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Статті в журналах з теми "Little defect"
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Zhang, Wei, Zhen Yu Ma, Wen Ge Zhang, Qing Ling Lu, and Xiao Bing Nie. "Correlation Analysis of Software Defects Density and Metrics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2225.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is very useful for improving software quality if we can find which software metrics are more correlative with software defects or defects density. Based on 33 actual software projects, we analyzed 44 software metrics from application level, file level, class level and function level, and do correlation analysis with the number of software defects and defect density, the results show that software metrics have little correlation with the number of software defects, but are correlative with defect density. Through correlation analysis, we selected five metrics that have larger correlation with defect density, these metrics can be used for improving software quality and predicting software defects density.
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Parashar, Amit, Indranil Deb Roy, and Arpit Gupta. "Partly deepithelialised palatal graft for the treatment of deep-wide palatal recession defect: simplified protocol with 18-month follow-up." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 11 (November 2020): e236954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-236954.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Advances in periodontal plastic surgical procedures have led to achieve predictable root coverage outcomes for the recession defects. However, little has been reported and emphasised over management of palatal recession defects. The root coverage surgical procedures used for coverage of palatal recession defect are technically challenging in terms of accessibility and graft coverage. The purpose of this report is to describe a surgical technique used to manage deep-wide palatal recession defect. The technique uses partly deepithelialised palatal graft that is designed to approximately fit the defect site. This is employed for prolonged protection of the underlying healing process. This case report is unique in terms of treatment of deep (9.0 mm), wide (6.0 mm) palatal recession defect and its long-term follow-up for 18 months.
3
Huang, Yuan Ming, Qing Lan Ma, Bao Gai Zhai, and Yun Gao Cai. "Effect of Double Defects on Transmission Spectra of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 725–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.725.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Considered the model of the one-dimensional photonic crystals (1-D PCs) with double defects, the refractive indexes (n2’, n3’ and n2’’, n3’’) of the double defects were 2.0, 4.0 and 4.0, 2.0 respectively. With parameter n2=1.5, n3=2.5, by theoretical calculations with characteristic matrix method, the results shown that for a certain number (14 was taken) of layers of the 1-D PCs, when the double defects abutted, there was a defect band gap in the stop band gap, while when the double defects separated, there occurred two defect band gaps in the stop band gap; besides, with the separation of the two defects, the transmittance of the double defect band gaps decreased gradually. In addition, in this progress, the frequency range of the stop band gap has a little increase from 0.092 to 0.095.
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Buchwald, Walter R., Robert E. Peale, Perry C. Grant, Julie V. Logan, Preston T. Webster, and Christian P. Morath. "The Sliding-Aperture Transform and Its Applicability to Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 5317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115317.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A mathematical method is presented for the extraction of defect parameters from the multiexponential decays generated during deep-level transient spectroscopy experiments. Such transient phenomenon results from the ionization of charge trapped in defects located in the depletion width of a semiconductor diode. From digitized transients acquired at fixed temperatures, this method produces a rate–domain spectral signature associated with all defects in the semiconductor. For signal-to-noise ratio of 1000, defect levels with carrier emission rates differing by as little as 1.5 times may be distinguished.
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Zhang, Wei, Zhen Yu Ma, Qing Ling Lu, Xiao Bing Nie, and Juan Liu. "Research on Software Defect Prediction Method Based on Machine Learning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 2182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.2182.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper analyzed 44 metrics of application level, file level, class level and function level, and do correlation analysis with the number of software defects and defect density, the results show that software metrics have little correlation with the number of software defect, but are correlative with defect density. Through correlation analysis, we selected five metrics that have larger correlation with defect density. On the basis of feature selection, we predicted defect density with 16 machine learning models for 33 actual software projects. The results show that the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (SRCC) between the predicting defect density and the actual defect density based on SVR model is 0.6727, higher than other 15 machine learning models, the model that has the second absolute value of SRCC is IBk model, the SRCC only is-0.3557, the results show that the method based on SVR has the highest prediction accuracy.
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Guo, Yong Liang, Shu Long Xiao, and Li Juan Xu. "Numerical Simulation of Process of Cavity Filling and Solidifying in TiAl Alloy Investment Casting." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 1489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.1489.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, numerical simulation software of AnyCasting was adopted for simulate processes of titanium aluminum alloys filling and solidifying. Pour temperature, pressure head and rotate speed had an important effect on casting quality. The former parameters as factors orthogonal experiment L7 (33) was carried out and the experimental scheme was optimized. The results showed that as the pour temperature rising the filling time had no change, solidifying time had a large increase and casting defect tendency tended to little. Filling time and solidifying time decreased with the pressure head rising and casting defect tendency changed from little to large. The effect of rotating speed on filling time was as that of pressure head, solidifying time had little change and casting defects tendency of casting changed from little to great. With the optimized parameters of casting temperature of 1650°C, pressure head of 0.2m and rotating speed of 200r/min the investment cast filling and solidifying simulations was made out. The results showed that in the optimized simulation the liquid metal filled mold from the top down, filling course was smooth and complete and temperature field was even. Through analyses of casting defects the optimized scheme proved to be logical.
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Jiang, Yin Fang, Zhen Ning Guo, Yong Qi Yan, and Qin Huang. "Study on Inside and Outside Circumferential Defects of Pipes and Ultrasonic Guided Wave." Advanced Materials Research 460 (February 2012): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.460.411.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The difference between inside circumferential defects and outside circumferential defects was proved using the theory of reflection waves, the course of propagation and reflection from inside circumferential defects and outside circumferential defects in steel pipes was simulated with L(0,2) mode by the numerical simulation program ANSYS, and the curves of the reflection waves were obtained. The investigation indicated that the relationship between reflection coefficient of each kind of circumferential defects and the circumference of the defects was linear; in additional, it was found that the reflection coefficient of outside circumferential defects was a little higher than the reflection coefficient of inside circumferential defects; the difference between inside and outside circumferential defect became more obvious as the thickness of the defect increases. So the results provide a basis for detecting and distinguishing circumferential defects of pipes.
