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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Japanese Council"

1

Wilson, Sandra. "The Manchurian Crisis and Moderate Japanese Intellectuals: The Japan Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations." Modern Asian Studies 26, no. 3 (July 1992): 507–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009896.

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Ever since its occurrence, the ‘Manchurian Incident’ of September 1931 has been interpreted, by both Japanese and non-Japanese writers, as a crucial event in modern Japanese and, indeed, world history. Not least, it has been identified as the beginning of Japan's ‘fifteen-year war’. Whether or not such judgements are accepted, it must be recognized that the Manchurian Incident and subsequent events significantly affected the workings of Japanese politics in the 1930s, the relationship between civil and military authorities and Japan's international image in the years leading up to the Pacific War.
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2

KIMURA, Shigemitsu. "Activity of the Japanese Historical Council." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 23, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 10_88–10_89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.23.10_88.

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3

Yasuaki, Chijiwa. "Insights into Japan-U.S. Relations on the Eve of the Iraq War: Dilemmas over ““Showing the Flag””." Asian Survey 45, no. 6 (November 2005): 843–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2005.45.6.843.

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When the Iraq War began in 2003, the Japanese government declared support for the United States without a new U.N. Security Council resolution. However, this was not followed by direct logistical support. By using the two-level games theory, this article suggests reasons behind Japan's decision.
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4

Triendl, Robert. "Japanese council urges reform of funding system." Nature Biotechnology 20, no. 12 (December 2002): 1176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt1202-1176b.

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5

Chebanov, S. "Innovation Policy of Japan." World Economy and International Relations, no. 12 (2010): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-12-3-14.

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The publication presents materials of the session of the Academic Council of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, on the subject “Innovation Policy of Japan”. The main report at the Council was presented by V.K. Zaitsev, Head of Section for Japanese Economic and Politic Studies, Center for Asia Pacific Studies at IMEMO. In the report, structural change in the national research system amidst the "hard 1990s", as well as corporate level, quality and priorities problem of R&D are examined, conclusions on Japan's innovation development are drawn.
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6

Akabayashi, Akira, Eisuke Nakazawa, and Katsumi Mori. "Do Papers with Japanese Authors Have a Different Number of Authors? A Follow-Up Study after 25 Years and Implication for Other Countries." Publications 10, no. 4 (October 7, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/publications10040038.

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A follow-up study was conducted 25 years after the 1997 British Medical Journal report. Articles with at least one Japanese author were defined as ‘Article by Japanese’ and those with no Japanese authors were defined as ‘Article by Non-Japanese’. The number of authors per article for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020 in Circulation, Circulation Research, and the Japanese Circulation Journal was studied. Results are: (1) In all journals and all years covered, ‘Article by Japanese’ had more authors per article than ‘Article by Non-Japanese’. Twenty-five years later, the results were similar. (2) Comparison by year revealed that all journals showed increases with time in the number of authors per article. We have discussed the problem of the Science Council of Japan’s statement, influence on practising physicians and sample providers, and influence on international collaborations. This 25-year follow-up study highlights once again the need for global discussions on the qualifications for authorship in research studies.
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7

Nakano, Ryoko. "Mobilizing Meiji Nostalgia and Intentional Forgetting in Japan's World Heritage Promotion." International Journal of Asian Studies 18, no. 1 (September 16, 2020): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591420000467.

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AbstractThe language of shared heritage for humanity holds a central position within UNESCO's World Heritage. However, the “Sites of Japan's Meiji Industrial Revolution” as World Heritage is primarily Japan's national project for globalizing a glorious historical narrative of Meiji Japan. While this national nostalgia matches the contemporary political discourse of overcoming domestic and international challenges in twenty-first century Japan, it also encourages people to forget alternative perspectives related to Korean memories of forced labor, colonialism, and war. Ministry officials and cultural council members expressed concerns over possible critical reactions from South Korea, but the Japanese government accelerated its campaign for UNESCO's World Heritage designation and achieved its objective in 2015. Why did the Japanese government take this step despite the alarming voices within Japan? This paper uncovers the process in which Japan's industrial heritage was constructed and promoted as World Heritage. It points to the role of Japanese and Western heritage experts in a newly established committee outside the conventional procedure for Japan's World Heritage nomination and concludes that Japan's heritage diplomacy pushes alternative historical narratives into oblivion.
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8

Ikeda, Keiko. "Audience participation through interjection." Journal of Language and Politics 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.8.1.04ike.

