Готові списки джерел за темами / Law of damage

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Law of damage"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Law of damage"

1

COVRIG, Georgiana. "Labour Law Patrimonial Liabilities. General Aspects." Annals of "Spiru Haret". Economic Series 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/1426.

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The damages under labour law are assessed according to special legal provisions and in the absence of such regulations, civil law regulations must be applied in relation to the prices at the time at which the agreement of will was made or the damaged person may bring the action before the court. In the case of goods’ damage, the damage assessment is done in all cases taking into account the real degree of wear of the asset.
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2

Nolan, Donal. "Damage in the English Law of Negligence." Journal of European Tort Law 4, no. 3 (November 1, 2013): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jetl-2013-0018.

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AbstractAlthough foundational to the tort law of both common law and civil law countries, the concept of damage has been the object of surprisingly little analysis by academics in the common law world. The aim of this article is to redress the balance somewhat by looking more closely at the meaning of damage in the English law of negligence. The first part of the article consists of general observations on the damage concept. It is argued that it is impossible to devise a meaningful general definition of damage, that damage is not the same thing as loss, and that the damage concept is compatible with rights-based analysis of negligence law. The remainder of the article is devoted to consideration of the two most common forms of damage, personal injury and physical damage to property. It is argued that a central idea underpinning both these routine forms of damage is that of ‘impairment’ and that both forms of damage are subject to de minimis principles. As regards personal injury, particular attention is paid to the forms of psychiatric injury which ground a negligence claim. Finally, it is argued that for property to be damaged there must be a physical change in the property which impairs its utility or value, and that merely to incapacitate property is not to damage it. Although the primary focus is on English law (and the common law more generally), some comparative observations are made.
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3

Kaļva, Aldis. "COMPENSATION OF NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGE CAUSED BY UNLAWFUL OR UNJUSTIFIED RESTRICTION OF LIBERTY." Administrative and Criminal Justice 2, no. 83 (September 20, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/acj.v2i83.3459.

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In this publication it was research non-pecuniary damages caused by law enforcement agency and its indemnification. As the goal of publication was set to discover and analyse the problem about non-pecuniary damages caused by law enforcement agency and its indemnification and to investigate whether the newly adopted law on Compensation for Damage Caused in Criminal Proceedings and Administrative violations eliminates pre-existing problems with indemnification of non-pecuniary damage caused by law enforcement agency. The raised aim was achieved. It was found, that law on Compensation for Damage Caused in Criminal Proceedings and Administrative Violations eliminates pre-existing problems when courts had problems determining the amount of compensation of non-pecuniary damages in accordance with Civil law article 5. However there are problems with fixed calculation of daily wages in the article 15. of the law on Compensation for Damage Caused in Criminal Proceedings and Administrative violations.The article uses the systemic, dogmatic and comparative method of studying and analyzing normative acts and court rulings.
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4

Foster, S. R. "Transboundary Damage in International Law." Journal of Environmental Law 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/16.3.409.

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5

Brock, Jonathan. "Hurricane Damage and the Law." Commonwealth Law Bulletin 32, no. 1 (March 2006): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050710600850249.

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Lemaitre, Jean, Rodrigue Desmorat, and Maxime Sauzay. "Anisotropic damage law of evolution." European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids 19, no. 2 (March 2000): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0997-7538(00)00161-3.

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Sarhan, Adnan Ibrahim. "The Objectivity of Damage Guarantee A Comparative Study." Journal of Law 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 37–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/law/110102.

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8

Truong, Do Van. "724 Damage Mechanics Concept to Cohesive Law of Fracture Interface." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2008.83 (2008): _7–24_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2008.83._7-24_.

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9

Knight, Cjs. "The Damage of Damages: Agreements on Jurisdiction and Choice of Law." Journal of Private International Law 4, no. 3 (December 2008): 501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17536235.2008.11424349.

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Gidron, Tamar. "Defamation Law in Turbulence: Does Israel Need ‘Libel Reform’?" Israel Law Review 46, no. 1 (March 2013): 95–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223712000301.