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Curtis, Melanie, and Lionel Standing. "THE DECISION TO ABORT: NO SEX-ROLE BIAS, AND LITTLE ENTHUSIASM." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 20, no. 4 (January 1, 1992): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1992.20.4.237.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The hypothetical decision to abort a genetically defective fetus was studied as a function of the subject's gender, the gender of the fetus, and the nature of the fetal impairment (physical versus mental defect). A questionnaire technique was employed, with a sample of students (N = 181) who were asked to imagine that they faced this decision themselves. No evidence was found for sex-role bias with regard to the gender of the fetus, or its interaction with type of defect. The only significant factor found was that females were more opposed to aborting than males. Both males and females expressed a wide range of attitudes, but showed anti-abortion views overall.
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Borovina Josko, João Marcelo, and João Eduardo Ferreira. "Visualization properties for data quality visual assessment: An exploratory case study." Information Visualization 16, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473871616629516.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Data quality assessment outcomes are essential to ensure useful analytical processes results. Relevant computational approaches provide assessment support, especially to data defects that present more precise rules. However, data defects that are more dependent of data context knowledge challenge the data quality assessment since the process involves human supervision. Visualization systems belong to a class of supervised tools that can make visible data defect structures. Despite their considerable design knowledge encodings, there is little support design to visual quality assessment of data defects. Therefore, this work reports a case study that has explored which and how visualization properties facilitate visual detection of data defect. Its outcomes offer a first set of implications to design visualization system to permit data quality visual assessment.
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Park, Jinha, Jin Soo Kim, Sung Hoon Koh, Dong Chul Lee, Si Young Roh, Kyung Jin Lee, and Min Ki Hong. "Fingertip Reconstruction with Subcutaneous Island Flap and Composite Graft: A Case Report." Archives of Hand and Microsurgery 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12790/ahm.20.0047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reconstruction of amputated fingertips is extremely challenging when the amputee is very small and severely crushed. Moreover, there are not many options if distal phalanx is exposed due to defects of soft tissue. We report a case of successful fingertip reconstruction in a 10-month-old girl using a subcutaneous island flap with a composite graft. Her fingertip of the right little finger was amputated stuck by the air purifier. Some soft tissue was lost from the stump and the bone was exposed. There was a very small amputee, and soft tissue was extremely little inside. Replantation was not possible because of the soft tissue defect. The composite graft was inadequate due to the exposure of distal phalanx and defect of soft tissue. Soft tissue island flap based terminal branch of the digital artery was transposed to cover the distal phalanx. After then, the amputee was grafted over the flap. After debridement, most of the soft tissue survived and 0.2×0.2 cm of skin defect was found, which was healed through secondary intention.
Дисертації з теми "Little defect"
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Суховій, Ніна Олегівна. "Нанотемплети для гетероструктур нітридів III групи". Doctoral thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/24998.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертаційна робота присвячена комплексному дослідженню застосувань і розробок технологічних рішень щодо формування нанотемплетів для гетероструктур ІІІ-нітридів, в тому числі з неполярною кристалографічною орієнтацією, щодо забезпечення малодефектності і можливості одержання наноструктур (наностержнів, квантових точок, тощо) для їх практичної реалізації в оптоелектронних інтегральних схемах.
В ході досліджень для нітрид галію неполярної (112̅0) орієнтації з використанням нанотемплетів анодованого оксиду алюмінію на Si(100) одержано щільність дислокацій 3х106 см-2, що дає змогу формувати InGaN/GaN КЯ і КТ з підвищеним вмістом індію.
Згідно запропонованої спрощеної математичної моделі, встановлено, що може бути забезпечена низька щільність дислокацій при будь-якій глибині пір при радіусах пір < 10 нм, одержання яких за допомогою нанотемплетів анодного оксиду алюмінію дуже проблематично. Проте, для MOCVD епітаксії були експериментально визначені термодинамічні параметри (температура, тиск) та прекурсори, при яких на поверхні сапфіру утворюються нанопори з радіусом <10нм. На одержаних темплетах нанотекстурованого сапфіру була показана можливість в одному технологічному циклі вирощувати гетероепітаксійні шари ІІІ-нітридів з низькою щільністю дислокацій (~ 5 х 106 см-2).
Ключові слова: нанотемплети, гетероструктури, нітриди ІІІ групи, малодефектність, анодований оксид алюмінію.
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Elledge, Zachary Lynn. "Defeat and memory at the Arkansas state capitol| The Little Rock Monument to the Women of the Confederacy, 1896-1914." Thesis, Arkansas State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1593794.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Resting in the southeast corner of the Arkansas state capitol is the Little Rock monument honoring the women of the Confederacy. Known as the Southern Mother, the Arkansas division of the United Confederate Veterans (UCV) erected this monument to commemorate the sacrifices of Arkansas women during the Civil War. Sculpted by J. Otto Schweizer, a Swiss-American from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, this monument represents two versions of Arkansas’ Civil War history: that of the sculptor, and that of its patrons. Arkansas broke away from the national UCV in 1906 and proceeded on its own to memorialize Confederate women’s war time sacrifices. Paid for by a state appropriation of $10,000, the Arkansas UCV were able to commemorate in stone a specific memory of Arkansas history during the Civil War. The monument effort began on a national scale in 1896, but did not come to fruition in Arkansas until May 1913. Several conflicts occurred with members of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, who opposed the monument idea and preferred that donations were routed into more social programs like retirement homes and scholarship programs. This monument occurred during a time of vast memorialization during the height of the Lost Cause, but the history behind it shows a more individual nature of healing traumatic wounds.
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Silva, Emmanuel Moralez da. "Comportamento social e territorialidade alimentar na gar?a-azul, Egretta caerulea (L) = Feeding territoriality in the little blue heron, Egretta caerulea (L)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17256.