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This study examines a particular modality of audience participation in Japanese municipal council sessions. As with parliamentary debates elsewhere (Carbó 1992, Antaki & Leudar, 2001), the prescribed participation framework in a Japanese council session is highly structured so as to facilitate deliberation for the public good. Accordingly, the formal institutional rules do not assign the audience ratified speaking rights during question-answer periods. Nevertheless, audience members do insert interjectory remarks with precise timings to accomplish specific social consequences. While official records typically exclude audience voices and therefore fail to capture the relevant social consquences, the analysis of raw data brings them to light. This study investigates audience interjections in terms of their sociolinguistic characteristics, their placement in the on-going discussions, and their “covert” social consequences. The analysis shows that interjections in Japanese council sessions are tools for spontaneous politicking whereas the ostensibly deliberative proceedings are largely scripted performance.
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9

Mettler, Meghan Warner. "Gimcracks, Dollar Blouses, and Transistors: American Reactions to Imported Japanese Products, 1945-1964." Pacific Historical Review 79, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 202–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.202.

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This article examines the changing extent of the Cold War's influence on popular American perceptions of goods made in Japan. Although the National Security Council recommended in 1948 that the United States rebuild Japan's devastated economy to strengthen an anti-communist ally in East Asia (and America's position there), U.S. merchants, consumers, manufacturers, and journalists did not consistently go along with this official economic policy. The American press initially depicted the Japanese economy as needing assistance and producing only cheap, inconsequential products, but as Japan's economy began to recover in the mid-1950s and Japanese manufacturers produced better quality goods, concerns over competition revived racialized wartime rhetoric. Japan's emergence as a successful exporter of high-end merchandise by the 1960s seemed to prove the strength of American-style free market capitalism.
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10

Anderson, Alun. "Japanese Science Council: Elected body goes out fighting." Nature 315, no. 6014 (May 1985): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/315004a0.

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Дисертації з теми "Japanese Council"

1

Egnor, Clark Marshall. "Governance of a private Japanese university before and after the 1998 University Council reforms." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1929.

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Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 230 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-214).
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2

Austin, Allan W. "FROM CONCENTRATION CAMP TO CAMPUS: A HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL JAPANESE AMERICAN STUDENT RELOCATION COUNCIL, 1942-1946." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin990210250.

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3

Elenton, Ivona. "Governor Ralph Carr : An Archival Research Handbook to a Colorado Governor's Collection." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of ALM, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-126553.

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The governor collections at the Colorado State Archives are a rich source for research and information about social science and the history of the state, but they are not always easy to research due to their differences in taxonomy through different eras. In my work with creating an archival research handbook for a governor collection I chose governor Ralph Carr to both illustrate the challenges as well as the thrills with historical research in a collection from the office of the governor.

Ralph Carr's collection takes patience to research. Some series will have inconsistent taxonomy and other series lack sub-series, and if a researcher is not familiar with the terminology of state affairs, many documents can pose a challenge. It is my hope that this handbook will be of use for both amateur researchers as well as provide a few short-cuts for more seasoned scholars. Governor Carr's collection covers some of the most dramatic years in Colorado history, the first part of WWII, and it is frequently requested for research, but many researchers get stuck between the vast amount of documents only sorted by dates, for instance in the series marked "Council of Defense", which contains many interesting documents about the Japanese-Americans who were to be deported to the Granada Relocation camp, or Camp Amache, as it was popularly called. It is my hope that the guide will not only provide such researchers some relief, but also to get the reader a sense for Colorado History, The Colorado State Archives and for the Governor collections in general.

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4

Hirata, Jun. "Do school councils empower students? : two Japanese case studies." 2004. http://link.library.utoronto.ca/eir/EIRdetail.cfm?Resources__ID=80188&T=F.

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5

Lage, Paulo António Teixeira. "A reforma do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas e o renascimento do Japão no séc. XXI." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/77145.

