Готові списки джерел за темами / Lining plates

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Lining plates"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Lining plates"

1

Liang, Jun, Xian Quan Han, Bo Hu, and Yong Tan. "Canal Reach Deformation Monitoring Technology Based on Terrestrial LIDAR Scanning Technology." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 4175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.4175.

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Canal reach soil of the south to north water transfer project has a certain expansibility. Concrete lining plates is puring on the soil. After about half a year of water immersion test, a certain plastic deformation has happened on the lining plates because of the expansion in the soil. In order to monitoring the whole lining plates deformation pre and post water immersion test, point clouds is collected by Terrestrial LIDAR and total station. After constructing of triangular mesh and endowing the specific color, the two group of mesh can be overlapping displayed. Deformation area can be found easily by color distortion on superposition chart. And then deformation tendency is concluded.
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2

Harada, Yasunori, Ken-ichiro Mori, and Seijiro Maki. "Lining of metal plates with foils using hot shot peening." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 80-81 (August 1998): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(98)00114-9.

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3

You, Yiliang, Zheng Zhang, and Luoning Ma. "Cracking analysis of 316L stainless steel lining plates in alkaline environments." Engineering Failure Analysis 39 (April 2014): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.01.006.

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4

Si-Yong, Zhao, Lin Huai-Tao, Zeng Yao-Dong, Lu Jin-Cai, and Chang Zhe-Chuan. "The optimal mating of balls and lining plates in ball mills." Wear 178, no. 1-2 (November 1994): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(94)90131-7.

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Bembenek, Michał. "The Influence of the Use of Polymer Lining within the Roller Press Gravity Feeder on Briquette Quality." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 2489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112489.

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When considering the operation of roller presses for the consolidation of fine-grained materials, the main problems are disturbances in the proper flow of the material and its bridging in gravity feeders. This is especially true for small and medium capacity presses, where the hoppers for dosing the material are narrow. This article presents innovative laboratory tests of the impact of using a polymer plate lining in the gravity feeder of a roller press. Polymer materials Polyacetal C (POM C) and Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (UHMW-PE) were used for the tests. The influence of the use of plates on the material flow and quality of briquettes was investigated in comparison with the case where such plates were not used. The research showed an improvement in the flow of fine-grained materials in the feeder and an increase of the briquette strength indexes, as compared to those cases when polymer linings were not used in the feeder.
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Zhou, Heng, Xiaofan An, Peng Huang, Xuguang Chen, Shengjie Di, Xi Lu, and Longwei Yang. "Finite Element Analysis on Lining Structure of Diversion Tunnel in a Hydropower Station." E3S Web of Conferences 276 (2021): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127602012.

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Aiming at the high internal and external water pressure tunnels built in unfavorable geological bodies, this study proposes a novel type of composite support structure in which steel plates are poured inside concrete linings. Compared with traditional structures, it has the advantages of higher tensile strength, better crack resistance, and impermeability. Taking the diversion tunnel of a hydropower station as an example, based on linear and non-linear finite element simulations, mechanical properties of the steelconcrete composite lining structure for a hydraulic tunnel in soft surrounding rocks are analyzed. On this basis, the concrete crack control under this supporting condition is verified. Research results can provide a reference for the selection of reasonable steel plate thicknesses and reinforcement types in design.
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Aleksandrov, I. V., I. A. Bobukh, and N. N. Strel'nikov. "Reconstruction of Rolling-Mill Stands with the Use of Bimetallic Lining Plates." Metallurgist 47, no. 11/12 (November 2003): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:mell.0000019014.57442.93.

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YASHIRO, Kazuhide, Noriyuki OKANO, and Tsunetaka TSURU. "Repair Work for Tunnel Lining Using Basalt Plates and its Application Examples." Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology 61, no. 6 (February 10, 2021): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5110/jjseg.61.321.

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Hassan, Mahmood-ul, and Amna Bashir. "Effect of soft outer lining in pentafurcated duct." Canadian Journal of Physics 96, no. 2 (February 2018): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2017-0045.

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Анотація:
This paper describes the diffraction of the lowest plane wave propagating out of the opening of a semi-infinite hard duct that is symmetrically placed inside an infinite soft duct. The whole system forms a pentafurcated waveguide whose solution is given by eigenfunction expansion. The same method has been used to validate the results of a trifurcated duct problem previously tackled by using the standard Wiener–Hopf technique. Some graphical results showing the influence of waveguide spacing on the reflection coefficient are presented. We compared our results with the related existing work. We observe that the accumulative value of reflection for current pentafurcated duct is 1375.1, which is the greatest among the related trifurcated and existing pentafurcated ducts. Hence the soft lining on outer plates gives better results to attenuate the unwanted noise. These problems have application in acoustics.
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Li, Wang Lin, Ying Te Li, and Jian Ying Yu. "Application of New Concrete Materials in Channel Lining of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.942.

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Concrete lining is commonly used in large channel project to fixup soil slope and prevent channel seepage. Concrete lining is a type of thin plates structure which should have the high compression strength, crack resistance and durability. Two new high performance concrete (HPC) are used in lining project of south main channel of Yellow River-crossing project in east-route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. One is flyash HPC with manufactured-sand and the other is HPC with cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing material (CCCW); meanwhile, the mix proportion of flyash HPC with manufactured-sand and HPC with CCCW are recommended. For flyash HPC with manufactured-sand, the recommendatory water-binder ratio is 0.4 and the recommendatory flyash content is 30%. For HPC with CCCW, the recommendatory water-binder ratio is 0.48 and the recommendatory CCCW content is 1.5%.With the wide application of new HPC, the compression strength, crack resistance and durability of lining concrete are improved, channel seepage discharge is reduced and a large amount of natural building materials are saved.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Lining plates"

1

Byrne, Simon. "The distribution of caveolin-1 in human term placenta and the derivation of the endothelial cells lining its basal plate." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9511.