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The use of habitat is an important part of a species biology. One resource of great importance for the survivor and reproduction of an individual is the food resource. Thus, the social interactions an animal has during the feeding activities are of extremely importance within its behavioral aspects, which represents the part of an organism trough which it interacts with the environment, adapting to changes and variations. Herons are known to form feeding aggregations of even more than thousands of individuals, in which social components of foraging have been identified and studied for several species. More profound studies of these aspects are yet to poor for the Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the social behavior (display postures, vocalizations and co-specific interactions) and the territoriality of the specie during the feeding period in an area of mud bank in the estuarine system of Canan?ia, south coast of S?o Paulo state, Brazil. The defense of a fixed and exclusive area, closest to the mangrove, trough expulsion was observed; some thing that have not yet been registered with concrete data for the specie. Higher capture and success rates, and lower investment rates (steps/min and stabs/min) were registered for individuals foraging in areas corresponding to the defended territory. This could be one of possible reasons for the establishment of territories in the area. Four display postures were registered for the specie, two of then new in the literature, which are used in the interactions between individuals; one vocalization, that apparently is important in the social context of foraging for the specie and, possibly, has a function of advertising and proclaiming the dominance position of the territorial individual within the group. A territorial individual uses three behaviors, of the ones described: expulsion, vocalization and encounter (agonistic encounter between individuals, without physical aggression). Of these, the expulsion is apparently used in the actual defense, actively; while the other two behaviors are used in a more passive way, in the maintenance of the dominance position of the individual, helping it in the defense of its territory in a less direct manner. Therefore, with the results presented in here, new components of the social utilization of the feeding resource for the Little Blue Heron were identified, incorporating aspects of the territorial behavior for a future understanding of its possible adaptive significance. And it also reinforces the importance of the social interactions of herons foraging in great aggregations, in areas ecologically important
A utiliza??o do habitat ? parte importante da biologia de uma esp?cie. Um dos recursos importantes para a sobreviv?ncia e reprodu??o de um indiv?duo ? o recurso alimentar. Desta forma, as intera??es sociais que um animal mant?m durante as atividades de forrageio s?o de suma import?ncia dentre seus aspectos comportamentais, os quais, por sua vez, representam a parte de um organismo atrav?s da qual este interage com o ambiente, adaptando-se as varia??es e mudan?as no meio. Gar?as s?o conhecidas por formar agrega??es alimentares que podem conter at? milhares de indiv?duos, nas quais componentes sociais do forrageio t?m sido identificados e estudados para v?rias esp?cies. Estudos mais aprofundados destes aspectos ainda s?o escassos para a gar?a-azul, Egretta caerulea. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o comportamento social (posturas de exibi??o, vocaliza??es e intera??es co-espec?ficas) e a territorialidade da esp?cie durante o per?odo de forrageio em uma ?rea de baixio lodoso no sistema estuarino de Canan?ia, litoral sul do estado de S?o Paulo, Brasil. Observou-se a defesa de uma ?rea fixa e exclusiva, pr?xima ao manguezal, atrav?s da expuls?o; algo que ainda n?o tinha sido registrado com dados concretos para a esp?cie. Registraram-se taxas de captura e sucesso maiores para indiv?duos forrageando na ?rea correspondente ao territ?rio defendido, assim como menores taxas de investimento no forrageio. Desta forma, esta pode ser uma das raz?es pelo estabelecimento de territ?rios pela esp?cie no local. Registraram-se quatro posturas de exibi??o para a esp?cie, das quais duas s?o novas na literatura e s?o utilizadas nas intera??es entre indiv?duos. Registrou-se uma vocaliza??o, que aparentemente ? importante no contexto social do forrageio para a esp?cie e, possivelmente, tem fun??o de advert?ncia e proclama??o da posi??o de domin?ncia ocupada pelo indiv?duo territorial dentro do grupo. Um indiv?duo territorial utiliza-se de tr?s comportamentos, dos descritos: expuls?o, vocaliza??o e encontro (encontro agon?stico entre indiv?duos, sem agress?o f?sica). Destes, aparentemente a expuls?o ? utilizada na defesa ativa; enquanto que os outros dois comportamentos s?o utilizados de uma forma mais passiva, na manuten??o da posi??o de domin?ncia do indiv?duo, ajudando-o na defesa de seu territ?rio de uma forma menos direta. Assim, com os resultados apresentados neste trabalho, identificaram-se novos componentes do comportamento social da utiliza??o do recurso alimentar pela gar?a-azul, incorporando-se aspectos do comportamento territorial para um futuro entendimento de sua poss?vel signific?ncia adaptativa. Refor?a-se tamb?m a import?ncia das intera??es sociais de gar?as que forrageiam em agregados contendo milhares de indiv?duos, em ?reas ecologicamente importantes
Книги з теми "Little defect"
1
The little monster: Growing up with ADHD. Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield Education, 2005.
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Lakota noon: The Indian narrative of Custer's defeat. Missoula, Mont: Mountain Press Pub., 1997.
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Wood, Douglas. Miss Little's gift. Cambridge, Mass: Candlewick Press, 2009.
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From chaos to coherence: Psychotherapy with a little boy with ADHD. London: KARNAC, 2004.
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5
Cauliffe, Helana. Finally! a breakthrough in living with ADHD: Discover the little known strategy thousands are quietly using worldwide to take the fight out of living with Attention Deficit Disorder once and for all. New York: iUniverse Inc., 2009.
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Custer and the Sioux, Durnford and the Zulus: Parallels in the American and British defeats at the Little Bighorn (1876) and Isandlwana (1879). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2015.
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Jergen, Robert. The Little Monster: Growing Up With ADHD. ScarecrowEducation, 2004.
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8
Michno, Gregory F. Lakota Noon: The Indian Narrative of Custer's Defeat. Mountain Press, 1997.
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Green, Carl R. Custer's Stunning Defeat by American Indians at the Little Bighorn (The Wild History of the American West). Myreportlinks.com, 2006.
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Bulson, Eric. Little Magazine, World Form. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231179768.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Little magazines made modernism. These unconventional, noncommercial publications may have brought writers such as James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Marianne Moore, Mina Loy, and Wallace Stevens to the world but, as Eric Bulson shows in Little Magazine, World Form, their reach and importance extended far beyond Europe and the United States. By investigating the global and transnational itineraries of the little-magazine form, Bulson uncovers a worldwide network that influenced the development of literature and criticism in Africa, the West Indies, the Pacific Rim, and South America. In addition to identifying how these circulations and exchanges worked, Bulson also addresses equally formative moments of disconnection and immobility. British and American writers who fled to Europe to escape Anglo-American provincialism, refugees from fascism, wandering surrealists, and displaced communists all contributed to the proliferation of print. Yet the little magazine was equally crucial to literary production and consumption in the postcolonial world, where it helped connect newly independent African nations. Bulson concludes with reflections on the digitization of these defunct little magazines and what it means for our ongoing desire to understand modernism's global dimensions in the past and its digital afterlife.