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In the dissertation we will begin by addressing the historical context that led to the creation of the United Nations (ONU). Within the framework of this organization, the Security Council stands out from the other organs as the executive branch of the UN, where over the last seven decades numerous resolutions and interventions emerged that have enabled humanity to benefit from the longest period of peace in recorded history. There have been, however, mostly since the nineties, many calls for its reform, hence we will explore the main proposals that seek to change the composition and functioning of this executive body, nowadays if it considers outdated in the geopolitical reality. This reform has many supporters and as such many plans have come up over the years for its implementation. The G4 proposal seems to be distinguished from the rest by being represented by four of the world's most powerful powers, seeking to rival the foundations of Permanent Five (P5) in the Security Council. From the G4 countries, Japan will be the focus of our analysis, seeking to evaluate the potential success of its candidacy, equally on the basis of the renewal of the promise to reform the stagnant economy of the country, the increase of Japanese presence in the international policy issues and the revision of Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan, which will allow it to remain a pacifist state, but also turn the country into an unquestionable proactive presence on the core security issues of the 21st Century International System.
Na dissertação começaremos por abordar o contexto histórico que levou à criação da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). No âmbito desta organização, o Conselho de Segurança destaca-se perante os outros órgãos pela sua capacidade de impacto imediato no Sistema Internacional, sendo este o ramo executivo da ONU, onde ao longo das últimas sete décadas surgiram inúmeras resoluções e intervenções que permitiram à humanidade beneficiar do maior período de paz a nível global de que há registo. É, no entanto, sobretudo desde a década de noventa do século passado, pedida a sua reforma, pelo que iremos explorar as principais propostas que visam a alteração à composição e funcionamento deste órgão executivo, por hoje em dia se considerar desatualizado perante a realidade geopolítica. Essa reforma tem muitos apoiantes e, como tal, muitos planos surgiram ao longo dos anos para a sua execução. A proposta do Grupo dos Quatro (G4) distingue-se das restantes por este ser representado por quatro das mais poderosas potências mundiais, procurando rivalizar a cimentação dos Permanent Five (P5) no Conselho de Segurança. Dos Estados que compõem o G4, será o Japão o país central na análise, na qual procuraremos avaliar o potencial de sucesso da sua candidatura, igualmente com base na renovação da promessa de reforma da economia estagnada do país, da presença japonesa nos assuntos de política internacional e da revisão do Artigo 9º da Constituição do Japão, medidas e ambições do Primeiro Ministro Shinzo Abe desde o início do XXI.
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Книги з теми "Japanese Council"

1

Davis, G. An occupation without troops: Wall Street's half-century domination of Japanese politics. Tokyo, Japan: Yenbooks, 1996.

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2

Casey, William L. Beyond the numbers: Foreign direct investment in the United States. Greenwich, Conn: JAI Press, 1998.

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3

Austin, Allan W. From concentration camp to campus: Japanese American students and World War II. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.

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4

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Japan. Global economy, global technology, global corporations: Reports of a joint task force of the National Research Council and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science on the rights and responsibilities of multinational corporations in an age of technological interdependence. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1998.

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5

Drifte, Reinhard. Japan's Quest for a Permanent Security Council Seat. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598843.

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6

Drifte, Reinhard. Japan’s Quest for a Permanent Security Council Seat. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07467-6.

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7

Japan's quest for a permanent Security Council seat: A matter of pride or justice? Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 2000.

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8

University of Maryland at Baltimore. School of Law., ed. Japan's changing security policy: An overall view. Baltimore, Md: University of Maryland School of Law, 2006.

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9

Kondankai, Anzen Hoshō to Bōeiryoku ni Kansuru. "Anzen Hoshō to Bōeiryoku ni Kansuru Kondankai" hōkokusho: Mirai e no anzen hoshō bōeiryoku bijon = the Council on Security and Defense Capabilities report : Japan's visions for future security and defense capabilities. [Tokyo?]: Anzen Hoshō to Bōeiryoku ni Kansuru Kondankai, 2004.