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Among the various bills proposing amendments to Israel's Defamation (Prohibition) Law that were presented to the 18th Knesset, the most controversial one is the bill proposing an increase in the caps on statutory damages (without proof of special or general damage). The current NIS 50,000 cap (NIS 100,000 when the publication was intended to cause injury) will be replaced, if the bill is approved, by a NIS 300,000 cap (NIS 600,000 when the publication was intended to cause injury). This proposed massive change has ignited a heated public debate. The bill, according to its proponents, is targeted principally at the media. Its aim is deterrence and even punishment, accomplished by attaching a higher price tag to libellous publications while focusing on remedies and leaving liability tests (including defences) untouched.I claim that this bill is both unnecessary and detrimental.Based on case law from the eight-year period 2004–11 on damages awarded by Israeli courts in defamation cases – both damages awarded ‘without proof of damage’ (the plaintiff does not need to prove damage caused by the publication) and damages awarded for ‘general damage’ (some general damage needs to be proved) – I conclude that the spectrum of judicial discretion is sufficiently broad to accommodate any level of deterrence seen fit by the courts in any circumstances. The fact that average damages awards do not reach the statutory caps indicates that, for all practical purposes, legislative intrusion in the manner proposed is erroneous. As to the normative standards the bill strives to convey, I maintain that absent reasonable justifications based on identifiable changes in cultural, social or other circumstances over time, the attempt to change the currently accepted balance between the rights of reputation and freedom of speech in Israeli defamation law in terms of damages awards is also erroneous.Even if some modification of the current balance between reputation and free speech, as a result of specified changes in circumstances, do indeed appear to be necessary, the particular content, form and measure of this specific bill – which have yet to be examined and assessed – do not seem to provide the right approach to achieve such modifications.
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Дисертації з теми "Law of damage"

1

Xue, Hanqin. "Transboundary damage in international law /." Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/353846376.pdf.

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Lanegra, Quispe Iván Kriss. "Environmental damage in the General Environmental Law." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116482.

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This paper looks at environmental damage definition stipulated by Peruvian General Environmental Law as well as its implications for the environmental policy development. It also outlines complexities involved identifying environmental damage as much as designing and implementing public policies according to Peruvian legislation processing.
El presente ensayo analiza la definición de daño ambiental querecoge la Ley General del Ambiente, así como sus implicancias para el desarrollo de la política ambiental. Describe las complejidades presentes en la identificación del daño ambiental así como en el diseño y aplicación de las políticas públicas relacionadas a su tratamiento en la legislación peruana.
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3

SCRIMA, Sofia. "I danni punitivi. Riflessioni in chiave comparatistica sui sistemi di common law e di civil law." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/90903.

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La tesi ha ad oggetto l’istituto del risarcimento punitivo, del quale indaga natura, presupposti applicativi e profili funzionali nell’ambito degli ordinamenti di common law, con particolare riferimento all’ordinamento inglese e a quello statunitense. La parte finale del lavoro si occupa di individuare, in chiave comparatistica, punti di collegamento con le esperienze dei sistemi di responsabilità civile continentali, tentando di avviare una rilettura degli stessi in chiave polifunzionale ed assumendo, a tal fine, come banco di prova il risarcimento del danno non patrimoniale.
The thesis deals with punitive damages, investigating their nature, applicative requirements and functions, among common law jurisdictions, with particular reference to England and U.S. law. The final part of the work aims at identifying, in a comparative light, connection points with the law of torts of the European jurisdictions, proposing a multi-functional framework and using, for this purpose, damages for non-pecuniary losses as a test case.
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Nabileyo, Oversea. "Liability regimes for environmental damage in South African law." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76674.

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This thesis investigates whether liability regimes for purposes of claiming for damage caused to the environment in South Africa are effective, and provides a general view of the relevant concepts, and identifies the challenges in succeeding in bringing a successful statutory or civil liability claim. It examines the current environmental legislative framework and identifies its inadequacy in facilitating common law compensation claims to remediate environmental damage, as well as to compensate victims who personally suffer loss, harm or damage caused by a polluter. This study evaluates the complications and possibility of success in enforcing these damage claims. The thesis commences with an overview of the definitions of what the concepts “environment”, “ecology” and “natural resources” mean. In this context, it aims to provide clarity on what damage to the environment, as a common good, entails. Thereafter the fundamental right of persons to the environment, for purposes of determining locus standi and the scope and merits of a liability claim are discussed. It is also evaluates and determines the importance of protecting the environment with specific reference to its impact on social and economic development, and the way in which liability regimes, by acting as a deterrent, can further this aim. . The current legislative framework in South Africa lacks comprehensive liability rules to allow for a claim for damages to be lodged directly by an individual against the polluter. As stated an effective liability regime also acts as a deterrent to combat the problem of environmental damage, and could be facilitated in improved environmental governance structures. The possibility of taking successful recourse by ways of a civil delictual liability claim is critically discussed to determine whether the current flexible principles of delict can be applied effectively in cases where environmental damage claims are instituted. Criminal liability forms only a limited part of the study as utilising criminal law principles can merely serve as deterrent for environmental crimes in South Africa, yet does not provide compensation as reparation. The issue of the economic consequences relating to the various environmental liability regimes is also included in the study. Sound environmental liability regimes can serve the purpose of attracting and encouraging foreign direct investment, which is critical for economic and social development. The study further contains a brief capita selecta from the laws of other countries in order to tap from the experience of the other jurisdictions that have developed legal regimes for environmental governance. It aims to provide justifiable recommendations for future developments in this area of South Africa’s national laws.
Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Private Law
LLD
Unrestricted
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Kramer, Adam. "Remoteness of damage in contract law : an agreement-centred approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31168.