Частини книг з теми "Little defect"
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Murphy, Terence Patrick. "Little Red Riding Hood: The Defeat of the Heroine in the Struggle." In The Fairytale and Plot Structure, 150–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137547088_14.
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Arnež, Zoran M. "Microvascular cover in the lower limbIndications and timing, flap types, and technique." In Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, edited by Umraz Khan, 601–10. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682874.003.0054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Providing adequate and timely soft tissue cover is essential in the treatment of injuries to the lower extremity. Microvascular free tissue transfer is a part of the algorithm of treatment. Free flaps provide the desired quantity and quality of well-vascularized tissue from numerous potential donor sites all over the body, tailored to each specific defect. Microvascular surgery allows single-stage reconstruction of composite defects and is best done early, where possible in the first 24 hours or failing this, during the first week after injury. Free tissue transfer is a complex interdisciplinary procedure and can fail in up to 5% of cases. It is not appropriate for all patients. Free muscle, or musculocutaneous, flaps are ideal for coverage of diaphyseal defects whereas free fasciocutaneous flaps are better for coverage of metaphyseal defects. Perforator free flaps experience little donor site morbidity.
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"Soft Tissue Reconstruction." In Standards for the Management of Open Fractures, edited by Simon Eccles, Bob Handley, Umraz Khan, Iain McFadyen, Jagdeep Nanchahal, and Selvadurai Nayagam, 63–74. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849360.003.0008.
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Soft tissue coverage of open fractures with well-vascularised tissues should be performed within 72 hours of injury or at the same time as internal fixation. It may be in the form of local or free flaps, and may comprise muscle, fasciocutaneous tissues, or both. Flap selection depends on multiple factors, including the size and location of the defect following wound excision, availability of flaps, and donor site morbidity. Local flaps are usually used to cover defects with a limited zone of injury. Anastomoses for free flaps should be performed outside the zone of injury. Experimental data suggest that coverage with muscle leads to improved healing of fractures. However, there is currently little clinical evidence to support the use of one form of soft tissue cover over another for open fractures of the lower limb. The plastic surgeon must always consider the donor site morbidity of the flap(s) chosen.
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Gabbard, D. Christopher. "‘A Defect in the Mind’: Cognitive Ableism in Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels." In Intellectual disability. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526125316.003.0006.
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While John Locke’s impact on Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels, an eighteenth-century satire, is a well-worn topic of scholarly discussion, Gulliver as the butt of a satire concerning an important aspect of Lockean epistemology has not been considered. In the 1690 Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke distinguishes between person (an abstract thinker) and man (an individual with a human shape but little capacity for thought). Locke’s differentiation underwrites the modern concept of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Cognitive ableism is the belief in the superiority of person over man, of the thinker over the individual with less capacity for thought. Approaching Book Four of the Travels from a disability studies perspective, this chapter argues that Locke’s person/man binary broadly comes into play, that the character of Gulliver straddles the person/man divide, and that his characterization parodies Locke’s distinction. Book Four satirizes cognitive ableism through its protagonist, who exhibits an extreme form of it.
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Donesky, DorAnne. "Dyspnea, Cough, and Terminal Secretions." In Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing, edited by Betty Rolling Ferrell and Judith A. Paice, 217–29. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190862374.003.0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter presents the pathophysiology, measurement tools, and recommended interventions for three common conditions experienced by people diagnosed with serious illness: dyspnea, cough, and terminal secretions. Self-management experiences of people who lived with chronic dyspnea for many years provide a foundation for the discussion of pharmacological, mechanical, and behavioral therapies for dyspnea. Attention to the common neurological pathway for dyspnea is important for dyspnea management in addition to correcting the physiological defect. Cough is a physically exhausting and socially distressing experience, with little recent progress toward consistent management solutions. Terminal secretions or “death rattle” can be distressing for loved ones and staff, although it does not seem to cause discomfort for the patient.
6
Estlund, David. "Overview." In Utopophobia, 25–39. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147161.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter provides a substantive overview of many of the main issues and lines of argument in the book. In doing so, the chapter considers the “Utopia as Dystopia” notion in terms of what would be truly and fully just, given that a fully just society could be a fine place to live. This form of utopian thinking is also analyzed under the principles of full social justice. It defends the simple claim that it is no defect in a theory or conception of social justice if it sets such a high standard that there is little or no chance of its being met, by any society, ever. Such a theory could nevertheless be true. Following this is a discussion about unrealistically high standards or principles of full social justice.
7
Ehret, Georg. "Complex cardiovascular diseases: the genetics of arterial hypertension." In ESC CardioMed, 732–36. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Arterial hypertension appears as two genetic types: primary hypertension is to a substantial extent determined by a large number of genetic risk variants, whereas rare patients with a familial hypertensive syndrome have a single gene defect that drives the elevated blood pressure. The familial hypertensive syndromes have been instrumental in highlighting blood pressure-regulating pathways that almost exclusively cluster in the kidney and in the mineralocorticoid pathways. Conversely, hundreds or more genetic variants cause the genetic component of primary hypertension and each risk variant causes a small blood pressure increase. The blood vessels appear to be one tissue in which these variants principally act and surprisingly there is little overlap with pathways of kidney and hormone pathways. Genetic testing is useful for the rare familial hypertensive syndrome, but in primary hypertension cardiovascular risk prediction can currently not be improved by genotyping.
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"Joining Technology and Practice." In Superalloys, 149–87. 2nd ed. ASM International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280149.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Superalloys, except those with high aluminum and titanium contents, are welded with little difficulty. They can also be successfully brazed. This chapter describes the welding and brazing processes most often used and the factors that must be considered when making application decisions. It discusses the basic concepts of fusion welding and the differences between solid-solution-hardened and precipitation-hardened wrought superalloys. It addresses joint integrity, design, weld-related cracking, and the effect of grain size, precipitates, and contaminants. It covers common fusion welding techniques, defect prevention, fixturing, heat treatments, and general practices, including the use of filler metals. It also discusses several solid-state welding methods, superplastic forming, and transient liquid phase bonding, a type of diffusion welding process. The chapter includes extensive information on brazing processes, atmospheres, filler metals, and surface preparation procedures. It also includes examples of nickel-base welded components for aerospace use.
