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Статті в журналах з теми "Limitation des mandats":
1
Grandjean, Geoffrey. "La limitation du cumul de mandats par les députés wallons." Courrier hebdomadaire du CRISP N° 2255-2256, no. 10 (2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cris.2255.0005.
2
Jegouzo, Yves, Marie-Françoise Bechtel, and Marie-Christine Henry-Meininger. "Le point sur la limitation du cumul des mandats électoraux." Revue française d'administration publique 37, no. 1 (1986): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1986.1682.
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Févrat, Noémie. "The Effects of U.S. State Legislative Term Limits on Political Representation and Professionalization." Politique américaine N° 40, no. 1 (June 20, 2023): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/polam.040.0051.
Анотація:
En 1990, plus de deux siècles après la proposition de Jefferson de limiter la réélection des membres du Congrès, les États de l’Oklahoma et de la Californie tiennent les premiers référendums pour adopter des mesures dans ce sens. Cette thématique est familière de l’histoire institutionnelle états-unienne. Le système de rotation par la limitation de la réélection est appliqué pour la présidence des États-Unis depuis 1951. Depuis les années 1990, il concerne également les membres des assemblées des États fédérés et les maires de plus de 3 000 villes. Cet article met en lumière les effets d’une telle mesure de recodification temporelle des mandats en s’appuyant sur le cas californien. D’abord, nous cherchons à montrer les effets de la limitation de la réélection sur la composition des assemblées représentatives (diversification et féminisation) et ensuite, à travers la méthode de l’analyse de séquences, nous interrogeons les recompositions subséquentes des carrières politiques.
4
Lefebvre, Rémi. "Rapprocher l’élu et le citoyen. La « proximité » dans le débat sur la limitation du cumul des mandats (1998-2000)." Mots, no. 77 (March 1, 2005): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mots.127.
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Duursma, Allard, and Isak Svensson. "Introducing an Agenda-based Measurement of Mediation Success: The Divergent Effects of the Manipulation Strategy in African Civil Wars." International Negotiation 24, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 296–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-24011175.
Анотація:
Abstract Previous quantitative mediation research has relied on generalized measurements of “mediation success,” such as agreements, ceasefires or peace durability. However, these measurements of success do not take into account what mediators were mandated to achieve. We propose benchmarking outcomes against the explicit mandates of the interventions, a novel way of conceptualizing mediation success. Utilizing data on the agendas of mediated negotiations in intrastate armed conflicts in Africa between 1990 and 2010 as a proxy for mediation mandates, we examine the relative effectiveness of manipulation as a mediation strategy. The study shows, in contrast to previous research, that third party manipulation does not have a significant effect on whether the goal of a given round of negotiations is achieved and, that under some circumstances, may decrease the likelihood of mediation success. We discuss the opportunities as well as limitations of a mandate-based approach to the study of mediation success.
6
Bancroft, Kim. "Implementing the mandate: the limitations of benchmark tests." Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability 22, no. 1 (February 2010): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11092-010-9091-1.
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Alahmad, Ghiath. "Ethical Challenges Involved in COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates for Children: A Systematic Review." Vaccines 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2023): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030601.
Анотація:
The new COVID-19 pandemic has affected day-to-day life, creating various ethical dilemmas. COVID-19 vaccination is seen as an effective way to halt the pandemic. Ethical challenges can arise when the vaccines are mandated for all ages, but more so when mandated for children. This systematic review discusses the pros and cons of the COVID-19 vaccine mandate for children. The primary objective of this study is to summarize exclusively the various ethical conflicts, impacts, and requirements that arise as a result of the COVID-19 vaccine mandate laws on children. The secondary objective is to analyze the reasons for parents refusing to allow their children to be given the COVID-19 vaccine sand the effective strategies to increase vaccine uptake among children. The study involved a systematic review, identification of relevant literature and reviews following the PRISMA-ScR recommendations. The keywords ‘COVID-19 vaccine mandates on children’ were used to mine the literature from PubMed and WHO COVID-19 Research Database. Limitations placed on the original searches were: English language, humans, ethics, and children. Out of 529 studies, only 13 satisfied the selection criteria. The sample included studies with a wide, diverse range of methods, settings, research, authors, and journals. COVID-19 vaccine mandates on children need to be scrutinized. Implementing the COVID-19 vaccination drive in a scientific way is acceptable. As children are the fastest-growing population and have the highest life expectancy, it is important to take into account that the vaccines do not disturb their growth and development.
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Søberg, Peder Veng, and Brian Vejrum Wæhrens. "Subsidiary autonomy and knowledge transfer." Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing 13, no. 2 (November 17, 2019): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgoss-04-2018-0016.
Анотація:
Purpose This paper aims to explore the effect of subsidiary autonomy on knowledge transfers during captive offshoring to emerging markets. Design/methodology/approach Five longitudinal cases of captive R&D and manufacturing offshoring to emerging markets. Findings The propositions entail the dual effect of operational subsidiary autonomy on primary knowledge transfer and reverse knowledge transfer. For newly established subsidiaries, operational subsidiary autonomy has a mainly negative effect on primary knowledge transfer and a mainly positive effect on reverse knowledge transfer and local collaboration activities increase this effect. Strategic subsidiary autonomy is mainly negative for primary and reverse knowledge transfer. Research limitations/implications Limitations concerning the applied exploratory case study approach suggest that further research should test the identified relationships using surveys, after the initial pilot study. Practical implications A gradual increase of operational subsidiary autonomy as the subsidiary capability level increases is beneficial to ensure primary knowledge transfer. Allowing subsidiaries to collaborate locally within the confines of their mandates benefits reverse knowledge transfer. Originality/value This paper extends the secondary knowledge transfer concept to include knowledge flows with local collaboration partners, not only other subsidiaries and clarifies the distinction between operational and strategic autonomy concerning local collaboration. A subsidiary asserts operational autonomy when its collaboration with local partners relates to its existing mandate. A subsidiary asserts strategic autonomy when it collaborates with local partners beyond this mandate.