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The initial aim of this research was to establish the distribution of the protein caveolin-1 in the human term placenta, using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. The findings of this survey showed that caveolin-1 was expressed in all the predicted places (vascular endothelium, smooth muscle and fibroblasts), but also by cells lining the basal plate. These cells were investigated further, firstly by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, then by immuno-gold electron microscopy. The findings of the immuno-gold study suggested a vectorial nature of caveolae trafficking in both foetal endothelial cells and in the endothelial-like cells lining the basal plate. This study also showed that some leucocytes express caveolin-1. The cells lining the maternal blood space above the basal plate of the placenta had been thought to be trophoblastic (foetal) but the initial results obtained using immunofluorescence indicated that the lining consisted rather of a mosaic of two types of cells. Some of these were trophoblastic but others were seen to be more similar to endothelial cells. To determine whether these latter cells were of maternal derivation, placentae from neonates of known gender were used in a cytogenetic analysis, to establish their provenance unequivocally. The probe used in these in situ hybridisation experiments was complementary to a portion of the human Y-chromosome (only found in males). Cells to which this probe hybridised must therefore be male; a failure to hybridise meant that they must be maternal. Some cells resident in the basal plate were shown to have more than one Y-chromosome in a single interphase nucleus and were taken to be polyploid trophoblast ‘giant’ cells. Further collaborative experiments showed that the area fraction occupied by the lining endothelial cells was greater in pre-eclamptic placentae than in placentae from normotensive births; the significance of this in the aetiopathology of this disease is discussed. Cells that play a key role at the maternal-foetal interface have been carefully characterised in this study and have been shown to form a continuous endothelial/epithelial layer of both maternal and foetal origin.
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2

Moreau, Chloé. "From lateral plate mesoderm formation to limb position - Linking hox collinear activation and forelimb position in birds." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066492/document.

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La position des membres le long du corps est reproductible chez une même espèce mais est très variable entre différentes espèces. Comment les membres acquièrent leur position et quel mécanisme est à l'origine de ces variations est à ce jour non élucidé. De part leur rôle dans la mise en place des axes embryonnaires, les gènes Hox sont depuis longtemps suspectés de jouer un rôle dans ce processus. Cependant les différentes preuves disponibles à ce jour restent indirectes et corrélatives. Chez l'embryon de poulet, je montre que la position des membres est établit précocement au cours du développement, lors de la gastrulation. Je démontre que la formation de la lame latérale (i.e. le tissue d'origine des membres) est un processus graduel et que l'activation séquentielle des gènes Hox spécifie ce tissue en domaines du membre et du flanc. Dans un second temps, une combinaison d'actions activatrice et répressive des gènes Hox sur le programme d'initiation du membre, actions liées à leur organisation colinéaire, est critique pour l'organisation de la lame latérale en domaines du membre et du flanc. Enfin, en étudiant des embryons de différentes espèces d'oiseaux présentant des variations dans la longueur de leur cou et donc dans la position de leur ailes (le poulet, l'autruche et le diamant mandarin), je montre que des changements relatifs dans la séquence d'activation colinéaire des gènes Hox au cours de la gastrulation sous-tendent les variations naturelles de la position de l'aile. L'ensemble de ces résultats montre que les gènes Hox jouent un rôle direct et précoce dans le positionnement des membres et propose un model général de mise en place d'un organisme par ces gènes
Limb position along the main body axis is highly consistent within one species but very variable among tetrapods. Despite major advances in our understanding of limb patterning in three dimensions, how limbs reproducibly form along the anteroposterior axis remains largely unknown. Hox genes have long been suspected to play a role in this process, however supporting evidences are mostly correlative and a direct role has yet to be demonstrated. Here, using bird embryos, I show that limb position is established very early during development, during the process of gastrulation. I find that the formation of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm (i.e. the embryonic compartment from which limbs will form) is a progressive process and that co-linear activation of Hox genes sequentially patterns it along the antero-posterior axis. Subsequent combinatorial activation and repression activities of Hox genes on limb initiation are particularly critical to pattern the LPM into limb- and non-limb-forming domains. Finally, by analyzing chicken, zebra finch and ostrich embryos which exhibit variation in their forelimb position, I show that relative changes in the timing of co-linear Hox gene activation during gastrulation underlie variation in limb position. Altogether these result shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanism that regulate limb position by showing a direct and early role for Hox genes in this process during gastrulation and provide a mechanism for variation in body plan organization observed in tetrapods
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3

Hottor, Bismarck Afedo. "The effect of severity of pre-eclampsia on the basal plate intervillous surface lining components : a confocal laser scanning microscopy study." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7885.

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4

Morter, Bethany Kathleen. "Understanding the history of a volcanic arc: linking geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic cobbles from the Wrangell arc, Alaska, to upper plate and subducting slab tectonic processes." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38164.