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Chihi, Mehdi, Ulrich Sure, and Ramazan Jabbarli. "Demographic, Clinical, and Radiographic Characteristics of Cerebral Aneurysms in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex." In Advancement and New Understanding in Brain Injury [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93802.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To date, little is known on the prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of intracranial aneurysms (IA) in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Based on our recent systematic review and two cases treated in our institute, we summarize the current evidence concerning the distinct characteristics of these aneurysms. In contrast to saccular IA in healthy adults, IA in TSC present commonly with large or even giant sac size and fusiform configuration, location predilection on the internal carotid artery remote from the branching zones, remarkable higher prevalence of pediatric cases, inverted sex-ratio, and suspected rapid growth. Although the pathogenesis of IA in TSC is still unclear, all these features might point to the crucial role a congenital defect in the development of IA rather than extrinsic or environmental factors. Furthermore, we discuss the enhancement of the regular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging screening suggested by the last recommendations of the 2012 International TSC Consensus Conference with cranial time-of-flight MR angiography in order to enable timely identification and treatment of frequently complex IA in TSC.
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"The Stuff of Defeat." In War Matters, edited by Yael A. Sternhell, 222–44. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643205.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
After the war ended, Jefferson Davis struggled to recover the belongings he lost when the federal army captured him in 1865: rifle, pistols, clothing, letters, photographs, and eyeglasses, among other things. He struggled with the federal government, his friends, his wartime staff, and his enemies, with little success. He never regained most of his personal possessions, the ultimate symbol of his defeat.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Little defect"
1
Sun, Li, Jianchun Fan, Xing Meng, Ximing Zhang, Yuting Sun, Di Liu, and Zhou Yang. "Research on Residual Strength of Corroded Tubing of Gas Well With Sustained Casing Pressure." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Corrosion and sustained casing pressure have serious threats to the integrity of tubing of gas well. Researching the residual strength of corroded tubing has great significance to ensure the safety of gas well. The finite element method was used to study the relationships between residual strength and corrosion defects size, internal pressure, external pressure, axial load. The results show that, for tubing with uniform corrosion, the defect depth, internal pressure and external pressure have greater impacts on the von Mises equivalent stress of tubing, and the defect width and defect length have little effects on it. For tubing with pitting corrosion, the defect depth, internal pressure and external pressure have greater impacts on the von Mises equivalent stress of tubing, while the defect radius has little effect on it. These simulation data were fitted into the functions of residual strength of corroded tubing according to different corrosion morphology types. Both of the verifications of the fitting results show that most of the error between the original calculation data and the fitting calculation data is less than 4%. The fitting formulas can be used conveniently to evaluate the safety of the tubing of gas well with sustained casing pressure.
2
Kalinowski, Marcos, Guilherme H. Travassos, and David N. Card. "Guidance for Efficiently Implementing Defect Causal Analysis." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade de Software. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbqs.2008.15540.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Defect causal analysis has shown itself to be a cheap and high return means of product-focused software process improvement. However, despite its advantages and wide industry adoption little academic research is being done in this area. Thus, professionals face several questions when implementing it in software organizations. Aiming to provide unbiased and evidence-based answers to those questions, a systematic review has been conducted. Based on the results of the systematic review, better guidance for implementing defect causal analysis efficiently in software organizations can be elaborated.
3
Kolasa, Ted. "A Simple Adapter for Soft Defect Localization Using OBIRCH." In ISTFA 2007. ASM International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2007p0191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Equipment manufacturers have developed peripherals for their tools that add soft defect localization (SDL) capability to existing optical beam tools, in many cases providing excellent results. However, these upgrades add significant cost to the tool. This paper presents the design considerations for a simple adapter that was developed in house to add SDL capability to optical beam induced resistance change (OBIRCH) tool, including resolution of some unexpected problems. This solution represents a simple, low cost method to add SDL testing capability to the OBIRCH tool and can also be used in conjunction with OBIC and XIVA tools with little or no modification. An early example of the SDL results provided by this adapter is also presented.
4
Takai, Kenichi, and Megumi Kitamura. "Hydrogen Dragging by Moving Dislocation and Enhanced Lattice Defect Formation in 316L and 304 Stainless Steels." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Little is known about an enhanced lattice defect formation due to an interaction between hydrogen and dislocation in face-centered cubic (fcc) metals such as stainless steels. In the present study, hydrogen spectra evolved from Type 316L and 304 stainless steels during elastic and plastic deformation were detected using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The amount of lattice defect enhanced by hydrogen and strain was measured using thermal desorption analysis. For 316L stainless steel, hydrogen desorption increased rapidly when plastic deformation began, since the dislocation dragged hydrogen to the surface of the specimen. In contrast, hydrogen desorption increased with applying strain for 304 stainless steel, because of phase transformation from austenite into martensite with larger hydrogen diffusivity. And the amount of desorbed hydrogen increased with decreasing strain rate. These results indicate that dislocation can drag and transport large amounts of hydrogen when the dislocation velocity approaches the hydrogen diffusion rate. The amount of lattice defects in stainless steels was enhanced by hydrogen and applied strain. The most probable reason for the increase in the amount of lattice defects can be ascribed to the increase in the amount of vacancy clusters. These findings lead to the conclusion that the interaction between dislocation and hydrogen enhances the formation of vacancy clusters, as a result, causes hydrogen embrittlement.
