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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Legal knowledge representation"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 9 листопада 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Legal knowledge representation"

JONES, ANDREW J. I. "Deontic Logic and Legal Knowledge Representation." Ratio Juris 3, no. 2 (July 1990): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9337.1990.tb00060.x.

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Takale, Sheetal Ajaykumar. "Knowledge Representation for Legal Document Summarization." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology 11, no. 4 (July 13, 2023): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2023.11.4.11.

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This paper presents a novel approach for legal document summarization. Proposed approach is based on Ripple-Down Rules (RDR). It is an incremental knowledge acquisition method. RDR allows us to quickly build an extendable knowledge base using classification rules. The classification rules are written using a set of features. Summary is generated using the identified rhetorical roles in the document. Experiments demonstrate that the RDR based Legal Document summarization approach outperforms the supervised and unsupervised machine learning models.

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Cross, George R., and Cary G. deBessonet. "Representation of legal knowledge for conceptual retrieval." Information Processing & Management 21, no. 1 (January 1985): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4573(85)90126-8.

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Boginskaya, Olga A. "Representation of expert knowledge in institutional discourse practices." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2022): 310–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/80/24.

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A jury trial involves both legal professionals and laymen without legal training and knowledge. This heterogeneity of participants indicates the asymmetric relationships in the courtroom. Since jurors play a crucial role in the trial, it is extremely important for them not to experience difficulties in understanding and interpreting the discursive practices of lawyers. The paper studies the discursive strategies and linguistic means of expert knowledge representation in the institutional genre of “judicial instructions.” Although regularly used to overcome knowledge asymmetry in the process of communication between professional lawyers and jurors, explanatory strategies in the Russian-language judicial instructions have not previously been the object of linguistic analysis. The hypothesis has been put forward stating that explanatory strategies help to overcome difficulties in understanding and interpreting legal texts by non-professional participants. The analysis of the corpus has shown that Russian judges use the following explanatory strategies to overcome cognitive and communicative problems amid the knowledge asymmetry: 1) definition, i.e., explication of the meaning of a term by indicating its distinctive features; 2) description, i.e., a narrative transfer of expert knowledge by establishing its connection with everyday knowledge; 3) exemplification, i.e., an appeal to the everyday experience by correlating legal categories with specific objects or events of everyday life; 4) metaphorization, i.e., interaction between two objects or phenomena based on their subject, feature, or functional similarities resulting in legal categories approaching the everyday experience; 5) synonymization, i.e., replacement of abstract legal concepts with everyday lexical units that have similar meanings.

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Narayanan, Ajit. "Trends in the representation of legal knowledge: An introduction." Information & Communications Technology Law 2, no. 2 (January 1993): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1993.9965673.

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Barklund, Jonas, and Andreas Hamfelt. "Hierarchical representation of legal knowledge with metaprogramming in logic." Journal of Logic Programming 18, no. 1 (January 1994): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-1066(94)90041-8.

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Zurek, Tomasz. "Conflicts in legal knowledge base." Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 37, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10209-011-0006-9.

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Abstract The simulation of inference processes performed by lawyers can be seen as one way to create advisory legal system. In order to simulate such a process as accurately as possible, it is indispensable to make a clear-cut distinction between the provision itself, and its interpretation and inference mechanisms. This distinction would allow for preserving both the universal character of the provision and its applicability to various legal problems. The authors main objective was to model a selected legal act, together with the inference rules applied, and to represent them in an advisory system, focusing on the most accurate representation of both the content and inference rules. Given that the laws which stand in contradiction prove to be the major challenge, they will constitute the primary focus of this study.

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Muninggar, Nur Siti, and Adila Alfa Krisnadhi. "LexID: The Metadata and Semantic Knowledge Graph Construction of Indonesian Legal Document." Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 15–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21609/jiki.v16i1.1096.

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The Legal Fiction principle stipulates that the government needs to ensure the public availability of all of their legal documents. Unfortunately, the text-based search services they provide cannot return satisfactory answers in retrieval scenarios requiring proper representation of relationships between various legal documents. A key problem here is the lack of explicit representation of such relationships behind the employed retrieval engines. We aim to address this problem by proposing LexID knowledge graph (KG) that provides an explicit knowledge representation for Indonesian legal domain usable for such retrieval purposes. The KG contains both legal metadata information and semantic content of the legal clauses of the legal document's articles, modeled using formal vocabulary from the LexID ontology also presented in this paper. The KG is constructed from thousands of Indonesian legal documents. Since the procedure of writing a legal document regulated by the government is clear and detailed, we use a rule-based approach to construct our KG. At the end, we describe several use cases of the KG to address different retrieval needs. In Addition, we evaluated the quality of our KG by measuring its ability to answer questions and got that LexID can answer questions with the macro average F1 score is about 0.91.

