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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Levels of Causality and Responsibility"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Levels of Causality and Responsibility"

Adomah Worae, Thomas, and Collins C. Ngwakwe. "Environmental responsibility and financial performance nexus in South Africa: panel Granger causality analysis." Environmental Economics 8, no. 3 (August 23, 2017): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(3).2017.03.

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The authors examined environmental responsibility and financial performance nexus of Johannesburg Stock Exchange’s socially responsible investing manufacturing and mining firms during the period of 2008-2014. The study employs annual panel dataset of fourteen manufacturing and mining companies on the index, and Granger causality analysis using Gcause2 Baum’s version. The paper found unidirectional causal relationship between environmental responsibility, measured by emissions intensity and equity returns, and bidirectional causal relationship between emissions intensity and market value of equity deflated by sales at 1% significant levels. Impliedly, improvements in ‘energy efficient technologies’ to reduce fossil energy consumption (prevention activities) seem to exhibit value destroying tendencies, while improvements in ‘end-of-pipe’ activities seem to estimate a drive market value of equity deflated by sales and equity returns. The Pesaran CD and Breusch-Pagan LM tests confirmed existence of cross-sectional dependence amongst panel members. The authors tend to support institutional and stakeholder theories.

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Huang, Jie, Chunyong Tang, and Ting Deng. "Effects of developmental HR practices on management innovation: a scenario experiment study." Chinese Management Studies 15, no. 4 (July 19, 2021): 901–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-09-2020-0412.

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Purpose This research aims to examine the influence of developmental human resources (HR) practices on management innovation. Drawing on social exchange theory, this paper analyzes the mediating role of responsibility for change and the moderating role of resource availability. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a scenario experiment using a sample of 329 part-time MBA students from various Chinese companies in Southwest China, using analysis of variance and regression to examine the hypotheses. Findings The results find a positive relationship between developmental HR practices and management innovation and responsibility for change mediates this relationship. Moreover, it examines the moderating role of resource availability. Resource availability positively moderates the correlation between responsibility for change and management innovation and moderates the mediation effect of responsibility for change on the correlation between developmental HR practices and management innovation. Practical implications Organizations should enhance the actual use of developmental HR practices to ensure the provision of appropriate training and development opportunities for all levels of employees in a fair and equal environment. It is better to take up an individual approach when offering these practices. Organizations should provide enough resources for employees, such as financial, spatial and temporal, and ensure the fair distribution of these resources. Organizations should cultivate the responsibility for change of middle-senior managers who can serve as role models for subordinates. Originality/value This study broadens the research on developmental HR practices, confirming that it has a positive impact on management innovation. It also provides more insight into the “black box” of developmental HR practices affecting management innovation, namely, the mediating effect of responsibility for change. This study shows that resources are critical to understanding how developmental HR practices can contribute to management innovation through responsibility for change. Using social exchange theory, the research deduces the conditional indirect effect of the model and uses a scenario experiment method to conclude causality.

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Wang, Paul Y., Sainyam Galhotra, Romila Pradhan, and Babak Salimi. "Demonstration of generating explanations for black-box algorithms using Lewis." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 12 (July 2021): 2787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3476311.3476345.

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Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to reduce the opacity of AI-based decision-making systems, allowing humans to scrutinize and trust them. Unlike prior work that attributes the responsibility for an algorithm's decisions to its inputs as a purely associational concept, we propose a principled causality-based approach for explaining black-box decision-making systems. We present the demonstration of Lewis, a system that generates explanations for black-box algorithms at the global, contextual, and local levels, and provides actionable recourse for individuals negatively affected by an algorithm's decision. Lewis makes no assumptions about the internals of the algorithm except for the availability of its input-output data. The explanations generated by Lewis are based on probabilistic contrastive counterfactuals, a concept that can be traced back to philosophical, cognitive, and social foundations of theories on how humans generate and select explanations. We describe the system layout of Lewis wherein an end-user specifies the underlying causal model and Lewis generates explanations for particular use-cases, compares them with explanations generated by state-of-the-art approaches in XAI, and provides actionable recourse when applicable. Lewis has been developed as open-source software; the code and the demonstration video are available at lewis-system.github.io.

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Holovkin, Bohdan. "About the Determination of Crime." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.55.