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10

(Firm), Bernard Quaritch. Early books & manuscripts : Wycliff on logic; a new manuscript. A complete Acta Sanctorum. The Aldine Boccaccio. Castiglione's first book. The first Japanese embassy to Europe. The introduction of Hindu (or 'Arabic') numerals and the transformation of mathematics. A vellum leaf from the Mainz Catholicon. Calvin's reaction to the Council of Trent. Luther's reaction to Islam. Hroswitha; the first modern dramatist. Learning to read; a unique school-book destined for the New World. Prison welfare in 16 century Spain. The second known copy of the first English Protestant primer. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's only original letter from Turkey. The first printed digest of English law with a Middle English MS poem. Valla rewrites Aristotle. London: B. Quaritch, 2005.

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Частини книг з теми "Japanese Council"

1

Shinyo, Takahiro. "Reforming the Security Council: A Japanese Perspective." In Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain, 147–62. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26336-3_10.

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2

Watson, Andrew. "The Judicial Reform CouncilThe Judicial Reform Council and Its Recommendations." In Popular Participation in Japanese Criminal Justice, 69–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35077-6_5.

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3

Aldous, Christopher. "Masking or Marking Britain’s Decline? The British Council and Cultural Diplomacy in Japan, 1952–1970." In The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations 1600–2000, 330–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230373600_18.

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4

Olfos, Raimundo, Masami Isoda, and Soledad Estrella. "Multiplication of Whole Numbers in the Curriculum: Singapore, Japan, Portugal, the USA, Mexico, Brazil, and Chile." In Teaching Multiplication with Lesson Study, 25–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28561-6_2.

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AbstractThis chapter shows how the teaching of multiplication is structured in national curriculum standards (programs) around the world. (The documents are distributed by national governments via the web. Those documents are written in different formats and depths. For understanding the descriptions of the standards, we also refer to national authorized textbooks for confirmation of meanings.) The countries chosen for comparison in this case are two countries in Asia, one in Europe, two in North America, and two in South America: Singapore, Japan, Portugal, the USA (where the Common Core State Standards (2010) are not national but are agreed on by most of the states), Mexico, Brazil, and Chile, from the viewpoint of their influences on Ibero-American countries. (The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) standards (published in 2000) and the Japanese and Singapore textbooks have been influential in Latin America. Additionally, Portugal was selected to be compared with Brazil). To distinguish between each country’s standard and the general standards described here, the national curriculum standards are just called the “program.” The comparison shows the differences in the programs for multiplication in these countries in relation to the sequence of the description and the way of explanation. The role of this chapter in Part I of this book is to provide the introductory questions that will be discussed in Chaps. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 to explain the features of the Japanese approach. (As is discussed in Chap. 1, the Japanese approach includes the Japanese curriculum, textbooks, and methods of teaching which can be used for designing classes, as has been explored in Chile (see (Estrella, Mena, Olfos, Lesson Study in Chile: a very promising but still uncertain path. In Quaresma, Winsløw, Clivaz, da Ponte, Ní Shúilleabháin, Takahashi (eds), Mathematics lesson study around the world: Theoretical and methodological issues. Cham: Springer, pp. 105–122, 2018). The comparison focuses on multiplication of whole numbers. In multiplication, all of these countries seem to have similar goals—namely, for their students to grasp the meaning of multiplication and develop fluency in calculation. However, are they the same? By using the newest editions of each country’s curriculum standards, comparisons are done on the basis of the manner of writing, with assigned grades for the range of numbers, meanings, expression, tables, and multidigit multiplication. The relationship with other specific content such as division, the use of calculators, the treatment of multiples, and mixed arithmetic operations are beyond the scope of this comparison. Those are mentioned only if there is a need to show diversity.
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5

Dalton, Emma. "‘Harassment Paradise’: Tales from Rural Local Councils." In Sexual Harassment in Japanese Politics, 161–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3795-7_7.

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6

Drifte, Reinhard. "Japan’s Multilateral Record and the Rationale for the Bid." In Japan’s Quest for a Permanent Security Council Seat, 52–111. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07467-6_3.

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7

Drifte, Reinhard. "Japan’s Multilateral Record and the Rationale for the Bid." In Japan's Quest for a Permanent Security Council Seat, 52–111. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598843_3.