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Kodan, Sergey. "Source base of legal dissertation research: understanding, structure, representation of information carriers." Legal Science and Practice: Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2023, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36511/2078-5356-2023-3-13-25.

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The article is devoted to the problems of understanding and determining the place, role, purpose and meaning of the source base in dissertations on legal sciences. Underestimation of the importance of understanding and compliance with the criteria of rejection, representational characteristics and representation of sources of knowledge of state-legal phenomena and institutions as carriers of legal information in dissertation research directly affects their quality in terms of novelty, consistency, source argumentation. The evidence and verifiability of the provisions of the scientific attestation work. The author focuses on a number of main problems in this regard, offers a number of specific provisions and proposals regarding the correct presentation of the sources of knowledge of state-legal phenomena and institutions in the text of the dissertation research and the abstract of the dissertation.

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Zeng, Y., R. Wang, J. Zeleznikow, and E. Kemp. "A Knowledge Representation Model for the Intelligent Retrieval of Legal Cases." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 15, no. 3 (December 8, 2006): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eal023.

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Дисертації з теми "Legal knowledge representation"

Taheri, Sojasi Yousef. "Modeling automated legal and ethical compliance for trustworthy AI." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS225.

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Les avancées en intelligence artificielle ont conduit à des enjeux juridiques et éthiques significatifs liés à la vie privée, aux biais, à la responsabilité, etc. Ces dernières années, de nombreuses réglementations ont été mises en place pour limiter ou atténuer les risques associés à l'IA. Le respect de ces réglementations est nécessaire pour la fiabilité des systèmes d'IA et pour garantir une utilisation responsable. De plus, des systèmes d'IA fiables doivent également être éthiques, en assurant une conformité avec les normes éthiques. La conformité aux lois applicables et l'adhésion aux principes éthiques sont essentielles pour la plupart des applications de l'IA. Nous étudions ce problème du point de vue des agents d'IA. En d'autres termes, comment un agent peut-il garantir que ses actions respectent les normes juridiques et éthiques. Nous nous intéressons aux approches basées sur le raisonnement logique pour intégrer la conformité juridique et éthiques dans le processus de planification de l'agent. Le domaine spécifique dans lequel nous poursuivons notre objectif est le traitement des données personnelles, c'est-à-dire, les actions de l'agent impliquent l'utilisation et le traitement des données personnelles. Une réglementation applicable dans ce domaine est le Règlement Général sur la Protection des Données (RGPD). De plus, le traitement des données personnelles peut entraîner certains risques éthiques en matière de vie privée ou de biais.Nous abordons cette question à travers une série de contributions présentées dans cette thèse. Nous commençons par la question de la conformité au RGPD. Nous adoptons le Calcul des Événements avec la Programmation par Ensembles de Réponses (ASP) pour modéliser les actions des agents et l'utiliser pour planifier et vérifier la conformité au RGPD. Un langage de policy est utilisé pour représenter les obligations et exigences du RGPD. Ensuite, nous examinons la question de la conformité éthique. Un modèle d'utilité ordinale pluraliste est proposé, permettant d'évaluer les actions en fonction des valeurs morales. Ce modèle est basé sur plusieurs critères et utilise des systèmes de vote pour agréger les évaluations sur une échelle ordinale. Nous intégrons ensuite ce modèle d'utilité et le cadre de conformité juridique dans un planificateur de Réseau de Tâches Hiérarchiques (HTN). Dans cette contribution, les normes juridiques sont considérées comme des contraintes "hard" et les normes éthiques comme des contraintes "soft". Enfin, en dernière étape, nous explorons davantage les combinaisons possibles de la conformité juridique et éthique avec l'agent de planification et proposons un cadre unifié. Ce cadre capture l'interaction et les conflits entre les normes juridiques et éthiques et est testé dans un cas d'utilisation avec des systèmes d'IA gérant la livraison d'articles médicaux
The advancements in artificial intelligence have led to significant legal and ethical issues related to privacy, bias, accountability, etc. In recent years, many regulations have been put in place to limit or mitigate the risks associated with AI. Compliance with these regulations are necessary for the reliability of AI systems and to ensure that they are being used responsibly. In addition, reliable AI systems should also be ethical, ensuring alignment with ethical norms. Compliance with applicable laws and adherence to ethical principles are essential for most AI applications. We investigate this problem from the point of view of AI agents. In other words, how an agent can ensure the compliance of its actions with legal and ethical norms. We are interested in approaches based on logical reasoning to integrate legal and ethical compliance in the agent's planning process. The specific domain in which we pursue our objective is the processing of personal data. i.e., the agent's actions involve the use and processing of personal data. A regulation that applies in such a domain is the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR). In addition, processing of personal data may entail certain ethical risks with respect to privacy or bias.We address this issue through a series of contributions presented in this thesis. We start with the issue of GDPR compliance. We adopt Event Calculus with Answer Set Programming(ASP) to model agents' actions and use it for planning and checking the compliance with GDPR. A policy language is used to represent the GDPR obligations and requirements. Then we investigate the issue of ethical compliance. A pluralistic ordinal utility model is proposed that allows one to evaluate actions based on moral values. This model is based on multiple criteria and uses voting systems to aggregate evaluations on an ordinal scale. We then integrate this utility model and the legal compliance framework in a Hierarchical Task Network(HTN) planner. In this contribution, legal norms are considered hard constraints and ethical norm as soft constraint. Finally, as a last step, we further explore the possible combinations of legal and ethical compliance with the planning agent and propose a unified framework. This framework captures the interaction and conflicts between legal and ethical norms and is tested in a use case with AI systems managing the delivery of health care items

