Готові списки джерел за темами / Lean condition

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Lean condition"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Lean condition"

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VanWagner, Lisa B., and Matthew J. Armstrong. "Lean NAFLD: A not so benign condition?" Hepatology Communications 2, no. 1 (January 2018): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1143.

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Johanson, Deborah L., Ho Seok Ahn, Bruce A. MacDonald, Byeong Kyu Ahn, JongYoon Lim, Euijun Hwang, Craig J. Sutherland, and Elizabeth Broadbent. "The Effect of Robot Attentional Behaviors on User Perceptions and Behaviors in a Simulated Health Care Interaction: Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 10 (October 4, 2019): e13667. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13667.

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Background For robots to be effectively used in health applications, they need to display appropriate social behaviors. A fundamental requirement in all social interactions is the ability to engage, maintain, and demonstrate attention. Attentional behaviors include leaning forward, self-disclosure, and changes in voice pitch. Objective This study aimed to examine the effect of robot attentional behaviors on user perceptions and behaviors in a simulated health care interaction. Methods A parallel randomized controlled trial with a 1:1:1:1 allocation ratio was conducted. We randomized participants to 1 of 4 experimental conditions before engaging in a scripted face-to-face interaction with a fully automated medical receptionist robot. Experimental conditions included a self-disclosure condition, voice pitch change condition, forward lean condition, and neutral condition. Participants completed paper-based postinteraction measures relating to engagement, perceived robot attention, and perceived robot empathy. We video recorded interactions and coded for participant attentional behaviors. Results A total of 181 participants were recruited from the University of Auckland. Participants who interacted with the robot in the forward lean and self-disclosure conditions found the robot to be significantly more stimulating than those who interacted with the robot in the voice pitch or neutral conditions (P=.03). Participants in the forward lean, self-disclosure, and neutral conditions found the robot to be significantly more interesting than those in the voice pitch condition (P<.001). Participants in the forward lean and self-disclosure conditions spent significantly more time looking at the robot than participants in the neutral condition (P<.001). Significantly, more participants in the self-disclosure condition laughed during the interaction (P=.01), whereas significantly more participants in the forward lean condition leant toward the robot during the interaction (P<.001). Conclusions The use of self-disclosure and forward lean by a health care robot can increase human engagement and attentional behaviors. Voice pitch changes did not increase attention or engagement. The small effects with regard to participant perceptions are potentially because of the limitations in self-report measures or a lack of comparison for most participants who had never interacted with a robot before. Further research could explore the use of self-disclosure and forward lean using a within-subjects design and in real health care settings.
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Park, P. "In2O3/Al2O3 Catalysts for NOx Reduction in Lean Condition." Journal of Catalysis 210, no. 1 (August 15, 2002): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2002.3667.

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Gao, Zhanguo, Jin Zhang, Tara M. Henagan, Jong Han Lee, Xin Ye, Hui Wang, and Jianping Ye. "P65 inactivation in adipocytes and macrophages attenuates adipose inflammatory response in lean but not in obese mice." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 308, no. 6 (March 15, 2015): E496—E505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00532.2014.

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Анотація:
NF-κB induces transcriptional expression of proinflammatory genes and antiapoptotic genes. The two activities of NF-κB remain to be characterized in the mechanism of chronic inflammation in obesity. To address this issue, we inactivated NF-κB in adipose tissue by knocking out p65 (RelA) in mice (F-p65-KO) and examined the inflammation in lean and obese conditions. In the lean condition, KO mice exhibited a reduced inflammation in adipose tissue with a decrease in macrophage infiltration, M1 polarization, and proinflammatory cytokine expression. In the obese condition, KO mice had elevated inflammation with more macrophage infiltration, M1 polarization, and cytokine expression. In the mechanism of enhanced inflammation, adipocytes and macrophages exhibited an increase in cellular apoptosis, which was observed with more formation of crown-like structures (CLS) in fat tissue of KO mice. Body weight, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity were not significantly altered in KO mice under the lean and obese conditions. A modest but significant reduction in body fat mass was observed in KO mice on HFD with an elevation in energy expenditure. The data suggest that in the control of adipose inflammation, NF-κB exhibits different activities in the lean vs. obese condition. NF-κB is required for expression of proinflammatory genes in the lean but not in the obese condition. NF-κB is required for inhibition of apoptosis in the obese condition, in which proinflammation is enhanced by NF-κB inactivation.
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Pan, Huilin, Kee Sung Han, Mark H. Engelhard, Ruiguo Cao, Junzheng Chen, Ji-Guang Zhang, Karl T. Mueller, Yuyan Shao, and Jun Liu. "Addressing Passivation in Lithium-Sulfur Battery Under Lean Electrolyte Condition." Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 38 (February 23, 2018): 1707234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201707234.

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Кондратьев, Эдуард, Eduard Kondratev, Николай Гудз, and Nikolay Gudz. "Using the gaming simulation technology to overcome the mental problems in a developing lean production." Russian Journal of Management 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11867.

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Анотація:
The article describes the experience of lean manufacturing by involving staff in the process of change by playing technique. An important condition for the transition of the production system to the lean principles is to prevent excessive instrumentalism, which can lead to demotivation of people and return the changes back.
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Ortigues, I., M. Petit, and J. Agabriel. "Influence of body condition on maintenance energy requirements of Charolais cows." Animal Science 57, no. 1 (August 1993): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100006590.

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AbstractThe objective of the experiment was to test whether maintenance energy requirements of non-lactating, non-pregnant beef cows increased with body fatness. Twelve Charolais cows were initially fed to attain either lean or fat body condition. Subsequently, over a period of 66 days food allowances were regularly adjusted for zero live-weight change. For the following 76 days, lean and fat cows received either 400 or 553 kJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg initial live weight 0·75 per day, respectively. Fat cows maintained their body weight and composition whereas lean cows lost 296 g body weight, 221 g lipid and 65 g protein daily. Calculated maintenance energy requirements averaged 516 and 536kJ ME per kg live weight 0·75 per day for lean and fat cows respectively but were not significantly affected by body fatness. Diet dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and energy apparent digestibilities but not acid-detergent fibre digestibility were significantly higher in fat animals.
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Cline, Martha G., Angela L. Witzel, Tamberlyn D. Moyers, and Claudia A. Kirk. "Body composition of lean outdoor intact cats vs lean indoor neutered cats using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 21, no. 6 (June 18, 2018): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18780872.