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In the article on the basis of system approach the concept and mechanism of determination of crime are considered, the system of determinants of crime is established, causality of this phenomenon is revealed. It is noted that crime arises, exists and develops as a result of the interaction of members of society with each other, as well as with the social environment and society as a general system. Therefore, crime first and foremost linked to the conditions of life of society, the state of social consciousness and the system of social relations. Crime does not produce a single phenomenon, process or event, but a synergy of similar and homogeneous phenomena and processes. In addition, crime is capable of self-reproduction, by regularly repeating the most persistent forms of criminal behavior. Of all the types of determination, causality is of paramount importance, since this category reflects the objective, regular link between crime and the phenomena that give rise to it. At the level of society, the causes of crime are criminogenic deformations of the legal consciousness and legal culture, which, under certain conditions, naturally give rise to criminal forms of behavior by members of society. Such deformations lead to a criminal state, when people think about the benefits of criminal behavior and are not afraid of criminal responsibility. Deformations of the legal consciousness include defects in the legal worldview, distorted values, the legal subculture, double morality, anti-social interests, and opportunistic behavioral strategies. Among the conditions contributing to the increase in the crime rate, the biggest influences are: shadow economy and criminal monopolism; corruption; poverty of a large part of the population; income inequality; job cuts and unemployment; uncontrolled urbanization; ill-considered changes to the legislation, first of all criminal; human rights abuses; social tension and conflicting; concealment of criminal offenses from accounting, low rates of disclosure of criminal offenses; unfair judgments (sentences); trafficking in weapons, ammunition and explosives; unreasonable large-scale amnesty of criminals; high levels of consumption of alcoholic beverages, drugs and psychotropic substances; child homelessness and neglect.

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Das, Mihir, and Gopi Krishna Pachetas. "Impact of macroeconomic factors on inflation: An assessment on indian economy by using vector auto-regressive modeling." International Journal of Decision Sciences & Applications (2528-956X) 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijdsa.v1i1.1427.

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Inflation is the sustained rise in the prices of commodities. Central Banks have the critical responsibility of ensuring price stability; however, every attempt should be made to ensure that price stability should not hit economic growth. Thus, it becomes imperative for Central Banks to determine the key fiscal and monetary factors that have the greatest impact on domestic price levels. Based on these factors, it can tackle the problem of inflation effectively and efficiently. Further, there are several global price indices and factors that need to be factored in while tackling the problem of inflation. The objective of the current study is to empirically determine the macroeconomic factors that play a significant role in influencing inflation in India. The study considers international food and oil price indices amongst other macroeconomic variables such as the fiscal deficit, index of industrial production, exchange rate, MIBOR, and money supply in order to explain inflation. Monthly data for each of the above variables were collected for the research period 2000-10. The study is based on Vector Auto-Regressive modeling. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test was performed to test for stationarity of all of the time-series data. The results of the Granger causality tests indicate that fiscal indicators such as fiscal deficit and international factors such as international food and oil price indices play a significant role in influencing inflation. The research outcomes conform to the results of several earlier studies.

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Brandner, Susanne, Wiebke Stritter, Jacqueline Müller-Nordhorn, Jalid Sehouli, Christina Fotopoulou, and Christine Holmberg. "Taking Responsibility." Anthropology in Action 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/aia.2017.240107.

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AbstractPatient-related diagnostic delay has been established as an analytical category in cancer research. This category has come under critique because it postulates linear cause-and-effect explanations of delayed care-seeking. These explanations are based on a one-dimensional idea of causality that neglects the processual character and the contextual situatedness of bodily experiences and care-seeking decisions. Using a notion of causality that is both process-oriented and context-sensitive, this article aims to understand ovarian cancer patients’ stories on delayed healthcare seeking. It uses data from a qualitative interview study that investigated ovarian cancer patients’ illness and healthcare-seeking experiences. We suggest that the interviewees’ retrospective perspective generated a multilayered notion of diagnostic delay that differs from the definition of patient-related delay commonly used in the literature. Our analysis shows how interviewees negotiate current social discourses on health and (social) responsibility, and thereby situate themselves and their healthcare seeking within a broader socio-economic and political context.

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Bell, Brad E. "DISTINGUISHING ATTRIBUTIONS OF CAUSALITY, MORAL RESPONSIBILITY, AND BLAME: PERCEIVERS' EVALUATIONS OF THE ATTRIBUTIONS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1989.17.2.231.

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The present study investigated perceivers' evaluations of attributions of causality, moral responsibility, and blame. Subjects read two scenarios with either mild or severe consequences, and then rated the perpetrators on either causality, moral responsibility, or blame. Subjects subsequently rated the attributions on several evaluative dimensions. Attributions of moral responsibility were generally judged by perceivers to be more complex than attributions of causality and blame, suggesting that the process of attributing of blame may not involve the subprocess of evaluating moral responsibility. Excuses were not consistently judged to be more important for any particular type of attribution.

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Didikin, Anton B. "Causality and responsibility: philosophical and legal analysis." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Politologiya, no. 4(32) (December 1, 2015): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/1998863x/32/19.

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Okhrimenko, Iana. "The attribution of causality, perception of responsibility, and preferred generic means of life distribution." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan210801018o.

