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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Investment expectations"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Investment expectations"

1

Gennaioli, Nicola, Yueran Ma, and Andrei Shleifer. "Expectations and Investment." NBER Macroeconomics Annual 30, no. 1 (January 2016): 379–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/685965.

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2

Huang, Wen-Hsien, and Marcel Zeelenberg. "Investor regret: The role of expectation in comparing what is to what might have been." Judgment and Decision Making 7, no. 4 (July 2012): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500002771.

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AbstractInvestors, like any decision maker, feel regret when they compare the outcome of an investment with what the outcome would have been had they invested differently. We argue and show that this counterfactual comparison process is most likely to take place when the decision maker’s expectations are violated. Across five scenario experiments we found that decision makers were influenced only by forgone investment outcomes when the realized investment fell short of the expected result. However, when their investments exceeded prior expectations, the effect of foregone investment on regret disappeared. In addition, Experiment 4 found that individual differences in the need to maximize further moderated the effects of their expectations, such that maximizers always take into account the forgone investment. The final experiment found that when probed to make counterfactual comparisons, also investments that exceed expectations may lead to regret. Together these experiments reveal insights into the comparative processes leading to decision regret.

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3

Peng, Jun, and Qiushi Wang. "Alternative investments: is it a solution to the funding shortage of US public pension plans?" Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 19, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 491–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474721900012x.

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AbstractSince 2001, public-pension plans have increasingly relied upon alternative investments (AIs). We examine the impact of this trend on investment performance and the factors that led to the reliance on AI. Using data from 92 largest plans 2001–2014, we found AI, especially private equity, generally had a positive effect on investment performance, but the effect was small and unsustainable. We also found that plans with a lower funded ratio and higher investment return expectation were more likely to allocate more assets to AIs. These findings suggest that the prospect of relying on AIs to meet investment return expectations remains a long-term challenge for state and local governments.

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4

Smith, Ron, and Gylfi Zoega. "Keynes, investment, unemployment and expectations." International Review of Applied Economics 23, no. 4 (July 2009): 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692170902954767.

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5

Vannier, Sarah A., and Lucia F. O’Sullivan. "Great expectations." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35, no. 8 (April 19, 2017): 1045–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517703492.

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Expectations for one’s romantic relationship, and the extent to which these expectations are actually met, are important predictors of relationship outcomes. Themes of romanticism (e.g., idealism, soul mates, love at first sight) emerge from our romantic socialization. But what happens when romantic relationships fall short of these ideals and expectations are unmet? The current study examined the association among unmet romantic expectations and relationship outcomes using an investment model framework. The sample comprised 296 U.S. young adults involved in dating relationships. Participants provided ratings of the romantic characteristics of their current, ideal, and potential alternative relationships. Unmet romantic expectations based on an ideal relationship were associated with lower relationship satisfaction, commitment, and investment. Unmet romantic expectations based on an alternative relationship were associated with lower relationship satisfaction, investment, and commitment and higher quality of alternatives. The results are discussed in terms of implications for researchers and clinicians/counselors.

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6

Yulhendri, Yulhendri, Tri Kurniawati, and Nora Susanti. "STRATEGI INVESTASI PADA RUMAH TANGA PETANI TRADISIONAL DI KECAMATAN MAPATTUNGGUL SELATAN." JURNAL EKONOMI PENDIDIKAN DAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jepk.v6n1.p15-30.

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Analyzing household’s investment behavior in remote environments is attractively conducted as a scientific effort to tackle the problem of poverty in the long term. The population of study was households located in remote areas in Pasaman Regency, district of South Mapattunggul. It is about 1,991 heads of household. The sample is 307 households which are formulated by using Slovin formula. This study uses multiple regression analysis and qualitative analysis on mixed method perspective. Investment behavior in traditional farming households in the District of South Mapattunggul is influenced by consumer behavior, knowledge, hope the old days, learning, price, and level of education. Partially, learning process and life expectation do not affect the investment behavior. Knowledge of pricing information has a negative correlation with the investment. It means that the higher the price, or the risks they run, the lower investments. This is in line with the general logic that the higher the risk, the less people are willing to enter into an investment. Society is mainly prioritizing daily consumption as the main priority use of their revenue when the prices are high.Community learning process does not consistently affect the investment behavior including expectations of the old days. It is caused by lower educational facilities and low level of households expectations in improving their old days lives.