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Santos, Naiara Andrade Malta. "Taxonomia e etiquetagem: análise dos processos de organização e representação da informação jurídica na web." Instituto de Ciência da Informação da Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2014. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/18684.

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A pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de analisar a taxonomia e etiquetagem, empregadas na organização e representação do conhecimento da informação jurídica nos websites jurídicos do Brasil. Para isso, procedeu-se, inicialmente, pelo mapeamento dos websites jurídicos brasileiros que se encontravam entre os 500 mais acessados do país em dezembro de 2013, localizando 02 websites jurídicos (portal JusBrasil e o Portal do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo), que foi verificado quanto a disponibilidade das tipologias da documentação jurídica. Em seguida, identificou-se os níveis de taxonomia e etiquetagem empregadas na organização e representação do conhecimento nos websites selecionados comparando desta forma os mesmos. Foi verificado também se os termos que compõem a tabela do conhecimento da CAPES da área de Direito são encontrados nas taxonomia e na etiquetagem no tesauro jurídico do STF. Desta forma, o instrumento utilizado para coleta dos dados foi à observação participante e o formulário, quanto ao tratamento dos dados obtidos, a pesquisa é caracterizada como uma abordagem qualitativa e apresenta como resultados a taxonomia e a etiquetagem como aliadas na organização e representação do conhecimento jurídico nos portais estudados. Além dos usuários do Portal JusBrasil que participam de forma colaborativa na organização e representação do conhecimento jurídico disponível no portal.
ABSTRACT The research was performed with the aim of analyzing the taxonomy and tagging, employed in the organization and knowledge representation of juridical information in the juridical websites in Brazil. For this, proceeded, initially, by mapping of Brazilian legal websites witch were among the 500, that is the most accessed of the country on December, in 2013, localizing 02 juridical websites (Portal JusBrasil and the Portal of the Court of Justice of the State of Sao Paulo), which was verified for the availability of the types of legal documentation. Then, levels of taxonomy and tagging used in the organization and representation of knowledge on selected websites comparing this way the same. It was also verified that the terms that compose the table of knowledge of CAPES of the area of law are found in the taxonomy and tagging in legal thesaurus of STF. This way, the tool used for the data collection was participant observation and the form, regarding the treatment of data, the research is characterized as a qualitative approach and presents as results the taxonomy and tagging as allies in the organization and representation of legal knowledge in the portals studied. In addition to the Portal users JusBrasil participating collaboratively in the organization and representation of legal knowledge available in the portal.

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Peruzzo, Katia. "Terminological Equivalence and Variation in the EU Multi-level Jurisdiction: A Case Study on Victims of Crime." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/8592.