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The attribution of causality, a central concept in human cognition theory, is the principal instrument for investigating functional links between events and phenomena. Although the links between causality and moral responsibility are commonly recognized, the scope of studies analysing the practical implications of causality attribution is minimal. This study examines the effect of causality perception on the desired distribution of the generic means of life by utilising thought experiment data collection methodology and non-parametric statistical analysis. The results indicate that i) causality perception affects the desired distribution, and ii) individuals show no tendency to modify their perception of causality.

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Salma, Jožef. "The causality in the delict law." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 69, no. 9 (1997): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv9706215s.

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The paper considers the concept of causality in theory and practice. The cause is not natural condition o f damage, but also a legally justified choice between a set of events with aim to determine essential, adequate and typical cause. These conditions may compete each other and they can be a cumulating. The function o f cause is not only to point to the responsible person, but to rationalize the measure of responsibility. The author considers the presumption of causality in objective and contractual responsibility and pints out the attitude about its refute.

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Дисертації з теми "Levels of Causality and Responsibility"

Gerstenberg, T. "Making a difference : responsibility, causality and counterfactuals." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1383490/.

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In this thesis, I develop a general framework of how people attribute responsibility. In this framework, people's responsibility attributions are modelled in terms of counterfactuals defined over a causal representation of the situation. A person is predicted to be held responsible to the extent that their action made a difference to the outcome. Accordingly, when attributing responsibility we compare what actually happened with the outcome in a simulated counterfactual world in which the person's action had been different. However, a person can still be held responsible for an outcome even if their action made no difference in the actual situation. Responsibility attributions are sensitive to whether a person's action would have made a difference in similar counterfactual situations. Generally, responsibility decreases with the number of events that would have needed to change from the actual situation in order to generate a counterfactual situation in which the person's action would have been pivotal. In addition to how close a person was to being pivotal, responsibility attributions are influenced by how critical a person's action was perceived prior to the outcome. The predictions derived from this general framework are tested in a series of experiments that manipulate a person's criticality and pivotality by varying the causal structure of the situation and the person's mental states. The results show that responsibility between the members of a group diffuses according to the causal structure which determines how individual contributions combine to yield a joint outcome. Differences in the group members' mental states, such as their knowledge about the situation, their expectations about each other's performance as well as their intentions, also affect attributions. Finally, I demonstrate how this general framework can be extended to model attributions for domains in which people have rich, intuitive theories that go beyond what can be expressed with simple causal models.

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Ndowora, Nyari. "The relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility Drivers and Corporate Social Responsibility Maturity levels." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52275.

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The need for companies to achieve different outcomes in terms of their vision and goals has resulted in the rise of different drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Due to the differences in these desired outcomes and in some instances lack of sufficient knowledge, companies operate at different maturity levels of CSR. This research was based on the premise that identifying the relationship between CSR drivers and the CSR maturity levels would contribute towards helping to achieve the highest level of maturity while identifying how companies can better understand the concept of CSR as a whole. An exploratory study was undertaken between July 2015 to October 2015 and ten interviews were conducted with company directors, executives or senior managers responsible for sustainability / CSR. Research findings indicate strong, moderate and weak links between CSR drivers and CSR maturity level and these could be used to guide companies that need to move to next level of maturity. Factors such as education and mentoring of companies were identified to be essential for companies in order for them to be driven to a higher CSR maturity level. Matching allocation of funds between the drivers and the desired longterm achievements was found to be essential for achievement of the highest level of maturity level.
Mini-disseration (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
nk2016
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted

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Kabel, Aleks. "Individual Emissions and Moral Responsibility for Climate Harm." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184723.

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This essay argues that personal greenhouse gas emissions render the individual responsible forclimate-related harm to a great extent. To accomplish this, there will primarily be a focus onanswering the most important criticisms of individual climate responsibility. Issues concerningcausality are the first to be brought up, followed by issues concerning direct harm, simpledivision and unintentional contributions to harm, among other topics. The three main conclusionsdrawn in the discussion of these topics are that individual emissions can be considered partialcauses of climate harm, that most emission-heavy activity is immoral to some extent, and that theact of contributing to collective actions with foreseeable negative effects is morally questionable.These conclusions and their implications will be interpreted in a way that is compatible with thedefinition of responsibility that is used. Responsibility is considered to be a matter of degree forthe purposes of this essay. This will allow for a much wider range of relevant aspects to be takeninto consideration, when arguing for individual responsibility for climate harm

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Yan, Fan. "Mapping Students' Ideas About Chemical Reactions At Different Educational Levels." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556950.

