors were tested. The frequency content seen in the natural speed trials was found to resemble a normal distribution. This higher area of frequency content could potentially correlate with the frequency of hand tremors. After analysis of overshoot, there was found to be no statistical difference in the percent overshoot of movements by varying the weight of the handles. The data showed that the highest accelerations and speeds of the empty bottle were faster than those of the medium weight or the heavy weight bottle. One possible interpretation of this is that human wrist movement is force limited and there is a maximum acceleration at which humans can move.
by Lauren C. Kai.
S.B.

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Книги з теми "LOAD EFFECTS"

J, Zakrajsek James, and NASA Glenn Research Center, eds. Minimizing load effects on NA4 gear vibration diagnostic parameter. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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Tabarra, Mohammad. Load factor effects on thermally stratified solar storage tanks. Leicester: Leicester Polytechnic, 1985.

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Richmond, M. J. A stripyield model including effects of hold periods at constant load. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1993.

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Appel, Cynthia L. Effects of a landslide complex on sediment discharges and loads in the Muddy Creek drainage basin and deposition into Paonia Reservoir, west-central Colorado, 1986-87. Denver, Colo: U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Mrad, Nezih. Effects of wheel-load spatial repeatability on road damage: A literature review. McLean, VA: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research and Development, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1998.

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Hirst, Eric. Effects of energy-efficiency programs on load-growth uncertainty for electric utilities. Oak Ridge, Tenn: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1988.

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Lok, Gordon Tat Kwong. Load induced microcracking and its effects on the air permeability of mortar. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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Peters, Sean Michael. The effects of LCAC load policy on the duration of amphibious assault. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.

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Sweller, John, Paul Ayres, and Slava Kalyuga. "The Worked Example and Problem Completion Effects." In Cognitive Load Theory, 99–109. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8126-4_8.

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Eitel, Alexander, Lisa Bender, and Alexander Renkl. "Effects of informed use." In Advances in Cognitive Load Theory, 168–79. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429283895-14.

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Sweller, John, Paul Ayres, and Slava Kalyuga. "Facilitating Effective Mental Processes: The Imagination and Self-Explanation Effects." In Cognitive Load Theory, 183–92. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8126-4_14.

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Nowak, Andrzej S., and Junsik Eom. "Control System for Highway Load Effects." In Smart Structures, 229–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4611-1_26.

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Boldea, Ion. "Skin and on-Load Saturation Effects." In Induction Machines Handbook, 219–67. Third edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020. |: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003033417-9.

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Zuev, Boris K., and Olga K. Timonina. "The Investigation of Hydrogen Redistribution Under a Tensile Load." In Hydrogen Effects in Materials, 97–104. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118803363.ch8.

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Borah, Sushmita, Amin Al-Habaibeh, and Rolands Kromanis. "The Effect of Temperature Variation on Bridges—A Literature Review." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 207–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_26.

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AbstractBridges are commonly subjected to complex load scenarios in their lifetime. Understanding the response of bridges under such load scenarios is important to ensure their safety. While static and dynamic loads from vehicles and pedestrians influence the instantaneous response of bridges, studies show that thermal load from diurnal and seasonal temperature variation influences its long-term response and durability. This study addresses the effects of thermal load variation on bridges and briefly reviews methods of measuring such effects. The findings show that thermally induced deformations in bridges are of magnitude equal or larger than that induced by vehicle induced load. This study highlights the significance of measuring temperature responses of bridges for their robust structural health monitoring.

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Sweller, John, Paul Ayres, and Slava Kalyuga. "Emerging Themes in Cognitive Load Theory: The Transient Information and the Collective Working Memory Effects." In Cognitive Load Theory, 219–33. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8126-4_17.

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Förch, Matthias. "Blast Effects on Buildings." In Analysis of Glass Panels Subjected to Blast Load, 9–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59087-4_3.

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Nakaji, Tatsuro, and Takeshi Izuta. "Effects of Nitrogen Load on Asian Trees." In Air Pollution Impacts on Plants in East Asia, 271–80. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56438-6_18.