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Objectives The objectives for this study were to compare the body composition of adult indoor neutered domestic cats with outdoor intact cats with an ideal body condition score using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and to report the body composition findings of free-roaming cats, as this has not been previously reported. Most domestic house cats differ from free-roaming cats as they are confined indoors and neutered. Indoor neutered cats have reduced activity and hormonal alterations that may result in lower muscle mass and higher body fat percentages vs outdoor intact cats, despite similar body condition scores. Methods Twenty-one outdoor intact cats (10 male, 11 female) were selected from a trap–neuter–return program and 16 indoor neutered domestic cats (10 male, six female) were client-owned. Inclusion criteria included an estimated age between 1 and 6 years, complete blood count, biochemistry panel, urinalysis, total thyroxine, feline leukemia virus/feline immunodeficiency virus screening and a body condition score of 4–5/9. Results Indoor neutered cats had a higher body fat percentage (22.1% [range 17.3–28.2%]) than outdoor intact cats (17.3% [range 10.0–33.6%]; P = 0.002). Indoor neutered male cats had a higher body fat percentage ( P <0.001) than outdoor intact cats. No difference in body fat percentage was observed in female cats ( P = 0.159). Indoor neutered domestic cats had a higher bone mineral density than outdoor intact cats ( P = 0.023). Conclusions and relevance The results of this study suggest indoor confinement and neutering increase body fat percentage and bone mineral density in cats with an ideal body condition score.
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Pan, Huilin, Kee Sung Han, Mark H. Engelhard, Ruiguo Cao, Junzheng Chen, Ji-Guang Zhang, Karl T. Mueller, Yuyan Shao, and Jun Liu. "Lean Electrolyte Batteries: Addressing Passivation in Lithium-Sulfur Battery Under Lean Electrolyte Condition (Adv. Funct. Mater. 38/2018)." Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 38 (September 2018): 1870275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201870275.

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Rahmah, Devi Maulida, Totok Pujianto, and Irfan Ardiansah. "Current Condition and Rules of Lean Implementation Practice in Agro-SMEs." Journal of Industrial and Information Technology in Agriculture 1, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jiita.v1i2.15093.

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Анотація:
This research aims to identify current condition and rules of lean manufacturing (LM) implementation in Agro- Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The current condition aspects are identification of waste, LM techniques and methods, the reason and barriers on LM implementation in SMEs. Exploring the behavior of SMEs on implementing LM which supporting to generate productivity and efficiency on production system are important to be identified. Initially, LM concept are implemented in manufacturing industry especially in automotive industry. Nowadays this concept has been implemented by other sector included Small and Medium-size Enterprise. However, it has still a few number of Agro-SMEs implementing LM concept. The data from Indonesia Statistic revealed that the proportion of SME- agro based are in the total of SME in Indonesia. It insinuated that Agro-SMEs has a significant potency for national economic if their productivity increase. LM providing chance to improve productivity and efficiency in. Many research had conducted to explore LM implementation in various sector. Unfortunately, Research on LM implementation in Agro-SMEs has still a few number. Research was conducted in 12 Agro-SMEs around Sumedang and Bandung. Selected SMEs referring to the use of horticulture and plantation commodity as a raw material. The data collected by field observation and deep interview to the owner, management-level, and employer. The data presented through description of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The result shows that the motion becomes a dominant waste in SMEs at 30%, while over production activity contributes waste at 22%, waiting aspect at 17%, inventory at 13 %, defect and transportation at 9%. Motion generates negative impact to work productivity and effectivity, for instance increase of time consume unimportant activity at work, WIP of product, cost for labor, and cost production. In terms of Method and techniques implemented in Agro-SME, Continuous improvement (Kaizen) and 5 S outnumbered to other methods and techniques at 50%. Other method and techniques such as Teamwork and 5Why had contributed at 41.6%, TQM and Work standardization at 33.33%, and Jidoka at 16.67% as well as Kanban system, Value Stream Mapping (VSM), and SMED 0%. In terms of the reason on implementing LM, Improving the quality of product becoming a larger proportion which affecting the LM implementation at 36%. In other hand, knowledge outnumbered to others aspect. It contributes 35% as the most barrier factor on LM implementation.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Lean condition"

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MONCADA, QUINTERO CARMEN WILLIANA. "Ceramic open cell foams as catalytic support for endothermic and exothermic reactions: Focus on lean methane combustion." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2929756.

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2

Pak, Sun. "Adaptation, combustion et limites pauvres d'un moteur à allumage commandé au gaz naturel obtenu par conversion d'un diesel faible puissance." Valenciennes, 1994. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1d663861-db36-4829-9d80-aa7826a05ebe.

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Un moteur diesel faible puissance a était converti en A. C. Puis alimenté au gaz naturel. Les caractéristiques générales de la combustion (délais, durées de combustion, dispersion cyclique) ont été étudiées en fonction du rapport air-gaz, de l'avance à l'allumage, et du type de bougie ainsi que les performances du moteur. Pour le comportement en mélange très pauvre, nous avons déterminé les limites opératoires, analyse le déroulement de la combustion et observe les variations de pression. En utilisant un générateur de turbulence en forme de cône, nous avons reculé les limites pauvres et réduit la dispersion cyclique et la pollution estimée en fonction de la richesse du mélange, de l'avance à l'allumage, de la vitesse et de la charge du moteur. A la fin de l'étude, nous donnons les conditions opératoires optimum pour différentes charges et vitesses.
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3

Starling, Neil Peter. "Condition assessment of lead based assets." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499398.