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2011/2012
Il progetto di ricerca ha lo scopo di analizzare la terminologia giuridica in lingua inglese e italiana relativa alla figura della vittima di reato e radicata nello spazio giuridico europeo, caratterizzato dalla coesistenza dell’ordinamento giuridico sovranazionale dell’Unione europea (UE) e degli ordinamenti giuridici nazionali del Regno Unito e dell’Italia. Secondo l’ipotesi principale alla base del progetto, il linguaggio giuridico è intrinsecamente caratterizzato da un certo grado di dinamismo terminologico, che si esprime sia a livello linguistico, con una serie di termini utilizzati per riferirsi a uno stesso concetto, sia a livello concettuale, dove si riflettono le diverse concettualizzazioni della stessa area del diritto. Poiché la terminologia giuridica analizzata nella presente tesi si colloca in uno spazio giuridico che vede il sovrapporsi di vari ordinamenti, si presume che detto dinamismo si manifesti in due diversi contesti linguistici. Nel primo contesto, che è di tipo intralinguistico, viene presa in considerazione la terminologia utilizzata nelle varianti nazionale e sovranazionale della stessa lingua, mentre nel secondo contesto, di tipo interlinguistico, la terminologia è esaminata da una prospettiva multilingue. Al fine di verificare la veridicità di tale ipotesi, è stata sviluppata una metodologia per l’analisi della terminologia giuridica in cui la distinzione tra genotipi e fenotipi introdotta da Sacco (1991) si unisce ai principi metodologici proposti da Cabré (1999a) per il lavoro terminografico. Per poter applicare detta metodologia è stato necessario costruire un corpus bilingue di testi dell’Unione europea e una collezione di testi di origine nazionale, entrambi incentrati sulla figura della vittima di reato. L’analisi della terminologia estratta ha rivelato che, nel primo contesto linguistico, il dinamismo intralinguistico si riflette nella variazione terminologica, che può interessare sia la sfera linguistica della terminologia (variazione denominativa) sia la sfera concettuale (variazione concettuale). La variazione denominativa consiste nell’esistenza di più unità terminologiche per designare uno stesso concetto, che però non comporta modifiche sostanziali nei relativi fenotipi. Nel caso della variazione concettuale, invece, è possibile riscontrare un certo anisomorfismo nei fenotipi. In entrambi i casi, tuttavia, tutti i termini interessati dal fenomeno della variazione terminologica mantengono la relazione con uno stesso genotipo. Si è proposta una classificazione della variazione denominativa prendendo in considerazione quattro variabili, ossia il livello di specializzazione, il periodo temporale, l’ordinamento giuridico e la valenza giuridica. Visto l’approccio metodologico adottato nel presente progetto di ricerca, in cui la terminologia giuridica dell’Unione europea è presa come punto di partenza ai fini dell’analisi terminologica e della strutturazione preliminare del sistema concettuale relativo al dominio, la variazione concettuale è stata riscontrata con minor frequenza rispetto alla variazione denominativa. Nell’analisi del secondo tipo di variazione terminologica, ossia della variazione concettuale, è stata presa in considerazione un’unica variabile, ovvero l’ordinamento giuridico. In base a tale variabile, la variazione concettuale è stata classificata come intra-sistemica, qualora sia riscontrata nell’ambito dello stesso ordinamento giuridico, ed inter-sistemica, qualora l’ordinamento sovranazionale e quello nazionale elaborino due fenotipi concettualmente diversi che, a prescindere dalle divergenze concettuali, possono essere ricondotti allo stesso genotipo. Nel secondo contesto linguistico, ovvero quello multilingue, la terminologia giuridica si è dimostrata caratterizzata da diversi gradi di equivalenza interlinguistica. Essendo la terminologia esaminata radicata in tre sistemi giuridici diversi, sono stati individuati due diversi tipi di equivalenza terminologica, ossia l’equivalenza intra- e inter-sistemica, e tre diversi gradi di equivalenza terminologica, ovvero l’equivalenza assoluta, l’equivalenza relativa e la non equivalenza. Altro scopo della presente tesi era quello di registrare le informazioni terminologiche raccolte in una base di conoscenza terminologica orientata alla traduzione giuridica. Giacché la terminologia esaminata è caratterizzata da un alto tasso di dipendenza dall’ordinamento giuridico a cui fa riferimento, la base di conoscenza terminologica MuLex è stata concepita specificamente come ausilio alla traduzione giuridica. MuLex ha quindi lo scopo di esplicitare le differenze riscontrate tra i sistemi giuridici esaminati e spiegare le peculiarità dell’uso di tale terminologia giuridica agli utenti finali. Al fine di ottimizzare la rappresentazione della conoscenza soggiacente la terminologia giuridica, le schede terminografiche in MuLex sono dotate di uno strumento di visualizzazione che consente la rappresentazione grafica delle strutture relazionali concettuali che raffigurano i concetti analizzati registrati nella base di conoscenza stessa.
The research project aims at studying the English and Italian legal terminology related to the area of law of victims of crime and embedded in the multi-level jurisdiction provided by the supranational legal system of the European Union (EU), on the one hand, and the British and Italian national legal systems, on the other. The main hypothesis is that legal language is inherently characterised by terminological dynamism, which emerges both at the linguistic level – with different terms used to refer to individual legal concepts – and at the conceptual level, where different conceptualisations of the same legal domain are reflected. Since the bilingual legal terminology that has been examined occurs within a judicial space in which several legal systems are interconnected, such dynamism is expected to manifest itself in two different linguistic settings. In the first, the terminology in a national and an EU variety of the same language is taken into consideration, while in the second setting, terminology is studied from a multilingual perspective. In order to verify the main hypothesis, a methodological framework has been set out, on the basis of both the methodological premises for terminological analysis proposed by Cabré (1999a) and the distinction between genotypes and phenotypes introduced by Sacco (1991). Such a methodology required the compilation of a bilingual corpus of EU legal texts and a collection of national legal texts focusing on the figure of the victim of crime. The examination of the terminology extracted has shown that in the first linguistic setting envisaged, intralingual dynamism is reflected in terminological variation, which can affect either the linguistic layer (denominative variation) or the conceptual layer (conceptual variation) of terminology, with denominative variation consisting in the co-existence of several terminological units in which no substantial difference in the phenotypes involved is produced, while in conceptual variation anisomorphism among the phenotypes can be observed. In both cases, all the terms affected by the phenomenon of terminological variation are related to the same genotype. A classification of denominative variation has been proposed based on four variables, i.e. degree of specialisation, time span, legal system, and legal force. Due to the methodology adopted in this research project, in which the EU legal terminology has been taken as the starting point for both the terminological analysis and the preliminary conceptual structuring of the legal area of the study, conceptual variation has emerged to be less frequent than denominative variation. By taking the legal system as a variable in the analysis of conceptual variation, such variation has been subdivided into intra-systemic variation, occurring within a single legal system, and inter-systemic variation, when the supranational and the national legal systems elaborate two conceptually different phenotypes which, in spite of their conceptual anisomorphism, can be linked to the same genotype. In the second linguistic setting, where terminology is studied from a multilingual perspective, legal terminology has turned out to be characterised by different degrees of interlingual equivalence. On account of the embeddedness of the legal terminology examined in three different legal systems, different types and degrees of terminological equivalence have been identified and discussed: the types of terminological equivalence are intra-systemic and inter-systemic equivalence, while the degrees of equivalence are absolute equivalence, relative equivalence and non-equivalence. Another aim of this thesis was to record the collected terminological data in a legal translation-oriented terminological knowledge base (TKB). The terminology under discussion is characterised by a high degree of dependency on the legal system it refers to and the MuLex terminological knowledge base was specifically designed for helping the work of legal translators. This TKB aims at capturing the differences among the legal systems involved in the study and showing the peculiarities in the usage of legal terminology in such legal systems to its end users. For optimising the representation of the domain-specific knowledge implied by legal terminology, in MuLex terminographic entries integrate a tool enabling the graphic representation of the conceptual relational structures among the concepts analysed and recorded in the TKB.
XXV Ciclo
1982