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Understanding chemical reactions is crucial in learning chemistry at all educational levels. Nevertheless, research in science education has revealed that many students struggle to understand chemical processes. Improving teaching and learning about chemical reactions demands that we develop a clearer understanding of student reasoning in this area and of how this reasoning evolves with training in the discipline. Thus, we have carried out a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews as the main data collection tool to explore students reasoning about reaction mechanism and causality. The participants of this study included students at different levels of training in chemistry: general chemistry students (n=22), organic chemistry students (n=16), first year graduate students (n=13) and Ph.D. candidates (n=14). We identified major conceptual modes along critical dimensions of analysis, and illustrated common ways of reasoning using typical cases. Main findings indicate that although significant progress is observed in student reasoning in some areas, major conceptual difficulties seem to persist even at the more advanced educational levels. In addition, our findings suggest that students struggle to integrate important concepts when thinking about mechanism and causality in chemical reactions. The results of our study are relevant to chemistry educators interested in learning progressions, assessment, and conceptual development.

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Vazquez, Hernandez Sergio Daniel. "How the Stoics solve Plato's greatest difficulty : causality and responsibility in Plato and the Stoics." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/how-the-stoics-solve-platos-greatest-difficulty(dc0dff26-b9a4-4d49-9dab-4804a9450ab4).html.

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This thesis offers a reconstruction and analysis of a debate about responsibility, and causation initiated by Plato, and continued by the Stoics. The pivotal moment of the discussion is a problem I call ‘the greatest difficulty,’ found in Plato’s Parmenides. The debate, however, involves a complex network of arguments including subordinated or parallel discussions about ontology, method, ethics, and epistemology. Instead of isolating the main topic, I highlight the structure of the debate, and the interconnection between its parts, to show the complexity and sophistication of the argumentation in both Plato and the Stoics, and the depth of the Stoics’ engagement with Plato’s works. The motivation for doing this is to better understand many of the otherwise unexplained and odd starting points of the early Stoic philosophy. But since this requires a reconstruction of the dialectical background the Stoic texts assume, this means that the bulk of the thesis is devoted to discussing Plato. The hope is that by showing the structure of the debate in Plato’s dialogues, the connections in the Stoic fragments will show with more clarity. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first two are dedicated to Plato’s discussion of causality and responsibility in Phaedo 95e8-105c7, and Republic 6, 506d7- 509c4. The third chapter discusses ‘the greatest difficulty’ in Parmenides 133a11-135c4 as an objection to the main arguments of the previous dialogues. In chapter four, I analyse how Plato revisits the greatest difficulty in Sophist 245e6-249d5. Finally, in chapter five, I examine surviving evidence from the early Stoics, to argue that they engaged with Plato’s ongoing debate via the Sophist, and that their views on these topics are a careful continuation of this debate.

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Boulouta, Ioanna. "Corporate social responsibility : its rationale and impact at multiple levels." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609609.

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Goldfarb, Micah Bryan. "The Influence of Motion on Causal Self-Perceptions." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1498839588800871.

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Morais, Mariana Rebocho Pais Belo de. "Corporate social responsibility levels and firm performance: Evidence from countries in crisis." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11693.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
In times of economic downturn it is of utmost importance for companies to find alternative ways to enhance their value while disregarding all activities that have the potential to destroy value. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosures inform analysts and investors about companies‟ ethical accountability and engagement towards society, possibly contributing to the overall value of a company. This paper examines the rapport between different levels of CSR disclosure and stock market performance, analyzing a sample comprised by companies from Portugal, Spain and Italy, given that these are some of the countries most affected by the 2008 financial crisis. The period covered ranges from 2008 to 2012. CSR disclosure levels are measured through the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines. Results unveil that markets value a low CSR disclosure negatively, but do not find other levels of disclosure to add value, which implies that in times of crisis a low CSR disclosure may increase information asymmetry between a company and market participants. Furthermore, an analysis of the changes in GRI reveals the existence of a positive relation between stock market returns and upward changes in CSR disclosure levels.

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Wehde, Wesley, and Matthew Nowlin. "Who’s Responsible before the Hurricane Comes: Public Attribution of Responsibility across Three Levels of Government." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5967.

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Weaver, Amber E. "The Relationship Between Students' Financial Responsibility for College and Levels of Academic Motivation and Success." Ashland University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=auhonors1367979495.

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Книги з теми "Levels of Causality and Responsibility"

The attribution of blame: Causality, responsibility, and blameworthiness. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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Shaver, Kelly G. The attribution of blame: Causality, responsibility, and blameworthiness. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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Makarov, Aleksey, Irina Hvostova, Elena Ryabova, and Aleksandr Larin. Environmental responsibility and financial policy of the company: methodological aspects of the analysis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1246521.