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Анотація:
The issue of leakage within the water distribution system is one of importance not only at an economic level for the industry, but there is also a wider environmental agenda, addressing issues of water sustainability and resource management. Very little is known about the factors which lead to failure and ultimately leakage from lead-based assets encompassing both lead service pipes and lead-run joints in cast iron mains. This has led to many repairs being carried out on lead-based assets as a reactive measure, either as part of the mains renewal programme or as leaks are detected. The aim of the present project was to gain an understanding of the significant factors affecting the failure of lead pipes and joints, and the associated mechanisms of failure.
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Appelgren, Linn, and Sofia Carlsson. "Paradox mellan Lean och motivation? : En medarbetarfokuserad undersökning om den upplevda motivationen i en kontext med Lean." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108549.

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Анотація:
Bakgrund I den nutida forskningen är det essentiellt att företag tar hänsyn till medarbetarnas motivation så att de gynnas av det arbetssätt som tillämpas. En arbetsmetod som blivit allt vanligare är konceptet Lean som ursprungligen kommer från den japanska bilindustrin. Lean har idag utvecklats till ett allmängiltigt koncept som tillämpas i flertalet branscher världen över. Trots att konceptet innebär flertalet positiva aspekter har det fått utstå stark kritik när det kommer till de mänskliga aspekterna och forskare har ställt sig frågan om Lean är "Mean". Kritiken härleds främst till medarbetares arbetsmiljö i form av stress och brist på variation, självbestämmande, hälsa och välmående. Få empiriska studier har däremot genomförts som undersöker konsekvenserna som Lean får på medarbetares upplevda motivation. Syfte Vårt syfte är att undersöka och öka förståelsen för medarbetares upplevelser av motivationen i företag som tillämpar Lean. Vidare har studien för avsikt att utreda om det föreligger en paradox mellan Lean och vad som motiverar medarbetare på en arbetsplats. Metod Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ metod via intervjuer. För att göra en djupare undersökning och analysera hur vårt fenomen, motivation, upplevs i en kontext med Lean tillämpade vi Små-N-studier. Vi har även haft en iterativ forskningsansats som förenat den deduktiva och induktiva ansatsen där studien pendlat mellan teorier och empiriska observationer fram tills det slutgiltiga resultatet. Slutsatser Utefter medarbetarnas upplevelser har vi identifierat att det inte föreligger någon paradox mellan Lean och motivation eftersom övervägande antal medarbetare upplevde att de är motiverade även om företaget tillämpar Lean. Dock har studien kunnat urskilja både stödjande och motverkande faktorer när det kommer till medarbetarnas upplevda arbetsförhållanden som i sin tur inverkar på motivationen. De motverkande faktorerna menar vi främst beror på att arbetsförhållandena i somliga fall innehåller höga prestationskrav, målstyrning samt standardiseringar. Vidare upplevs motivationen överlag som mer positiv när företagen använder en mjukare form av Lean där samtliga medlemmars intressen beaktas.
Background In modern research, it is essential that companies consider employees’ motivation so that they benefit from the applied practices. A working method that has become increasingly common is the concept Lean, which has its origin in the Japanese automotive industry. Today, Lean has evolved into a universal concept that is applied in many industries worldwide. Although the concept involves numerous positive aspects it has endured strong criticism when it comes to the human aspects and researchers have raised the question if Lean is "Mean". Criticism is derived primarily to employees’ working conditions in terms of stress and lack, variation, autonomy, health and wellbeing. However, few empirical studies have been carried out that examines the impact that Lean has on employees’ experienced motivation. Aim The aim is to increase the understanding of employees’ experienced motivation in companies that practice Lean. Further on the study has the intention to investigate if there is a paradox between Lean and what motivates employees on work. Methodology The study has been conducted through a qualitative method by interviews and to be able to do a deeper examination and analyze how our phenomenon, motivation, is experienced in a Lean context we applied small-N-studies. Our strategy has been iterative, combining both a deductive and inductive approach, where the study has varied between theories and empirical observations until the final result. Conclusions We have identified that there is no paradox between Lean and motivation since the majority of employees’ experienced that they are motivated even though the company practice Lean. Nevertheless the study shows that there are both supportive and counteractive factors when it comes to the employees’ experienced working conditions. The counteractive factors consists foremost of high performance standards, goal steering and standardizations, and have in some cases a negative influence on the working conditions. Furthermore the experienced motivation is more positive overall when the companies use a softer form of Lean where all the members’ interests are taken into account.
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Hartung, Georg. "Laser diagnostic investigations of flame turbulence interactions under lean-premixed conditions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612152.

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Martin, Scott Montgomery. "The conditional moment closure method for modeling lean premixed turbulent combustion /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7088.

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Okon, Aniekan. "Combustion dynamics in a lean premixed combustor with swirl forcing and fuel conditions." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/108265/.

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Анотація:
Fossil fuels still account for a large percentage of global energy demand according to available statistics. Natural gas is increasingly gaining the share of these fuels due to the retired coal and nuclear plants. The more stringent emission standards have also put natural gas ahead of other fuels as a result of its efficiency, cost, environmental attributes as well as the operational efficiency of the gas turbine, an engine that uses this fuel. A standard low emission combustion technique in gas turbines is the dry low NOx combustion, with lean fuel and fuel-air premixed upstream of the flame holder. However, this condition is highly susceptible to combustion instabilities characterised by large amplitude oscillations of the combustor’s acoustic modes excited by unsteady combustion processes. These pressure oscillations are detrimental both to the efficiency of performance as well as the hardware of the system. Although the processes and mechanisms that result in instabilities are well known, however, the current challenges facing gas turbine operators are the precise understanding of the operational conditions that cause combustion instabilities, accurate prediction of the instability modes and the control of the disturbances. In a bid to expand this knowledge frontier, this study uses a 100kW swirl premixed combustor to examine the evolution of the flow structures, its influence on the flame dynamics, in terms of heat release fluctuation and the overall effects on the pressure field, under different, swirl, fuel and external excitation conditions. The aim is to determine the operational conditions whose pressure oscillation is reduced to the barest minimum to keep the system in an excellent running condition. The results of this study are expected to contribute towards the design of a new control system to damp instabilities in gas turbines.
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Pagano, Vincenzo. "Analysis of a stratified pre-chamber spark ignition system under lean mixture conditions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/152486.