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Flores Juberías, Carlos, and Jorge García-Contell Muñoz. "La introducción en España de la limitación de mandatos: una aproximación crítica // The introduction of term limits in Spain: A critical approach." Revista de Derecho Político 1, no. 100 (December 20, 2017): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rdp.100.2017.20710.
Анотація:
Resumen: Pese a que la Constitución española no contiene previsión alguna respecto a lo que coloquialmente conocemos ya como la limitación de mandatos, y a que tampoco hasta hoy ha considerado oportuno el legislador introducir en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico estatal este tipo de restricciones, lo cierto es que de un tiempo a esta parte la cuestión ha ido ganando gradualmente relevancia en el debate político, habiendo sido regulada ya en varias comunidades autónomas, siendo objeto de debate en otras, y figurando como parte del acuerdo político de investidura sobre el que se sustenta el actual Gobierno de la nación. En este trabajo empezaremos pasando revista al estado de la cuestión en España, así como a los numerosos cambios constitucionales que a lo largo de las dos últimas décadas se han verificado a este respecto en los países latinoamericanos, marco tradicional de esta práctica; para acto seguido debatir en torno a la conveniencia y a la constitucionalidad de la introducción en España de la limitación de mandatos, en su doble dimensión: respecto de los miembros del legislativo, y respecto del responsable máximo del poder ejecutivo. En esta línea analizaremos con especial detalle la idoneidad del instituto para erradicar la corrupción y asegurar la renovación de las elites políticas, la adecuación del mismo a los perfiles netamente parlamentarios de nuestro sistema, y su compatibilidad con los derechos consagrados en nuestra Carta Magna.Summary:1. Some considerations on the topicality of the debate in Spain. 2. The changing reception of the limitation of mandates in comparative constitutionalism. 3. Would be useful introduce the limitation of mandates in Spain? 4. Would be constitutional introduce the limitation of mandates in Spain? 5. Conclusions.AbstractDespite the fact that the Spanish Constitution does not contain any provisions regarding what we colloquially know as term limits, nor has Parliament deemed it appropriate to introduce such restrictions in our legal system, the fact is that for some years now the issue has being gaining relevance in the Spanish political debate, having already been regulated in several autonomous communities, being discussed in others, and appearing as part of the political agreement on which the current Government of the nation is based. In this paper we will begin by reviewing the state of the question in Spain, as well as the numerous constitutional amendments introduced in this respect in several Latin American countries —the traditional framework of this practice— during the last two decades; only to follow with the discussion of the convenience and the constitutionality of the introduction of term limits in Spain, in its twofold dimension: in relation to the members of the legislature and to the head of theexecutive branch. More specifically, we will pay close look to the suitability of the institute to eradicate corruption and ensure the renewal of political elites, to its adequacy to the declared parliamentary nature of our system, and to its compatibility with the rights enshrined in our Basic Law.
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Adrianis, Adrianis, and Dhiant Asri. "Politeness of The Minang Community in The Tourism Object Area in Dealing with Japanese Tourists with Aizuchi Culture." Andalas International Journal of Socio-Humanities 3, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijosh.v3i2.22.
Анотація:
The study focuses on politeness of merchants and managers in the Minang tourism area in the use of aizuchi towards Japanese tourists in Padang city. Politeness in terms of the language used by Minang merchants in tourism areas can be seen in the daily lives of those who use the Kato Nan Ampek culture. The ampek kato are kato malereng, kato mandaki, kato manurun, and kato mandata. Based on the five characteristics proposed by Mynard, there are only three characteristics, namely expressing confirmation, showing concern, and surprise. These characteristics indicate a cultural attitude that uses Kato Nan Ampek, namely kato mandaki and kato mandata. Politeness that is done to Japanese people who have aizuchi culture, namely the response to the interlocutor varies depending on the place. In general, merchants and tourism object managers are very polite in order to attract tourists to their business. Because of the limitations in mastering the Japanese language, the characteristic forms shown by the merchants are only in the form of confirmation by using the words はい (hai), はい、そうです (hai sou desu), and the form of one's attention in the form of そうですね (sou desune), expressing doubts by using the phrase わかりません (wakarimasen). Meanwhile, the politeness given by merchants and tourism managers is based on the functions put forward by Horiguchi, namely stating that the interlocutor is listening, understanding the conversation, agreeing, and expressing feelings.
Дисертації з теми "Limitation des mandats":
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Mohamed, Rafsandjani Hassani. "Les révisions constitutionnelles en Afrique et la limitation des mandats présidentiels. : Contribution à l'étude du pouvoir de révision." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOUL0147.