5
Chatellier, Laurence, Valery E. Just, Louis Fournier, Bruno Charbonnier, and Lionel Robillard. "Characterization Improvement Through Signal Processing: Application to Radiography Inspection — 3D Reconstruction." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71617.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During in-service inspections, experts are faced with the delicate task of establishing a complete diagnosis of defects from radiographs. Should a defect be detected, one must be able to demonstrate that the component still meets regulatory requirements. Thus, it is essential to be able to characterize precisely the defect, especially when the demonstration relies on mechanical calculus. However the characterization of the defect by only g or X-ray is sometimes very difficult, and the justification process can thus be jeopardized. In such cases, signal processing can be very helpful for the interpretation of the data and for the characterization (positioning and sizing) of the defect. This paper presents a 3-D reconstruction processing in hard conditions representatives of pipe inspections: the incidence angle is very reduced and thus the radiographs contain very little information along the vertical direction. The reconstruction process relies on the estimation of the attenuation. It is called inversion because it restores the attenuation from both data and prior information. The method has been tested on radiographs of a block with real defects and the performances were evaluated from a mock-up with several electro-drilled cylindrical defects. Even in the case of limited incidence, the method provides very useful 3D results. Moreover this process can be applied whatever the nature of the source. When a larger source is used in order to inspect thick components, signal processing allows to reduce the inevitable blur which leads to improved accuracy. In conclusion, signal processing and especially 3D reconstruction in the case of radiography can turn out to be a key step fur in-service inspection of major NPP components.
6
Feng, Chang-Xue, and Andrew Kusiak. "Design of Tolerances for Quality." In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Design of a product (process) includes system design, parameter design, and tolerance design. Robust design is closely applicable to parameter design and tolerance design. The current literature on robust design is focused on parameter design while little attention has been paid to tolerance design. The current literature on tolerance design has focused on the use of optimization to minimize cost while little attention has been paid to minimizing manufacturing variations. This paper attempts to apply a robust design method, the design of experiments (DOE) approach, in tolerance synthesis to minimize manufacturing variations in the probabilistic case. Both, the manufacturing cost and the number of manufacturing defects are minimized in robust tolerance design. A solution procedure is proposed to apply the DOE approach to probabilistic tolerance design. The procedure is illustrated with an example. Special applications of the DOE approach to tolerance design are discussed. A brief comparison of the DOE approach with optimization, Taguchi methods, and zero defect design is presented.
7
Andrews, Robert M., and Joe Short. "Leak Rate Testing of a Natural Pipeline Defect." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9366.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract If a stable through wall defect (leak) were to occur in a pipeline, the leak rate is an important factor for both safety and environmental assessments, and also to determine the performance requirements for a leak detection system. For a “large” leak, an assessment can be based on simple idealization as an orifice, but for narrow crack like defects this is not appropriate. The flow through a crack is dependent on factors such as the surface roughness and the crack opening. These issues have been extensively studied for nuclear pipework where the fluid is either pressurized water, steam or CO2, and guidance is given in Annex F of BS 7910. However, there is little published work for pipeline geometries and single phase liquids such as refined hydrocarbons. This paper presents the results of experiments measuring the leak rates through a tight axial through wall crack in a NPS 8 refined products pipeline. Leak rate measurements were made using water (for safety reasons) over a range of pressures. The data were fitted to a model for leakage through a tight crack that takes account of interaction of asperities in surface roughness. The fitted equation was then adjusted to take account of the different density and viscosity of the pipeline products. It was concluded that the model was able to give a good prediction of the measured leak rates and that the adjustments for the product properties were small.
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Lemire, Se´bastien, and Huu Duc Vo. "Reduction of Fan and Compressor Wake Defect Using Plasma Actuation for Tonal Noise Reduction." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50821.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper proposes a new technique to reduce the noise generated by rotor-stator interaction (tonal noise) in fans and compressors. The method involves the use of single dielectric barrier discharge (plasma) actuators near the blade trailing edge to reduce blade wakes. Plasma actuators are a new and simple type of active flow control device consisting of two parallel and offset electrodes separated by a layer of dielectric material. The application of a high AC voltage at high frequency to the electrodes generates a body force on the flow in the vicinity of the electrodes to inject momentum without mass addition. A preliminary assessment of the proposed concept is performed with a computational study on a modern low-speed compressor rotor geometry. A plasma actuator model is implemented in an established turbomachinery CFD code. Simulations are carried out to evaluate the effect of the actuator strength, location and actuation method (continuous versus pulsed) on the rotor wake. Results show that plasma actuators operated in continuous mode near the trailing edge can significantly influence the wake of the rotor with relatively little power consumption. The effectiveness of the actuation is proportional to actuator strength (induced body force). The exact position of the actuator in the trailing edge region has little effect on the effectiveness of the actuation. The results from simulations for pulsed actuation show very low time-averaged influence on the wake and are not fully conclusive, due possibly to the frequencies simulated and the limitations of the RANS CFD tool.
9
Chen, Li, Heng Liu, and Lie Yu. "The Uniaxial Tension Properties of Silver Nanorod by Molecular Dynamics Simulations." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21479.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using Sutton-Chen many-body potential, the mechanical characteristics of silver nanorod subjected to 001 uniaxial tensile strain are simulated with molecular dynamics. The results indicate that the tensile deformation process consists of an elastic and a plastic periods. The atomic configurations change little in elastic period but change obviously in plastic period. The changes of atomic configurations directly determine the corresponding stress-strain relation. The stress increases linearly as strain grows within the process of elastic deformation. The stress fluctuates greatly in plastic period. With detailed analysis, the dislocations and slips of atoms lead to the stress oscillation. The influences of size effects on tension properties are investigated simultaneously. Young’s modulus heightens and the elastic ultimate stress decreases with the increasing global size of nanorod. Both of them approach to that of macroscopic material as the global size increases. At the same time, the tension properties of Silver nanorod with vacancy defects are investigated. When the vacancy density is less than 0.1%, the Young’s modulus of defect crystals are almost same as that of free-defect crystals, but the elastic ultimate stress is less than that of free-defect crystals. The Young’s modulus and elastic ultimate stress and strain are all decrease with the increment of vacancy density.