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[EN] In the current work, the characterization of the combustion process inside a stratified pre-chamber spark ignition (PCSI) system is performed. An extensive bibliographical review about the pre-chamber systems developed from the second half of the 20th century until modern times is presented. The review shows that the latest generation systems have the potential to accomplish the emissions limits while providing high performance and low fuel consumption. Nevertheless, many efforts of the scientific community are still needed to allow the large-scale application of the technology. Indeed, based on the outstanding challenges observed, the investigation plan is developed including both experimental and numerical parts. All experiments were performed by means of the rapid compressionexpansion machine (RCEM) in the CMT-Motores Térmicos laboratory. The original cylinder head layout was modified to allow the housing of the prechamber itself, fuel injectors, spark plug, pressure transducers in both chamber, and a thermocouple. The test methodology involved the acquisition of the pressure evolution in both main chamber and pre-chamber, the piston position (used to compute the instantaneous cylinder volume), the duration of the auxiliary injection, and the spark ignition point. These are used as input for the zero-dimensional thermodynamic model which simulates the fundamental parameters aims to characterize the PCSI system working cycle. Therefore, a deeper knowledge of the mass interchanged process, induced turbulence field, heat release rate, combustion speed, and flame regime is generated. Subsequently, to calibrate the zero-dimensional model coefficients under motoring conditions, several 3D CFD simulations were carried out by means of Converge software. Hence, the results of the simulations in terms of interchanged mass and pre-chamber turbulent kinetic energy have been used to calibrate the nozzle discharge coefficient and the turbulence sub-model coefficients for all the pre-chamber geometries. Furthermore, the 3D CFD simulations outputs are analysed to fully understand the flow field structure and the local effect induced by the different nozzles at the spark activation time. The turbulent kinetic energy in terms of intensity and orientation is investigated over several relevant pre-chamber sections. The results reveal a clear relationship between the turbulence developed within the pre-chamber and the orifices structure. Straight orifices or perpendicular jets impact, promote more intense local turbulence due to direct collision while tilted orifices guarantee more homogeneity due to the swirling motion. Additionally, increase the orifice numbers shows benefits on the fluid dynamic homogeneity. Thus, preceding the experimental campaign several fundamental aspects of the system are evaluated. The cycle-to-cycle dispersion is explored by means of the statistical assessment showing low pressure peak deviation. The auxiliary injection pressure and timing are optimized for avoiding wall wetting phenomena while ensuring proper air/fuel mixing. Finally, the spark activation point is chosen as a function of the theoretically maximum turbulent flame speed. Thereby, the experimental campaign is carried out according to tests matrix, in order to evaluate the effect of the equivalence ratio of both chambers, and how the orifices diameter, number, and distribution affect the combustion process. Moreover, chemiluminescence visualization tests, performed by means of the available optical access of the RCEM, are combined with zerodimensional and 3D CFD results to shed light on the work cycle. Conclusions suggest a slightly rich mixture inside the pre-chamber combined with the highest number of tilted orifices as the better configuration for improving combustion efficiency under lean and ultra-lean main chamber mixture conditions. Nevertheless, axial orifices should be considered for further investigations. Finally, the author proposes a series of developments considered interesting in both the experimental and numerical fields.
[ES] En el presente trabajo se realiza la caracterización del proceso de combustión dentro de un sistema de encendido por pre-cámara bajo carga estratificada. Por lo tanto, se presenta una extensa revisión bibliográfica sobre los sistemas de pre-cámara desarrollados desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX hasta los tiempos modernos. El resumen muestra que los sistemas de última generación tienen el potencial de cumplir con los límites de las emisiones, al tiempo que proporcionan un alto rendimiento y un bajo consumo de combustible. No obstante, todavía se necesitan muchos esfuerzos de la comunidad científica para permitir la difusión a gran escala de la tecnología. De hecho, sobre la base de los desafíos abiertos observados, se desarrolla el plan de investigación incluyendo tanto una parte experimental como numérica. Todos los experimentos se realizan mediante la máquina de compresión-expansión rápida (RCEM) de que dispone el laboratorio CMT-Motores Térmicos . La disposición original de la culata se modificó para permitir el alojamiento de la propia pre-cámara, los inyectores , la bujía, los sensores de presión y un termopar. La metodología de ensayo implica la adquisición de la evolución de la presión tanto en cámara principal como en pre-cámara, el volumen del cilindro, la duración de la inyección auxiliar y el punto de ignición de la bujía. Estos se utilizan como parámetros de entrada para el modelo termodinámico cero-dimensional que devuelve los parámetros fundamentales que caracterizan ciclo de trabajo del sistema PCSI. Por lo tanto, se genera un conocimiento más profundo del proceso de intercambio de masas, del campo de turbulencias inducidas, de la tasa de liberación de calor, de la velocidad de combustión y del régimen de la llama. Posteriormente, para calibrar los coeficientes del modelo cero-dimensional bajo condiciones de arrastre, se llevaron a cabo varias simulaciones CFD en 3D mediante el software Converge. Por lo tanto, los resultados de las simulaciones en términos de masa intercambiada y energía cinética turbulenta de la precámara se han utilizado para calibrar el coeficiente de descarga de la tobera y los coeficientes del sub-modelo de turbulencia para todas las geometrías de la pre-cámara. Además, se analizan los resultados de las simulaciones CFD para comprender plenamente la estructura del campo de flujo y el efecto local inducido por las diferentes geometriás en el tiempo de activación de la chispa. La energía cinética turbulenta en términos de intensidad y orientación se investiga en varias secciones relevantes de la pre-cámara. Los resultados revelan una clara relación entre la