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The actualization of environmental problems makes it necessary to study them in connection with the financial and economic aspects of the modern company. The main content of the monograph is formed by the conceptual, theoretical and methodological aspects of the analysis of corporate financial policy, studied in conjunction with the study of the factors of environmental responsibility of the company. The necessity of revision is analyzed and the directions of improvement of the methodological apparatus for the formation and implementation of financial policy in new conditions are determined. Particular attention is paid to the empirical analysis of indicators of environmental responsibility and environmental efficiency at different organizational levels. The results obtained are valuable in order to improve corporate practices for managing environmental responsibility factors and improving the financial efficiency of companies. For a wide range of readers, including researchers, practitioners, postgraduates, applicants and students studying in the areas of "Economics", "Finance and Credit", "Management".

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Sorin, Andrei. Software and Mind: The Mechanistic Myth and Its Consequences. Toronto, Canada: Andsor Books, 2013.

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Reznik, Semen, and Tat'yana Yudina. Reputation management at the Russian University: problems and solutions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1816640.

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The monograph presents new research results on key aspects of the university's reputation management. Theoretical approaches to the study of reputation and reputational responsibility, reputation capital and reputational risks of a higher educational institution within the framework of reputation management are highlighted, an assessment of the state and problems of the university's reputation management development is given. Recommendations for improving the effectiveness of reputation management in Russian universities are proposed: the development of a reputation management system, including the university's reputation responsibility system and technologies for its formation, methods of managing reputation capital and reputational risks of the university. It is of interest to university leaders of various levels of management, university teaching staff, as well as for anyone who studies the problem under consideration. In addition, it will be useful for students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas of training "Management" and "Personnel Management".

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Klychova, Guzaliya, Alsu Zakirova, Ayrat Valiev, Bulat Ziganshin, and El'vira Salahutdinova. Formation of a corporate mechanism for managing the socio-economic development of enterprises in the agricultural sector of the economy. 2nd ed. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/01876-7.

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The monograph scientifically substantiates and formulates the conceptual provisions of the formation of a corporate mechanism for managing the socio-economic development of enterprises in the agricultural sector of the economy. Within the framework of the concept, the main directions of development of management consulting are defined; a mechanism for the formation and disclosure of information on the social responsibility of enterprises is developed; a system of control support for social activities is proposed. The book is intended for researchers, practicing accountants, managers of various levels, heads of agricultural enterprises, teachers, doctoral students, postgraduates and undergraduates, students of centers and advanced training courses.

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Korolev, Vitaliy, Dmitriy Berdnikov, Aleksandr Geller, Oksana Kirillova, Sergey Vasin, Roman Kirillov, Ivan Kapitonov, et al. Antimonopoly and tariff regulation in the system of state control of the Russian Federation. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1862723.

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The textbook extensively covers the most pressing issues of antimonopoly and tariff regulation. The basics of antimonopoly and tariff regulation are outlined, the main activities of the Federal Antimonopoly Service as a state regulator, its functions, powers and responsibilities in the implementation of state antimonopoly control and tariff policy, as well as issues of sectoral tariff regulation and control over economic concentration are considered. Separate chapters are devoted to: types of unfair advertising and measures of responsibility for its placement; control of procurement activities. Various approaches to assessing the prospects for the development of corporations in a competitive environment are presented, for example, PPP, which, on the one hand, acts as a development tool, and on the other — as an object of antimonopoly regulation. The essence of the antimonopoly compliance method, which is used to prevent regulatory risks, is disclosed. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students studying in the areas of training "Management" and "Jurisprudence" (bachelor's and master's levels), studying issues of competition, antimonopoly control and tariff policy from the point of view of management in these areas.

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Dubourg, Ninon. Disabled Clerics in the Late Middle Ages. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463721561.

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The petitions received and the letters sent by the Papal Chancery during the Late Middle Ages attest to the recognition of disability at the highest levels of the medieval Church. These documents acknowledge the existence of physical and/or mental impairments, with the papacy issuing dispensations allowing some supplicants to adapt their clerical missions according to their abilities. A disease, impairment, or old age could prevent both secular and regular clerics from fulfilling the duties of their divine office. Such conditions can, thus, be understood as forms of disability. In these cases, the Papal Chancery bore the responsibility for determining if disabled people were suitable to serve as clerics, with all the rights and duties of divine services. Whilst some petitioners were allowed to enter the clergy, or – in the case of currently serving churchmen – to stay more or less active in their work, others were compelled to resign their position and leave the clergy entirely. Petitions and papal letters lie at intersection of authorized, institutional policy and practical sources chronicling the lived experiences of disabled people in the Middle Ages. As such, they constitute an excellent analytical laboratory in which to study medieval disability in its relation to the papacy as an institution, alongside the impact of official ecclesiastical judgments on disabled lives.