Анотація:
On constate une inflation des révisions constitutionnelles en Afrique qui touchent essentiellement la clause de limitation du nombre des mandats présidentiels. Les chefs d’État qui en sont à l’initiative cherchent à faciliter leur réélection. Ces velléités réformistes provoquent des crises politiques et sociales importantes. Pour les acteurs politiques, les organisations de la société civile ou encore les mouvements citoyens, la clause de limitation des mandats présidentiels est un élément fondamental des constitutions et ne peut pas, à ce titre, faire l’objet de révision constitutionnelle. Cette thèse entend démontrer que le pouvoir de révision n’est pas souverain. Il est soumis à deux impératifs. Le premier, d’ordre formel, impose de suivre la procédure régulière de révision fixée par la constitution. Le second impératif est finaliste et met à la charge du pouvoir de révision une obligation de consolider le système institutionnel en préservant ses principes fondateurs. Ces derniers forment la structure basique de la constitution. Il apparaît que ces deux impératifs ne sont pas toujours observés par les révisions en Afrique. La présente étude permet également de montrer qu’il existe, tant au niveau national que régional, un ensemble de mécanismes politiques et juridictionnels originaux, mais encore balbutiants, d’encadrement et de contrôle du pouvoir de révisionAfrican countries have been experiencing an increasing number of constitutional amendments, mainly affecting the presidential term limit clause. Leaders, who initiate them, seek to facilitate their re-election. Such reformist inclinations lead to major political and social crises. From the political actors, civil society organisations and citizen movements point of view, the presidential term limit clause is a key feature of constitutions and as such it should not be the subject of constitutional amendments. This thesis aims at demonstrating that constitutional amendment power is not absolute power. It must comply with two requirements. The first is formal. The amendment process provided by constitutions needs to be followed. The second is an objective. The duty of constitutional amendment power is to consolidate the institutional system by preserving its founding principles. These form the basic structure of constitutions. In Africa, it appears that these two requirements are not always observed when amending constitutions. This research also highlights that at both national and regional levels, there is a set of original mechanisms supervising constitutional amendment power, which are political and jurisdictional, but still in their infancy
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Amado, Maria Atáide. "Limitação de mandatos autárquicos [a Lei n.º 46/2005, de 29 de Agosto]." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19528.
Анотація:
This work resulted in the systematic and objective, however, limited study, of the motivation of the Act no 46/2005 of 29th August. This is the normative execu-tion from constitutional permission contained in Article 118/2 from the Portuguese Constitution and gives expression to the standard limiting mandates of local gov-ernment as a guarantor of the principle of political turnover of political agents.
The methodology adopted imposed a reflection on the Portuguese historical and political cycles. It regards looking backward until the beginning of nationality with a view to the territorial governance mechanisms and helps dismantle the mu-nicipality revisited theories “Estado Novo” imposed during 48 years. This visit showed also that the apparent revival of ancient and nineteenth-century municipal policy by “Estado Novo” consisted, after all, on an untruth and real mischaracteri-zation of municipal’s administrative law of the nineteenth century.
In the subject of Political Sociology, it was indispensable a passage by the facts that immediately preceded and followed the Revolution of April 25, 1974.
The Portuguese dichotomy of the guarantee system and election monitoring involves two major groups of stakeholders: the preparatory, preventive procedures, information, and skills assuring electoral legality are assigned to the National Elec-tions Commission. At another level, jurisdictional powers and the evaluation of re-sources of electoral justice; the ordinary courts (at 1st instance) and the Constitu-tional Court were constituted as guarantors. The latter has also a disambiguation role on the appreciation of the electoral law. The constitutional jurisprudence, in 2013, came to take the brake on this matter, when it decided on the conditions of application of Act no 46/2005.
In a comparative law perspective it was assumed the following: a) In England, France, and Spain, there is no limitation of mandates in local government.
b) The Brazilian Electoral Law provides for the limitation of mandates through constitutional direct command. The control of elections belongs to the Electoral Courts, only and for all it concerns.
c) In Italy, there is a limitation of mandates in local government, by Constitutional permission transferred to law: Act no 165/2004.
Keywords: Mandate’s limitation. Local Governments. The renewal principle of po-litical agents. Electoral Illegitimacies. Constitutional Court.O presente trabalho resultou do estudo circunscrito e objectivo da razão de ser da Lei n.º 46/2005, de 29 de Agosto, que representa a execução normativa da permissão contida no artigo 118º/2 da CRP e da limitação de mandatos executivos autárquicos, como garante do princípio da renovação, no plano das eleições autár-quicas. A metodologia adoptada impôs uma reflexão sobre os ciclos histórico-políticos do País. Recuou-se até ao início da nacionalidade para perceber os meca-nismos de governação territorial bem como ajudar a desmontar as teorias de muni-cipalidade revisitada que o Estado Novo impôs, durante 48 anos. Esta visita de-monstrou que o aparente revivalismo da antiga política municipal pelo Estado Novo consistiu numa inverdade e na real descaracterização do municipalismo anterior, designadamente, o do século XIX. Já no domínio da Sociologia Política fez-se uma passagem pelos factos que imediatamente antecederam e sucederam a Revolução de 25 de Abril de 1974. Analisou-se a dicotomia do sistema de garantia e controlo eleitoral, a qual passa por dois grandes grupos de intervenientes: a Comissão Nacional de Eleições, por um lado, os tribunais comuns (em 1ª instância) e o Tribunal Constitucional, por outro. Este tem, ainda, um papel desambiguador relativamente à apreciação da lei. A jurisprudência constitucional, em 2013, veio tomar o freio, nesta matéria e por relação à aplicação da Lei 46/2005, de 29 de Agosto, quando decidiu sobre as condições da sua aplicação. No Direito Comparado; a) Em Inglaterra, França e Espanha não existe limitação de mandatos no poder local. b) No Brasil prevê-se a limitação de mandatos através de comando cons-titucional directamente aplicável, pelo que não houve necessidade de mediação legis-lativa por parte de lei ordinária. c) Em Itália existe limitação de mandatos relativamente ao poder local, por comando Constitucional e remissão para a lei (Lei 165/2004), num modelo mais próximo do português.
Книги з теми "Limitation des mandats":
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Miron, Jeffrey A. U.S. Fiscal Imbalance. Washington, D.C: Cato Institute Press, 2016.
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New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill No. 2627 (codifies the "discovery rule" for certain actions for asbestos or lead contamination for statute of limitations purposes) : October 4, 1990, room 424, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1990.