turbulencia desarrollada dentro de la pre-cámara y la estructura de los orificios. Los orificios rectos o los chorros perpendiculares, promueven una turbulencia local más intensa debido a la colisión directa mientras que los orificios inclinados del campo fluido y del dosado. Precedentemente al desarrollo de la campaña experimental se evalúan varios aspectos fundamentales del sistema. La dispersión ciclo a ciclo se explora por medio de la evaluación estadística que muestra una baja desviación de los picos de presión. La presión y el punto de inyección auxiliar se optimizan para evitar los fenómenos de mojado de las paredes, asegurando al mismo tiempo una mezcla adecuada de aire/combustible. Finalmente, el punto de activación de la chispa se elige en función de la velocidad máxima teórica de la llama turbulenta. De este modo, la campaña experimental se lleva a cabo de acuerdo con la matriz de pruebas, con el fin de evaluar el efecto del dosado equivalente de ambas cámaras, y cómo el diámetro, el número y la distribución de los orificios afectan al proceso de combustión. Además, las pruebas de visualización de quimioluminiscencia, realizadas mediante el acceso óptico disponible de la RCEM, se combinan con resultados de CFD y resultados del modelo cerodimen para arrojar luz sobre el ciclo de trabajo. Las conclusiones sugieren que una mezcla ligeramente rica dentro de la pre-cámaracombinadaconelmayornúmerodeorificiosdesfasadoseslamejor configuración para garantizar un elevada eficiencia de la combustión en condiciones de mezcla pobre y ultra-pobre de la cámara principal. No obstante, los orificios axiales deben ser considerados para investigaciones futuras. Por último, el autor propone una serie de desarrollos considerados interesantes tanto en el campo experimental como en el numérico.
[CA] En el present treball es realitza la caracterització del procés de combustió dins d'un sistema d'encesa de pre-cambra soto càrrega estratifi-cada. Per tant, es presenta una extensa revisió bibliogràfica sobre els sistemes de precambra desenvolupats des de la segona meitat del segle XX fins als temps moderns. El resum mostra que els sistemes d'última generació tenen el potencial de complir amb els límits de les emissions, al mateix temps que proporcionen un alt rendiment i un baix consum de combustible. No obstant això, encara es necessiten molts esforços de la comunitat científica per a permetre la difusió a gran escala de la tecnologia. De fet, sobre la base dels desafiaments oberts observats, es desenvolupa el pla d'investigació incloent tant una part experimental com numèrica. Tots els experiments es realitzen mitjançant la màquina de compressió-expansió ràpida (RCEM) de què disposa el laboratori CMT-Motors Tèrmics. La disposició original de la culata es va modificar per a permetre l'allotjament de la pròpia pre-cambra, els injectors , la bugia, els sensors de pressió i un termoparell. La metodologia d'assaig implica l'adquisició de l'evolució de la pressió tant en cambra principal com en pre-cambra, el volum del cilindre, la duració de la injecció auxiliar i el punt d'ignició de l'espurna. Aquests s'utilitzen com a paràmetres d'entrada per al model termodinàic zero-dimensional que retorna els paràmetres fonamen-tals que caracteritzen cicle de treball del sistema PCSI. Per tant, es genera un coneixement més profund del procés d'intercanvi de masses, del camp de turbulències induïdes, de la taxa d'alliberament de calor, de la velocitat de combustió i del règim de la flama. Posteriorment, per a calibrar els coefi-cients del model zerodimensional sota condicions d'arrossegament, es van dur a terme diverses simulacions CFD en 3D mitjançant el programari Converge. Per tant, els resultats de les simulacions en termes de massa intercanviada i energia cinètica turbulenta de la pre-cambra s'han utilitzat per a calibrar el coeficient de descàrrega de la tovera i els coeficients del sub-model de turbulència per a totes les geometries de la pre-cambra. A més, s'analitzen els resultats de les simulacions CFD per a comprendre plenament l'estructura del camp de flux i l'efecte local induït per les diferents geometries en el temps d'activació de l'espurna. L'energia cinètica turbulenta en termes d'intensitat i orientació s'investiga en diverses seccions rellevants de la pre-cambra. Els resultats revelen una clara relació entre la turbulència desenvolupada dins de la pre-cambra i l'estructura dels orificis. Els orificis rectes o els dolls perpendiculars, promouen una turbulència local més intensa a causa de la col·lisió directa mentre que els orificis inclinats garanteixen una major homogeneïtat a causa de la generació d'un macro-remolì. A més, l'augment del nombre d'orificis mostra beneficis en l'homogeneïtat fluid-dinàmica. Llavors, abans de la campanya experimental s'avaluen diversos aspectes fonamentals del sistema. La dispersió cicle a cicle s'explora per mitjà de l'avaluació estadística que mostra una baixa desviació dels pics de pressió. La pressió i el punt d'injecció auxiliar s'optimitzen per a evitar els fenòmens de mullat de les parets, assegurant al mateix temps una mescla adequada d'aire/combustible. Finalment, el punt d'activació de l'espurna es tria en funció de la velocitat màxima teòrica de la flama turbulenta. D'aquesta manera, la campanya experimental es duu a terme d'acord amb la matriu de proves, amb la finalitat d'avaluar l'efecte del dosatge equivalent de totes dues cambres, i com el diàmetre, el numero i la distribució dels orificis afecten el procés de combustió. A més, les proves de visualització de quimioluminescència, realitzades mitjançant l’accés òptic disponible de la RCEM, es combinen amb resultats de CFD i resultats del model zero-dimensional per a llançar llum sobre el cicle de treball. Les conclusions suggereixen que una mescla lleugerament rica dins de la pre-cambra combinada amb el major nombre d’orificis desfasats és la millor configuració per a garantir un elevada eficiència de la combustió en condicions de mescla pobra i ultra-pobre de la cambra principal. No obstant això, els orificis axials han de ser considerats per a investigacions futures. Finalment, l’autor proposa una sèrie de desenvolupaments considerats interessants tant en el camp experimental com en el numèric.
Pagano, V. (2020). Analysis of a stratified pre-chamber spark ignition system under lean mixture conditions [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/152486
TESIS
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Siddique, Abu Bakar [Verfasser]. "Leaf-inhabiting mycobiomes under different environmental conditions : local habitat conditions, leaf biochemistry and seasonal variations drive fungal community dynamics / Abu Bakar Siddique." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114094181X/34.

