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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Irrigation Practice"

1

Adamtie, Temesgen F., Demeke T. Mitku, and Abeba Hassen. "Validations of CROPWAT Based Irrigation Practice for Tomato Productivity in Lowland Hot Humid Area of Ethiopia." American Journal of Life Science and Innovation 1, no. 1 (July 28, 2022): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi.v1i1.426.

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The efficient management of applied water volume and wise water application is accomplished by irrigation scheduling. Microclimate is the most important factor affecting the irrigation schedule, which determines when and how much irrigation water will be used. The objective of this experiment was to validate the experimental effects of CROPWAT irrigation practice compared to farmer’s practice on crop and water productivity of tomato. The CROPWAT Penman–Monteith method was used to calculate crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling of tomato as compared to farmers irrigation practice. The total water applied were 1087.5mm and 1275.5mm for 2020 and 895.3mm and 1242.6mm for 2021 respectively for CROPWAT and farmers’ practice. The obtained validated result revealed that farmers' irrigation practices for marketable tomato fruit were 25.8% lower when based on CROPWAT irrigation practice, while those for unmarketable tomato fruit were 46.18% lower. In contrast to farmers' irrigation practices, the CROPWAT irrigation system can reduce loss by 46.1 percent for the production of tomato fruit. Similarly for tomato water productivity, CROPWAT-based irrigation systems received an incremental 37.5 percent advantage over farmers' practices. As a result, this study came to the conclusion that CROPWAT-based irrigation practices are crucial for field crop irrigation scheduling and crop water requirements. The study will contribute to bettering tomato fruit productivity and water resource management. This study might serve as a guide for making choices regarding upcoming planning.
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2

Bryla, David R., Elizabeth Dickson, Robert Shenk, R. Scott Johnson, Carlos H. Crisosto, and Thomas J. Trout. "Influence of Irrigation Method and Scheduling on Patterns of Soil and Tree Water Status and Its Relation to Yield and Fruit Quality in Peach." HortScience 40, no. 7 (December 2005): 2118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.7.2118.

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A 3-year study was done to determine the effects of furrow, microspray, surface drip, and subsurface drip irrigation on production and fruit quality in mature `Crimson Lady' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees. Furrow and microspray irrigations were scheduled weekly or biweekly, which is common practice in central California, while surface and subsurface drip irrigations were scheduled daily. Trees were maintained at similar water potentials following irrigation by adjusting water applications as needed. Tree size and fruit number were normalized among treatments by pruning and thinning each season. Surface and subsurface drip produced the largest fruit on average and the highest marketable yields among treatments. Drip benefits appeared most related to the ability to apply frequent irrigations. Whether water was applied above or below ground, daily irrigations by drip maintained higher soil water content within the root zone and prevented cycles of water stress found between less-frequent furrow and microspray irrigations. With furrow and microsprays, midday tree water potentials reached as low as –1.4 MPa between weekly irrigations and –1.8 MPa between biweekly irrigations, which likely accounted for smaller fruit and lower yields in these treatments. To reduce water stress, more frequent irrigation is probably impractical with furrow systems but is recommended when irrigating during peak water demands by microspray.
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3

Kruse, E. G. "Irrigation theory and practice." Agricultural Water Management 19, no. 3 (April 1991): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(91)90048-n.

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4

KUMAR, JITENDER, AMARJEET NIBHORIA, PARMOD KUMAR YADAV, SATYAJEET, MUKESH JAT, and SUNDEEP KUMAR ANTIL. "Relative performance of drip irrigation in comparison to conventional methods of irrigation in Indian mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i>) in south-west Haryana." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 93, no. 12 (December 19, 2023): 1320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v93i12.123417.

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Application of water directly to the root zone through micro-irrigation system can reduce the water, fertilizer and labour requirements by improving their availability and use-efficiency. An experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at the research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal, Haryana to study the relative performance of drip irrigation in comparison to conventional methods of irrigation in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]. The experiment consisted 7 treatments, viz. two irrigations through flooding (as per state recommendation) at flowering and siliqua formation stage; two irrigations through sprinkler at flowering and siliqua formation stage; three irrigations through sprinkler at flowering, siliqua formation and seed development stage; and 6, 8, 10 and 12 split irrigations were applied from 30 days after sowing (DAS) through drip at 12, 9, 7 and 6 days interval, respectively. Volume of irrigation water under each treatment was same as under recommended practice of two flood irrigations (120 mm). Irrigation applied through drip at 6 days interval in 12 splits and at 7 days interval in 10 splits produced statistically similar seed yield to each other (22.51 and 21.94 q/ha, respectively) and significantly higher than recommended irrigation practice (18.92 q/ha) and sprinkler method of irrigation (18.62 and 19.32 q/ha) during 2019–20. The irrigation through drip in 12 splits (10 mm each) at an interval of 6 days between 30 to100 days after sowing also recorded the highest irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) (188 and 181 kg/ha-cm in 2019–20 and 2020–21, respectively). Based on these findings, it can be suggested to apply irrigation in Indian mustard through drip in 12 splits (10 mm depth each) at an interval of 6 days between 30 to100 DAS to get higher yield and water use efficiency.
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5

Islam, MS, MK Alam, N. Salahin, MJ Alam, MAM Hussen, and ATMAI Mondol. "Effects of tillage, mulch and irrigation on maize (Zea mays l.) yield in drought prone area." Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture 47, no. 1 (August 8, 2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjagri.v47i1.60591.