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Government, New Jersey Legislature General Assembly Committee on State. Public hearing before Assembly State Government Committee: ACR-97 (a proposed amendment to the State Constitution which would require the state government to pay for the costs of any new or expanded programs or services that it mandates upon counties and municipalities) : April 25, 1988, Room 368, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625): The Unit, 1988.
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Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Review of racial profiling. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, PO BOX 068, Trenton 08625-0068): Senate Judiciary Committee, 2001.
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Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate concurrent resolution no. 48, Senate joint resolution no. 18, Assembly concurrent resolution no. 20, and the Committee also discussed prison overcrowding. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1992.
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Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Assembly concurrent resolution no. 2 (2R) : proposes constitutional amendment to prohibit state from requiring county or municipality to perform new or expanded program or service without full state funding. Trenton, N.J. (162 W. State St., CN 068, Trenton 08625-00): The Committee, 1993.
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Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 2363 ("Uniform Interstate Family Support Act") and ("New Jersey Child Support Program Improvement Act"). Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1998.
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Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate concurrent resolution no. 103 (proposes amendment to the Constitution to permit wagering in person at casinos on the results of professional sports events). Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1993.
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Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Inquiries into circumstances surrounding the release of Robert "Mudman" Simon. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625 ): The Committee, 1995.
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Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill nos. 161, 351, 573, and 866 : issues dealing with public access to government records : [March 9, 2000, Trenton, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 2000.
Частини книг з теми "Limitation des mandats":
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Hess, Christopher P., and James G. Smirniotopoulos. "Found Down." In IDKD Springer Series, 155–65. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50675-8_11.
Анотація:
AbstractConsciousness is believed to arise from two inter-related brain functional states: wakefulness, reflecting an individual’s level of arousal and response to external stimuli, and awareness, representing the content of one’s conscious experience and the ability to interact with the external environment. Disruption to either or both states may result in a patient being “found down.” The inability to take an accurate medical history, the limitations of physical examination in the obtunded patient, and the need to rapidly make treatment decisions position imaging centrally within the evaluation of most of these patients. Radiologists should be prepared to help decide on an appropriate imaging strategy, suggest a limited differential diagnosis as to root causes for the patient’s condition, identify problems that mandate emergent medical or surgical intervention and, in some cases, assist in defining short- and long-term prognosis.
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Hacker, Philipp, and Jan-Hendrik Passoth. "Varieties of AI Explanations Under the Law. From the GDPR to the AIA, and Beyond." In xxAI - Beyond Explainable AI, 343–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04083-2_17.
Анотація:
AbstractThe quest to explain the output of artificial intelligence systems has clearly moved from a mere technical to a highly legally and politically relevant endeavor. In this paper, we provide an overview of legal obligations to explain AI and evaluate current policy proposals. In this, we distinguish between different functional varieties of AI explanations - such as multiple forms of enabling, technical and protective transparency - and show how different legal areas engage with and mandate such different types of explanations to varying degrees. Starting with the rights-enabling framework of the GDPR, we proceed to uncover technical and protective forms of explanations owed under contract, tort and banking law. Moreover, we discuss what the recent EU proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act means for explainable AI, and review the proposal’s strengths and limitations in this respect. Finally, from a policy perspective, we advocate for moving beyond mere explainability towards a more encompassing framework for trustworthy and responsible AI that includes actionable explanations, values-in-design and co-design methodologies, interactions with algorithmic fairness, and quality benchmarking.
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Basioni, Ahmed, and Muhammed Waris Khan. "The Impact of Organisational Structure on Project Performance in the Energy Sector." In BUiD Doctoral Research Conference 2023, 414–24. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56121-4_39.
Анотація:
AbstractPurpose – The objective is to explore the impact of organisational structure on project performance and current research topics regarding organisational structure theories, types, and aspects in terms of challenges, culture, communication, organisational dynamics, and drivers.Methodology – The adopted methodology employs two integrated approaches. First, use a systematic mapping approach to explore the existing research studies on organisational structure’s impact. Second, correlate the research studies to existing case studies in the energy sector, record findings, and propose recommendations on the way forward.Findings – The study results concluded that most oil producers are a mix of functional and matrix organisations with diversified thoughts on centralizing project management teams.Implications/limitations – It is essential to conduct follow-up research validating the potential for using the findings of this study to establish frameworks for the organisational transformation approach in meeting cultural variance and market conditions.Originality/value – The proposed case studies and relevant theories present the most effective organisational structure model to improve project-based operations performance, thus enabling oil and gas organisations to manage their business mandates effectively.
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Contamin, Jean-Gabriel. "Les usages locaux des mandats parlementaires : poids et limites du cumul des mandats électifs." In Le renforcement de la limitation du cumul des mandats et des fonctions, 133–53. Artois Presses Université, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.23845.
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Toulemonde, Gilles. "Le cumul des mandats dans l’histoire constitutionnelle française." In Le renforcement de la limitation du cumul des mandats et des fonctions, 25–39. Artois Presses Université, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.23775.
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Caille, Pierre-Olivier. "Les incompatibilités de mandats et de fonctions et le droit électoral." In Le renforcement de la limitation du cumul des mandats et des fonctions, 49–57. Artois Presses Université, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.23795.
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Haquet, Arnaud. "Le statut de l’élu, contrepartie à la limitation du cumul des mandats." In Le renforcement de la limitation du cumul des mandats et des fonctions, 59–69. Artois Presses Université, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.23805.
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Dolez, Bernard. "Le cumul des mandats, la professionnalisation des élus et la réforme territoriale." In Le renforcement de la limitation du cumul des mandats et des fonctions, 155–67. Artois Presses Université, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.23855.
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Navarro, Julien. "Le cumul des mandats en Europe : l’exception française à l’épreuve de la comparaison." In Le renforcement de la limitation du cumul des mandats et des fonctions, 105–20. Artois Presses Université, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.23825.