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Koneval, Joni L. "A "Peculiar Offence": Legal, Popular, and Gendered Perceptions of Rape in the Early American Republic, 1790-1850." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1339013728.

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Srivastava, Sunil K. "some investigations in knowledge representation and reasoning in legal domain." Thesis, 1997. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/12345678/5521.

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Книги з теми "Legal knowledge representation"

Hamfelt, Andreas. The multilevel structure of legal knowledge and its representation. Stockholm: Institutet för rättsinformatik, 1990.

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Schweighofer, Erich. Legal knowledge representation: Automatic text analysis in public international and European law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999.

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Visser, Pepijn R. S. Knowledge specification for multiple legal tasks: A case studyof the interaction problem in the legal domain. The Hague: Kluwer, 1995.

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Visser, Pepijn R. S. Knowledge specification for multiple legal tasks: A case study of the interaction problem in the legal domain. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 1995.

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Rich, Charles, and Bernhard Nebel. KR Proceedings 1992 (Contemporary Legal Education Series). Morgan Kaufmann, 1992.

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Monaghan, Nicola. 11. Fraud. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811824.003.0011.

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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter discusses the offence of fraud under the Fraud Act 2006. There are three ways in which fraud may be committed. Section 2 of the Fraud Act 2006 provides for fraud by false representation; s.3 provides for fraud by failing to disclose information; and s.4 provides for fraud by abuse of a position of financial trust. Dishonesty is common to all three of these ways of committing fraud. The defendant must intend, by making the representation, to make a gain for himself or another, or to cause loss to another, or to expose another to a risk of loss.

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Kelleher, Marie. Later Medieval Law in Community Context. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.020.

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During the central and late Middle Ages, European lawmakers and jurists began to make intensive use of the principles of both Roman and canon law in their legislation and court decisions. Embedded in these legal principles were ideas about gender that would have a profound effect on litigation involving women. The substantive law that emerged during this legal renaissance helped to define women's place in medieval society, but equally important were the new law's procedural rules, which allowed reputation to be taken into account in legal proceedings, thereby rendering women's self-representation critical in determining the outcomes of their court cases. An examination the interaction of learned law and community knowledge encourages us to see medieval women as active participants in their own fates, as well as in a major shift in legal culture that would shape European women's legal status more generally.

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Bianchi, Andrea, and Moshe Hirsch, eds. International Law's Invisible Frames. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847539.001.0001.