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The experiment was conducted to study the effect of tillage, mulch and irrigation on soil moisture, yield and yield attributes of hybrid maize (var. BARI Hybrid Maize-6). Two tillage practices (minimum tillage and conventional tillage), two levels of mulches (no mulch and rice straw mulch @ 3 t ha-1) and three irrigation frequencies (one irrigation at 32 days after sowing (DAS), two irrigations at 32 and 55 DAS and three irrigations at 32, 55 and 85 DAS were used as treatment variables. Twelve treatment combinations were assigned in a split-split plot design with three replications. Minimum tillage and mulch conserved more moisture than conventional tillage with no mulch in both years. Minimum tillage and mulch (rice straw) as well as irrigation at 32, 55 and 85 DAS gave higher grain yield than conventional tillage with no mulch and any level of irrigation. Results revealed that application of straw mulch along with three irrigations and any kind of tillage practice might be a suitable combination for obtaining higher yield of maize in drought prone area. Bangladesh J. Agri. 2022, 47(1): 27-38
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6

Machnoor, Aditya V., D. S. Gurjar, K. G. Rosin, K. Shekhawat, and A. K. Tiwari. "Impact of wastewater irrigation on physical health of soil and yield of marigold (Tagetes patula L. cv. Pusa deep)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 19, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/19.2/535-540.

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A field experiment was conducted to find out the impact of wastewater irrigation on physical and microbiological soil health in marigold (Tagetes patula L. cv. Pusa deep) based on FDR sensor at Water Technology Centre farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during period of 2020-2021. Eight treatments T-1: Groundwater irrigation scheduled at 25% MAD (v =27%); T-2: Groundwater irrigation scheduled at 50% MAD (v =22.5%) T-3: Groundwater irrigation scheduled at 75% MAD (v= 18%); T4: Groundwater irrigation scheduled as per farmers practice/recommended POP; T-5: Wastewater irrigation scheduled at 25% MAD (v= 27%); T-6: Wastewater irrigation scheduled at 50% MAD (v= 22.5%); T-7: Wastewater irrigation scheduled at 50% MAD (v= 18%); T-8: Wastewater irrigation scheduled as per farmers practice/recommended POP were laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Results indicated that soil physical properties such as bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity at both the sol depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm in marigold were significantly not changed due to application of wastewater irrigations scheduled at various range of MAD and with the use of FDR sensor. Significantly higher population density of faecal coliform bacteria was observed in treatment plot T-7 where wastewater irrigations were applied at MAD 50% as compared to groundwater irrigations. Moreover, the yield of marigold came to be high in wastewater irrigated plots compared to groundwater. Thus, short-term application of wastewater has less impact and the different ranges of MAD can be used for further studies.
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7

TAYLOR, P. "Colostomy irrigation - a safe practice?" Journal of Clinical Nursing 4, no. 3 (November 21, 2007): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.1995.tb00206.x.

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8

Bomford, Peter. "Surface Irrigation. Systems and Practice." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 1 (March 1987): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600110.

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9

Fleming, P. M. "Surface irrigation theory and practice." Agricultural Water Management 15, no. 2 (December 1988): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(88)90113-8.

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10

Sarker, KK, PK Sarkar, AZ Sarker, AMFT Islam, and Wang Xiaoyan. "Optimum Water Use in Conservation Tillage for Wheat Cultivation." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 1 (July 11, 2012): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i1.11172.

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Conservation tillage system offers numerous benefits over intensive tillage system. This experiment was conducted on conservation tillage using zero tilldrill, power tiller operated seeder (PTOS) and bed planter along with farmer’s practice of tillage by rotary tiller under different irrigation levels at Wheat Research Centre (WRC), Nashipur, Dinajpur. Irrigation water was applied by 5 irrigation levels at different growth stages of the crop. The irrigation levels were I0 (No irrigation), I1 (17-21 DAS), I2 (17-21 DAS + 50-55 DAS). I3 (17-21 DAS+ 50-55 DAS + 75-80 DAS), and I4 (17-21 DAS + 35-40 DAS + 50-55 DAS + 75 – 80 DAS). It was observed that the sowing cost was reasonably reduced than that of the farmer's practice. Seasonal water use was less in PTOS than other tillage methods. Grain yield was significantly affected by tillage methods. The higher grain yield was found from PTOS, bed planting, and zero tillage than that of farmer's practice. There was no significant difference within the interaction effect of tillage methods and irrigations. The effect of irrigation level was found highly significant on grain yield. Water use efficiency increased with decrease of irrigation water use and decreased with increase of irrigation. Average yields in all tillage methods under I1, I2, I3, and I4 irrigation levels were found to increase by 33, 43, 52, and 51 percent, respectively, compared to that of I0. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i1.11172 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(1): 27-37, March 2012
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Дисертації з теми "Irrigation Practice"

1

Mandal, Manoranjan. "Status of irrigation and its impact on agriculture in Jalpaiguri District." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4367.

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2

Franks, Tom R., C. Garces-Restrepo, and F. Putuhena. "Developing capacity for agricultural water management: Current practice and future directions." Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2783.

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Анотація:
Yes
This paper defines concepts of capacity and capacity development for agricultural water management, and particularly the contributions made by ICID in this area in the recent past. Working from a theoretical framework of overlapping domains of capacity development ¿ the enabling environment, the organisational and the individual domains, with knowledge management as a cross-cutting theme ¿ the paper reviews previous work in the field and then summarises a range of case studies from the sector which illuminate key aspects of these different domains. The paper notes the need to accommodate a rapidly-changing context for agricultural water management to take account of the increasing demand for water resources in all sectors, and the consequent requirement for support of new approaches to capacity development. These new approaches emphasise the growing importance of authentic knowledge, internally-generated learning and self-development, whether at the level of the organisation or the individual. The paper also recognises the need for continuing and long-term support of capacity development, particularly in processes of organisational and institutional change, where there is no single set of guidelines or practices which will fit every situation. Specific directions for future work are suggested, including increased attention to monitoring and evaluation of capacity development, and closer links to emerging work on water governance.
None
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3

McDonald, Steven J. "Dollar spot and gray leaf spot severity as influenced by irrigation practice and disease management with plant protection materials." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3118.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture . Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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4

Lugogo, Sonwabile. "The practice and politics of state-funded rural development in the former homeland of Transkei, Eastern Cape." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6572.