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Vernier, Jacques. "Intervention de Monsieur Jacques Vernier." In Le renforcement de la limitation du cumul des mandats et des fonctions, 181–86. Artois Presses Université, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.apu.23885.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Limitation des mandats":
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Yoshikwa, T., J. Wang, A. Stanley, James Underwood, Erick Alley, Jerolim Andric, Dario Boote, et al. "Discussion of Committee II.1: Quasi-Static Response." In 21st International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress Volume 3 Discussions. SNAME, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/issc-2022-discussion-ii-1.
Анотація:
Discussion Discussers’ reports and floor discussions, including the replies by the committees, are included in this Volume 3 discussion paper. Committee Mandate Concern for the quasi-static response of ship and offshore structures, as required for safety and serviceability assessments. Attention shall be given to uncertainty quantification of quasi-static load and response analysis approaches, and their limitations, including exact and approximate methods for derivation of different acceptance criteria.
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Venkatesh, Vishnu, Anthony Jacob Ashish, Sanchit Gupta, Abhijeet Sangani, Tanuj Jhunjhunwala, Vineet Upadhyay, Prabhu Rajagopal, and Krishnan Balasubramanian. "Non-Destructive Testing of Underwater Concrete Structures Using Remotely Controlled Drones." In 2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-98134.
Анотація:
Abstract Concrete is a fundamental component in civil, commercial, and industrial infrastructure. Periodic inspection is mandated to ensure safe operation during the structure’s lifetime. Recent innovations in inspection technology have enabled rapid characterization of the interior of a concrete specimen with techniques like ground penetrating radar and phased array ultrasonic tomography. A universal limitation of these conventional methods is that they are best documented for in-air application, with comparatively scant literature available for underwater deployment. Visual inspections and diver deployed semi-destructive tests are the main modes of underwater concrete inspection. Underwater, concrete structures encounter harsher conditions and larger weathering effects compared to those above. Underwater inspections sites often have poor visibility, strong currents and debris, making manned inspections risky. Divers also have limited inspection time and depth, decreasing scope and increasing asset downtime. To overcome those limitations, this paper proposes the use of remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) to perform quantitative non-destructive tests on underwater concrete structures. ROVs developed by Planys Technologies are compact, lightweight, and versatile. They are capable of extended inspection times, and operational depths of up to 200 m. These ROVs can be deployed by a crew of 2-3 personnel and are remotely controlled from a safe location above water. One of the most well-known techniques, ultrasonic pulse velocimetry, was adapted for the marine environment. While foundational when compared to the state-of-the-art in-air techniques, it is still capable of providing a quantitative measure of a concrete structure’s integrity. The paper describes experimental results from in-lab and in-field testing, as well as limitations to practical applications.
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Finley, Patrick J. "A Review of National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Discharge-Permit Requirements for EPA Region 6." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/ee-29167.
Анотація:
During oil and gas extraction in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), water and pollutants are produced from wells. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has mandated a permit system to help control the discharge of these waters into the GOM. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) contains both requirements and standards for discharge in offshore Texas and Louisiana federal waters. This review summarizes permit (GMG290000) requirements, effluent limitations, standard conditions, and monitoring requirements for NPDES general permits in EPA Region 6.
4
Lau, Chee Hen, Avinash Kishore Kumar, and Myat Thuzar. "Application of Key Technique in Splitter Wellhead Cementing Enabled Successful and Safe Operations." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21246-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract This paper describes the application of key technique for splitter wellhead cementing of top-hole section in conductor-sharing wells in dozens of development wells in offshore Malaysia. Its objective is to elaborate on the challenges faced during the well planning phase, methodology of cementing technique, cementing slurry design as well as solutions outcome and lessons learnt. Limitations of current software in the industry to simulate the conductor-sharing well cementation and approaches to maneuver through these limitations are also discussed. During the well planning phase, cementing technique to address the risks associated with splitter wellhead cementing such as accidental cementation of dummy string, poor cement coverage in shared conductor, and losses uncertainties were analyzed. The cementing execution results of first batch of wells are examined, i.e. pressure profile, cement returns as well as opportunities for improvement were documented and translated into recommendations leading to eventual success for future well design. The cement slurry design for each casing in the splitter wellhead are also established based on its associated job objectives which is based on the unique approach in splitter wellhead cementing. The establishment of key cementing technique for such an unconventional well construction technology is important in order to ensure continuous success both in cement placement as well as cement slurry design. The best practices are currently being replicated by other major operators in Malaysia for all splitter wellhead cement design. The learnings from the technique are incorporated into the technical standard of Malaysia operator as well to serve as a specific mandated requirement for future operations. An integrated study of wellhead design, drilling practices and cementing technologies enabled a novel methodology to assure long term zonal isolation for the wells and innovation in the cementing approach enable cost savings for the operator as the wells can be drilled in a safe, efficient and cheaper way.
5
Wahab, Muhammad A., and Vinay Raghuram. "Fatigue Life Prediction of Al-Li Alloy Butt-Welded Joints in Aerospace Structures." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12896.