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Анотація:
Master of Science
Department of Geology
Matthew E. Brueseke
The Wrangell arc (WA) is a ~29 Ma magmatic belt, extending from south-central Alaska into the Yukon Territory, that lies above the edges and leading front of the Yakutat microplate, a buoyant oceanic plateau that is causing shallow subduction (11-16º) in the region. The WA occurs in a transition zone between “normal” Aleutian subduction to the west and dextral strike-slip tectonics to the east, accomplished by the Totschunda, Denali, and Duke River faults. This geologic setting offers a chance to study the interrelations between subduction, strike-slip motion, and slab-edge magmatic processes in a relatively well-exposed arc. We implemented a novel technique of applying geochemical and geochronologic analyses on volcanic cobbles collected from glacio-fluvial systems (rivers, streams, and glaciers) encircling/draining the WA. Our primary objective is to integrate our cobble datasets with the existing bedrock and detrital sand records to develop a comprehensive understanding of WA magmatism through time and space. Our secondary objective is to test the validity of this novel technique for reproducing what is documented from bedrock samples and its potential for utilization in other locations. This study provides new major element data from 215 samples and trace element data from 236 samples collected from 17 major rivers that drain from the modern western and central WA (this study excludes the eastern WA). This study also provides new age data from a total of 119 samples from 10 major rivers. New geochronology of modern detrital volcanic cobbles and sand/zircons reveal that the WA initiated at ~29 Ma and that magmatism migrated northwestward through time. Cobble ages and locations across the arc agree with the northwestward progression of magmatism previously identified by Richter et al. (1990). Forty-seven cobbles are dated <~1 Ma and only nine cobbles are dated 29 – ~20 Ma, whereas there are no cobbles from 17 – ~13 Ma. Geochemical data reveal similarities between our data and that of the <~5 Ma WA defined by Preece and Hart (2004): Trend 1 (transitional-tholeiitic), Trend 2a (calc-alkaline), Trend 2b (calc-alkaline, adakite-like). Therefore, we use the geochemical framework defined in Preece and Hart (2004) to contextualize spatio-temporal trends of magmatism and tectonic implications in the WA during its ~29 m.y. history. Trend 2a and 2b cobbles are spatially and temporally ubiquitous in the WA, indicating that subduction and partial slab melting have been the dominant tectonic processes throughout WA history. Trend 1 cobbles are not found in southwestern WA rivers and are temporally restricted to ~11 – ~6 Ma and <1 Ma, suggesting intra-arc extension has occurred in discrete periods during WA history. These conclusions are confirmed by the existing (Richter et al., 1990; Skulski et al., 1991; 1992; Preece and Hart, 2004; Trop et al., 2012) and new (Berkelhammer, 2017; Weber et al., 2017) bedrock records. Finally, this study shows that the sampled cobble lithologies largely reproduce the known bedrock record in geochemical, temporal, and spatial contexts, which suggests the novel methodology applied here can be used in other locations where field conditions limit access to bedrock.
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5

Carteret, Xavier. "Michel Adanson (1727-1806) et la méthode naturelle de classification botanique." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0068.

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Michel Adanson (1727-1806) est un naturaliste français dont l'œuvre présente deux volets: un volet de taxinomiste (jusque vers 1770), un volet d'encyclopédiste (jusqu'à sa mort). Dans le domaine de la classification, il est l'auteur d'une méthode naturelle originale, qu'il a appliqué aux coquillages mais surtout aux végétaux, dans ses Familles des plantes (1763-1764). Notre étude porte sur cette méthode de classification. Nous avons tenté, en particulier, d'en retracer l'histoire, d'en proposer une explicitation et une interprétation. Les influences ayant marqué Adanson (philosophiques et naturalistes) ont été spécialement analysées, afin de dégager in fine la singularité réelle de la démarche adansonienne ainsi que sa modernité. La place des Familles des plantes dans l'histoire de la botanique devait être précisée, l'ouvrage ayant paru à une époque charnière, entre l'apogée du système linnéen et les recherches décisives menées par Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu à partir de 1770
Michel Adanson (1727-1806) is a French naturalist whose work falls into a taxonomic period (until around 1770) and an encyclopedic period (until his death). He is the author of an original natural method of classification, which he applied to mollusks and, most importantIy, to plants, in Familles des plantes, 1763-1764. This study is concerned with his method of classification. In-particular, the history of Adanson's method is explored, and an explanation and interpretation of it are proposed. Extra attention has been devoted to the analysis of the influence of philosophical beliefs and the actions of other naturalists on Adanson in. Order to delineate the uniqueness of the Adansonian approach and, as such, its modernity. The place of the Familles in the history of botany will be discussed in detail, as the work was published at a critical time between the peak influence of the Linnaean system and the watershed work brought forth by Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, starting in 1770
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6

Osei, Tutu Anthony [Verfasser], Michael H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Weber, Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Steinberger, and Irina [Akademischer Betreuer] Rogozhina. "Linking global mantle dynamics with lithosphere dynamics using the geoid, plate velocities and lithosphere stress state as constraints : lithosphere and mantle dynamics coupling / Anthony Osei Tutu ; Michael H. Weber, Bernhard Steinberger, Irina Rogozhina." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1218403330/34.

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Osei, Tutu Anthony [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Weber, Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Steinberger, and Irina [Akademischer Betreuer] Rogozhina. "Linking global mantle dynamics with lithosphere dynamics using the geoid, plate velocities and lithosphere stress state as constraints : lithosphere and mantle dynamics coupling / Anthony Osei Tutu ; Michael H. Weber, Bernhard Steinberger, Irina Rogozhina." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1218403330/34.

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8

Levionnois, Sébastien. "Diversité et variabilité de l’architecture vasculaire et hydraulique de la pousse feuillée chez des arbres de canopée d’une forêt tropicale humide Scaling of petiole anatomies, mechanics, and vasculatures with leaf size in the widespread Neotropical pioneer tree species Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae) Linking drought-induced embolism resistance in stem xylem tissue to multi-scale wood anatomical traits of Neotropical trees." Thesis, Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0011.