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Magister Artium - MA
The subject of rural development has been at the forefront of South Africa’s government discourse and policy. In post-apartheid South African rural development policy has paid significant attention to poverty alleviation, job creation and food security by attempting to commercialize agriculture in the former ‘homelands’. This has been mainly encouraged through agricultural programmes such as Masibambisane Rural Development Initiative (MRDI) and the Massive Food Production Programme (MFPP). To support these agricultural development programmes, the South African government has directed a significant amount of its public budget towards their development. However, literature suggests that to a large extent these agricultural programmes have not succeeded in improving the agricultural situation as well as livelihoods of rural dwellers in the former ‘homelands’. Despite the efforts made by the South African government, agriculture and field cultivation in rural areas continue to show a decline. Furthermore, many agricultural projects that have been initiated to improve the lives of rural people have been abandoned. This thesis investigates the interface between the actors that are involved in agricultural development projects in Mnquma Local Municipality in the former homeland of Transkei, Eastern Cape. Two irrigation schemes in Mnquma Local Municipality are interrogated, namely Ntuzenyandu Irrigation Scheme and Mirlees Masibambisane Irrigation Scheme, as case studies for this study. The main objective is to investigate the causes of dissonances between the actors that are involved in these agricultural projects, as well as how these dissonances influence the outcomes of agricultural projects in Mnquma Local Municipality. It is the micro-politics of development at the interface between the various actors that must be studied in order to gain a full and nuanced picture of why the irrigation schemes have faced challenges. This study uses the actor-oriented and social interface approach. The study identifies community politics, struggles over state allocated resources, power relations between the actors, lack of community involvement and a ‘discourse of blaming’ between the actors as key challenges that are hindering the success of these agricultural projects. It is hoped that this study can shed some important insights for policy makers on how to improve and implement state-funded agricultural projects that will be able to achieve government objectives and expectations of the rural people.
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5

SINGH, MANPRIETKAUR. "CRITICAL REFLECTIONS ON THE ADAPTATION OF SUSTAINABLE FARM PRACTICES PROMOTED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/17924.

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.
This study is about the on-ground implementation of sustainable farm practices supported by policies and directives that form the core of the European Union’s sustainability policy. Its goal is to identify the blockers to effective policy implementation in order to improve the approach to sustainability in the agricultural sector. Exploring ways to engage local stakeholders in farm sustainability has been central to create a holistic understanding about the processes that drive practices in agriculture systems, and the extent to which these processes can be transformed. Sustainability in agriculture is a broad topic, hence this study focuses on one segment of sustainability namely the use and management of water resources in irrigated agriculture. The study’s final recommendations to improve policy design and interventions, however, are general and apply to the implementation of all sustainable farm practices. Practical effectiveness of EU policies and directives for sustainable agriculture is constrained by: a lack of evaluating criteria to measure policy impact and communicate progress; incentives for growers to commit to more than the minimum required, and continuous local renegotiation of proposed measures and programmes which have contributed to a weakening of initial policy proposals. This study demonstrates that policies serve different purposes for different people at different social and political levels. However, sustainability comes into practice on the farm, which is why farmers’ perspective about a sustainable agricultural sector and the proposed voluntary and mandatory policy measures is so important. Farmers’ perspectives are still missing elements in policy design for sustainable agriculture. Co-developing and testing technologies that are meant to deliver sustainability in practice, as well as farm decision support tools, are critical in engaging farmers and other local stakeholders in sustainability and to transform embedded practices and institutions. Collaboration across disciplines is also important to address environmental goals and farmers’ needs in order to extract substantial environmental benefits as well as a long term commitment from land managers in sustainability. This study shows that there are many insights to be gained and learnings to be extracted from scrutinizing policy interventions. It raises awareness about improving policy implementation by providing practical examples from case studies conducted in Spain and in Italy. These insights encourage the use of interdisciplinary approaches, including socio-technical approaches, for an integrated people and technology based perspective on natural resource management to better policy design and interventions and make sustainable agriculture real.
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6

SINGH, MANPRIETKAUR. "CRITICAL REFLECTIONS ON THE ADAPTATION OF SUSTAINABLE FARM PRACTICES PROMOTED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/17924.

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Анотація:
.
This study is about the on-ground implementation of sustainable farm practices supported by policies and directives that form the core of the European Union’s sustainability policy. Its goal is to identify the blockers to effective policy implementation in order to improve the approach to sustainability in the agricultural sector. Exploring ways to engage local stakeholders in farm sustainability has been central to create a holistic understanding about the processes that drive practices in agriculture systems, and the extent to which these processes can be transformed. Sustainability in agriculture is a broad topic, hence this study focuses on one segment of sustainability namely the use and management of water resources in irrigated agriculture. The study’s final recommendations to improve policy design and interventions, however, are general and apply to the implementation of all sustainable farm practices. Practical effectiveness of EU policies and directives for sustainable agriculture is constrained by: a lack of evaluating criteria to measure policy impact and communicate progress; incentives for growers to commit to more than the minimum required, and continuous local renegotiation of proposed measures and programmes which have contributed to a weakening of initial policy proposals. This study demonstrates that policies serve different purposes for different people at different social and political levels. However, sustainability comes into practice on the farm, which is why farmers’ perspective about a sustainable agricultural sector and the proposed voluntary and mandatory policy measures is so important. Farmers’ perspectives are still missing elements in policy design for sustainable agriculture. Co-developing and testing technologies that are meant to deliver sustainability in practice, as well as farm decision support tools, are critical in engaging farmers and other local stakeholders in sustainability and to transform embedded practices and institutions. Collaboration across disciplines is also important to address environmental goals and farmers’ needs in order to extract substantial environmental benefits as well as a long term commitment from land managers in sustainability. This study shows that there are many insights to be gained and learnings to be extracted from scrutinizing policy interventions. It raises awareness about improving policy implementation by providing practical examples from case studies conducted in Spain and in Italy. These insights encourage the use of interdisciplinary approaches, including socio-technical approaches, for an integrated people and technology based perspective on natural resource management to better policy design and interventions and make sustainable agriculture real.
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7