Анотація:
Friction-Stir-Welding (FSW) has been adopted as a major process for welding Aluminum aerospace structures. AA-2195 is one of the new generations Aluminum alloy (Al-Li) that has been used on the new super lightweight external tank of the space shuttle. The Lockheed Martin Space Systems (LMSS), Michaud Operations in New Orleans is continuously pursuing FSW technologies in its efforts to advance fabrication of the external tanks of the space shuttle. The future launch vehicles which will have to be reusable, mandates the structure to have good fatigue properties, which prompts an investigation into the fatigue behavior of the friction-stir-welded aerospace structures. The butt-joint specimens of Al-2195 are fatigue tested according to ASTM-E647. The effect of Stress ratios, Corrosion-Preventive-Compound (CPC), and periodic Overloading on fatigue life is investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the failure surfaces and examine the different modes of crack propagation i.e. tensile, shear, and brittle modes. It is found that fatigue life increases with the increase in stress ratio, the fatigue life increases from 30–38% with the use of CPC, the fatigue life increases 8–12 times with periodic overloading; crack closure phenomenon dominates the fatigue facture. Numerical Analysis using FEA has also been used to model fatigue life prediction scheme for these structures, the interface element technique with critical bonding strength criterion for formation of the new surfaces has been used to model crack propagation. The fatigue life predictions made using this method are within the acceptable ranges of 10–20% of the experimental fatigue life. This method overcomes the limitation of the traditional node-release scheme and closely follows the physics of crack propagation.
6
Grzyb, David W. "The Alberta Experience With Composite Pipes in Production Environments." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31092.
Анотація:
The Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) is the quasi-judicial agency that is responsible for regulating the development of Alberta’s energy resources. Its mandate is to ensure that the discovery, development, and delivery of Alberta’s energy resources takes place in a manner that is safe, fair, responsible, and in the public interest. The ERCB’s responsibilities include the regulation of over 400,000 km of high-pressure oil and gas pipelines, the majority of which is production field pipeline. ERCB regulations require pipeline licensees to report all pipeline failures, regardless of consequence, and thus a comprehensive data set exists pertaining to the failure frequency and failure causes of its regulated pipelines. Analysis has shown that corrosion is consistently the predominant cause of failure in steel production pipeline systems. Corrosion-resistant materials, such as fibre-composite pipe, thermoplastic pipe, and plastic-lined pipe have long been explored as alternatives to steel pipe, and have in fact been used in various forms for many years. The ERCB has encouraged the use of such materials where appropriate and has co-operated with licensees to allow the use of various types of new pipeline systems on an experimental basis, subject to technical assessment, service limitations, and periodic performance evaluations. This paper will review the types of composite pipe materials that have been used in Alberta, and present statistical data on the length of composite pipe in place, growth trends, failure causes and failure frequency. As the purpose of using alternative materials is to improve upon the performance history of steel, a comparison will be done to determine if that goal is being achieved.
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McIntosh, Robin, Gary Littlestar, and Aron Ekelund. "Using HPIR Class Composite Pipeline Systems to Overcome the Challenges of Rehabilitating or Replacing a Pipeline Across a Navigable Waterway and Environmentally Sensitive Wetlands." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33596.
Анотація:
One of the biggest challenges that Pipeline Operators face is the rehabilitation or replacement of long, old pipeline segments that have restrictive right-of-way access, such as those crossing a major waterway or highway or through an environmentally sensitive area where traditional dig and replacement is not an option. Typically, these projects have limited options and have high associated costs. Pipeline downtime is also a major factor in the project planning. Horizontal Directional Drilling and lengthy environmental impact studies are two examples of costly and/or time-consuming activities common to these projects. Self-monitoring, high-pressure internal replacement (HPIR class) composite pipeline systems are a viable alternative for replacing these hard to access pipelines, with little disruption to the pipeline right-of-way. HPIR class composite systems are installed into the old pipeline in very long lengths, negating the requirement for multiple excavations along the pipeline. Although inserted inside the old pipeline, they are not a simple plastic “liner”. They are fully structural, transporting high-pressure oil, gas and hazardous materials, with no dependence on the corroded steel pipeline. State and federal regulatory codes mandate the replacement of pipelines under certain conditions as part of the integrity management programs implemented as a result of the United States 2002 Pipeline Safety Act. However, these codes do not always consider the impact that traditional trenching and replacement has on public safety, nor on environmentally sensitive areas such as wetlands, national parks or endangered species habitats. This paper will address the following aspects of pipeline replacement, in hard-to-access areas, such as those that cross navigable waterways: 1) The traditional methods and limitations related to replacing the pipeline segments in hard-to-access areas 2) Composite technologies available today 3) Case study of replacement of regulated pipeline segments using HPIR class composite pipeline systems.
8
Wahab, Muhammad A., and Vinay Raghuram. "Fatigue Modeling of Friction-Stir-Welded (FSW) Butt-Joints for Aerospace Applications." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11723.
Анотація:
Abstract Among the recent research Friction-Stir-Welding (FSW) has been adopted worldwide as one of the dominant processes for welding lightweight aerospace Aluminum alloys. Al-2195 which is one of the new generation Aluminum alloys has been used in the external tank of the space shuttles. Aerospace fabricators are continuously pursuing FSW-technologies in its efforts to advance fabrication of the external tanks of the space shuttles. The future launch vehicles with reusable mandates require the structures to have excellent fatigue properties and improved fatigue lives. The butt-welded specimens of Al-2195 and Al-2219 are fatigue tested according to ASTM-E647. The effects of stress ratios, use of corrosion preventive compound (CPC), and the applications of periodic overloading on fatigue lives are investigated in this study. Scanning-electron-microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the criticality of the failure surfaces and the different modes of crack propagation that could have been initiated into the materials. It is found that fatigue life increases with the increase in stress ratio, and results show an increase in fatigue life ranging over 30% with the use of CPC, and the fatigue life increases even further with periodic overloading; whereas crack-closure phenomenon predominates the fatigue fracture. Fracture mechanics analysis and crack similitude was modified for fatigue cracks by Paris. Numerical studies using FEA has produced a model for fatigue life prediction scheme for these structures, where a novel strategy of the interface element technique with critical bonding strength criterion for formation of new fracture surfaces has been used to model fatigue crack propagation lives. The linear elastic fracture mechanics stress intensity factor is calculated using FEA and the fatigue life predictions made using this method are within 10–20% of the experimental fatigue life data obtained. This method overcomes the limitation of the traditional node-release scheme and closely matches the physics of the crack propagation.