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7

Ilie, Lucian. "Revisiting the Concept of Legitimate Expectations in Renewable Energy Treaty Cases." European Investment Law and Arbitration Review Online 6, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24689017_0601008.

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The past decade has seen a significantly increased level of foreign investment as a result of international initiatives on the development of alternative energy sources. The renewable energy sector often depends on significant up- front investments, which can only be recouped over a long period. Given the substantial initial capital investment required, many countries have implemented government subsidies and support schemes to encourage investments in renewable energy. For different reasons, some countries have recently decided to change or eliminate those incentives, triggering a wave of arbitral proceedings. These disputes raise fundamental questions, particularly concerning the need for investment protection, on the one hand, and the host State’s right to regulate, on the other. This article provides an overview of the evolution of the concept of legitimate expectations in renewable energy cases, which covers (1) the traditional approach giving rise to legitimate expectations, reflecting contractual arrangements and specific commitments or representations made by States, and (2) the modern approach where legitimate expectations may arise under a general domestic regulatory or legislative framework aimed to attract investments, and from investors’ expectations to obtain a ‘reasonable rate of return’ on their investments.

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8

Lainé, Michael. "Can Culture Account for Investment Expectations?" Journal of Economic Issues 50, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 72–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2016.1147895.

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9

FRAGA, JEFFERSON S., and MARCO FLÁVIO DA CUNHA RESENDE. "Infraestrutura, expectativas privadas e investimento." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 42, no. 3 (September 2022): 678–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572022-3287.

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RESUMO A literatura econômica destaca as externalidades positivas dos gastos em infraestrutura sobre o crescimento das economias. Este artigo, de cunho teórico, se baseia em alguns dos principais insights da Escola Pós-Keynesiana relacionados ao investimento com dois objetivos: i) explicitar as interações entre infraestrutura, convenções, expectativas e investimento agregado privado, sintetizadas naquilo que Keynes denominou investimento tecnicamente social; e ii) demonstrar que as descontinuidades no investimento em infraestrutura reduzem as sensibilidades do investimento agregado privado em relação aos seus determinantes, com implicações para a política econômica. Na literatura Pós-Keynesiana, o investimento privado é volátil e sensível a mudanças de convenções e expectativas. Mostramos que os gastos em infraestrutura estimulam os investimentos privados porque reduzem a incerteza e coordenam o surgimento de convenções e expectativas privadas favoráveis ao investimento.

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10

Huang, Tian, Deyi Shi, and Shihao Xue. "The role and helpfulness of pensions in personal financial investment after retirement." BCP Business & Management 23 (August 4, 2022): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v23i.1359.

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More than 90% of wage earners in the United States can receive pension options benefits after retirement. It is especially important to manage funds reasonably and choose the right investment after retirement. We use the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the Fama-French three-factor model to establish pension and non-pension investment portfolios and measure the return and risk changes of pension portfolio investments under different portfolio investments. The experimental results show that pensions are of great help to the return and Sharpe ratio of portfolio investments. With the intervention of different factors, pensions provide good and stable income support for portfolio investments. Especially under the expectations of different markets, pensions performed extremely well in portfolio investments. With the establishment of reasonable portfolio investment, we suggest that adding pensions to the portfolio investment will bring more stable investment performance.

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Дисертації з теми "Investment expectations"

1

Martin, Stephen D. "Aspects of expectations, investment and price changes." Thesis, University of York, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238695.

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2

Muhammad, Nasiruddeen. "Legitimate expectations in investment treaty arbitration : balancing between state's legitimate regulatory functions and investor's legitimate expectations." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/2e4fa295-67da-4e0a-b6b2-338a138bccfc.