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Law as a social process carried out by human beings is a stimulating object of investigation for those who would like to analyse social cognition and knowledge production processes. Humans acquire and form their knowledge through cognitive processes and in turn form a representation of reality by processing and using this knowledge through different mental channels. To better conceive the invisible frames within which international law moves and performs, we must understand how psychological and socio-cultural factors can affect decision-making in an international legal process, identify the groups of people and institutions that may shape and alter the prevailing discourse in international law at any given time, and unearth the hidden meaning of the various mythologies that populate and influence our normative world. Through illustrations across different areas of international law and insights from various fields of knowledge, this book seeks to investigate the mechanisms that allow us to apprehend and intellectually represent the social practice of international law, to unveil the hidden or often unnoticed processes by which our understanding of international law is formed, and to make us unlearn some of the presuppositions that activate automatic cognitive processes and inform our largely unquestioned beliefs about international law.

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Joanne, Foakes, and Denza Eileen. Book II Diplomatic and Consular Relations, 9 Consular Access and Protection. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739104.003.0009.

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This chapter continues the discussion on consuls from the previous, this time focusing on access to consuls and consular protection. For many States there has in recent years been enormous growth in the demand for consular protection as businesses increasingly set up subsidiaries and branches overseas and individuals travel abroad. National laws vary greatly not only on such obvious matters as dress and the public consumption of alcohol but also on driving and road safety, photography of sites of cultural or security interest, and entitlement to social benefits and to police protection. In consequence, it is easy for the unwary traveller to contravene local laws and to be arrested and detained in police custody without knowledge even of the language, far less of how to secure the services of an interpreter or competent legal representation. Hence assistance from a consular staff becomes necessary.

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Sokol, D. Daniel, and Andrew T. Guzman. Antitrust Procedural Fairness. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198815426.001.0001.

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Abstract Much of antitrust law scholarship has focused on substantive legal issues — theories of harm and changing law and policy. Surprisingly, there has been very little work — and to our knowledge no book-length work that is comparative — on a fundamental element that is a critical building block to effective policy, procedural fairness. Procedural fairness encompasses issues of transparency and due process. Procedural fairness has been an important issue in global antitrust for some time. The types of due process concerns raised globally often relate to the lack of effective representation, the use of industrial policy by third parties, and procedural tools that do not allow for the most effective advocacy to lead to efficient outcomes. This book focuses on these issues and teases out common problems and distinct issues in particular jurisdictions, allowing for a rethink of creating a more effective system for procedural fairness, and explores these issues in each jurisdiction, along with highlights of particular cases in which due process issues have emerged.

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Частини книг з теми "Legal knowledge representation"

Xiao, Chaojun, Zhiyuan Liu, Yankai Lin, and Maosong Sun. "Legal Knowledge Representation Learning." In Representation Learning for Natural Language Processing, 401–32. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1600-9_11.

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AbstractThe law guarantees the regular functioning of the nation and society. In recent years, legal artificial intelligence (legal AI), which aims to apply artificial intelligence techniques to perform legal tasks, has received significant attention. Legal AI can provide a handy reference and convenient legal services for legal professionals and non-specialists, thus benefiting real-world legal practice. Different from general open-domain tasks, legal tasks have a high demand for understanding and applying expert knowledge. Therefore, enhancing models with various legal knowledge is a key issue of legal AI. In this chapter, we summarize the existing knowledge-intensive legal AI approaches regarding knowledge representation, acquisition, and application. Besides, future directions and ethical considerations are also discussed to promote the development of legal AI.

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Cyras, Vytautas, and Friedrich Lachmayer. "Distinguishing Between Knowledge Visualisation and Knowledge Representation in Legal Informatics." In Law, Governance and Technology Series, 41–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27957-7_5.

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Zeng, Yiming, Ruili Wang, John Zeleznikow, and Elizabeth Kemp. "Knowledge Representation for the Intelligent Legal Case Retrieval." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 339–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11552413_49.

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Engberg, Jan. "Frame approach to legal terminology." In Handbook of Terminology, 16–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hot.3.fra2.

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Central in this chapter are affordances of applying a frame approach to the representation of legal knowledge and the relation to legal terminology. The first part introduces the basic idea of linguistic meaning as based on the knowledge held by language users. It is followed by a presentation of frame semantic approaches that have been used for representing legal terminology. The next section discusses conceptual dynamics as an aspect on which frame approaches have special attention. The final section presents a method for constructing a broad basis for conceptual comparisons for lawyers as well as for translators in a frame format as well as an example for how translators may take advantage of such a frame representation.

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Araszkiewicz, Michał, and Tomasz Zurek. "Identification of Legislative Errors Through Knowledge Representation and Interpretive Argumentation." In AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems XI-XII, 15–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89811-3_2.

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Repke, Tim, and Ralf Krestel. "Extraction and Representation of Financial Entities from Text." In Data Science for Economics and Finance, 241–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66891-4_11.