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Les traits hydrauliques sont reliés aux fonctions fondamentales du transport de l’eau dans la plante et de la résistance à la sécheresse, déterminant l’écologie, l’évolution, et les processus en lien avec le changement climatique pour les plantes. Cependant, ces traits restent que peu documentés pour les forêts tropicales humides, empêchant de mieux comprendre l’écologie des arbres tropicaux et le futur des forêts tropicales. À partir d’une approche générale s’intéressant à la structure (morphologie et anatomie) et au fonctionnement (physiologie) de la pousse feuillée au sein des arbres, cette thèse analyse la structure et le fonctionnement de la pousse feuillée des arbres, notamment dans la perspective de la résistance à la sécheresse. Cette thèse s’appuie sur un jeu de données général qui concerne 42 espèces d’arbres de canopée échantillonnées en forêt tropicale humide de Guyane, et qui illustre une large gamme de tailles de feuilles. Un second jeu de données, destiné à mieux comprendre les sources de variabilité intraspécifique, porte de l’espèce pionnière Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae). Une première partie de la thèse vise à comprendre la coordination entre la feuille et la tige pour une large gamme de dimension foliaire, en analysant les changements morpho-anatomiques et fonctionnels soulignant la relation entre dimensions de la feuille et dimensions de la tige à l’échelle interspécifique. Ce cadre est aussi appliqué à l’échelle intraspécifique pour le modèle C. obtusa pour la relation pétiole-limbe. Comprendre les changements liés aux dimensions de la feuille permet ainsi d’investir correctement les effets ontogénétiques et saisonniers sur les traits foliaires vasculaires et hydrauliques pour C. obtusa. La seconde partie vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de résistance à la sécheresse de la pousse feuillée. En retenant 25 espèces, les déterminants anatomiques de la résistance à l’embolie par sécheresse des tiges et sont étudiés. Les différentes propriétés et mécanismes déjà connus pour des plantes tempérées sont abordés conjointement afin de conforter ou non leur existence et comprendre leurs contributions relatives. La segmentation de vulnérabilité (c.-a.d. la différenciation de résistance à l’embolie) à l’interface tige-feuille est également étudiée pour 20 espèces. Sa coordination avec la segmentation hydraulique (c.-à-d. différenciation de résistance hydraulique), qui est dérivée des études anatomiques réalisées dans la première partie, est étudiée. Je montre ainsi (i) un large spectre de variation pour la segmentation de vulnérabilité entre espèces, (ii) une relation positive avec la segmentation hydraulique, suggérant qu’il y a des espèces promouvant à la fois la segmentation hydraulique et la segmentation de vulnérabilité pour découpler le fonctionnement la feuille de la tige du point de vue hydraulique, et (iii) que la segmentation de vulnérabilité a un impact important sur le temps de dessiccation théorique de la pousse feuillée, confirmant que la segmentation de vulnérabilité est un mécanisme de résistance à la sécheresse. Dans une dernière partie, je teste le pouvoir prédictif des différents traits hydrauliques étudiés sur la distribution hydro-topographique des espèces, ainsi que l’impact du stress hydrique sur la croissance des arbres, à une échelle locale. Dans la Discussion générale, je discute de la signification fonctionnelle de la surface de la feuille et des traits de résistance à la sécheresse en forêt tropicale humide, ainsi que la relation potentielle entre la surface de la feuille et la résistance à la sécheresse
Hydraulic traits are related to the fundamental functions of conduction and drought resistance, driving plant ecology, evolution, and processes related to climate change. However, these traits are still poorly documented for tropical rainforest, hindering our understanding of tropical tree ecology and the future of tropical forests. Through a trait-based approach combining leaf and stem in-depth anatomy and physiology, this thesis analyses the structure and the functioning of tree leafy shoots, a compartment exposed to the most severe water stress within a tree. This thesis is based on a dataset of 42 canopy tree species sampled in a rainforest in French Guiana, exemplifying a large range of leaf size. A second dataset, aiming at better understanding the sources of intraspecific variability, focus on the pioneer tree species Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae). The first part aims at understanding the coordination between leaf and stem across a large leaf size range, by analysing the morpho-anatomical and functional changes underlying the leaf size-stem size relationship for 42 tropical rainforest canopy trees. This framework is also applied at the intraspecific level for the model C. obtusa, for the petiole-lamina relationship. Understanding leaf size-related changes allows to properly investigate ontogenetic and seasonal effects on leaf vascular and hydraulic traits for C. obtusa. The second part aims at better understanding the drought resistance of the leafy shoot. By retaining 25 species, the anatomical determinants of drought-induced embolism resistance for stems are studied. The different properties and mechanisms already known for temperate plants are investigated jointly to consolidate or not their existence, and understand their relative contribution. Vulnerability segmentation (i.e. differentiation of embolism resistance) at the leaf-stem interface is investigated across 20 species. I further evidenced (i) a large spectrum of variation for vulnerability segmentation across species, (ii) a positive relation with hydraulic segmentation (i.e. differentiation of hydraulic resistance), suggesting that some species promote both hydraulic and vulnerability segmentations to decouple hydraulically leaf and stem, and (iii) that vulnerability segmentation has a massive role in enhancing the theoretical desiccation time of shoots, confirming vulnerability segmentation as a drought resistance mechanism for tropical trees. In a final part, all traits are merged to test their predictive power for species hydro-topographic distribution and growth-mediated response to water stress, at a local scale. In the general discussion, I discuss the functional signification of leaf size and drought resistance traits for tropical rainforest, as also potential relation between leaf size and drought resistance
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9

Diagre, Denis. "Le jardin botanique de Bruxelles (1826-1912): miroir d'une jeune nation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210873.

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10

Sokur, M., V. S. Biletskyi, M. Fyk, O. Fyk, and I. Zaselskiy. "The study of the lining layer abrasing wear in the semiautogenous grinding mill." Thesis, 2020. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/46212.