Ottman, M. J., R. T. Ramage, and G. W. Thacker. "Cultural Practices of One-Irrigation Barley at Marana, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200814.

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One-irrigation barleys were bred to be grown with only a single irrigation near planting time. To further our understanding of how to manage these new cultivars, two one - irrigation barley genotypes (Seco and 2 -22 -9) were grown at four seeding rates (20, 40, 60, and 80 lbs seed /A); four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 lbs N /A); two phosphorus rates (0 and 100 lbs P₂O₅ /A); four row spacings (6, 12, 18, and 24 inch); and three planting dates (Nov 19, Dec. 23, and Jan. 22). The optimum seeding rate, fertilizer rate, and row spacing were dependent on genotype and planting date. The optimum seeding rate was 40 to 60 lbs /A for Seco and 80 lbs /A for 2 -22 -9. An increase in seeding rate decreased kernel weight and kernel number per head but increased head number. A positive response to nitrogen fertilizer was not obtained due to the high levels of residual soil nitrogen at planting (20 ppm NO₃⁻N) except for the case of Seco at the Dec. 23 planting date. Phosphorus fertilizer increased yield only at the Nov. 19 planting date and if accompanied by 100 lbs N /A. Soil phosphorous levels were 2 ppm PO₄⁻P and a positive response was expected Kernel weight was not influenced by Nor P fertilizer. Kernel number per head increased with certain combinations of genotype and planting date. Head number decreased with N rate but increased with phosphorus. The optimum row spacing was 18 inches at the Nov. 19 planting and 12 inches for Seco at the Jan. 22 planting date. At other combinations of genotype and planting date, no differences in grain yield were detected due to row spacing. Kernel weight increased with row spacing at the Nov. 19 planting date; kernel number per head was generally not affected and, head number decreased with row spacing. The results of this study surest that any recommendations on how to grow one - irrigation barley are gross approximations because of variations due to year, planting date, and genotype.
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8

Ottman, Michael J., and Stephen H. Husman. "Irrigation practices and Solum test weight and yield, 2002." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203823.

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Анотація:
Solum is a barley adapted to one or two irrigations but the grain produced is often low in test weight. Studies were conducted on two commercial farms near Maricopa and Coolidge in an effort to verify data from previous studies suggesting that delaying the first post-emergence irrigation until boot increases test weight compared to earlier irrigation, but does not affect yield. The irrigation treatments consisted of 1) two irrigations – planting and boot, or 2) three irrigations – planting, 5- to 6-leaf stage, and heading (grower standard). The irrigation treatments had no effect on grain yield, test weight, kernel weight, or lodging at either location, but delaying the second irrigation until boot reduced plant height at Coolidge. Despite the lack of positive results from these studies, applying the second irrigation at boot may still be preferable to earlier applications because of reduced plant height and the risk of lodging. We have not been able to measure a benefit from a third irrigation for Solum barley in these or previous studies.
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9

Ottman, M. J., and M. T. Rogers. "Irrigation Practices and Solum Barley Test Weight and Yield, 2001." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/205392.

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Анотація:
Solum is a barley bred for reduced water use that tends to have low test weight. This is the second year of an experiment conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center to determine the effect of the number of irrigations and their timing on test weight and grain yield of Solum barley. A single irrigation resulted in low yield (2043 lbs/acre) and unacceptable test weight (45.2 lbs/acre). Two or three irrigations increased yield and test weight in most cases. Applying a second irrigation at the 1 node, 2-3 node, or boot stages resulted in yield of 2694, 2877, and 2670 lbs/acre and test weight of 48.5, 49.0, and 49.5 lbs/bu, respectively. Applying a second irrigation at boot and a third irrigation between flowering and soft dough resulted in an average yield of 3008 lbs/acre and an average test weight of 50.0 lbs/bu. Delaying the second irrigation of Solum barley until boot reduces the risk of lodging and low test weight, and results in high yields.
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10

Ottman, Michael. "Cultural Practices for Karnal Bunt Control." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147014.

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Анотація:
2 pp.
The weather near heading is the overriding factor in disease development. Cultural practices may be partially effective in controlling Karnal bunt, but cannot eliminate the disease completely.
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Книги з теми "Irrigation Practice"

1

Michael, A. M. Irrigation: Theory and practice. Jangpura,New Delhi: Vikas, 1994.

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2

V, Skogerboe Gaylord, ed. Surface irrigation: Theory and practice. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1987.

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3

Kay, Melvyn. Surface irrigation: Systems and practice. Bedford, Eng: Cranfield Press, 1986.

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4

Ali, Iqbal. Irrigation and hydraulic structures: Theory, design and practice. Karachi, Pakistan: Institute of Environmental Engineering & Research, NED University of Engineering & Technology, 1993.

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5

Maloney, Clarence. Managing irrigation together: Practice and policy in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1994.