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AbstractIn our modern society, almost all events, processes, and decisions in a corporation are documented by internal written communication, legal filings, or business and financial news. The valuable knowledge in such collections is not directly accessible by computers as they mostly consist of unstructured text. This chapter provides an overview of corpora commonly used in research and highlights related work and state-of-the-art approaches to extract and represent financial entities and relations.The second part of this chapter considers applications based on knowledge graphs of automatically extracted facts. Traditional information retrieval systems typically require the user to have prior knowledge of the data. Suitable visualization techniques can overcome this requirement and enable users to explore large sets of documents. Furthermore, data mining techniques can be used to enrich or filter knowledge graphs. This information can augment source documents and guide exploration processes. Systems for document exploration are tailored to specific tasks, such as investigative work in audits or legal discovery, monitoring compliance, or providing information in a retrieval system to support decisions.

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Pagallo, Ugo. "Dismantling Four Myths in AI & EU Law Through Legal Information ‘About’ Reality." In Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence and the Law, 251–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41264-6_13.

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AbstractThe European Commission has recently proposed several acts, directives and regulations that shall complement today’s legislation on the internet, data governance, and Artificial Intelligence, e.g., the AI Act from May 2021. Some have proposed to sum up current trends of EU law according to catchy formulas, such as (i) digital sovereignty; (ii) digital constitutionalism; (iii) a new Brussels effect; and, (iv) a human-centric approach to AI. Each of these narratives has its merits, but can be highly misleading. They must be taken with four pinches of salt. The aim of this paper is to dismantle these ‘myths’ through legal information ‘about’ reality, that is, knowledge and concepts that frame the representation and function of EU law. We should be attentive to that which current myths overlook, such as the open issues on the balance of power between EU institutions and member states (MS), a new generation of digital rights at both EU and MS constitutional levels, down to the interplay between new models of legal governance and the potential fragmentation of the system, e.g., between technological regulations and environmental law.

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Groche, Peter, Eberhard Abele, Nassr Al-Baradoni, Sabine Bartsch, Christian Bölling, Nicolas Brötz, Christopher M. Gehb, et al. "Methods and Technologies for Mastering Uncertainty." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 209–364. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78354-9_5.

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AbstractUncertainty affects all phases of the product life cycle of technical systems, from design and production to their usage, even beyond the phase boundaries. Its identification, analysis and representation are discussed in the previous chapter. Based on the gained knowledge, our specific approach on mastering uncertainty can be applied. These approaches follow common strategies that are described in the subsequent chapter, but require individual methods and technologies. In this chapter, first legal and technical aspects for mastering uncertainty are discussed. Then, techniques for product design of technical systems under uncertainty are presented. The propagation of uncertainty is analysed for particular examples of process chains. Finally, semi-active and active technical systems and their relation to uncertainty are discussed.

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Momesso, Lara, and Polina Ivanova. "Introduction." In Palgrave Macmillan Studies on Human Rights in Asia, 1–25. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2867-1_1.

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AbstractThis chapter starts by discussing the timeliness and significance of the topic of refugee policies and experiences in Japan and Taiwan. It defines two main and interrelated objectives of this volume which are: (1) to further scientific knowledge on the relatively understudied subjects of the acceptance, protection, and integration of refugees and asylum seekers in Japan and Taiwan, and (2) to raise public awareness of their plight in the hope that this promotes positive policy changes. The book attempts to achieve these objectives by examining three aspects of refugee-related issues which correspond to the three main parts of the book: (1) legal and policy frameworks, (2) media representation and public opinion, and (3) lived experiences of refugees and asylum seekers. This chapter proceeds by examining the role of human security as an overarching conceptual framework to help to fulfil both objectives. The subsequent two sections examine the existing refugee regimes in Taiwan and Japan, respectively. This introduction closes by highlighting the contribution of each chapter to the main ideas of the volume.

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Chen, Fang. "Legal Representative of a Company and His Authorities." In Essential Knowledge and Legal Practices for Establishing and Operating Companies in China, 307–9. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2239-8_56.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Legal knowledge representation"

Cumyn, Michelle, Günter Reiner, Sabine Mas, and David Lesieur. "Legal Knowledge Representation Using a Faceted Scheme." In ICAIL '19: Seventeenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3322640.3326735.

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van Kuyck, Raf, and Beatrice Van Buggenhout. "A model for rule based legal knowledge representation." In the sixth international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/261618.261667.

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Nguyen, Ha-Thanh, Viet-Ha Nguyen, and Viet-Anh Vu. "A knowledge representation for Vietnamese legal document system." In 2017 9th International Conference on Knowledge and Systems Engineering (KSE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/kse.2017.8119430.

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Reimer, Ulrich, and Andreas Margelisch. "A hybrid knowledge representation approach to reusability of legal knowledge bases." In the fifth international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/222092.222249.

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Yoshino, Hajime. "Logical structure of change of legal relations and its representation in legal knowledge base system." In the 11th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1276318.1276334.