9
K Y Chan, Victor. "Legal Risks Underlying Human-Computer interface (HCI) Design: A Comparative Study on Macao vs. Major Jurisdictions." In AHFE 2023 Hawaii Edition. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004239.
Анотація:
Human-computer interface (HCI) design is an essential aspect of modern technology development, which involves the interaction between humans and computers. HCI design can pose legal risks that may result in significant legal liabilities and consequences for any organization adopting the designs. From the standpoint of an HCI designer as opposed to a legal researcher, this article analyzes the legal risks underlying HCI design and the related regulatory framework in the small jurisdiction Macao in comparison with those in some major jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union (EU), and mainland China. Relevant statutes, acts, and academic literature are drawn on to support the analysis. Categories of the aforesaid risks are primarily identified as intellectual property, privacy and personal data protection, accessibility, liability for harm, and cybersecurity breaches, only the first two of which are to be elucidated in this article due to its length limitation. The following findings are highlighted: Macao’s IP regime does not include provisions very specific to HCI designs, unlike the United States, the EU, and mainland China. Macao’s privacy and personal data protection framework is less comprehensive than the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU and mainland China’s Cybersecurity Law, Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), and Data Security Law (DSL). In particular, the GDPR additionally mandates “data protection by design and default,” and mainland China’s Cybersecurity Law, PIPL, and DSL are well integrated with cyberspace sovereignty, national security, social and public interests, national sovereignty, and development interests of the state. In summary, in principle, the legal framework in the small jurisdiction Macao governing the legal risks associated with HCI is by and large in line with those in major and substantially larger jurisdictions. Notwithstanding, the former is in general a general miniature of the latter and comparatively devoid of express provisions very specific to and comprehensively covering HCI design. Subject to further research’s confirmation, this phenomenon of generalization and miniaturization may be true of many other small jurisdictions worldwide as reasoned in this article.
10
Virk, Amandeep Singh, Doug Langer, Janine Woo, Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, and Muntaseer Kainat. "Improved Semi-Quantitative Reliability-Based Method for Assessment of Pipeline Dents With Stress Risers." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9472.
Анотація:
Abstract Dents, especially those interacting with stress risers, can pose integrity threats to pipeline systems. Regulations in Canada and the United States mandate the repair of dents based on depth and interaction with stress risers, however, there have been cases in the past where dents that have passed these criteria have ended up in loss of containment. Recent industry’s recommendations regarding dent integrity analysis are predominantly based on strain, and the dent-fatigue models have been proven to be limited in their application. Additionally, these models or methodologies are generally deterministic which may not fully account for uncertainties associated with pipe properties and in-line inspection (ILI) tool measurement. Enbridge Liquid Pipelines Inc. had previously presented a framework to support system wide dent assessment with an efficient probabilistic-based calibrated semi-quantitative analysis method for dents (SQuAD), which elicits potentially injurious features from thousands of features within a system in a reasonable analysis timeframe. This paper expands on the authors’ previous work and presents several improvements that have since been made to the SQuAD model to address the limitations in the initial version of the model. The previous version of SQuAD was strain-based and did not explicitly account for pressure-cycling induced, fatigue-based failure quantitatively. An approximate circle fitting method was adopted for estimating the dent’s radii of curvature in order to calculate strains. In the improved model, filtering techniques have been employed to reduce the noise in the ILI-reported data while preserving the dent shape. Furthermore, a simplified FEA process has been developed to calculate the stresses within a dent due to pressure cycles, thus the fatigue-based Probability of Failure (PoF) of a dent can now be estimated using S-N approach. The filtered data allows for better accuracy in quantifying the radius of curvature of dents as reported by ILI tools, which are used for calculating dent strain as recommended in the updated version of ASME B31.8, Appendix R. Finally, the feasibility of applying this improved SQuAD model is discussed from an operator’s perspective. The improvements allow the enhanced SQuAD model to be used as an effective screening tool on a system-wide basis as part of a comprehensive, reliability-based dent assessment framework.
Звіти організацій з теми "Limitation des mandats":
1
Michelitsch, Roland, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, Felipe Vargas, Verónica M. Gonzalez Diez, Julie Biau, Maya Jansson, Monika Huppi, et al. Country Program Evaluation: Haiti 2011-2015. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010688.
Анотація:
The country strategy with Haiti for the 2011-2015 period is the Inter-American Development Bank's (IDB) first post-earthquake strategy and coincides with the start of the mandate of the Ninth General Increase in the Resources of the IDB (IDB-9). The IDB-9 commitments for Haiti include debt forgiveness and expanding the IDB Grant Facility with a view to providing Haiti with US$200 million per year over a period of 10 years (2011-2020), subject to annual approval by the Governors. The IDB-9 commitments modified the Bank's relationship with Haiti by converting the Bank's entire portfolio to a grant portfolio. Adjustment to the IDB-9 requirements also included to create in the Vice Presidency for Countries (VPC) a Haiti Department (CDH), to ensure the efficient and effective management of the unprecedented amount of resources allocated by IDB-9 (document AB-2764) to the Haiti program. The Haiti Country Program Evaluation (CPE) for the 2011-2015 period covers the first five years of the IDB-9 mandate and the change in the Bank's strategic positioning in Haiti. The CPE is an opportunity to evaluate the Bank's post-earthquake actions with a view to identifying the main challenges that the Bank faces to position itself in the five remaining years of the IDB-9 mandate. The CPE is divided into five chapters. Chapter I analyzes the changes in the economic, political, and social context in which the country strategy was implemented, with particular emphasis on the structural limitations that affect Haiti's development. Chapter II analyzes the Bank's positioning, with an emphasis on the significance of the strategic commitment and the efficiency of implementation of the operational program. Chapter III focuses on an effectiveness analysis and an analysis of the main outcomes at a sector level. Chapter IV sets out the main conclusions and recommendations for the next strategy cycle. The CPE also includes sector annexes that describe the sectoral context in which the program was implemented and a detailed evaluation of IDB operations in each sector, as well as other annexes with additional information.