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In this work complex investigations of the abrasing wear of lining of self-grinding mills (semiautogenous grinding mills) are carried out with the obtaining of mathematical models of wear-abrasing of elevators in terms of height, weight, volume and worn-out area. In particular, according to the location and nature of the abrasing wear processes, the liner-lifters mill self-grinding are identified in three typical groups. During 1 year, in the conditions of Ingulets GOK, the monitoring of the abrasing wear of selected groups of lifters of self-grinding mills was performed. On the basis of the experimental data calculationed in the Microsoft Office Excel program, a set of mathematical models of lifter abrasing wear was obtained in terms of height, weight, volume and worn-out area. The obtained dependencies are recommended for prediction of abrasing wear of lining and necessary frequency of replacement of inserts-lifters. In addition, the research of wear of lining made of cast iron RF–4, showed a significant reduction in their abrasing wear compared with steel 110G13L. Thus, it has been shown that the selection of liner-lifters materials can reduce the inter–repair period by 3 times or more (replacement of worn-out lifters). A comparison of the actual picture of the abrasing wear of elevators and Simulation Statics simulated result (using SolidWorks) stresses shows the convergence of the arrangement of the zones of maximum stresses and the maximum abrasing wear of the lining. Investigation of the influence of the stressed state of lining plates on the intensity of their abrasing wear – a promising direction for further research.
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Книги з теми "Lining plates"

1

Daniel, Talbott, ed. Silver linings: Meditations on finding joy and beauty in unexpected places. San Francisco: Conari Press, 2008.

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Monaco, Thomas A. Invasive plant ecology and management: Linking processes to practice. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI, 2012.

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3

Design, on the Waterfront Workshop (1993 Toronto Ont ). Design on the waterfront: Linking people, places and nature : workshop proceedings, November 8 and 9, 1993. Toronto: Waterfront Regeneration Trust, 1993.

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Lingling Diqu zhi: Shui li shui dian zhi. [Lingling Diqu?: s.n.], 1995.

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5

United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Environmental Management. Linking legacies: Connecting the Cold War nuclear weapons production processes to their environmental consequences. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, 1997.

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6

Brehony, Eamonn G. Birds in different places do not speak one language: A study to determine a methodology for linking indigenous community practices in East Africa with outside development intervention strategies. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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7

Fitzgibbon, Marion. Birds in different places do not speak one language: A study to determine a methodology for linking indigenous community practices in East Africa with outside development intervention strategies. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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8

Boffo, Vanna, ed. A Glance at Work. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-187-4.

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The topics of work flexibility, precarious jobs, and the relationship between work, the market and production are subjects that are widely debated in the sociological, philosophical, economic and political spheres. Yet these topics are less touched on in the tradition of pedagogical research. The intention of this book is to build a seedbed for reflection on the central position assumed by work in the lives of every woman and man, inhabitants of a planet in which the transformation of work activities is imposing radical changes on lifestyles, community-building and societies. Work is not an abstract concept, but is incorporated into every human person who does it and into the relationships linking them to others. Man, his education and human formation provide the pivot around which to perform a pedagogical survey within the universe of "work", and inside the relationship between the human condition and working/professional life. What sense does work acquire today when going to observe children, young people, adults or migrants? Namely, what sense does it assume when its pivotal viewpoint is shifted off-centre in time and space? The essays intend to spark agile but critical, synchronic and diachronic reflection which, stemming from contextual questions on the meaning of work and on change in the workplace, will proceed to investigate the subjects in their specific lives and existential conditions. Essays by: Vanna Boffo, Pietro Causarano, Giovanna Del Gobbo, Emiliano Macinai, Maria Rita Mancaniello, Stefano Oliviero and Clara Silva.
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9

Maya Lin: Linking People and Places. Celebration Press (NJ), 2005.

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10

Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for New Motor Vehicle Drum Brake Assemblies, Backing Plates, Shoes, Linings, and Cylinders Sold Together Excluding Asbestos Linings. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Частини книг з теми "Lining plates"

1

Leskovar, Daniel I., Kevin M. Crosby, Marco A. Palma, and Menahem Edelstein. "Vegetable Crops: Linking Production, Breeding and Marketing." In Horticulture: Plants for People and Places, Volume 1, 75–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8578-5_3.

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Catania, Giuseppe, and Silvio Sorrentino. "Spectral analysis of vibrating plates with general shape." In Linking Models and Experiments, Volume 2, 77–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9305-2_6.

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Rehn, Rudolf. "Sonnen-, Linien-, und Höhlengleichnis." In Platon-Handbuch, 338–42. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-04335-1_55.

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Gurses, Kenan, Bayindir Kuran, and Caner Gencoglu. "Identification of Material Properties of Composite Plates Utilizing Model Updating and Response Surface Techniques." In Linking Models and Experiments, Volume 2, 251–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9305-2_18.

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Baldock, Richard A., and Albert Burger. "Anatomical Ontologies: Linking Names to Places in Biology." In Anatomy Ontologies for Bioinformatics, 197–211. London: Springer London, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-885-2_10.

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Arita, Kyohei, Tatsuo Kanno, Manabu Yoshikawa, and Yoshiki Habu. "Mechanisms Linking Cytosine Methylation to Histone Modification in Arabidopsis thaliana." In Non Coding RNAs in Plants, 237–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19454-2_15.

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7

Ong, Rebecca Garlock, Shishir P. S. Chundawat, David B. Hodge, Sai Keskar, and Bruce E. Dale. "Linking Plant Biology and Pretreatment: Understanding the Structure and Organization of the Plant Cell Wall and Interactions with Cellulosic Biofuel Production." In Plants and BioEnergy, 231–53. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9329-7_14.

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8

Freeman, David M. "We Get What We Organize For: Linking Central Bureaucracies to Local Organizations." In Conservation of Great Plains Ecosystems: Current Science, Future Options, 403–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0439-5_24.

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Zhao, Ya, and Xiaodong Gu. "Vehicle License Plate Localization and License Number Recognition Using Unit-Linking Pulse Coupled Neural Network." In Neural Information Processing, 100–108. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34500-5_13.

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Andrienko, Gennady, Natalia Andrienko, Fabian Patterson, Siming Chen, Robert Weibel, Haosheng Huang, Christos Doulkeridis, et al. "Visual Analytics for Characterizing Mobility Aspects of Urban Context." In Urban Informatics, 727–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_40.