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6

Bandaragoda, D. J. Warabandi in Pakistan's canal irrigation systems: Widening gap between theory and practice. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute, 1995.

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7

Institute for Social and Economic Change., ed. Participatory irrigation management in Andhra Pradesh: Promise, practice, and a way forward. Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2000.

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8

Molle, F., and J. Berkoff, eds. Irrigation water pricing: the gap between theory and practice. Wallingford: CABI, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845932923.0000.

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François, Molle, and Berkoff Jeremy 1943-, eds. Irrigation water pricing: The gap between theory and practice. Cambridge, MA: CABI North American Office, 2008.

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10

R, Rydzewski J., and Ward C. F, eds. Irrigation theory and practice: Proceedings of the international conference held at the University of Southampton 12-15 September, 1989. London: Pentech, 1989.

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Частини книг з теми "Irrigation Practice"

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Yazar, A., R. Kanber, and B. Özekýcý. "Irrigation Scheduling in the Agronomic Practice." In Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture, 251–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8700-6_15.

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McCarthy, Alison, Nigel Hancock, and Steven Raine. "Holistic Control System Design for Large Mobile Irrigation Machines." In Machine Vision and Mechatronics in Practice, 177–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45514-2_15.

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Nangia, Vinay, and Theib Oweis. "Supplemental Irrigation: A Promising Climate-resilience Practice for Sustainable Dryland Agriculture." In Innovations in Dryland Agriculture, 549–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47928-6_20.

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Tchikine, Anatole. "Watering the Renaissance Garden: Horticultural Theory and Irrigation Practice in Sixteenth-Century Tuscany." In Gardens, Knowledge and the Sciences in the Early Modern Period, 269–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26342-7_13.

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Kumar, M. Dinesh. "Water Saving and Yield Enhancing Micro Irrigation Technologies in India: Theory and Practice." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 13–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0348-6_2.

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do Monte, Maria Helena F. Marecos. "Guidelines for Good Practice of Water Reuse for Irrigation: Portuguese Standard NP 4434." In Wastewater Reuse–Risk Assessment, Decision-Making and Environmental Security, 253–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6027-4_25.

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Bahinipati, Chandra Sekhar, and P. K. Viswanathan. "Adoption and Diffusion of Micro-irrigation Technologies in Gujarat, Western India: Do Institutions and Policies Matter?" In Global Change, Ecosystems, Sustainability: Theory, Methods, Practice, 204–22. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9789353280284.n17.

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Shrestha, Anushiya, Dik Roth, and Saroj Yakami. "From Royal Canal to Neglected Canal? Changing Use and Management of a Traditional Canal Irrigation System in Peri-Urban Kathmandu Valley." In Water Security, Conflict and Cooperation in Peri-Urban South Asia, 45–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79035-6_3.

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AbstractIn this chapter we discuss the changing uses and management of a traditional canal irrigation system against the background of processes of urbanization in Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. Until urbanization of Kathmandu Valley took off in the 1980s, the management of stream-fed canal irrigation systems had been a priority of both state agencies and the population that depended on agriculture-based livelihoods. The name rajkulo (royal canal) given to these systems expresses the historical interests of (royal) state actors in canal maintenance and management. Fed by a stream called Mahadev Khola in Dadhikot, a peri-urban village in Kathmandu Valley, Mahadev Khola Rajkulo is such a traditional canal irrigation system. Using an in-depth case study of this system, we analyse the interlinkages of demographic, socio-environmental, economic and local political dynamics with the changing canal uses and management. More specifically, we discuss how and why various actors became associated with, or dissociated from, canal use and management in recent times, and what these processes mean for water access, rights and security. We reflect on the implications of these changes for canal management and canal-related conflicts, against the background of national urban policies that formally aim to conserve agricultural land in Kathmandu Valley, but stimulate urban expansion in practice.
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Klyushin, Dmitriy, and Andrii Tymoshenko. "Optimization of Drip Irrigation Systems Using Artificial Intelligence Methods for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment." In Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Development: Theory, Practice and Future Applications, 3–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51920-9_1.

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El-Sayed, A. A., A. M. Razin, E. A. Omer, and S. S. Ahmed. "Use of Micronutrients in Increasing Yield of Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum, gaertn) Grown in a Desert Area under Irrigation." In Plant Nutrition — from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice, 693–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1880-4_152.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Irrigation Practice"

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Martin, R. J., S. M. Thomas, D. J. Bloomer, R. F. Zyskowski, P. D. Jamieson, W. J. Clarke-Hill, and C. G. L. Pennell. "Improving irrigation practice in New Zealand." In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2006. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si060151.

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Cooper, B., L. Crase, and N. Pawsey. "Best practice pricing principles vs. the politics of water pricing." In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si120441.

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Van de Zande, Georgia D., Carolyn Sheline, Susan Amrose, Jeffrey Costello, Aditya Ghodgaonkar, Fiona Grant, and Amos G. Winter. "Design and Evaluation of an Automatic Scheduling-Manual Operation Tool to Bring Precision Irrigation to Resource-Constrained Farmers." In ASME 2023 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2023-112470.