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This thesis concerns the legal rules of contractual remoteness: these rules govern the extent of liability that is imposed on a breaching party to compensate for the adverse consequences that the breach causes. It is argued that the allocation of responsibility for such consequences is contained implicitly in the contract: every contract extends beyond its express terms, and the allocation of responsibility for the consequences of breach is one of the matters to which it extends. This latter assertion is supported by the argument that an assumption of responsibility for the consequences of breach is a fundamental part of what it means to make a promise. Hence the rules of remoteness are merely a specialised application of the general legal principles that are used to discover the unexpressed part of an agreement. These legal principles can be seen in operation in the implication of terms and the interpretation of expressed terms.
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6

Li, Junhong. "Civil liability for damage to marine biodiversity under international law." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359893/.

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Marine biodiversity is of significance to the existence of humankind but has been experiencing globally continuous deterioration due to anthropogenic activities in the past decades. It has been generally accepted that damage to marine biodiversity is mainly caused by marine pollution, alien invasive species, unsustainable use and overexploitation of resources such as overfishing, destructive fishing operation and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, habitat loss, and climate change. Due to its importance, marine biodiversity must be protected and when damaged there should be liability imposed on the polluter. This thesis assesses the extent to which existing international law covers damage to marine biodiversity, permits actions and ensures recovery. To answer these questions, this thesis comprehensively examines the relevant international legal instruments on prevention and protection of marine biodiversity. It finds that protection of marine biodiversity under the current regulatory framework is piecemeal and no comprehensive liability regime exists. The factors hindering the development of an international liability regime for such damage include conceptual problems of the concept of marine biodiversity and the definition of damage to marine biodiversity, and the lack of baseline conditions as reference for the damage. Because of the gaps and inadequacy of the existing regimes which concern liability for damage to marine biodiversity, the thesis advocates that a liability regime for such damage shall be established and several important elements of such a regime are analysed. For this regime, the thesis discusses the theoretical basis first and then suggests a structure that will include relevant national legislation to be developed or refined, changes of the current multilateral liability regimes, and the creation of a new international legal instrument comprehensively addressing liability for damage to marine biodiversity within and beyond the areas of national jurisdiction. Significant obstacles in developing such a regime are identified and discussed.
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Verheyen, Roda. "Climate change damage and international law : prevention duties and state responsibility /." Leiden [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/50232872X.pdf.

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Purshouse, Craig Jonathan. "Should lost autonomy be recognised as actionable damage in medical negligence cases?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/should-lost-autonomy-be-recognised-as-actionable-damage-in-medical-negligence-cases(5f9558e6-bf61-4e91-8d3f-7c2e16a368bd).html.