2
Choe, B.-H., A. Blais-Stevens, S. Samsonov, and J. Dudley. RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) InSAR preliminary observations of slope movements in British Columbia, Alberta, and Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331099.
Анотація:
The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC)mp;gt;'s Public Safety Geoscience Program (PSGP) has collaborated with the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) to assess the performance of new RCM data for monitoring slope movements. The PSGP has the mandate to study natural hazards and provide baseline geoscience information to help stakeholders and decision-makers mitigate against potential risk. This report provides preliminary results observed from new RCM InSAR data acquired over 21 sites in British Columbia (BC), Alberta (AB), and Nunavut (NU) from April 2020 to September 2021. , In some cases, comparisons with RCM imagery were made with RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1 observations. A total of 13 sites in BC, two sites in AB, and six sites in NU that are located close to communities and/or infrastructure were investigated. From these, we acquired a total of 1235 RCM single look complex (SLC) images of HH polarization (ascending: 514, descending: 721) from April 2020 to September 2021. Most were acquired with 3 m very-high-resolution and/or 5 m high-resolution modes. Based on the preliminary observations, the advantages and limitations of RCM InSAR for landslide monitoring are highlighted.
3
Baudais, Virginie, Annelies Hickendorff, Jaïr van der Lijn, Igor Acko, Souleymane Maiga, and Hussein Yusuf Ali. EU Military Training Missions: A Synthesis Report. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lfle9658.
Анотація:
This paper draws overarching conclusions based on a synthesis of previously published case studies that examined the impact of EU military training missions (EUTMs) in Somalia (EUTM Somalia, 2010–), Mali (EUTM Mali, 2013–), the Central African Republic (CAR) (EUTM RCA, 2016–). It concludes that EUTMs are relevant niche operations. Despite difficult circumstances beyond the control of the missions, EUTM training and advisory efforts have increased the effectiveness of partner armed forces. While these gains have been marginal in CAR and Somalia, they have been a bit more pronounced in Mali. Yet, broader security sector reform and defence sector reform efforts to improve the accountability and governance of defence and security sectors have become bogged down. The main challenge is that EUTMs are generally mandated to implement largely technical and tactical agendas in contexts where the ongoing armed conflict and the politics of the security sector are not conducive to building professional national security forces. As a consequence EUTMs find themselves caught up in interlinked and partially overlapping dilemmas. This study concludes with seven partly overlapping recommendations to EU member states and to EUTMs to address the main limitations that are restricting the impact of the missions.
4
Kahima, Samuel, Solomon Rukundo, and Victor Phillip Makmot. Tax Certainty? The Private Rulings Regime in Uganda in Comparative Perspective. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.001.
Анотація:
Taxpayers sometimes engage in complex transactions with uncertain tax treatment, such as mergers, acquisitions, demergers and spin-offs. With the rise of global value chains and proliferation of multinational corporations, these transactions increasingly involve transnational financial arrangements and cross-border dealings, making tax treatment even more uncertain. If improperly structured, such transactions could have costly tax consequences. One approach to dealing with this uncertainty is to create a private rulings regime, whereby a taxpayer applies for a private ruling by submitting a statement detailing the transaction (proposed or completed) to the tax authority. The tax authority interprets and applies the tax laws to the requesting taxpayer’s specific set of facts in a written private ruling. The private ruling offers taxpayers certainty as to how the tax authority views the transaction, and the tax treatment the taxpayer can expect based on the specific facts presented. Private rulings are a common feature of many tax systems around the world, and their main goal is to promote tax certainty and increase investor confidence in the tax system. This is especially important in a developing country like Uganda, whose tax laws are often amended and may not anticipate emerging transnational tax issues. Private rulings in Uganda may be applied for in writing prior to or after engaging in the transaction. The Tax Procedures Code Act (TPCA), which provides for private rulings, requires applicants to make a full and true disclosure of the transaction before a private ruling may be issued. This paper evaluates the Ugandan private rulings regime, offering a comparative perspective by highlighting similarities and contrasts between the Ugandan regime and that of other jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, South Africa and Kenya. The Ugandan private rulings regime has a number of strengths. It is not just an administrative measure as in some jurisdictions, but is based on statute. Rulings are issued from a central office – instead of different district offices, which may result in conflicting rulings. Rather than an elaborate appeals process, the private ruling is only binding on the URA and not on the taxpayer, so a dissatisfied taxpayer can simply ignore the ruling. The URA team that handles private rulings has diverse professional backgrounds, which allows for a better understanding of applications. There are, however, a number of limitations of the Ugandan private rulings system. The procedure of revocation of a private ruling is uncertain. Private rulings are not published, which makes them a form of ‘secret law’. There is no fee for private rulings, which contributes to a delay in the process of issuing one. There is understaffing in the unit that handles private rulings. Finally, there remains a very high risk of bias against the taxpayer because the unit is answerable to a Commissioner whose chief mandate is collection of revenue. A reform of the private rulings regime is therefore necessary, and this would include clarifying the circumstances under which revocation may occur, introducing an application fee, increasing the staffing of the unit responsible, and placing the unit under a Commissioner who does not have a collection mandate. While the private rulings regime in Uganda has shortcomings, it remains an essential tool in supporting investor confidence in the tax regime.
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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.
Анотація:
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.