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Coleman, Marc David. "Catalytic reduction of nitrogen monoxide using hydrogen at low temperatures under lean burn conditions." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246453.

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Книги з теми "Lean condition"

1

The best of the lean years. United States]: [publisher not identified], 2013.

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Julio, Artillo González, ed. La Minería en Linares (1860-1923). [Jaén?]: Diputación Provincial de Jaén, 1987.

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Lal, P. K. We guide & lead. [Thiruvananthapuram]: Information & Public Relations Dept., Govt. of Kerala, 2009.

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K, Lal P., and Kerala (India). Dept. of Public Relations., eds. We guide & lead. [Thiruvananthapuram]: Information & Public Relations Dept., Govt. of Kerala, 2009.

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Lal, P. K. We guide & lead. Edited by Kerala (India). Dept. of Public Relations. [Thiruvananthapuram]: Information & Public Relations Dept., Govt. of Kerala, 2009.

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Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research, ed. Chemical durability of lead borosilicate glass matrix under simulated geological conditions. Mumbai: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2002.

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Ellis, Deborah. Sacred leaf. Toronto: Groundwood Books, 2007.

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Nossiter, Bernard D. Fat years and lean: The American economy since Roosevelt. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.

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A, Strehlow Roger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Urbana, Ill: Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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A, Strehlow Roger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Urbana, Ill: Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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Частини книг з теми "Lean condition"

1

Alagić, Ismar. "Kaizen in Practice-Case Study of Application of Lean Six Sigma Method in Working Condition of Wood-Processing Firm." In New Technologies, Development and Application II, 189–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18072-0_22.

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Ciupke, Krzysztof. "Leak Detection Using Regression Trees." In Applied Condition Monitoring, 311–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62042-8_28.

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Delgado-Aguiñaga, Jorge A., and Ofelia Begovich. "Water Leak Diagnosis in Pressurized Pipelines: A Real Case Study." In Applied Condition Monitoring, 235–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55944-5_12.

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T. Baltazar, Sara, Paulo Lopes dos Santos, and Teresa P. Azevedo Perdicoúlis. "Simulation of Gas Networks and Leak Detection Using Quadripole Models." In Applied Condition Monitoring, 147–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55944-5_8.

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Soldevila, Adrià, Sebastian Tornil-Sin, Joaquim Blesa, Rosa M. Fernandez-Canti, and Vicenç Puig. "Leak Localization in Water Distribution Networks Using Pressure Models and Classifiers." In Applied Condition Monitoring, 191–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55944-5_10.

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Soldevila, Adrià, Joaquim Blesa, Sebastian Tornil-Sin, Rosa M. Fernandez-Canti, and Vicenç Puig. "Sensor Placement for Classifier-Based Leak Localization in Water Distribution Networks." In Applied Condition Monitoring, 213–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55944-5_11.

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Quiñones-Grueiro, Marcos, Cristina Verde, and Orestes Llanes-Santiago. "Features of Demand Patterns for Leak Detection in Water Distribution Networks." In Applied Condition Monitoring, 171–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55944-5_9.

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Dai, Ron. "Conditional Statements." In Learn Java with Math, 109–17. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5209-3_18.

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Akiba, Kazuto. "Lead Telluride." In Electronic States of Narrow-Gap Semiconductors Under Multi-Extreme Conditions, 75–113. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7107-3_4.

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Davis, Harold. "Using Conditional Statements." In Learn How to Program, 43–73. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-1113-6_3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Lean condition"

1

Naiki, Taketora, Ken Obata, Manabu Watanabe, Takeshi Yokomori, and Norimasa Iida. "Research of Fuel Components to Expand lean-limit in Super lean-burn condition." In 2019 JSAE/SAE Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-2257.

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Naiki, Taketora, Ken Obata, and Manabu Watanabe. "Research of Fuel Components to Expand Lean-limit in Super Lean-burn Condition (Part II)." In SAE Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-2042.

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Ihara, Tadayoshi, Xiaojian Qin, Takafumi Tanaka, and Kazunori Wakai. "Auto Ignition and Knocking Phenomena in Stratified Mixture of Lean Condition." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32736.

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Анотація:
Experimental study has been conducted on auto ignition and knocking phenomena of stratified mixture using a rapid compression machine (RCM) in order to investigate the effects of fuel concentration gradient on the auto ignition and combustion characteristics in the condition that mean equivalence ratio is lean. N-heptane is used as a fuel and mean equivalence ratio is 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 in the combustion chamber. In the chamber, the lower the vertical location is, the richer the concentration of the mixture is. The difference of the equivalence ratio from bottom to top in the chamber is varied from 0 to 1.4. Mixture has no gradient in horizontal direction. Initial temperature of the mixture is 290K and pressure is 0.1MPa before compression. The diameter of the combustion chamber is 65mm and the compression ratio is 10.5. High-speed video camera is set in front of chamber so that direct images of mixture from cylinder axis direction can be obtained. A pressure transducer is used to obtain pressure histories of chamber, from which ignition delay, pressure rising rate and knocking intensity are determined. The results show that: 1. Flame speed of stratified mixture obtained from direct flame images is much faster than that of calculated laminar burning velocity for corresponding mixture, thus, rapid spread of flame in the experiment is caused not by flame propagation but by consecutive auto ignition. 2. Ignition delays of stratified mixture, not depending on the gradient of mixture, are constant as far as mean equivalence ratio is same and decrease with the decrease of mean equivalence ratio. 3. Pressure rising rate of stratified mixture combustion increases with the decrease of the gradient of mixture at 0.4≤φ≤1.0. 4. In homogeneous condition, knocking intensity of smaller mean equivalence ratio is smaller. 5. With slight gradient, knocking intensities of same mean equivalence ratio are similar to that of homogeneous mixture. In excess of certain value of the gradient, knocking intensity is smaller as the gradient is larger.
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Park, Suhyeon, Siddhartha Gadiraju, and Srinath Ekkad. "Flow Temperature Measurement of Lean Premixed Swirl Stablized Combustor Under Reacting Condition." In 2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-0393.