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It has been suggested by some commentators that the ‘real’ damage (as opposed to that pleaded) in the cases of Rees v Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS Trust [2004] 1 AC 309 and Chester v Afshar [2005] 1 AC 134 was the claimant’s lost autonomy. Arguments have consequently been put forward that lost autonomy either already is or should be recognised as a new form of actionable damage in medical negligence cases. Given the value placed on respecting patient autonomy in medical law and bioethics, it might be thought that such a development should be welcomed. But if lost autonomy is accepted as a new form of damage in negligence, it will not be confined to the two scenarios that were present in those cases and it may be inconsistent with other established negligence principles. This thesis considers whether lost autonomy ought to be recognised as a new form of damage in negligence and concludes that it should not. A close textual analysis of Rees and Chester is undertaken in order to determine whether a ‘lost autonomy’ analysis actually provides the best explanation of those two cases. I then look at how the concepts of autonomy and harm should be understood to determine whether, ethically speaking, to interfere with someone’s autonomy is to cause them harm. The final part of the thesis considers important doctrinal tort law considerations that have been overlooked in the medical law literature. I argue that the nature of autonomy means that it cannot coherently be considered actionable damage within the tort of negligence and that recognising a duty of care to avoid interfering with people’s autonomy would be inconsistent with the restrictive approach the courts take to recovery for psychiatric injury and economic loss. My ultimate conclusion is that the benefits of allowing such claims do not outweigh the undermining of established principles that would ensue if lost autonomy were recognised as a form of actionable damage in negligence.
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Normelli, Norea. "Proportionality in Attack on Data : Balancing Military Advantage and Collateral Damage in Cyberspace." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-436890.

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Horbach, Nathalie Louisa Johanna Theodora. "Liability versus responsibility under international law : defending strict state responsibility for transboundary damage /." [S.l.] : [S.n.], 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37760399h.

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Книги з теми "Law of damage"

1

Hanqin, Xue. Transboundary damage in international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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2

Capper, Phillip. Latent damage law: The expert system. London: Butterworths, 1988.

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3

Essential cases on damage. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2011.

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4

Conway-Lanz, Sahr. Collateral Damage. London: Taylor and Francis, 2006.

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5

Liability for damage to public natural resources: Standing, damage and damage assessment. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001.

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6

Commission, Law Reform. Report on malicious damage. Dublin: Law Reform Commission, 1988.

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7

Rudall, Jason. Compensation for Environmental Damage Under International Law. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge research in international law: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429341496.

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C, Jha U., ed. Armed conflict and environmental damage. New Delhi: Vij Books, 2014.

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9

Ferrara, Santo Davide, Rafael Boscolo-Berto, and Guido Viel, eds. Personal Injury and Damage Ascertainment under Civil Law. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29812-2.

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Hinteregger, Monika, ed. Environmental Liability and Ecological Damage In European Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511494970.

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Частини книг з теми "Law of damage"

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Busnelli, Francesco D., Giovanni Comandé, Herman Cousy, Dan B. Dobbs, Bill W. Dufwa, Michael G. Faure, Israel Gilead, et al. "Damage." In Principles of European Tort Law, 24–42. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-211-27751-x_3.

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Storey, Tony, Natalie Wortley, and Jacqueline Martin. "Criminal damage." In Unlocking Criminal Law, 417–41. 8th ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003326793-12.

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Marette, Stephan. "Social Damage." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1938–40. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_446.

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Marette, Stephan. "Social Damage." In Encyclopedia of Law and Economics, 1–3. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7883-6_446-1.

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Weisberg, D. Kelly. "Collateral damage." In Child Rights and International Discrimination Law, 117–31. New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge research in international law: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429020926-8.

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Kadner Graziano, Thomas. "Damage to public goods." In Comparative Tort Law, 499–536. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203705551-16.

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Kelly, David, Ruby Hammer, Janice Denoncourt, and John Hendy. "Liability for land and environmental damage." In Business Law, 287–312. Fourth edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429297694-14.

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Baughen, Simon. "Proving Loss or Damage in Transit." In Shipping Law, 61–74. Seventh edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge. 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315172040-3.

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Kadner Graziano, Thomas. "Damage suffered by secondary victims." In Comparative Tort Law, 317–42. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203705551-11.

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Kadner Graziano, Thomas. "Damage suffered by secondary victims." In Comparative Tort Law, 343–88. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203705551-12.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Law of damage"

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Bouteca, M. J., J.-P. Sarda, and O. Vincke. "Constitutive Law for Permeability Evolution of Sandstones During Depletion." In SPE International Symposium on Formation Damage Control. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/58717-ms.

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Xie, Ming, and Huiying Hao. "Stochastic Damage Constitutive Law of Concrete under Uniaxial Compression." In 2017 3rd International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials (IFEESM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifeesm-17.2018.114.

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Grove, Brenden Michael, Juliane C. Heiland, Ian Christopher Walton, and David C. Atwood. "New Effective Stress Law for Predicting Perforation Depth at Downhole Conditions." In SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/111778-ms.