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AbstractVisual analytics science develops principles and methods for efficient human–computer collaboration in solving complex problems. Visual and interactive techniques are used to create conditions in which human analysts can effectively utilize their unique capabilities: the power of seeing, interpreting, linking, and reasoning. Visual analytics research deals with various types of data and analysis tasks from numerous application domains. A prominent research topic is analysis of spatiotemporal data, which may describe events occurring at different spatial locations, changes of attribute values associated with places or spatial objects, or movements of people, vehicles, or other objects. Such kinds of data are abundant in urban applications. Movement data are a quintessential type of spatiotemporal data because they can be considered from multiple perspectives as trajectories, as spatial events, and as changes of space-related attribute values. By example of movement data, we demonstrate the utilization of visual analytics techniques and approaches in data exploration and analysis.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Lining plates"

1

Huang, Yuan Mao, and J. S. Shyr. "Pressure Distributions of Drum Brakes." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1032.

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Abstract With the assumptions that the interface between the brake drum and the lining plates is perfect contact, that the friction coefficient is constant, that the thermal effect is neglected, that the brake drum and metal shoes are rigid, the pressure distributions of drum brakes are studied by using the boundary element method. The constant element is used in the two dimensional model of the drum brake for simplicity and economy. The pressure distributions on the metal shoe and the lining plate and the friction force versus the effective cam lift are compared and show good agreement with the available data. The effects of the Young’s modulus of elasticity, the angle of the arc length, the friction coefficient, the location and the thickness of the lining plate, the Young’s modulus of elasticity and the angle of the arc length of the metal shoe, and the angle of the actuating force on the pressure distributions of the drum brakes are then studied.
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2

da Silva, Hebert Roberto, Valtair Antonio Ferraresi, and Rosenda Valdes Arencibia. "Operational Aspects of Coatings Welds: Erosive Wear and Cavitation." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70169.

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The GMAW process using two wires is an alternative to a coating process when high productivity is desired. The potential variants emerging from this process are GMAW cold wire and GMAW double wire. One of the greatest difficulties is the setting of its parameters, which duplication compared to conventional GMAW and also act in a dependent manner. A greater understanding of the technology applied to coatings on turbines in various positions is critical to master the process and its variables for enhancing industrial applications. This study involves an experimental evaluation to verify the influence of some variables on the profile of cord and wear resistance. This paper proposes making deposits with weld metal AWS 308LSi stainless steel and alloys of cobalt (Stellite 6 and 21) plates in carbon steel SAE 1020 in the flat positions. The wear characterization in the lining is used to determine the hardness and surface topography. It is concluded that cobalt alloys have superior resistance to erosive damage, with emphasis on Stellite 21 with respect to erosion and Stellite 6 with respect to cavitation. Mixtures of austenitic stainless steel and cobalt alloys have intermediate wear values. Therefore, it is essential to study welding processes with multiple wires, as proposed in this paper, to determine the optimal combination of alloys for resistance to cavitation-erosion phenomena.
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3

Pacovský, J., and R. Vašíček. "The effects of long-term thermal load on the stability of the lining of a deep underground waste repository." In RAVAGE OF THE PLANET 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/rav090091.

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4

Cox, Lieke G. E., Corrinus C. van Donkelaar, Bert van Rietbergen, Rik Huiskes, and Keita Ito. "Osteocytes in Bone Can Regulate the Turnover of Adjacent Mineralized Growth Plate Cartilage." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206251.

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It is generally believed that bone remodeling is controlled by osteocytes, which act as mechanosensors and regulate the activity of osteoblast and osteoclast cells [1,2]. Osteocytes seem suitable for this function, since they are the most abundant cell type of bone and they form an extensive network of cellular processes by gap junction connections to each other, lining cells, and osteoblasts [1,3].
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5

Delph, Jonathan, and Amanda M. Thomas. "LINKING PLATE INTERFACE PROCESSES WITH THE SURFACE EXPRESSION OF SUBDUCTION." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-369842.

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6

Bastoni, Deborah, Joy Buongiorno, Shaunna Morrison, Robert Hazen, Anirudh Prabhu, Ahmed Eleish, Peter Barry, et al. "Linking plate tectonic settings and microbial functions on a global scale." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.7992.

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7

Blakey, Ronald. "LINKING LATE PALEOZOIC PLATE-TECTONIC SETTING WITH GEOLOGIC EVENTS, SOUTHWEST NORTH AMERICA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-300297.

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8

Zhang, Yang, Cunlin Zhang, and Heling Zhang. "The thermal cross-linking plate with high quality for CTP with laser." In Photonics Asia 2004, edited by Yangyuan Wang, Jun-en Yao, and Christopher J. Progler. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.573756.

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9

Cao, Huai-xiang, Chun-mao Wang, and Xing-qi Qiu. "Study on the Cause and Nondestructive Test of Backside Cracks in Stainless Steel Linings." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78410.

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In this paper, the cause and nondestructive test technology of backside cracks were studied. On the one hand, failure analysis revealed that, the backside cracks, which were found universally in the stainless steel inner linings of urea reactors in recent years, were caused by the interaction of wet hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and chloride ions (Cl−) stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and the source of the H2S and Cl− was the leak detection steam. On the other hand, the use of Lamb wave inspection was studied because of the inapplicability of other inspection methods. The dispersion curves of phase and group velocities of 316LMod stainless steel linings were derived out according to the Rayleigh-Lamb equation. The main Lamb wave mode of the backside defects was drawn out by 2D FFT to echo signals of the test plate including artificial defects. Then, the Lamb wave testing parameters of 8mm 316LMod stainless steel were defined. The defect equivalent evaluation diagram was given through the defect recognition of the test plate including artificial defects. And the quantitative evaluation of Lamb wave inspection to the backside defects was realized. After all the analysis done, the measures to avoid backside cracks were put forward, and the inspection technology was verified by applications on urea reactors.
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Guidea, Sorin, and T. J. Nye. "Automated Optimal Design for Manufacturability of Sheet/Plate Assemblies." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81508.