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van Vonno, N. W., L. G. Pearce, J. S. Gill, H. W. Satterfield, E. T. Thomson, T. E. Fobes, A. P. Williams, and P. J. Chesley. "Total Dose and Single Event Testing of a Hardened Point of Load Regulator." In 2010 Radiation Effects Data Workshop. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/redw.2010.5619501.

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Jenkins, C., and S. Faisal. "Thermal load effects on precision membranes." In 40th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-1525.

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Sorokin, S. A. "Fast switching of megaampere current to the load." In 8th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56761/efre2022.s2-o-007301.

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Previous experiments on the MIG generator (2 MA, 80 ns) showed that the generator current can be switched to a load in 1–3 ns in the process of sweeping (pushing away from the load) by the magnetic field of the plasma, previously injected in the area of the load and the conical load holder. Fast switching of the megaampere current to a foil liner or a solid metal rod is accompanied by an explosion of the liner (rod) surface and the formation of a thin layer of hot (>100 eV) dense plasma. In the course of these experiments, the question arose of whether the formation of a surface plasma is the result of implosion onto the load surface of a part of the injected plasma swept by the current. To clarify this issue, test shots were made in this work with different configurations of the load area and the composition of the injected plasma. The performed studies confirm that when plasma is injected into the load region with a conical holder, the plasma is pushed away from the load and the current is switched over to the surface of the load (liner or rod) in a few nanoseconds.

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Jinfeng Wang and Yuzeng Li. "Effects of interruptible load on purchasing portfolio for load serving entities." In 2008 Third International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drpt.2008.4523421.

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Johannessen, Thomas B., and Øistein Hagen. "Characteristic Levels of Strongly Nonlinear Extreme Wave Load Effects." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54963.

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Offshore structures are typically required to withstand extreme and abnormal load effects with annual probabilities of occurrence of 10−2 and 10−4 respectively. For linear or weakly nonlinear problems, the load effects with the prescribed annual probabilities of occurrence are typically estimated as a relatively rare occurrence in the short term distribution of 100 year and 10 000 year seastates. For strongly nonlinear load effects, it is not given that an extreme seastate can be used reliably to estimate the characteristic load effect. The governing load may occur as an extremely rare event in a much lower seastate. In attempting to model the load effect in an extreme seastate, the short term probability level is not known nor is it known whether the physics of the wave loading is captured correctly in an extreme seastate. Examples of such strongly nonlinear load effects are slamming loads on large volume offshore structures or wave in deck loads on jacket structures subject to seabed subsidence. Similarly, for structures which are unmanned in extreme weather, the governing load effects for the manned structure will occur as extremely rare events in a relatively frequent seastate. The present paper is concerned with the long term distribution of strongly nonlinear load effects. Using a simple point estimate of the wave elevation correct to second order and a crest kinematics model which takes into account the possibility of wave breaking, the long term distribution of drag load on a column above the still water level is studied and compared with a similar loading model based on second order kinematics which does not include the effect of wave breaking. The findings illustrate the challenges listed above. Model tests are useful in quantifying strongly nonlinear load effects which cannot be calculated accurately. But only a relatively small number of seastates can be run in a model test campaign and it is not feasible to estimate short term responses far beyond the three hour 90% fractile level. Similarly, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is increasingly useful in investigating complex wave induced load effects. But only a relatively small number of wave events can be run using CFD, a long term analysis of load effects cannot in general be carried out. It appears that there is a class of nonlinear problems which require a long term analysis of the load effect in order for the annual probability of occurrence to be estimated accurately. For problems which cannot be estimated by simple analytical means, the governing wave events can be identified by long term analysis of a simple model which capture the essential physics of the problem and then analysed in detail by use of CFD or model tests.

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Tidemann, A., P. ztrk, H. Langseth, and B. A. Hverstad. "Effects of scale on load prediction algorithms." In 22nd International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2013). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.1116.

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HOSSEINI-TOUDESHKY, H., and M. R. MOFAKHAMI. "LOAD INTERACTION EFFECTS ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH." In Proceedings of the Third Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777973_0028.

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Zhou, Yin, and Ahsan Kareem. "Torsional Load Effects on Buildings Under Wind." In Structures Congress 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40492(2000)84.

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Sharples, J. K., P. M. James, L. A. Higham, P. M. Wood, H. Teng, D. W. Beardsmore, M. R. Goldthorpe, A. H. Sherry, and C. T. Watson. "Load and Crack History Effects on Fracture." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26069.