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Sugiri, Bambang, and Alfons Zakaria. "Corruption: Does Environmental Damage Constitute Staters Financial Loss?" In 2018 International Conference on Energy and Mining Law (ICEML 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceml-18.2018.12.

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Bercegol, Herve. "Statistical distribution of laser damage and spatial scaling law for a model with multiple defect cooperation in damage." In Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 1999, edited by Gregory J. Exarhos, Arthur H. Guenther, Mark R. Kozlowski, Keith L. Lewis, and M. J. Soileau. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.379317.

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Desmorat, Rodrigue, Estarle Roberto Ferreira de Souza Campos, and Lucival Malcher. "NON SATURATING KINEMATIC HARDENING LAW COUPLED WITH DAMAGE EVOLUTION FOR FATIGUE." In 6th International Symposium on Solid Mechanics. ABCM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.mecsol2017.msl17-0142.

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Xie, Ming, and Huiying Hao. "An Energy Method-based Damage Constitutive Law of Concrete for SRC." In 2017 3rd International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials (IFEESM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifeesm-17.2018.121.

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Stewart, Calvin M., and Ali P. Gordon. "Methods to Determine the Critical Damage Criterion of the Kachanov-Rabotnov Law." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88389.

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Considerable effort has gone towards the implementation of continuum damage mechanics (CDM) laws for the creep damage assessment of high temperature components. Often critical damage is considered to be reached when damage is equal to unity. Analytical methods have demonstrated that for various alloys critical damage is much less than unity and is dependent on stress and temperature. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate and correct this problem. In this paper, an examination of the theory of critical damage is conducted. Based on theory, a new critical damage criterion is introduced. A comparison between Penny and the new critical damage criterion will be conducted to determine the most viable criterion. Damage is introduced into life, strain, and mixed life fraction rules to demonstrate the influence damage has on rupture under thermo-mechanical loading.
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Lei, Xiangyang, Nan Zheng, Xianhua Chen, Lian Zhou, Xi Xu, Qinghua Zhang, Jian Wang, and Zhigang Yuan. "Laser damage and evolution law of scratches on fused silica in etching." In Conference on Optics Ultra Precision Manufacturing and Testing, edited by Dawei Zhang, Lingbao Kong, and Xichun Luo. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2575700.

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Прудникова, Альбина Евгеньевна, and Наталья Александровна Никитина. "COMPENSATION FOR MORAL DAMAGE IN RUSSIAN CIVIL LAW: TRENDS IN JUDICIAL PRACTICE." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Март 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt190.2021.47.79.005.

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Данная статья посвящена тенденциям судебной практики компенсации морального вреда. В статье автор исследует авторские подходы к определению понятия «моральный вред», рассматривает основания и размер компенсация морального вреда. Проанализировав судебную практику, автор выявляет проблемы возмещения указанной компенсации. This article is devoted to trends in judicial practice of compensation for moral damage. In the article the author examines the author's approaches to the definition of the concept of "moral harm", examines the grounds and amount of compensation for moral harm. After analyzing the judicial practice, the author identifies the problems of reimbursing the said compensation.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Law of damage"

1

Ayala, David, Ashley Graves, Colton Lauer, Henrik Strand, Chad Taylor, Kyle Weldon, and Ryan Wood. Flooding Events Post Hurricane Harvey: Potential Liability for Dam and Reservoir Operators and Recommendations Moving Forward. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.floodingpostharvey.