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A wide variety of products are manufactured from raw materials that are in the form of sheets or plates. Once the product is designed, parts are unfolded or flattened into flat blanks, which are nested onto the raw material for cutting. Optimization of nesting and packing problems has been an active research field for many years, and many good algorithms have been created. These algorithms have a fundamental limitation, however, in that they assume the set of blanks to be nested is fixed. In this work we relax this assumption, and by linking a parametric CAD system, a part-unfolding module and a sheet-nesting module that all intercommunicate, nests are created which maintain the parametric dimensions of the assembled product. Given a nest of the set of required blanks, dimensions of the blanks are optimized for a particular objective, such as maximizing raw material utilization or minimizing total use of raw material, subject to assembly, part dimension, part and blank dimension constraints. Once optimized, these blank dimensions are returned to the CAD system to update the product model. Through the use of this system, a designer can simultaneously optimize all the dimensions within a product to minimize manufacturing costs early in the design phase while maintaining acceptable product performance. This paper will demonstrate a prototype of this DFM system, discuss issues such as performance improvement through randomized trials, and suggest how additional design objectives (e.g., strength to weight ratio, stiffness, etc.) can be integrated with the reduced manufacturing cost objective.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Lining plates"

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Mullen, Lincoln, John G. Turner, Jason Heppler, and Caroline Greer. Urban American Congregations. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31835/relec.citiesmap.

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In the early twentieth century, the U.S. Census Bureau conducted surveys of American religious congregations every ten years and published reports on the data it collected. The Bureau categorized denominations into different denomination families, linking together churches that had shared history, theology, or practice. This interactive map displays congregations by denominations and denominational families in American cities, including places with 25,000 or more residents.
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2

Osborn, Sophie, Vita Wright, Brett Walker, Amy Cilimburg, and Alison Perkins. Linking wilderness research and management-volume 4. Understanding and managing invasive plants in wilderness and other natural areas: an annotated reading list. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-79-v4.

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Saha, Amrita, Jodie Thorpe, Keir Macdonald, and Kelbesa Megersa. Linking Business Environment Reform with Gender and Inclusion: A Study of Business Licensing Reform in Indonesia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.001.

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Business environment reform (BER) targets inadequate business regulations. It is intended to remove constraints to business investment, enabling growth and job creation, and create opportunities for international business to contribute to and benefit from this growth. However, there is a lack of detailed knowledge of the impact of BER on gender and inclusion (G&I). While a review of existing literature suggests that in general, there is no direct link between BER and G&I, indirect links are likely through the influence of BER on firm performance. Outcomes will be influenced by the differential ways in which women-led firms experience the business environment when compared to their male counterparts, with disparities based on how they are treated under the law, as well as structural and sociocultural factors. The fact that in many countries, female-led firms are fewer and smaller than those of their male counterparts, and may operate in different sectors, also affects these dynamics. This research offers new insights through an in-depth analysis of the impact of the Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Pintu (PTSP) or one-stop shop business licensing reform in 2009 on firm performance in Indonesia, and how these impacts vary based on the gender of firm leadership. The results find that on average, firms benefited from improved business performance (sales), as a direct or indirect effect of this reform, as well as an increase in the number of medium and large-scale firms. Outside Jakarta (Bali, Banten, Lampung), women-led firms experienced a small but significant benefit relative to male-led firms, related to both sales and the number of medium and large-scale firms they run. In Jakarta, women-led firms continued to lag behind men and there were no significant effects on employment, and this held across province and gender. These findings are based on an analysis of the PTSP reform using data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), a survey of small, medium and large firms (i.e. with more than four employees) which took place in Indonesia between 2009 and 2015.
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Yuan, Jingdong, Fei Su, and Xuwan Ouyang. China’s Evolving Approach to Foreign Aid. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/wtnj4163.

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China’s role in foreign aid and, more broadly, in development cooperation on the global stage has grown significantly since it began seven decades ago. Particularly in recent years, through such platforms as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s profile and engagement in global governance in foreign aid and related areas has been further enhanced. China’s ambition is taking a more proactive approach in foreign aid and moving towards a model of international development cooperation by linking with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and by including the BRI as a major platform to achieve key development goals. This paper provides a timely analysis of the evolution of China’s foreign aid policy in the past seven decades with a particular focus on the developments since 2000. It discusses China’s development finance to Africa and the major sectors receiving Chinese aid. It also analyses recent trends of Chinese foreign aid and identifies some of the challenges that China faces as it becomes a major player in international development financing.
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Haider, Huma. Scalability of Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Interventions: Moving Toward Wider Socio-political Change. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.080.

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Literature focusing on the aftermath of conflict in the Western Balkans, notes that many people remain focused on stereotypes and prejudices between different ethnic groups stoking fear of a return to conflict. This rapid review examines evidence focussing on various interventions that seek to promote inter-group relations that are greatly elusive in the political realm in the Western Balkan. Socio-political change requires a growing critical mass that sees the merit in progressive and conciliatory ethnic politics and is capable of side-lining divisive ethno-nationalist forces. This review provides an evidence synthesis of pathways through which micro-level, civil-society-based interventions can produce ‘ripple effects’ in society and scale up to affect larger geographic areas and macro-level socio-political outcomes. These interventions help in the provision of alternative platforms for dealing with divisive nationalism in post-conflict societies. There is need to ensure that the different players participating in reconciliation activities are able to scale up and attain broader reach to ensure efficacy and hence enabling them to become ‘multiplier of peace.’ One such way is by providing tools for activism. The involvement of key people and institutions, who are respected and play an important role in the everyday life of communities and participants is an important factor in the design and success of reconciliation initiatives. These include the youth, objective media, and journalists. The transformation of conflict identities through reconciliation-related activities is theorised as leading to the creation of peace constituencies that support non-violent approaches to conflict resolution and sustainable peace The success of reconciliation interventions largely depends on whether it contributes to redefining otherwise antagonistic identities and hostile relationships within a community or society.
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Sajjanhar, Anuradha, and Denzil Mohammed. Immigrant Essential Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Immigrant Learning Center Inc., December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54843/dpe8f2.