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Ackerly, Brooke A. Injustice Itself. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662936.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 defines injustice itself and argues that political responsibility requires taking on injustice itself. Injustice itself entails complex causality, power inequalities, normalization, and the social epistemologies of injustice. Complex causality means that taking responsibility for injustice itself cannot require that we first understand how we are connected to an injustice and all of the factors contributing to it. Relatively powerful actors can exploit power inequalities causing domination, economic or physical exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, violence, and oppression. Normalization is when social, economic, and political habits can render the consequence of these so familiar that their unjustness is invisible. Even when these consequences are observed, social epistemologies can function like normalization at the cognitive level—creating shared understandings of how to interpret those consequences such that they are not assessed as matters of injustice. These points are illustrated drawing on research on gender, environment, and climate change in addition to the garment industry.

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Shaver, Kelly G. Attribution of Blame: Causality, Responsibility, and Blameworthiness. Springer, 2011.

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Частини книг з теми "Levels of Causality and Responsibility"

Shafer, Glenn. "Causality and Responsibility." In The Dynamics of Judicial Proof, 457–78. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1792-8_23.

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Souter, James. "Causality and Outcome Responsibility." In Asylum as Reparation, 69–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62448-4_4.

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Bertolaso, Marta, and Marco Buzzoni. "Causality and Levels of Explanation in Biology." In Philosophical and Scientific Perspectives on Downward Causation, 164–79. 1 [edition]. | New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge studies in contemporary philosophy ; 91: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315638577-10.

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Mao, Wenji, and Jonathan Gratch. "Social Causality and Responsibility: Modeling and Evaluation." In Intelligent Virtual Agents, 191–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11550617_17.

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Halpern, Joseph Y. "Causality, Responsibility, and Blame: A Structural-Model Approach." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23963-2_1.

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Shaver, Kelly G. "Attributions of Causality and Responsibility: Discovered or Imposed?" In The Attribution of Blame, 137–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5094-4_7.

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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Responsibility in Road Traffic." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 177–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_5.

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AbstractVision Zero requires a new approach to the responsibility for safety. This chapter provides conceptual tools for the description and analysis of this and other responsibility issues. Distinctions between different types of responsibility are introduced, with a particular emphasis on the distinction between blame responsibility and task responsibility. The complex relationship between responsibility and causality is also delineated. This is followed by an analysis of the changes in responsibility assignments that are necessary to implement Visio Zero.

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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Responsibility in Road Traffic." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_5-2.

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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Responsibility in Road Traffic." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_5-1.

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Afifi, Abderrahmane Nadja, Sihem Touati, Ouahiba Chehat, Mohammed El Amine Abdelli, and Nadia Mansour. "The Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis Test Using Granger's Causality." In Sustainability, Big Data, and Corporate Social Responsibility, 247–61. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003138051-17.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Levels of Causality and Responsibility"

Lian, Xiang, and Lei Chen. "Causality and responsibility." In the 22nd ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2505515.2505754.

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"Causality, Responsibility, and Blame: A Structural-Model Approach." In Third International Conference on the Quantitative Evaluation of Systems - (QEST'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/qest.2006.9.

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Mao, Wenji, and Jonathan Gratch. "Evaluating a computational model of social causality and responsibility." In the fifth international joint conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1160633.1160809.

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Gao, Yunjun, Qing Liu, Gang Chen, Linlin Zhou, and Baihua Zheng. "Finding Causality and Responsibility for Probabilistic Reverse Skyline Query Non-Answers." In 2017 IEEE 33rd International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icde.2017.33.

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Triantafyllou, Stelios, Adish Singla, and Goran Radanovic. "Actual Causality and Responsibility Attribution in Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes." In AIES '22: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3534133.

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Clary, J., V. Feron, and J. van Velthuijsen. "336. Recommended Occupational Exposure Levels for Lactate Esters." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765475.

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Burstyn, I., K. Teschke, K. Bartlett, and S. Kennedy. "270. Exposure Levels and Determinants of Flour Dust Exposure in Bakeries." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765402.

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Carter, C., C. Byers, K. Rosinski, A. Koenig, and J. Reynolds. "211. Airborne Fiber Levels of Mmvf in Residential and Commercial Buildings." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765338.

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Williams, J., J. DePasquale, C. Pettinger, T. Boyce, and C. Chevaillier. "214. Effective Safety Training: Comparing the Effects of Different Involvement Levels on Satisfaction and Information Retention." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765341.

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Werner, M. A., J. H. Vincent, Y. Thomassen, S. Hetland, T. Norseth, and S. R. Berge. "287. Correlation Between Urinary Nickel Levels and Observed “Total” and Inhalable Exposures in Nickel Refinery Workers." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765420.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Levels of Causality and Responsibility"

Mao, Wenji, and Jonathan Gratch. Evaluating a Computational Model of Social Causality and Responsibility. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459151.

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Mao, Wenji, and Jonathan Gratch. Evaluating Social Causality and Responsibility Models: An Initial Report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada459213.