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8

Drifte, Reinhard. "The Security Council Issue in Japan’s UN Policy, 1956–89." In Japan’s Quest for a Permanent Security Council Seat, 10–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07467-6_2.

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9

Drifte, Reinhard. "Japan’s Participation in the Working Group on Security Council Reform." In Japan’s Quest for a Permanent Security Council Seat, 155–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07467-6_5.

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10

Drifte, Reinhard. "The Security Council Issue in Japan’s UN Policy, 1956–89." In Japan's Quest for a Permanent Security Council Seat, 10–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598843_2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Japanese Council"

1

Iinuma, Mizuho, Tagiru Nakamura, and Hiroaki Chiyokura. "Collaborative learning in Japanese higher education: Application of collaborative site to 3D World Heritage creation project." In 2013 IEEE 63rd Annual Conference International Council for Educational Media (ICEM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicem.2013.6820199.

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2

Higuchi, Makoto. "Comparison of Environmental Fatigue Evaluation Methods in LWR Water." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61087.

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Many studies on the environmental fatigue of structural materials in LWR (Light Water Reactor) water have been carried out over the past 30 years. Early environmental fatigue tests were mainly carried out in Japan in the 1980s, and these results were reported to the ASME in 1988. After that, O. Chopra and W. Shack of ANL (Argonne National Laboratory) also carried out similar fatigue tests and reported that their data corresponded well to Japanese data. In the US, the PVRC (Pressure Vessel Research Council) started the CLEE Committee (Cyclic Life and Environmental Effect, Chair: Sumio Yukawa) for developing the environmental fatigue evaluation method in LWR water under the request from the ASME in 1991. This committee continued for 13 years and closed in 2004 after publishing the final report as WRC (Welding Research Council) Bulletin 487. After 1990 in Japan, the EFD Project (1993–1995) and the EFT Project (1994–2006) were carried out under the collaboration of electric utilities, plant vendors and government. A large number of environmental fatigue data have been generated in these projects, and these were offered to the US through the CLEE Committee. Based on Japanese and US fatigue data, environmental fatigue evaluation methods have been established in both countries that assess the effects of some parameters on fatigue life reduction in LWR water environments. This paper introduces the history of studies on the environmental fatigue in LWR water and the contributions of Sumio Yukawa to these activities. After that, the comparison of three major methods of environmental fatigue evaluation such as PVRC, JSME and MJREG/CR-6909 are reported.
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3

Koga, Takahiro, Takeo Kondo, Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Kazuya Egami, Takashi Hashikawa, and Ryousuke Orimo. "Positioning of Sea/River Routes as Effective Means of Access for Disaster Relief in Waterfront Metropolitan City." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79820.

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The Central Disaster Management Council of the Japanese Cabinet Office estimates that a class-M7 earthquake will occur in Metropolitan Tokyo or the Tokai area within the next 30 years. In 1995, Japan suffered devastating damage from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and has since been devoted to disaster management. Since there has been no report anywhere in the world on a sea-based relief system, our research will lead to a review of ocean spaces in terms of their value in waterfront metropolitan cities. In this research, we have explored the feasibility of a relief system utilizing Entertainment and Party Boat (EPB) which can cover areas from the sea to rivers, and we investigated navigable routes of rivers to suggest effective utilization of ocean spaces and river areas in the event of disaster. As a result, we determined the rescue potential drawing upon EPB. A river survey was also conducted to classify navigable routes by boat size.
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Kagita, Gurumurthy, Krishnakant V. Pudipeddi, Penchala S. K. Pottem, Gudimella G. S. Achary, and Subramanyam V. R. Sripada. "Development of Minimum Pressurization Temperature Envelopes for Hydroprocessing Reactors - A Case Study." In ASME 2021 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2021-61954.