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Abstract As populations increase and freshwater supplies decrease, adopting water- and energy-efficient irrigation practices is crucial, particularly in resource-constrained regions. Here, farmers are often unable to purchase the equipment used in precision irrigation, a practice that implements the automatic scheduling of irrigation events to achieve high efficiency. Currently, no irrigation methods exist that combine the automatic scheduling of irrigation events with the manual operation of valves, a common practice on low-income farms. This work introduces a design concept for an automatic scheduling and manual operation (AS-MO) tool that addresses the efficiency needs of resource-constrained farms and integrates into current manual practices. However, it is unknown how farmers would value such a tool. Through interviews and focus groups facilitated by a series of storyboards and a physical prototype, the proposed concept was evaluated by farmers and key market stakeholders in Kenya, Jordan, and Morocco. Results showed that farmers in Kenya and Jordan in particular valued the proposed AS-MO concept because they want increased efficiency on their farms but did not want to install automatic valves for cost and complexity concerns. A possible market was also found in Morocco, but a majority of interviewed farms preferred automatic valve operation due to large farm sizes. Interviewees provided feedback on how to improve the tool’s design in future iterations. If adopted at scale, this AS-MO tool could increase efficiency on farms that otherwise cannot afford current precision irrigation technology, improving sustainable agriculture worldwide.
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Havrysh, Valerii, Vasyl Hruban, Oleksiy Sadovoy, Ilona Batsurovska, Valentyna Fedorchuk, and Katerina Yablunovskaya. "Energy Saving Technologies for Automatical Move Irrigation Equipment." In 2020 IEEE Problems of Automated Electrodrive. Theory and Practice (PAEP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/paep49887.2020.9240881.

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Lavrynenko, Yu O., and O. O. Netreba. "MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF CORN HYBRIDS FROM DIFFERENT FAO GROUPS DEPENDING ON TECHNOLOGICAL ELEMENTS UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION." In CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Baltija Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-389-7-9.

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Kosenko, N. P., V. I. Knysh, and V. V. Kokoiko. "ESTIMATION OF DIFERENT METHODS OF GRPWING CARROT SEEDS (DAUCUS CAROTA L.) UNDER DROP IRRIGATION IN SOUTHERN OF UKRAINE." In CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Baltija Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-389-7-8.

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Kovalov, M. M. "FORMATION OF EGGPLANT YIELD UNDER THE INJECTION IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NORTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE." In CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Baltija Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-389-7-20.

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Eduardo Bautista, Leland Hardy, Marshall English, and Dawit Zerihun. "Estimation of Soil and Crop Hydraulic Properties for Surface Irrigation: Theory and Practice." In 2001 Sacramento, CA July 29-August 1,2001. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.6270.

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Chemjong, H., and N. T. S. Wijesekera. "Evaluation of Irrigation Water Issue Practice for Better Water Management at Rajangana Reservoir, Sri Lanka." In UMCSAWM Water Conference on Demonstrating the strength of water Engineering and Management capability through case study applications. UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Centre for South Asia Water Management, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/umcsawm.6.

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W. Luo, ZhongHua Jia, ShuXin Fang, NanJiang Wang, and JianGang Liu. "Adopting controlled drainage practice in the upper reaches of the Yellow River Irrigation Districts, China." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16451.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Irrigation Practice"

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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.

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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani, and Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water: Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.

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Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.
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Tuller, Markus, Asher Bar-Tal, Hadar Heller, and Michal Amichai. Optimization of advanced greenhouse substrates based on physicochemical characterization, numerical simulations, and tomato growth experiments. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600009.bard.

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Over the last decade there has been a dramatic shift in global agricultural practice. The increase in human population, especially in underdeveloped arid and semiarid regions of the world, poses unprecedented challenges to production of an adequate and economically feasible food supply to undernourished populations. Furthermore, the increased living standard in many industrial countries has created a strong demand for high-quality, out-of-season vegetables and fruits as well as for ornamentals such as cut and potted flowers and bedding plants. As a response to these imminent challenges and demands and because of a ban on methyl bromide fumigation of horticultural field soils, soilless greenhouse production systems are regaining increased worldwide attention. Though there is considerable recent empirical and theoretical research devoted to specific issues related to control and management of soilless culture production systems, a comprehensive approach that quantitatively considers all relevant physicochemical processes within the growth substrates is lacking. Moreover, it is common practice to treat soilless growth systems as static, ignoring dynamic changes of important physicochemical and hydraulic properties due to root and microbial growth that require adaptation of management practices throughout the growth period. To overcome these shortcomings, the objectives of this project were to apply thorough physicochemical characterization of commonly used greenhouse substrates in conjunction with state-of-the-art numerical modeling (HYDRUS-3D, PARSWMS) to not only optimize management practices (i.e., irrigation frequency and rates, fertigation, container size and geometry, etc.), but to also “engineer” optimal substrates by mixing organic (e.g., coconut coir) and inorganic (e.g., perlite, pumice, etc.) base substrates and modifying relevant parameters such as the particle (aggregate) size distribution. To evaluate the proposed approach under commercial production conditions, characterization and modeling efforts were accompanied by greenhouse experiments with tomatoes. The project not only yielded novel insights regarding favorable physicochemical properties of advanced greenhouse substrates, but also provided critically needed tools for control and management of containerized soilless production systems to provide a stress-free rhizosphere environment for optimal yields, while conserving valuable production resources. Numerical modeling results provided a more scientifically sound basis for the design of commercial greenhouse production trials and selection of adequate plant-specific substrates, thereby alleviating the risk of costly mistrials.
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Murray-Rust, D. H., and D. L. Vermillion. Improving irrigation management through better information: testing practical options in Indonesia. International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2013.033.

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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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Perera, Duminda, Vladimir Smakhtin, Spencer Williams, Taylor North, and Allen Curry. Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/qsyl1281.