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When Hurricane Harvey hit the Texas coast as a category 4 hurricane on August 25, 2017, it resulted in $125 billion in damage, rivaling only Hurricane Katrina in the amount of damage caused. It also resulted in the deaths of 88 people and destroyed or damaged 135,000 homes. Much of that devastation was the result of flooding. The storm dumped over 27 trillion gallons of rain over Texas in a matter of days. Some parts of Houston received over 50 inches of rainfall. The potential liability that dam and reservoir operators may face for decisions they make during storm and flooding events has now become a major concern for Texas citizens and its elected officials. Law suits have now been instituted against the federal government for its operation of two flood control reservoirs, as well as against the San Jacinto River Authority for its operation of a water supply reservoir. Moreover, the issues and concerns have been placed on the agenda of a number of committees preparing for the 2019 Texas legislative session. This report reviews current dam and reservoir operations in Texas and examines the potential liability that such operators may face for actions and decisions taken in response to storm and flooding events. In Section III, the report reviews dam gate operations and differentiates between water supply reservoirs and flood control reservoirs. It also considers pre-release options and explains why such actions are disfavored and not recommended. In Section IV, the report evaluates liabilities and defenses applicable to dam and reservoir operators. It explains how governmental immunity can limit the exposure of state and federally-run facilities to claims seeking monetary damages. It also discusses how such entities could be subject to claims of inverse condemnation, which generally are not subject to governmental immunity, under Texas law as well as under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In addition, the Section discusses negligence and nuisance claims and concludes that plaintiffs asserting either or both of these claims will have difficulty presenting successful arguments for flooding-related damage and harm against operators who act reasonably in the face of storm-related precipitation. Finally, Section V offers recommendations that dam and reservoir operators might pursue in order to engage and educate the public and thereby reduce the potential for disputes and litigation. Specifically, the report highlights the need for expanded community outreach efforts to engage with municipalities, private land owners, and the business community in flood-prone neighborhoods both below and above a dam. It also recommends implementation of proactive flood notification procedures as a way of reaching and alerting as many people as possible of potential and imminent flooding events. Finally, the report proposes implementation of a dispute prevention and minimization mechanism and offers recommendations for the design and execution of such a program.
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Barzen, Jeb, and Ken Ballinger. Sandhill and Whooping Cranes. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7207736.ws.

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As sandhill crane populations continue to grow in the United States, so too does crop damage, property damage to homeowners, and the risk of crane collisions with aircraft. Whooping crane populations also continue to grow, but with a global population of about 500 individuals (as of 2017), damage is rare and problems often require different solutions due to the species’ endangered status. The sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), is a long-lived, member of the crane family (Gruidae) and the most numerous of the 15 crane species found worldwide. Over the last 50 years, the species has grown from a rarity─ requiring extensive protection─ to an abundant, widespread species. As their populations have increased, so too have their conflicts with people. Both sandhill and whooping cranes are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) of 1918. This law strictly prohibits the capture, killing, or possession of sandhill and whooping cranes without proper permits. However, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) can issue depredation permits under this act for the shooting of sandhill cranes that causeagricultural damage or threaten human health and safety. No federal permit is required to use non-lethal management methods to reduce damage by sandhill cranes.
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3

Hochheimer, B. F. Low Level Laser Retinal Damage. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada227521.

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Sparks, Paul, Jesse Sherburn, William Heard, and Brett Williams. Penetration modeling of ultra‐high performance concrete using multiscale meshfree methods. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41963.

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Terminal ballistics of concrete is of extreme importance to the military and civil communities. Over the past few decades, ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) has been developed for various applications in the design of protective structures because UHPC has an enhanced ballistic resistance over conventional strength concrete. Developing predictive numerical models of UHPC subjected to penetration is critical in understanding the material's enhanced performance. This study employs the advanced fundamental concrete (AFC) model, and it runs inside the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM)‐based code known as the nonlinear meshfree analysis program (NMAP). NMAP is advantageous for modeling impact and penetration problems that exhibit extreme deformation and material fragmentation. A comprehensive experimental study was conducted to characterize the UHPC. The investigation consisted of fracture toughness testing, the utilization of nondestructive microcomputed tomography analysis, and projectile penetration shots on the UHPC targets. To improve the accuracy of the model, a new scaled damage evolution law (SDEL) is employed within the microcrack informed damage model. During the homogenized macroscopic calculation, the corresponding microscopic cell needs to be dimensionally equivalent to the mesh dimension when the partial differential equation becomes ill posed and strain softening ensues. Results of numerical investigations will be compared with results of penetration experiments.
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Rahmani, Mehran, Xintong Ji, and Sovann Reach Kiet. Damage Detection and Damage Localization in Bridges with Low-Density Instrumentations Using the Wave-Method: Application to a Shake-Table Tested Bridge. Mineta Transportation Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2033.