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Shelar, Avadhut, and Minal Moharir. "A Comparative Study to Determine a Suitable Legal Knowledge Representation Format." In 2018 Third International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer Technologies and Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceeccot43722.2018.9001363.

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Atabekova, Anastasia. "VISUALIZATION IN LEGAL TRANSLATION: A TOOL FOR KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2016.2228.

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Costa, Wagner M., and Glauco V. Pedrosa. "A Textual Representation Based on Bag-of-Concepts and Thesaurus for Legal Information Retrieval." In Symposium on Knowledge Discovery, Mining and Learning. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/kdmile.2022.227779.

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The retrieval of similar textual documents is a challenging task for the legal area due to its peculiar language with unique characteristics. This paper presents a new approach, called BoC-Th, proposed to represent legal documents based on the Bag-of-Concept (BoC) approach, which generates concept through clustering word vectors generated from a basic neural network model, and compute the frequencies of these concept clusters to represent document vectors. The novel contribution of the BoC-Th is to generate weighted histograms of concepts defined from the distance of the word to its respective similar term within a thesaurus. The idea is to emphasize those words that have more significance for the context, thus generating more discriminative vectors. Experimental evaluations were performed by comparing the proposed approach with the traditional BoW and BoC approaches, both popular techniques for document representation. The proposed method obtained the best result among the evaluated techniques for retrieving judgments and jurisprudence documents. The BoC-Th increased the mAP (mean Average Precision) in 51% compared to the traditional BoC approach, while being up to 3.4 times faster than the traditional BoW representation.

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Purdy, R. D. "Knowledge representation in “Default”: An attempt to classify general types of knowledge used by legal experts." In the first international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/41735.41758.

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Paulino-Passos, Guilherme, and Francesca Toni. "Monotonicity and Noise-Tolerance in Case-Based Reasoning with Abstract Argumentation." In 18th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2021}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2021/48.

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Recently, abstract argumentation-based models of case-based reasoning (AA-CBR in short) have been proposed, originally inspired by the legal domain, but also applicable as classifiers in different scenarios. However, the formal properties of AA-CBR as a reasoning system remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we focus on analysing the non-monotonicity properties of a regular version of AA-CBR (that we call AA-CBR_>). Specifically, we prove that AA-CBR_> is not cautiously monotonic, a property frequently considered desirable in the literature. We then define a variation of AA-CBR_> which is cautiously monotonic. Further, we prove that such variation is equivalent to using AA-CBR_> with a restricted casebase consisting of all "surprising" and "sufficient" cases in the original casebase. As a by-product, we prove that this variation of AA-CBR_> is cumulative, rationally monotonic, and empowers a principled treatment of noise in "incoherent" casebases. Finally, we illustrate AA-CBR and cautious monotonicity questions on a case study on the U.S. Trade Secrets domain, a legal casebase.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Legal knowledge representation"

Gallien, Max, Umair Javed, and Vanessa van den Boogaard. Between God, the People, and the State: Citizen Conceptions of Zakat. Institute of Development Studies, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2023.027.

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The global pool for zakat – one of the five pillars of Islam mandating an annual payment typically equivalent to 2.5 per cent of an individual’s productive wealth – is estimated to make up between USD 200 billion and 1 trillion. States have long sought to harness zakat for their own budgets – and legitimacy. To date, however, there has been no systematic empirical discussion of how citizens perceive and engage with state involvement in zakat and how they perceive state-run zakat funds. These perceptions and experiences are central to important questions of how we conceptualise fiscal transfers and the relationship between citizens and states: if it is legally treated as one, does zakat function like a tax? Do citizens engage with it differently? Does its formalisation strengthen or undermine the social norms in which it is embedded? This paper provides, to the best of our knowledge, the first comparative analysis of how citizens in Muslim-majority countries conceptualise zakat, attempting to situate it between religion, charity, and the state. We do so in the context of three lower middle-income countries (LMICs) – Morocco, Pakistan, and Egypt – representing variation in state involvement in zakat, relying on nationally representative surveys covering 5,484 respondents, of whom 2,648 reported that they had paid zakat in the preceding 12 months. Despite heterogeneity in state practice across the three countries, and in contrast to our expectations, we find commonalities in how citizens perceive zakat. Across our cases, citizens understand zakat as existing beyond the state, even where the state is involved in zakat administration and enforcement. Rather than viewing it as a legal obligation akin to taxation or merely as a charitable payment, Muslims across diverse religious and institutional contexts predominately conceive of zakat as a form of informal tax, rooted in social pressures and sanctions in the afterlife, but existing beyond the limits of state authority. This has important conceptual implications for the study of public finance, which has been predominately state-centric, while suggesting that there are clear limits to states’ ability to harness zakat payments into public finance systems. It also suggests clear limits to the ability of states to ‘harness’ zakat as a fiscal tool through centralised administration or mandated enforcement.

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