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Carreton-Ballester, María Carmen, and Francisco Lorenzo-Sola. Niveles de responsabilidad de los medios en sus relaciones con las minorías. Epilepsia y autismo/Levels of responsibility of the media in their relations with minorities. Epilepsy and autismo. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5783/rirp-15-2018-12-215-236.

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Noronha, S. Climate Change and Generation Zero – Analysing the 50/50 Campaign: A Communication for Social Change Approach. Unitec ePress, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.12013.

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Climate change does not respect national boundaries or distinguish between big and small polluters. It is one of the truly global problems humanity faces today. In spite of this, there is a reluctance to believe in the existence of climate change even though the scientific consensus is that human influence bears much of the responsibility. In less than 200 years, human activity has increased the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases by some 50 percent relative to pre-industrial levels, leading to an increase in global temperatures. 1 Yet contrarian perspectives abound, given prominence by the media and promoted by fossil fuel lobbies. One such example is Dennis Avery and Fred Singer’s Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years, a book whose premise is that “human-emitted CO2 has played only a minor role” in contributing to climate change.

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Noronha, S. Climate Change and Generation Zero – Analysing the 50/50 Campaign: A Communication for Social Change Approach. Unitec ePress, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.12013.

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Brzoska, Michael, Wuyi Omitoogun, and Elisabeth Sköns. The Human Security Case for Military Expenditure Reductions. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/tmrz9944.

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Global military expenditure has reached record levels. At the same time, hundreds of millions of people face non-traditional ‘vital’ risks and threats to their security—threats to their lives, livelihoods and dignity. Accelerating climate change and growing loss of biodiversity add unprecedented urgency to investing in people’s security. The concept of human security, as explained in this paper, emphasizes the security of people without neglecting the security of states and state order. The human security approach stresses the necessity to balance the financial needs from all vital risks and threats, regardless of their cause. It logically leads to a reassessment of spending on the military. It also seriously considers the fear that reducing military expenditure will reduce the security of states, a major barrier to past international initiatives to reduce military expenditure. As a first step to initiate the rebalancing, this paper proposes three priority fields of activity to free resources from military spending: (a) arms control and disarmament negotiations and agreements; (b) sector-wide security sector reform for conflict prevention; and (c) financial responsibility in military expenditure and arms procurement. These can be taken without impairing the security of states and state order. If successful, these steps would remove barriers to further military expenditure reductions to improve the human condition in an increasingly dangerous Anthropocene.

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TANG, Denise Tse-Shang, Stefanie TENG, Celine TAN, Bonnie LAM, and Christina YUAN. Building inclusive workplaces for lesbians and bisexual women in Hong Kong’s financial services industry. Centre for Cultural Research and Development, Lingnan University, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14793/ccrd2021001.

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Workplace inclusion is a core component of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Hong Kong. Workplace inclusion points to the need for employers to recognize diversity among employees, to acknowledge their contributions to the work environment and to raise professional standards for the work force. Diversity within a workplace indicates inclusion of persons with different backgrounds as in racial, ethnic, sex, health status, sexual orientation and gender identity. Women are already less represented at senior levels across various business sectors in Hong Kong. Lesbians and bisexual women face a double glass ceiling in the workplace as a result of both their gender and sexual orientation. Funded by Lingnan University’s Innovation and Impact Fund, and in partnership with Interbank Forum and Lesbians in Finance, Prof. Denise Tse-Shang Tang conducted an online survey and two focus groups targeting lesbians and bisexual women working in Hong Kong’s financial and banking industry. The aim of the study is to examine the specific challenges and barriers faced by lesbians and bisexual women in Hong Kong’s financial services industry. We found that only 37% of survey respondents were out at work, with 23% partially out to close colleagues. In other words, there are still key concerns with being out at work. On the issue of a glass ceiling for LGBT+ corporate employees, 18% of the survey respondents agreed and 47% somewhat agreed that such a ceiling exists. When asked whether it is harder for lesbians and bisexual women to come out in the workplace than it is for gay men, 32% agreed and 46% somewhat agreed. 27% agreed and 39% somewhat agreed with the statement that it is difficult for lesbians and bisexual women to climb up the corporate ladder. Other findings pointed to the low visibility of lesbians and bisexual women in corporate settings, lack of mentorship, increased levels of stress and anxiety, and the fear of being judged as both a woman and a lesbian. Masculine-presenting employees face significantly more scrutiny than cisgender female employees. Therefore, even though discussion on diversity and inclusion has been on the agenda for better corporate work environment in Hong Kong, there still remain gaps in raising awareness of lesbian and bisexual women’s issues.

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Terrón-Caro, María Teresa, Rocio Cárdenas-Rodríguez, Fabiola Ortega-de-Mora, Kassia Aleksic, Sofia Bergano, Patience Biligha, Tiziana Chiappelli, et al. Policy Recommendations ebook. Migrations, Gender and Inclusion from an International Perspective. Voices of Immigrant Women, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/rio.20220727_1.