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The Report provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the ageing of large dams –an emerging global development issue as tens of thousands of existing large dams have reached or exceeded an “alert” age threshold of 50 years, and many others will soon approach 100 years. These aged structures incur rapidly rising maintenance needs and costs while simultaneously declining their effectiveness and posing potential threats to human safety and the environment. The Report analyzes large dam construction trends across major geographical regions and primary dam functions, such as water supply, irrigation, flood control, hydropower, and recreation. Analysis of existing global datasets indicates that despite plans in some regions and countries to build more water storage dams, particularly for hydropower generation, there will not be another “dam revolution” to match the scale of the high-intensity dam construction experienced in the early to middle, 20th century. At the same time, many of the large dams constructed then are aging, and hence we are already experiencing a “mass ageing” of water storage infrastructure. The Report further explores the emerging practice of decommissioning ageing dams, which can be removal or re-operation, to address issues of ensuring public safety, escalating maintenance costs, reservoir sedimentation, and restoration of a natural river ecosystem. Decommissioning becomes the option if economic and practical limitations prevent a dam from being upgraded or if its original use has become obsolete. The cost of dam removal is estimated to be an order of magnitude less than that of repairing. The Report also gives an overview of dam decommissioning’s socio-economic impacts, including those on local livelihoods, heritage, property value, recreation, and aesthetics. Notably, the nature of these impacts varies significantly between low- and high-income countries. The Report shows that while dam decommissioning is a relatively recent phenomenon, it is gaining pace in the USA and Europe, where many dams are older. However, it is primarily small dams that have been removed to date, and the decommissioning of large dams is still in its infancy, with only a few known cases in the last decade. A few case studies of ageing and decommissioned large dams illustrate the complexity and length of the process that is often necessary to orchestrate the dam removal safely. Even removing a small dam requires years (often decades), continuous expert and public involvement, and lengthy regulatory reviews. With the mass ageing of dams well underway, it is important to develop a framework of protocols that will guide and accelerate the process of dam removal. Overall, the Report aims to attract global attention to the creeping issue of ageing water storage infrastructure and stimulate international efforts to deal with this emerging water risk. This Report’s primary target audiences are governments and their partners responsible for planning and implementing water infrastructure development and management, emphasizing adaptat
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Bobst, A., A. Gebril, and J. Dohman. Groundwater/surface-water study in the Upper Jefferson Valley, Montana: Modeling the effects of changing irrigation practices and increased residential development on low streamflows. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59691/cslp2725.

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Barg, Rivka, Kendal D. Hirschi, Avner Silber, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Yechiam Salts, and Marla Binzel. Combining Elevated Levels of Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturation and Vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase Activity for Improved Drought Tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7613877.bard.

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Background to the topic: In previous works we have shown that Arabidopsis and tomato over-expressing H+-pyrophosphatase show increased tolerance to drought imposed by withholding irrigation of young plants in pots (Park et al. 2005). In addition, young tobacco plants over-expressing fatty acid desaturase 3 (OEX-FAD3) also showed increasing tolerance to drought stress (Zhang et al 2005), and similarly OEX-FAD3 young tomato plants (unpublished data from ARO), hence raising the possibility that pyramiding the two could further improve drought tolerance in tomato. Based on these findings the specific objects originally set were: 1. To analyze the impact of pyramiding transgenes for enhanced fatty acid desaturation and for elevated H+-PPase activity on tomato yielding under water deficit stress conditions. 2. To elucidate the biochemical relationship between elevated desaturation of the membrane lipids and the activities of selected vacuolar transporters in the context of drought responses. 3. To explore the S. pennellii introgression lines as alternative genetic sources for drought tolerance related to enhanced fatty acid desaturation and/or H+-PPase activity. 4. Since OEX-FAD3 increases the levels of linolenic acid which is the precursor of various oxylipins including the stress hormone Jasmonate. (JA), study of the effect of this transgene on tolerance to herbivore pests was added as additional goal. The Major conclusions, solutions, and achievements are: (1) The facts that ectopic over-expression of vacuolarH+-PPases (in line OEX-AVP1) does not change the fatty acid profile compared to the parental MoneyMaker (MM) line and that elevated level of FA desaturation (by OEX-FAD3) does not change the activity of either H+-PPase, H+-ATPaseor Ca2+ /H+ antiport, indicate that the observed increased drought tolerance reported before for increase FA desaturation in tobacco plants and increased H+PPase in tomato plants involves different mechanisms. (2) After generating hybrid lines bringing to a common genetic background (i.e. F1 hybrids between line MP-1 and MM) each of the two transgenes separately and the two transgenes together the effect of various drought stress regimes including recovery from a short and longer duration of complete water withhold as well as performance under chronic stresses imposed by reducing water supply to 75-25% of the control irrigation regime could be studied. Under all the tested conditions in Israel, for well established plants grown in 3L pots or larger, none of the transgenic lines exhibited a reproducible significantly better drought tolerance compare to the parental lines. Still, examining the performance of these hybrids under the growth practices followed in the USA is called for. (3) Young seedlings of none of the identified introgression lines including the S. pennellii homologs of two of the H+-PPase genes and one of the FAD7 genes performed better than line M82 upon irrigation withhold. However, differences in the general canopy structures between the IL lines and M82 might mask such differences if existing. (4). Over-expression of FAD3 in the background of line MP-1 was found to confer significant tolerance to three important pest insects in tomato: Bordered Straw (Heliothis peltigera), Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Implications: Although the original hypothesis that pyramiding these two trasgenes could improve drought tolerance was not supported, the unexpected positive impact on herbivore deterring, as well as the changes in dynamics of JA biosynthesis in response to wounding and the profound changes in expression of wound response genes calls for deciphering the exact linolenic acid derived signaling molecule mediating this response. This will further facilitate breeding for herbivore pest and mechanical stress tolerance based on this pathway.
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Heitman, Joshua L., Alon Ben-Gal, Thomas J. Sauer, Nurit Agam, and John Havlin. Separating Components of Evapotranspiration to Improve Efficiency in Vineyard Water Management. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594386.bard.