10
Fenyvesi, Louis L., Iain Colquhoun, Richard Kania, and Bill Gu. "A Risk-Based Approach to Maintenance Planning Utilizing In-Line Inspection Data." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0178.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A common approach to the management of external corrosion in the pipeline industry is to perform an In-Line Inspection, followed by repairs of defects that fail a deterministic criterion, and then leave the line in service until a prescribed time interval has elapsed, at which point another reinspection is performed. However, many companies have found that as a result of the uncertainty associated with MFL defect sizing and corrosion growth rates, a deterministic repair and reinspection process may often result in unnecessary maintenance expenditures while occasionally failing to identify and address critical features. When the rare feature ‘slips through’ the deterministic process, companies often respond by adding conservatism to the process, leading to increased spending with little additional benefit. A better approach for evaluating corrosion defects is to view the process as an analysis of a set of stochastic variables instead of deterministic values. Through such an approach, the sensitivity of a defect’s failure probability can be more effectively evaluated, facilitating a decision process that is better able to find the ‘exceptions’ that are not addressed by a deterministic process. This paper outlines an approach to analyzing MFL data with stochastic variable using computer simulation, along with a process for continuously improving the characterization of each variable through a feedback loop. Alternative methods to Monte Carlo, such as Importance Sampling are briefly outlined to minimize the analysis time required without sacrificing simulation accuracy. Finally, acceptance criteria are required to interpret the calculated failure probability in order to inform maintenance decision making. This is presented in a risk-based context using a previously published risk management framework. Through this process, defect repair decisions and the evaluation of the benefit of MFL re-inspection can be better optimized. Examples are drawn from actual maintenance programs to illustrate this approach.
Звіти організацій з теми "Little defect"
1
Ficht, Thomas, Gary Splitter, Menachem Banai, and Menachem Davidson. Characterization of B. Melinensis REV 1 Attenuated Mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580667.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Brucella Mutagenesis (TAMU) The working hypothesis for this study was that survival of Brucella vaccines was directly related to their persistence in the host. This premise is based on previously published work detailing the survival of the currently employed vaccine strains S19 and Rev 1. The approach employed signature-tagged mutagenesis to construct mutants interrupted in individual genes, and the mouse model to identify mutants with attenuated virulence/survival. Intracellular survival in macrophages is the key to both reproductive disease in ruminants and reticuloendothelial disease observed in most other species. Therefore, the mouse model permitted selection of mutants of reduced intracellular survival that would limit their ability to cause reproductive disease in ruminants. Several classes of mutants were expected. Colonization/invasion requires gene products that enhance host-agent interaction or increase resistance to antibacterial activity in macrophages. The establishment of chronic infection requires gene products necessary for intracellular bacterial growth. Maintenance of chronic infection requires gene products that sustain a low-level metabolism during periods characterized little or no growth (1, 2). Of these mutants, the latter group was of greatest interest with regard to our originally stated premise. However, the results obtained do not necessarily support a simplistic model of vaccine efficacy, i.e., long-survival of vaccine strains provides better immunity. Our conclusion can only be that optimal vaccines will only be developed with a thorough understanding of host agent interaction, and will be preferable to the use of fortuitous isolates of unknown genetic background. Each mutant could be distinguished from among a group of mutants by PCR amplification of the signature tag (5). This approach permitted infection of mice with pools of different mutants (including the parental wild-type as a control) and identified 40 mutants with apparently defective survival characteristics that were tentatively assigned to three distinct classes or groups. Group I (n=13) contained organisms that exhibited reduced survival at two weeks post-infection. Organisms in this group were recovered at normal levels by eight weeks and were not studied further, since they may persist in the host. Group II (n=11) contained organisms that were reduced by 2 weeks post infection and remained at reduced levels at eight weeks post-infection. Group III (n=16) contained mutants that were normal at two weeks, but recovered at reduced levels at eight weeks. A subset of these mutants (n= 15) was confirmed to be attenuated in mixed infections (1:1) with the parental wild-type. One of these mutants was eliminated from consideration due to a reduced growth rate in vitro that may account for its apparent growth defect in the mouse model. Although the original plan involved construction of the mutant bank in B. melitensis Rev 1 the low transformability of this strain, prevented accumulation of the necessary number of mutants. In addition, the probability that Rev 1 already carries one genetic defect increases the likelihood that a second defect will severely compromise the survival of this organism. Once key genes have been identified, it is relatively easy to prepare the appropriate genetic constructs (knockouts) lacking these genes in B. melitensis Rev 1 or any other genetic background. The construction of "designer" vaccines is expected to improve immune protection resulting from minor sequence variation corresponding to geographically distinct isolates or to design vaccines for use in specific hosts. A.2 Mouse Model of Brucella Infection (UWISC) Interferon regulatory factor-1-deficient (IRF-1-/- mice have diverse immunodeficient phenotypes that are necessary for conferring proper immune protection to intracellular bacterial infection, such as a 90% reduction of CD8+ T cells, functionally impaired NK cells, as well as a deficiency in iNOS and IL-12p40 induction. Interestingly, IRF-1-/- mice infected with diverse Brucella abortus strains reacted differently in a death and survival manner depending on the dose of injection and the level of virulence. Notably, 50% of IRF-1-/- mice intraperitoneally infected with a sublethal dose in C57BL/6 mice, i.e., 5 x 105 CFU of virulent S2308 or the attenuated vaccine S19, died at 10 and 20 days post-infection, respectively. Interestingly, the same dose of RB51, an attenuated new vaccine strain, did not induce the death of IRF-1-/- mice for the 4 weeks of infection. IRF-1-/- mice infected with four more other genetically manipulated S2308 mutants at 5 x 105 CFU also reacted in a death or survival manner depending on the level of virulence. Splenic CFU from C57BL/6 mice infected with 5 x 105 CFU of S2308, S19, or RB51, as well as four different S2308 mutants supports the finding that reduced virulence correlates with survival Of IRF-1-/- mice. Therefore, these results suggest that IRF-1 regulation of multi-gene transcription plays a crucial role in controlling B. abortus infection, and IRF-1 mice could be used as an animal model to determine the degree of B. abortus virulence by examining death or survival. A3 Diagnostic Tests for Detection of B. melitensis Rev 1 (Kimron) In this project we developed an effective PCR tool that can distinguish between Rev1 field isolates and B. melitensis virulent field strains. This has allowed, for the first time, to monitor epidemiological outbreaks of Rev1 infection in vaccinated flocks and to clearly demonstrate horizontal transfer of the strain from vaccinated ewes to unvaccinated ones. Moreover, two human isolates were characterized as Rev1 isolates implying the risk of use of improperly controlled lots of the vaccine in the national campaign. Since atypical B. melitensis biotype 1 strains have been characterized in Israel, the PCR technique has unequivocally demonstrated that strain Rev1 has not diverted into a virulent mutant. In addition, we could demonstrate that very likely a new prototype biotype 1 strain has evolved in the Middle East compared to the classical strain 16M. All the Israeli field strains have been shown to differ from strain 16M in the PstI digestion profile of the omp2a gene sequence suggesting that the local strains were possibly developed as a separate branch of B. melitensis. Should this be confirmed these data suggest that the Rev1 vaccine may not be an optimal vaccine strain for the Israeli flocks as it shares the same omp2 PstI digestion profile as strain 16M.