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Zaruba, Natalyi, and Natalyi Egorova. "Lean Governance as a Condition for the Creation of Intellectual Coal Industry." In 8th Russian-Chinese Symposium "Coal in the 21st Century: Mining, Processing, Safety". Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/coal-16.2016.8.

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Kim, Hak Young, and Seung Wook Baek. "Investigation of Fuel Lean Reburning." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12771.

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The present work is focused on a fuel-lean reburn system to experimentally control NOx emission from combustion process. Fuel-lean reburn system is found here to be able to replace a conventional reburning technique due to reburn fuel saving. In the conventional reburning process the NOx emission is reduced up to 45% using 20∼25% reburn fuel of total heat input, while CO emission is restricted within acceptable limits by adopting additional air supplying system. However, in the fuel-lean reburn system, by contrast, the amount of injected reburn fuel into the reburning zone is low enough to maintain overall fuel-lean condition in the furnace, so that no additional air system is required, and CO emission can be maintained at almost zero level. In this study, an experimental study has been done to examine the formation characteristics of NOx in a lab scale combustor (15kW) with various oxygen enhanced combustion conditions. LPG (liquefied Petroleum Gas) was used as main fuel and reburn fuel. Finally, the current fuel-lean reburn system, even with only an amount of reburn fuel of 13% of total heat input, was observed to achieve a maximum of 48% in NOx reduction.
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Kasireddy, Varun, and Burcu Akinci. "A Case Study on Comparative Analysis of 3D Point Clouds from UAV and Terrestrial Scanners for Bridge Condition Assessment." In Lean and Computing in Construction Congress - Joint Conference on Computing in Construction. Edinburgh: Heriot-Watt University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24928/jc3-2017/0041.

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Daniele, S., P. Jansohn, and K. Boulouchos. "Lean Premixed Combustion of Undiluted Syngas at Gas Turbine Relevant Conditions: NOx Emissions and Lean Operational Limits." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50265.

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The experimental work presented in this paper focuses on the characterization of four syngas mixtures, primarily in terms of NOx emissions and Lean Blow Out (LBO) limits; these mixtures were selected to simulate various syngas types derived from coal, refinery residues, biomass and co-firing of syngas with natural gas. These fuel mixtures are all of interest for applications in gasturbine processes for power generation. The experiments were carried out in a High Pressure Test Rig. Preheating of the fuel/air mixture to a temperature of 673 K, inlet bulk velocities between 40 and 80 m/s and operating pressures between 5 and 15 bars have been applied. The results show the expected strong difference between the CH4 containing mixture and all the other “pure” syngas mixtures concerning the “operational window”. As the focus of this paper is on lean extinction limits and NOx emissions, flashback phenomena are not discussed in further detail. Lean Blow Out limits were found to have weak pressure dependence for the methane containing mixture whereas for the other mixtures this dependence is slightly stronger: “Lean Blow Out” limits move to less lean condition with increasing pressure. No significant dependence on the Inlet velocity was found. Lean blow out occurs at much leaner conditions, ΦLBO≈0.25, for the pure syngas mixtures than for the methane containing fuel mixture (simulating co-firing of syngas with natural gas) which shows flame extinction already at ΦLBO≈0.38. NOx emissions show also a significant difference between the CH4 containing mixture and all other “pure” syngas mixtures with higher NOx emissions for the latter fuel gas mixtures. The difference can be attributed to the different O2 concentration in the hot exhaust gas after the flame front (for a given flame temperature) and to the difference in the flame length which leads to longer residence times in the post flame zone (for the much more compact syngas flames).
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Bhattacharya, Arijit, Bikash Gupta, Satyajit Hansda, Zohadul Haque, Ashish Kumar, Manohar Kumar Mishra, Somnath De, Achintya Mukhopadhyay, and Swarnendu Sen. "Lean Blowout Phenomena and Prior Detection of Lean Blowout in a Premixed Model Annular Combustor." In ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2491.

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Abstract Strict emission norms in the last few decades have paved the path for adaptation of new low NoX emission alternatives to power generation and aircraft propulsion. Lean combustion is a very promising and practicable technology for reducing NOX reduction and also have very high fuel efficiency. However, lean combustion technology suffers from inherent combustion instabilities that are manifested under different conditions, most importantly, thermoacoustic instability and lean blowout. Lean blowout occurs when a gas turbine combustor operating close to lean limit, for lowest NoX emission, faces abrupt changes in fuel homogeneity, quality or flow rate. While many work have been done in thermo-acoustic instability and flame propagation in annular combustors, studies in lean blowout in annular combustors are very limited. The lean limit of combustors are not fixed and is dependent on fuel characteristics and operating condition including environmental effects. So accurate online prediction of lean limit is very important to keep the combustors operating safely near lean limit. Recent works have demonstrated that single burner combustors leave out a significant amounts of physics including interaction of flames from different burners prior to blowout. In this work, a stepped down swirl and bluff body stabilized annular combustor in CB configuration (having chamber and burner), is used as experimental test rig having 4 number of identical burners. Video and heat release data are taken at different conditions as lean blowout is approached. Frequent attachment and reattachment of the flames prior to lift off was seen. As lean blowout is approached, inherent subtle differences in the different burners get amplified when flame becomes sufficiently weak and flame symmetry is broken. As air fuel mixture is made gradually leaner, one by one the flames from different burners elongates although remains partially attached to burner. Further lowering the equivalence ratio results in lift off and merging of the flame fronts of different burners. Three pixel averaged color ratios are extracted from still camera RGB images as flame stability indicators which are, red by blue, red by green and blue by green. The parameters show marked change at the point of lift off as well as at the lean blowout point.
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Huang, Shuai, Tie Li, Chongmin Wu, Bin Wang, and Ming Zheng. "Effects of Various Discharge Strategies on Ignition of Lean Methane/Air Mixture." In ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9648.