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Abstract Low alloy heavy-walled hydroprocessing reactors in the refining industry, which operate at elevated temperatures and high hydrogen environments, need to be designed for protection against brittle fracture especially during start-up and shutdown. While developing minimum pressurization temperature (MPT) envelopes for these reactors, both temper and hydrogen embrittlement effects must be considered. However, there are no specific rules to evaluate loss of toughness due to hydrogen embrittlement in the design Codes / fitness-for-service Standards. Earlier, Japanese steel and pressure vessel manufacturers (JSPVM) developed a methodology to estimate MPT envelope for Cr-Mo steel pressure vessels. Recently, a state-of-the-art fracture mechanics based methodology is published in Welding Research Council (WRC) Bulletin 562 to determine MPT envelopes for equipment operating in high-pressure hydrogen environments. Meanwhile, API RP 934-F draft provided guidance on developing MPT envelops for heavy wall Cr-Mo vessels. In this paper, a brief summary of the JSPVM, API and WRC approach is presented with flow charts. A case study of establishing the MPT envelopes for a typical hydroprocessing reactor using WRC, JSPVM and API approach is presented and the results are compared and discussed. The advantages and potential savings of using recent WRC approach are highlighted.
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Nakane, Ikuko. "Accusation, defence and morality in Japanese trials: A Hybrid Orientation to Criminal Justice." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.16-5.

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The Japanese criminal justice system has gone through transformations in its modern history, adopting the models of European Continental Law systems in the 19th century as part of Japan’s modernisation process, and then the Anglo-American Common Law orientation after WWII. More recently, citizen judges have been introduced to the criminal justice process, a further move towards an adversarial orientation with increased focus on orality and courtroom discourse strategies. Yet, the actual legal process does not necessarily represent the adversarial orientation found in Common Law jurisdictions. While previous research from cultural and socio-historical perspectives has offered valuable insights into the Japanese criminal court procedures, there is hardly any research examining how adversarial (or non-adversarial) orientation is realised through language in Japanese trials. Drawing on an ethnographic study of communication in Japanese trials, this paper discusses a ‘hybrid’ orientation to the legal process realised through courtroom discourse. Based on courtroom observation notes, interaction data, lawyer interviews and other relevant materials collected in Japan, trial participants’ discourse strategies contributing to both adversarial and inquisitorial orientations are identified. In particular, the paper highlights how accusation, defence and morality are performed and interwoven in the trial as a genre. The overall genre structure scaffolds competing narratives, with prosecution and defence counsel utilising a range of discourse strategies for highlighting culpability and mitigating factors. However, the communicative practice at the micro genre level shows an orientation to finding the ‘truth,’ rehabilitation of offenders and maintaining social order. The analysis of courtroom communication, contextualised in the socio-historical development of the Japanese justice system and in the ideologies about courtroom communicative practice, suggests a gap between the practice and official/public discourses of the justice process in Japan. At the same time, the findings raise some questions regarding the powerful role that language plays in different ways in varying approaches to delivery of justice.
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1

Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Fort Pulaski National Monument: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2288716.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2019 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort on four SECN parks, including Fort Pulaski National Monument (FOPU). Twelve vegetation plots were established at Fort Pulaski National Monument in August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Fort Pulaski National Monument in 2019. Data were stratified across two dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands). Noteworthy findings include: Sixty-six vascular plant taxa were observed across 12 vegetation plots, including six taxa not previously known from the park. Plots were located on both Cockspur and McQueen’s Island. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), perennial saltmarsh aster(Symphyotrichum enuifolium), and groundsel tree (Baccharis halimifolia) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), and cabbage palmetto (Sabal palmetto). Four non-native species identified as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 17%), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum; 8%), Vasey’s grass (Paspalum urvillei; 8%), and European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%). Two rare plants tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2013) were found during this monitoring effort. These include Florida wild privet (Forestiera segregata) and Bosc’s bluet (Oldenlandia boscii). Southern/eastern red cedar and cabbage palmetto were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of the maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat type. Species that dominated the sapling and seedling strata of this type included yaupon, cabbage palmetto, groundsel tree, and Carolina laurel cherry (Prunus caroliniana). The health status of sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)—a typical canopy species in maritime forests of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain--observed on park plots appeared to be in decline, with most stems experiencing elevated levels of dieback and low vigor. Over the past decade, this species has been experiencing unexplained high rates of dieback and mortality throughout its range in the Southeastern United States; current research is focusing on what may be causing these alarming die-off patterns. Duff and litter made up the majority of downed woody biomass (fuel loads) across FOPU vegetation plots.
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