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One of the impacts of globalization on the nation states across the globe is how the system reduces governmental intervention and weakens governmental control over many activities within a state's territory. From the governance perspective, states regulate and administer affairs within their territories in accordance with their constitutional mandates of satisfying fundamental objectives of their needs; the extent to which states can satisfy those needs is critically dependent on their ability to pursue public interest oriented policies for meeting the basic needs and for further development of its citizens i.e. for the public good. However, as the tasks of states entail regulation and administration for public purpose, it carries the risk of infringement of private interest or unfair treatment against private entities operating within the state. The complex nature of the investor - state relationship, therefore, provides a lush ground for tension and conflict between public and private interests. Private interests in this context, are the state's commitments to the foreign investors covered by investment treaty jurisprudence, while public interests are the domestic needs regarding public good also linked to compliance with other non-investment albeit international obligations. Under various domestic legal orders and some international law regimes, there is a well-developed principle of legitimate expectations which allows courts and domestic tribunals to filter, both, the legitimacy of individual's expectations and public interest dimension of governmental activities. In investment treaty arbitration, however, this tool or mechanism is lacking. The practice of the investment treaty (ad hoc) tribunals reveals the worrying degree of inconsistency and lack of coherence in the analysis of formulation and application of the principle of legitimate expectations. The principle as applied by investment treaty tribunals can be understood as 'reliance by foreign investor' caused by 'a state through its representation, conduct, or established legal framework', pursuant to which the foreign investor suffers damage or loss emanating from the state's regulatory or administrative measure. While Claimants in investment treaty arbitration are increasingly relying on the principle to frame their claims, its contours remain unsettled. In addition to the varying degrees of ambiguity in the formulation of the principle, the reach of its application raises the tension of overlap with a public interest dimension of the state's regulatory and administrative functions, particularly in the areas of human rights, public health, environment, and necessity measures or public choice. This thesis uses the doctrine of 'margin of appreciation' as an analytical framework for a comparative approach methodology. The doctrine of margin of appreciation as a public law tool could serve as a lens through which investment treaty tribunals could both formulate and apply the principle of legitimate expectations without obscuring the regulatory and administrative functions of states.

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3

Sivarajan, Swaminathan. "Risk tolerance, return expectations and other factors impacting investment decisions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2019. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/risk-tolerance-return-expectations-and-other-factors-impacting-investment-decisions(90fd4076-2d8f-4dc6-8ff3-a1ecd8c0d188).html.

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Do investment portfolios meet the needs and preferences of investors? Can the portfolio selection process be improved? Traditionally, investor preferences have been identified using risk tolerance questionnaires. These questionnaires have recently attracted a fair deal of criticism. However, there has been little focus as to whether the questionnaires are useful in predicting investors' risk-taking behaviour. In this thesis, an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach was employed to find answers to the primary research question: what factors determine risk-taking behaviour in investment decisions? This thesis looked at the risk-taking behaviour of investors in Canada (N=192) and the risk-taking advice provided by financial advisers in Canada (N=155), collectively risk-taking decisions. The results suggested that return expectations and demographic variables were important predictors of risk-taking decisions, whereas risk tolerance questionnaires were not. Further investigation suggested that investment literacy impacted risk-taking decisions while investment experience impacted both return expectations and risk-taking decisions. In a novel contribution by this thesis, additional perspective was provided by qualitative analysis using semi-structured interviews with investors and advisers. From the results of the qualitative analysis, the author suggests that discovery and self-discovery, a consistent approach and a focus on process versus outcome are key attributes valued by both investors and advisers. The thesis concluded with implications and recommendations for stakeholders, including a greater focus on return expectations, more training in discovery for advisers, simulating investment experience for prospective investors and including investment literacy in school curricula.

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4

Guvence, Cagri Isik. "Information Systems Success And Expectations For Information Technology Investment: Case Study." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605995/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, information systems success measurement practices and expectations for information technology investments of four companies in Turkey are examined. The aim of this study is to understand the information systems success measurement practices of the studied companies and the relation between the expectations for IT investment and IS success of these companies in Turkey.

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5

Baddeley, Michelle. "Rationality, expectations and investment : the theory of Keynes vs. neo-classical theory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435362.

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6

Armand, A. "Essays on intra-household resource control, subjective expectations and human capital investment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1436086/.

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Empowering women and understanding its role within households is one of the main policy objectives in the developing world. However, while there is con- sensus on this objective, there is still little evidence on which is the most efficient way to approach this issue. The PhD thesis is based on understanding whether a variation in intra-household control of resources has an effect on household outcomes in developing countries and whether this effect is related to subjective expectations. This research question is approached using empirical microeconom- ics methods. Chapter “The Marriage market and intra-household allocation of expenditure” tests the assertion that the status of the marriage market impacts on intra-household allocation of expenditures. Chapter “Validation of Subjective expectations” analyses the validity of questions related to subjective expecta- tions using the data collected among social financial recipients in the Republic of Macedonia during the 2010 and 2012 data collection waves of the Macedo- nian “Secondary School Conditional Cash Transfer” evaluation household survey. Chapter “Parental perceived returns to schooling and human capital investment” analyses how parental subjective expectations about the return to schooling of their children affect future decisions about schooling. Chapter “Who wears the trousers in the family?” studies how the interaction between intra-household al- location of resources and expected returns to schooling influences human capital investment among poor households.