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The COVID-19 pandemic affected everyone in the United States, and essential workers across industries like health care, agriculture, retail, transportation and food supply were key to our survival. Immigrants, overrepresented in essential industries but largely invisible in the public eye, were critical to our ability to weather the pandemic and recover from it. But who are they? How did they do the riskiest of jobs in the riskiest of times? And how were both U.S.-born and foreign-born residents affected? This report explores the crucial contributions of immigrant essential workers, their impact on the lives of those around them, and how they were affected by the pandemic, public sentiment and policies. It further explores the contradiction of immigrants being essential to all of our well-being yet denied benefits, protections and rights given to most others. The pandemic revealed the significant value of immigrant essential workers to the health of all Americans. This report places renewed emphasis on their importance to national well-being. The report first provides a demographic picture of foreign-born workers in key industries during the pandemic using U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) data. Part I then gives a detailed narrative of immigrants’ experiences and contributions to the country’s perseverance during the pandemic based on interviews with immigrant essential workers in California, Minnesota and Texas, as well as with policy experts and community organizers from across the country. Interviewees include: ■ A food packing worker from Mexico who saw posters thanking doctors and grocery workers but not those like her working in the fields. ■ A retail worker from Argentina who refused the vaccine due to mistrust of the government. ■ A worker in a check cashing store from Eritrea who felt a “responsibility to be able to take care of people” lining up to pay their bills. Part II examines how federal and state policies, as well as increased public recognition of the value of essential workers, failed to address the needs and concerns of immigrants and their families. Both foreign-born and U.S.-born people felt the consequences. Policies kept foreign-trained health care workers out of hospitals when intensive care units were full. They created food and household supply shortages resulting in empty grocery shelves. They denied workplace protections to those doing the riskiest jobs during a crisis. While legislation and programs made some COVID-19 relief money available, much of it failed to reach the immigrant essential workers most in need. Part II also offers several examples of local and state initiatives that stepped in to remedy this. By looking more deeply at the crucial role of immigrant essential workers and the policies that affect them, this report offers insight into how the nation can better respond to the next public health crisis.
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Locy, Robert D., Hillel Fromm, Joe H. Cherry, and Narendra K. Singh. Regulation of Arabidopsis Glutamate Decarboxylase in Response to Heat Stress: Modulation of Enzyme Activity and Gene Expression. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575288.bard.

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Most plants accumulate the nonprotein amino acid, g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in response to heat stress. GABA is made from glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme that has been shown by the Israeli PI to be a calmodulin (CaM) binding protein whose activity is regulated in vitro by calcium and CaM. In Arabidopsis there are at least 5 GAD genes, two isoforms of GAD, GAD1 and GAD2, are known to be expressed, both of which appear to be calmodulin-binding proteins. The role of GABA accumulation in stress tolerance remains unclear, and thus the objectives of the proposed work are intended to clarify the possible roles of GABA in stress tolerance by studying the factors which regulate the activity of GAD in vivo. Our intent was to demonstrate the factors that mediate the expression of GAD activity by analyzing the promoters of the GAD1 and GAD2 genes, to determine the role of stress induced calcium signaling in the regulation of GAD activity, to investigate the role of phosphorylation of the CaM-binding domain in the regulation of GAD activity, and to investigate whether ABA signaling could be involved in GAD regulation via the following set of original Project Objectives: 1. Construction of chimeric GAD1 and GAD2 promoter/reporter gene fusions and their utilization for determining cell-specific expression of GAD genes in Arabidopsis. 2. Utilizing transgenic plants harboring chimeric GAD1 promoter-luciferase constructs for isolating mutants in genes controlling GAD1 gene activation in response to heat shock. 3. Assess the role of Ca2+/CaM in the regulation of GAD activity in vivo in Arabidopsis. 4. Study the possible phosphorylation of GAD as a means of regulation of GAD activity. 5. Utilize ABA mutants of Arabidopsis to assess the involvement of this phytohormone in GAD activation by stress stimuli. The major conclusions of Objective 1 was that GAD1 was strongly expressed in the elongating region of the root, while GAD2 was mainly expressed along the phloem in both roots and shoots. In addition, GAD activity was found not to be transcriptionally regulated in response to heat stress. Subsequently, The Israeli side obtained a GAD1 knockout mutation, and in light of the objective 1 results it was determined that characterization of this knockout mutation would contribute more to the project than the proposed Objective 2. The major conclusion of Objective 3 is that heat-stress-induced changes in GAD activity can be explained by heat-stress-induced changes in cytosolic calcium levels. No evidence that GAD activity was transcriptionally or translationally regulated or that protein phosphorylation was involved in GAD regulation (objective 4) was obtained. Previously published data by others showing that in wheat roots ABA regulated GABA accumulation proved not to be the case in Arabidopsis (Objective 5). Consequently, we put the remaining effort in the project into the selection of mutants related to temperature adaptation and GABA utilization and attempting to characterize events resulting from GABA accumulation. A set of 3 heat sensitive mutants that appear to have GABA related mutations have been isolated and partially characterized, and a study linking GABA accumulation to growth stimulation and altered nitrate assimilation were conducted. By providing a better understanding of how GAD activity was and was not regulated in vivo, we have ruled out the use of certain genes for genetically engineering thermotolerance, and suggested other areas of endeavor related to the thrust of the project that may be more likely approaches to genetically engineering thermotolerance.
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