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This study presents a major development to the wave method, a methodology used for structural identification and monitoring. The research team tested the method for use in structural damage detection and damage localization in bridges, the latter being a challenging task. The main goal was to assess capability of the improved method by applying it to a shake-table-tested prototype bridge with sparse instrumentation. The bridge was a 4-span reinforced concrete structure comprising two columns at each bent (6 columns total) and a flat slab. It was tested to failure using seven biaxial excitations at its base. Availability of a robust and verified method, which can work with sparse recording stations, can be valuable for detecting damage in bridges soon after an earthquake. The proposed method in this study includes estimating the shear (cS) and the longitudinal (cL) wave velocities by fitting an equivalent uniform Timoshenko beam model in impulse response functions of the recorded acceleration response. The identification algorithm is enhanced by adding the model’s damping ratio to the unknown parameters, as well as performing the identification for a range of initial values to avoid early convergence to a local minimum. Finally, the research team detect damage in the bridge columns by monitoring trends in the identified shear wave velocities from one damaging event to another. A comprehensive comparison between the reductions in shear wave velocities and the actual observed damages in the bridge columns is presented. The results revealed that the reduction of cS is generally consistent with the observed distribution and severity of damage during each biaxial motion. At bents 1 and 3, cS is consistently reduced with the progression of damage. The trends correctly detected the onset of damage at bent 1 during biaxial 3, and damage in bent 3 during biaxial 4. The most significant reduction was caused by the last two biaxial motions in bents 1 and 3, also consistent with the surveyed damage. In bent 2 (middle bent), the reduction trend in cS was relatively minor, correctly showing minor damage at this bent. Based on these findings, the team concluded that the enhanced wave method presented in this study was capable of detecting damage in the bridge and identifying the location of the most severe damage. The proposed methodology is a fast and inexpensive tool for real-time or near real-time damage detection and localization in similar bridges, especially those with sparsely deployed accelerometers.
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Herbert, George. The Unintended Consequences of Economic Sanctions. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.100.

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Economic sanctions are associated with a range of adverse effects, with variable levels of supporting evidence for different kinds of negative consequences. It is frequently challenging to demarcate the boundary between the intended and unintended consequences of sanctions. This rapid review is based on an assessment of 75 separate articles or reports. It found that sanctions apply pressure on targeted states by inflicting economic damage, but the economic disruption is frequently broader than intended with economic damage not being restricted to targeted states. With sections possibly having a negative humanitarian impact, declining health outcomes, increasing the possibility of conflict, terrorism, and undermine the rule of law in targeted states. It also finds that the impact of sanctions on democratisation and respect for human and economic rights remains disputed. Despite the volume of studies published on this topic, there are weaknesses in the evidence base. Many – though not all – econometric studies do not distinguish sufficiently between different kinds of sanctions. As a result, sanctions regimes that may have quite different effects often lumped together, making it challenging to assess whether sanctions can be designed in a way that is likely to avoid specific kinds of adverse effects. In addition, on some important issues, there are major inconsistencies between the findings of different econometric studies. In some cases these inconsistencies are paired with technical debates around whether the methodologies employed on different studies adequately address issues related to the potential endogeneity between the decision to impose sanctions and trends in variables of interest.
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Nema, Arpit, and Jose Restrep. Low Seismic Damage Columns for Accelerated Bridge Construction. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zisp3722.

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This report describes the design, construction, and shaking table response and computation simulation of a Low Seismic-Damage Bridge Bent built using Accelerated Bridge Construction methods. The proposed bent combines precast post-tensioned columns with precast foundation and bent cap to simplify off- and on-site construction burdens and minimize earthquake-induced damage and associated repair costs. Each column consists of reinforced concrete cast inside a cylindrical steel shell, which acts as the formwork, and the confining and shear reinforcement. The column steel shell is engineered to facilitate the formation of a rocking interface for concentrating the deformation demands in the columns, thereby reducing earthquake-induced damage. The precast foundation and bent cap have corrugated-metal-duct lined sockets, where the columns will be placed and grouted on-site to form the column–beam joints. Large inelastic deformation demands in the structure are concentrated at the column–beam interfaces, which are designed to accommodate these demands with minimal structural damage. Longitudinal post-tensioned high-strength steel threaded bars, designed to respond elastically, ensure re-centering behavior. Internal mild steel reinforcing bars, debonded from the concrete at the interfaces, provide energy dissipation and impact mitigation.
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Ehst, D. A., and A. Hassanein. Modelling erosion damage from low-energy plasma gun simulations of disruptions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10114351.

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9

Kovach, J. A., and S. Malkin. High-speed, low-damage grinding of advanced ceramics Phase 1. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/67258.

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Prevey, P. S., D. J. Hornbach, T. L. Jacobs, and R. Ravindranath. Improved Damage Tolerance in Titanium Alloy Fan Blades With Low Plasticity Burnishing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444609.

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