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Ultra-lean burn with high turbulence has high potential for improving thermal efficiency and reducing NOx emissions in spark-ignition engines. Formation of initial flame kernel in high-turbulence flow by advanced ignition technologies is crucial for successful implementation of the ultra-lean burn concept. In this study, a four-coil ignition system is designed to enable temporally flexible discharge, including the single strike, multi-strike and continuous discharge with the discharge energy range from 100 to 300 mJ. The performance of the different discharge strategies on igniting the lean methane-air mixture is evaluated in an optically accessible constant volume vessel. The initial mixture pressure of 3.0 MPa and temperature of 388 K are set to simulate typical conditions near TDC (top dead center) of turbocharged large-bore natural gas engines. Both the flow and quiescent conditions around the spark plug are taken into account with and without gas flows in the vessel. The flame kernel formation and developing processes are captured by using the Schlieren imaging technique with a high-speed CMOS video camera, while evolution of both the voltage and current in the circuit are well monitored by the high-voltage probe and current clamp. With the continuous discharge ignition, the lean limit is remarkably extended in the case of the flow condition, while it is changed only slightly under the quiescent condition, compared with the other strategies. Analysis of the current and voltage waveforms shows that the continuous discharge strategy can enable a steadier and longer discharging period than the other strategies, regardless of conditions with and without gas flow. Besides, the continuous discharge strategy can accelerate the initial flame propagation compared with the other strategies. Once the flame kernel is successfully established, an increase in the discharge energy of single strike has no obvious effects on the flame development, but it is necessary for maintaining the lean limit. Although, in principle, the multi-strike discharge strategy can increase the ignition energy released to the mixture, the current waveform is prone to be interrupted with the discharge channel strongly distorted by the gas flow under the high-pressure condition. The flame propagation speed of the ultra-lean mixture is rather slow under the high ambient pressure quiescent condition compared with the high ambient pressure flow condition. Enhancement of turbulent flow in the mixture is very crucial for realizing the highly efficient and stable combustion of the lean mixture.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Lean condition"

1

Lighty, JoAnn, and Randy Vander Wal. Development of Kinetics for Soot Oxidation at High Pressures Under Fuel-Lean Conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1149304.

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2

Amiridis, M. D. New Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Selective Reduction of NOx under Lean Conditions. Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/876685.

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3

Spann, Andrew. Lasergate Leaf Dynamics Part 2: Effect of Initial Condition and Partial Stress. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1598103.

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4

Ekkad, Srinath V. Evaluation of flow and heat transfer inside lean pre-mixed combustor systems under reacting flow conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1463254.

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Klevan, Sarah, Julia Daniel, Kendra Fehrer, and Anna Maier. Creating the conditions for kids to learn: Oakland’s districtwide community schools initiative. Learning Policy Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54300/784.361.

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With historic investments in the community school approach at the federal and state levels, educational leaders must understand how to build, implement, and sustain high-quality community schools in policy and practice. This study builds this understanding by examining the relationship between district support, community schools, and whole child educational practices within the Oakland Unified School District. This report describes how the district supports three community schools—one elementary, one middle, and one high school—by providing a centralized infrastructure that enables them to function as community schools while also prioritizing whole child educational practices.
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Green, Andre. LUNA Condition-Based Monitoring Update: Mahalanobis Distance for Excess Load and External Leak Cases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1783510.

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Carpenter, Christine. Speaker Preferences of Listening Behaviors that Lead to Perceived Listening : A Pre-condition of Perceived Understanding. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6406.

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Green, Andre. LUNA Condition Based Monitoring Update: Reducing the number of Sensors for Excess Load and External Leak. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1787265.

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Stampini, Marco, Sofia Martinez-Cordova, Sebastian Insfran, and Donna Harris. Do Conditional Cash Transfers Lead to Better Secondary Schools?: Evidence from Jamaica's PATH. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000486.

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Idris, Iffat. Conditions for Elections to Succeed in Reducing Conflict and Instability. Institute of Development Studies, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.124.

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Post-conflict elections can pave the way for democratisation and peacebuilding, but can also lead to renewed conflict. Minimum conditions for ensuring that elections promote the former and reduce conflict and instability include: peace and demilitarisation; international involvement; not holding post-conflict elections too early; holding national and local elections separately – ideally, local before national; election systems (notably proportional representation) that distribute rather than concentrate power; independent, permanent and well-resourced election management bodies; and media that promote voter education, messaging by parties and candidates, and election transparency. However, it is important to stress that specific criteria needed for successful post-conflict elections will be context-dependent.Post-conflict elections have the potential to establish legitimate government and can pave the way for democratisation and sustained peace. However, because they determine the distribution of power, they can also trigger renewed conflict. The risk of this is exacerbated by the difficult circumstances in which post-conflict elections are typically held (e.g. damaged infrastructure, weak institutions). The challenge is how to achieve the potential benefits while avoiding the risks. What are the conditions or criteria needed to ensure that post-conflict elections do not lead to conflict and instability?This review looks at the conditions needed to ensure that post-conflict election reduce conflict and instability. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature. While there was substantial literature on the various criteria, notably international involvement and election administration, it was largely gender-blind, as well as disability-blind.
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