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This publication is the third product of the Erasmus + Project entitled Voices of Immigrant Women (Project Number: 2020-1-ES01-KA203-082364). This product is based on a set of policy recommendations that provides practical guidance on intervention proposals to those with political responsibilities in governance on migration management and policies for integration and social inclusion, as well as to policy makers in the governance of training in Higher Education (University) at all levels. This is intended to promote the development of practical strategies that allow overcoming the obstacles encountered by migrant women during the integration process, favoring the construction of institutions, administrations and, ultimately, more inclusive societies. The content presented in this book proposes recommendations and intervention proposals oriented to practice to: - Improve Higher Education study plans by promoting the training of students as future active protagonists who are aware of social interventions. This will promote equity, diversity and the integration of migrant women. - Strengthen cooperation and creation of networks between academic organizations, the third sector and public administrations that are responsible for promoting the integration and inclusion of migrant women. - Promote dialogue and the exchange of knowledge to, firstly, raise awareness of human mobility and gender in Europe and, secondly, promote the participation and social, labor and civic integration of the migrant population. All this is developed through 4 areas in which this book is articulated. The first area entitled "Migrant women needs and successful integration interventions"; the second area entitled "Promoting University students awareness and civic and social responsibility towards migrant women integration"; the third area entitled "Cooperation between Higher Education institutions and third sector"; the fourth and last area, entitled "Inclusive Higher Education".

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Bhatt, Mihir R., Shilpi Srivastava, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Lyla Mehta. Key Considerations: India's Deadly Second COVID-19 Wave: Addressing Impacts and Building Preparedness Against Future Waves. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.031.

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Since February 2021, countless lives have been lost in India, which has compounded the social and economic devastation caused by the second wave of COVID-19. The sharp surge in cases across the country overwhelmed the health infrastructure, with people left scrambling for hospital beds, critical drugs, and oxygen. As of May 2021, infections began to come down in urban areas. However, the effects of the second wave continued to be felt in rural areas. This is the worst humanitarian and public health crisis the country has witnessed since independence; while the continued spread of COVID-19 variants will have regional and global implications. With a slow vaccine rollout and overwhelmed health infrastructure, there is a critical need to examine India's response and recommend measures to further arrest the current spread of infection and to prevent and prepare against future waves. This brief is a rapid social science review and analysis of the second wave of COVID-19 in India. It draws on emerging reports, literature, and regional social science expertise to examine reasons for the second wave, explain its impact, and highlight the systemic issues that hindered the response. This brief puts forth vital considerations for local and national government, civil society, and humanitarian actors at global and national levels, with implications for future waves of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on the COVID-19 response in India. It was developed for SSHAP by Mihir R. Bhatt (AIDMI), Shilpi Srivastava (IDS), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), and Lyla Mehta (IDS) with input and reviews from Deepak Sanan (Former Civil Servant; Senior Visiting Fellow, Centre for Policy Research), Subir Sinha (SOAS), Murad Banaji (Middlesex University London), Delhi Rose Angom (Oxfam India), Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica) and Santiago Ripoll (IDS). It is the responsibility of SSHAP.

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Bano, Masooda. Low-Fee Private-Tuition Providers in Developing Countries: An Under-Appreciated and Under- Studied Market—Supply-Side Dynamics in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/107.

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Although low-income parents’ dependence on low-fee private schools has been actively documented in the past decade, existing research and policy discussions have failed to recognise their heavy reliance on low-fee tuition providers in order to ensure that their children complete the primary cycle. By mapping a vibrant supply of low-fee tuition providers in two neighbourhoods in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan, this paper argues for understanding the supply-side dynamics of this segment of the education market with the aim of designing better-informed policies, making better use of public spending on supporting private-sector players to reach the poor. Contrary to what is assumed in studies of the private tuition market, the low-fee tuition providers offering services in the Pakistani urban neighbourhoods are not teachers in government schools trying to make extra money by offering afternoon tutorial to children from their schools. Working from their homes, the tutors featured in this paper are mostly women who often have no formal teacher training but are imaginative in their use of a diverse set of teaching techniques to ensure that children from low-income households who cannot get support for education at home cope with their daily homework assignments and pass the annual exams to transition to the next grade. These tutors were motivated to offer tuition by a combination of factors ranging from the need to earn a living, a desire to stay productively engaged, and for some a commitment to help poor children. Arguing that parents expect them to take full responsibility for their children’s educational attainment, these providers view the poor quality of education in schools, the weak maternal involvement in children’s education, and changing cultural norms, whereby children no longer respect authority, as being key to explaining the prevailing low educational levels. The paper presents evidence that the private tuition providers, who may be viewed as education entrepreneurs, have the potential to be used by the state and development agencies to provide better quality education to children from low-income families.

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