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Vineyards are found on six of seven continents, producing a crop of high economic value with much historic and cultural significance. Because of the wide range of conditions under which grapes are grown, management approaches are highly varied and must be adapted to local climatic constraints. Research has been conducted in the traditionally prominent grape growing regions of Europe, Australia, and the western USA, but far less information is available to guide production under more extreme growing conditions. The overarching goal of this project was to improve understanding of vineyard water management related to the critical inter-row zone. Experiments were conducted in moist temperate (North Carolina, USA) and arid (Negev, Israel) regions in order to address inter-row water use under high and low water availability conditions. Specific objectives were to: i) calibrate and verify a modeling technique to identify components of evapotranspiration (ET) in temperate and semiarid vineyard systems, ii) evaluate and refine strategies for excess water removal in vineyards for moist temperate regions of the Southeastern USA, and iii) evaluate and refine strategies for water conservation in vineyards for semi-arid regions of Israel. Several new measurement and modeling techniques were adapted and assessed in order to partition ET between favorable transpiration by the grapes and potentially detrimental water use within the vineyard inter-row. A micro Bowen ratio measurement system was developed to quantify ET from inter-rows. The approach was successful at the NC site, providing strong correlation with standard measurement approaches and adding capability for continuous, non-destructive measurement within a relatively small footprint. The environmental conditions in the Negev site were found to limit the applicability of the technique. Technical issues are yet to be solved to make this technique sufficiently robust. The HYDRUS 2D/3D modeling package was also adapted using data obtained in a series of intense field campaigns at the Negev site. The adapted model was able to account for spatial variation in surface boundary conditions, created by diurnal canopy shading, in order to accurately calculate the contribution of interrow evaporation (E) as a component of system ET. Experiments evaluated common practices in the southeastern USA: inter-row cover crops purported to reduce water availability and thereby favorably reduce grapevine vegetative growth; and southern Israel: drip irrigation applied to produce a high value crop with maximum water use efficiency. Results from the NC site indicated that water use by the cover crop contributed a significant portion of vineyard ET (up to 93% in May), but that with ample rainfall typical to the region, cover crop water use did little to limit water availability for the grape vines. A potential consequence, however, was elevated below canopy humidity owing to the increased inter-row evapotranspiration associated with the cover crops. This creates increased potential for fungal disease occurrence, which is a common problem in the region. Analysis from the Negev site reveals that, on average, E accounts for about10% of the total vineyard ET in an isolated dripirrigated vineyard. The proportion of ET contributed by E increased from May until just before harvest in July, which could be explained primarily by changes in weather conditions. While non-productive water loss as E is relatively small, experiments indicate that further improvements in irrigation efficiency may be possible by considering diurnal shading effects on below canopy potential ET. Overall, research provided both scientific and practical outcomes including new measurement and modeling techniques, and new insights for humid and arid vineyard systems. Research techniques developed through the project will be useful for other agricultural systems, and the successful synergistic cooperation amongst the research team offers opportunity for future collaboration.
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Husson, Scott M., Viatcheslav Freger, and Moshe Herzberg. Antimicrobial and fouling-resistant membranes for treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598151.bard.

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This research project introduced a novel membrane coating strategy to combat biofouling, which is a major problem for the membrane-based treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewaters. The novelty of the strategy is that the membrane coatings have the unique ability to switch reversibly between passive (antifouling) and active (antimicrobial) fouling control mechanisms. This dual-mode approach differs fundamentally from other coating strategies that rely solely on one mode of fouling control. The research project had two complementary objectives: (1) preparation, characterization, and testing of dual-mode polymer nanolayers on planar surfaces and (2) evaluation of these nanolayers as membrane modifiers. The first objective was designed to provide a fundamental understanding of how polymer nanolayer chemistry and structure affect bacterial deposition and to demonstrate the reversibility of chemical switching. The second objective, which focused on membrane development, characterization, and testing, was designed to demonstrate methods for the production of water treatment membranes that couple passive and active biofouling control mechanisms. Both objectives were attained through synergistic collaboration among the three research groups. Using planar silicon and glass surfaces, we demonstrated using infrared spectroscopy that this new polymer coating can switch reversibly between the anti-fouling, zwitterion mode and an anti-microbial, quaternary amine mode. We showed that switching could be done more than 50 times without loss of activity and that the kinetics for switching from a low fouling zwitterion surface to an antimicrobial quaternary amine surface is practical for use. While a low pH was required for switching in the original polymer, we illustrated that by slightly altering the chemistry, it is possible to adjust the pH at which the switching occurs. A method was developed for applying the new zwitterionic surface chemistry onto polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes. Bacteria deposition studies showed that the new chemistry performed better than other common anti-fouling chemistries. Biofilm studies showed that PESultrafiltration membranes coated with the new chemistry accumulated half the biomass volume as unmodified membranes. Biofilm studies also showed that PES membranes coated with the new chemistry in the anti-microbial mode attained higher biofilm mortality than PES membranes coated with a common, non-switchablezwitterionic polymer. Results from our research are expected to improve membrane performance for the purification of wastewaters prior to use in irrigation. Since reduction in flux due to biofouling is one of the largest costs associated with membrane processes in water treatment, using dual-mode nanolayer coatings that switch between passive and active control of biofouling and enable detachment of attached biofoulants would have significant economic and societal impacts. Specifically, this research program developed and tested advanced ultrafiltration membranes for the treatment of wastewaters. Such membranes could find use in membrane bioreactors treating municipal wastewater, a slightly upgraded version of what presently is used in Israel for irrigation. They also may find use for pretreatment of agricultural wastewaters, e.g., rendering facility wastewater, prior to reverse osmosis for desalination. The need to desalinate such impaired waters water for unlimited agricultural use is likely in the near future.
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