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Assessments of the integrity of structures containing defects or cracks require estimates to be made of the elastic-plastic crack driving force (CDF) parameter J. This is the characterising parameter that controls the intensity of the fields of stress and strain close to the tip of a crack. Such estimates of J are inherently made in assessment procedures such as R6, Revision 4 [1]. Engineering components are typically subjected to load cycles, often with significant variations in magnitude. Normal operation cycles or overload (by a proof pressure test for example) may cause a re-distribution of weld residual stresses. A defect can be present at fabrication or develop during operation due to a sub-critical process such as fatigue or stress corrosion cracking. In these two cases, it is reasonable to suppose that the actual crack driving forces are different; since the development of a defect in a region of weld residual stress, in conjunction with additional primary loading, can cause significant non-proportional loading of the crack tip. The objective of the work described in this paper is to provide more accurate estimates of the crack driving force parameter for defects subjected to combined primary and secondary stresses, taking into account the effects of loading hisotory. The eventual aim is to reduce uncertainty in assessments of plant integrity, and to clarify advantage that can be taken from a reduction in crack driving forces due to weld residual stress resulting from overload, operational cycles and the progressive introduction of sub-critical defects. Finite element analyses and R6 calculations are undertaken and compared to examine the effects of inserting a crack at different times during the life of an engineering structure.

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Pan, Fei, Zhou Mu, Tongtong Wang, Bo Jiang, and Guosong Lin. "Effects of Load on CVT Transient Response." In 2021 IEEE 2nd China International Youth Conference on Electrical Engineering (CIYCEE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciycee53554.2021.9676946.

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Marusich, R. M. The effects of load drop, uniform load and concentrated loads on waste tanks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/330744.

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Marusich, R. M. ,. Westinghouse Hanford. The effects of load drop, uniform load and concentrated loads on waste tanks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/662150.

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Chen, Fang. Effects of Cognitive Load on Trust. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada552227.

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Weerasooriya, T., and T. Nicholas. Overload Effects in Sustained Load Crack Growth in Inconel 718. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada162739.

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Harman, Everett, Ki Hoon, Peter Frykman, and Clay Pandorf. The Effects of backpack weight on the biomechanics of load carriage. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada377886.

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Harman, Everett, Ki H. Han, Peter Frykman, and Clay Pandorf. The Effects of Walking Speed on the Biomechanics of Backpack Load Carriage. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada378381.

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Boldstad, Cheryl A., and Mica R. Endsley. The Effects of Task Load and Shared Displays on Team Situation Awareness. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada379027.

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Kusiak, Chris, Mark D. Bowman, and Arun Prakash. Legal and Permit Loads Evaluation for Indiana Bridges. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317267.

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According to federal law, routine commercial vehicles must adhere to certain limits on their load configuration in order to operate legally on interstate highways. However, states may allow for heavier or different load configurations provided that bridges on the state and county highway system are load rated and, if necessary, posted with vehicles that appropriately represent these loads. The state of Indiana allows several classes of vehicles to operate with loads that exceed federal limits, and, presently, several LFD design loads are used to represent these exceptions as state legal loads. This study evaluates the MBE rating loads for their ability to encompass Indiana’s exception vehicles and recommends a set of state rating loads which can replace the current state legal loads and, combined with the MBE rating loads, satisfactorily encompass the load effects due to these exceptions. Comparing moment and shear envelopes on a representative set of bridges, the MBE rating vehicles were found to be insufficient for representing Indiana’s exception vehicles. Three new rating loads are proposed which encompass the exception vehicles efficiently and represent realistic legal loads. Conversely, acceptable HS-20 rating factors are also provided as an alternative to the adoption of these new vehicles. These rating factors, all 1.0 or greater, can ensure a similar level of safety by requiring a specific amount of excess capacity for the HS-20 design load.

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Kujawski, Daniel, and Virender Goswami. Experimental and Theoretical Analyses of the Load Sequence Effects on Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada429107.

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Liu, C. T. Effects of Load History on Damage Characteristics Near Crack Tips in a Particulate Composite Material. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada397886.

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