2
Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani, and Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water: Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.
3
Wagner, D. Ry, Eliezer Lifschitz, and Steve A. Kay. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Flowering in Arabidopsis and Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585198.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The primary objectives for the US lab included: the characterization of ELF3 transcription and translation; the creation and characterization of various transgenic lines that misexpress ELF3; defining genetic pathways related to ELF3 function regulating floral initiation in Arabidopsis; and the identification of genes that either interact with or are regulated by ELF3. Light quality, photoperiod, and temperature often act as important and, for some species, essential environmental cues for the initiation of flowering. However, there is relatively little information on the molecular mechanisms that directly regulate the developmental pathway from the reception of the inductive light signals to the onset of flowering and the initiation of floral meristems. The ELF3 gene was identified as possibly having a role in light-mediated floral regulation since elj3 mutants not only flower early, but exhibit light-dependent circadian defects. We began investigating ELF3's role in light signalling and flowering by cloning the ELF3 gene. ELF3 is a novel gene only present in plant species; however, there is an ELF3 homolog within Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis elj3 mutation causes arrhythmic circadian output in continuous light; however, we show conclusively normal circadian function with no alteration of period length in elj3 mutants in dark conditions and that the light-dependent arrhythmia observed in elj3 mutants is pleiotropic on multiple outputs regardless of phase. Plants overexpressing ELF3 have an increased period length in constant light and flower late in long-days; furthermore, etiolated ELF3-overexpressing seedlings exhibit a decreased acute CAB2 response after a red light pulse, whereas the null mutant is hypersensitive to acute induction. This finding suggests that ELF3 negatively regulates light input to both the clock and its outputs. To determine whether ELF3's action is phase dependent, we examined clock resetting by light pulses and constructed phase response curves. Absence of ELF3 activity causes a significant alteration of the phase response curve during the subjective night, and overexpression of ELF3 results in decreased sensitivity to the resetting stimulus, suggesting that ELF3 antagonizes light input to the clock during the night. Indeed, the ELF3 protein interacts with the photoreceptor PHYB in the yeast two-hybrid assay and in vitro. The phase ofELF3 function correlates with its peak expression levels of transcript and protein in the subjective night. ELF3 action, therefore, represents a mechanism by which the oscillator modulates light resetting. Furthermore, flowering time is dependent upon proper expression ofELF3. Scientifically, we've made a big leap in the understanding of the circadian system and how it is coupled so tightly with light reception in terms of period length and clock resetting. Agriculturally, understanding more about the way in which the clock perceives and relays temporal information to pathways such as those involved in the floral transition can lead to increased crop yields by enabling plants to be grown in suboptimal conditions.
4
Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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Avni, Adi, and Gitta L. Coaker. Proteomic investigation of a tomato receptor like protein recognizing fungal pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600030.bard.
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Maximizing food production with minimal negative effects on the environment remains a long-term challenge for sustainable food production. Microbial pathogens cause devastating diseases, minimizing crop losses by controlling plant diseases can contribute significantly to this goal. All plants possess an innate immune system that is activated after recognition of microbial-derived molecules. The fungal protein Eix induces defense responses in tomato and tobacco. Plants recognize Eix through a leucine-rich-repeat receptor- like-protein (LRR-RLP) termed LeEix. Despite the knowledge obtained from studies on tomato, relatively little is known about signaling initiated by RLP-type immune receptors. The focus of this grant proposal is to generate a foundational understanding of how the tomato xylanase receptor LeEix2 signals to confer defense responses. LeEix2 recognition results in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). The grant has two main aims: (1) Isolate the LeEix2 protein complex in an active and resting state; (2) Examine the biological function of the identified proteins in relation to LeEix2 signaling upon perception of the xylanase elicitor Eix. We used two separate approaches to isolate receptor interacting proteins. Transgenic tomato plants expressing LeEix2 fused to the GFP tag were used to identify complex components at a resting and activated state. LeEix2 complexes were purified by mass spectrometry and associated proteins identified by mass spectrometry. We identified novel proteins that interact with LeEix receptor by proteomics analysis. We identified two dynamin related proteins (DRPs), a coiled coil – nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (SlNRC4a) protein. In the second approach we used the split ubiquitin yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screen system to identified receptor-like protein kinase At5g24010-like (SlRLK-like) (Solyc01g094920.2.1) as an interactor of LeEIX2. We examined the role of SlNRC4a in plant immunity. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrates that SlNRC4a is able to associate with different PRRs. Physiological assays with specific elicitors revealed that SlNRC4a generally alters PRR-mediated responses. SlNRC4a overexpression enhances defense responses while silencing SlNRC4 reduces plant immunity. We propose that SlNRC4a acts as a non-canonical positive regulator of immunity mediated by diverse PRRs. Thus, SlNRC4a could link both intracellular and extracellular immune perception. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 inVHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune . The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co- immunoprecipitation and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The defence responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was over-expressed, and mutation of slrlk-likeusing CRISPR/Cas9 increased EIX- induced ethylene production and SlACSgene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with different RLPs and RLKs led to their degradation, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. We provided new knowledge and expertise relevant to expression of specific be exploited to enhance immunity in crops enabling the development of novel environmentally friendly disease control strategies.
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The DSM-5 criteria for DMDD overlook children with context-specific impairing irritability. ACAMH, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.13932.
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Impairing irritability is common in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but little is known about its prevalence across contexts. Now, data from a study recently published in Child and Adolescent Mental Health have shed light on the prevalence of context-specific irritability in ADHD and how it varies depending on parenting practices and sleep problems.