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7

Alvarez, Luis. "Expectations, adjustment costs and the optimal investment of a value-maximizing firm /." Turku : Turun Yliopisto, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37672050v.

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8

Thomas, David Gareth. "Expectations and evolutionary change in a catastrophe investment model for British manufacturing industry." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363506.

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9

Ribeiro, Marcel Bertini. "Investment coordination failures and the confidence channel of fiscal policy." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11456.

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Submitted by Marcel Bertini Ribeiro (marcelbertini@gmail.com) on 2014-02-06T20:29:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcel Ribeiro.pdf: 509897 bytes, checksum: 04767279e83eb610eee9a0009dc796a0 (MD5)
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-07T18:58:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Marcel Ribeiro.pdf: 509897 bytes, checksum: 04767279e83eb610eee9a0009dc796a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-24
Este trabalho desenvolve um novo 'canal de Confiança' da política fiscal e caracteriza a política ótima quando esse canal é levado em consideração. Para esse objetivo, utilizamos um modelo estático com (i) concorrência monopolística, (ii) custos de ajustamento fixos para investir, (iii) complementaridade estratégica devido a informação imperfeita com respeito a produtividade agregada, e (iv) bens privados como substitutos imperfeitos de bens privados. Este arcabouço acomoda a possibilidade de falhas de coordenação nos investimentos, mas apresenta um equilíbrio único. Mostramos que a política fiscal tem efeitos importantes na coordenação. Um aumento dos gastos do governo leva a uma maior demanda por bens privados. Mais importante, este também afeta as expectativas de ordem superior com relação a demanda das demais firmas, que amplifica os efeitos do aumento inicial da demanda devido a complementaridade estratégica nas decisões de investimento. Como as demais firmas estão se deparam com uma demanda maior, espera-se que estas invistam mais, que por sua vez, aumenta a demanda individual de cada firma, que aumenta os incentivos a investir. Denominamos isto como o 'canal de confiança' da política fiscal. Sob a ameaça de falhas de coordenação, a política fiscal ótima prescreve produzir além do ponto em que o benefício marginal resultante do consumo de bens públicos é igual ao custo marginal desses bens. Este benefício adicional vem do fato de que a política fiscal pode ampliar a coordenação dos investimentos.
This paper proposes a new 'confidence channel' of fiscal policy and characterizes the optimal policy taking this channel into account. We develop a static macroeconomic model with (i) monopolistic competition, (ii) fixed adjustment costs for investing, (iii) strategic uncertainty owing to imperfect information about aggregate productivity, and (iv) public goods as imperfect substitutes of private goods. This framework accommodates the possibility of investment coordination failures, but presents a unique equilibrium. We show that fiscal policy has important effects on coordination. An increase in government expenditure leads to higher demand for private goods. Importantly, it also affects higher-order expectations of other firms’ demand, which amplifies the effects of the initial increase in demand, owing to the strategic complementarities in investment decisions. Since other firms are facing higher demand, they are expected to invest more, which raises demand for an individual firm and, consequently, raises its incentives to invest. We dub this the 'confidence channel' of fiscal policy. Under the threat of coordination failures, the optimal fiscal policy prescribes producing beyond the point where the marginal benefit from consuming public goods equals their marginal cost. The additional benefit comes from fiscal policy enhancing the investment coordination.

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10

Martin, Antoine P. "Reviewing stability commitments in investor-state agreements: creating legitimate expectations for sustainable foreign investment policies." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580313.

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Investment law is a rapidly moving and increasingly debated area of international law. Shifts in international economic relations, the broad nature of investment standards, the role played by arbitral tribunals and the guarantees granted by law to foreign investors are the object of many comments and disagreements. In particular, it is often feared that contractual stability commitments taking the form of stabilisation clauses are excessive and detrimental to states in terms of sovereignty. This thesis does not focus on the sovereignty debate but proposes a contextual analysis of those stabilisation clauses. Because stabilisation clauses implement FDI protection policies, it suggests that the sustainability of a stabilisation clause essentially depends on whether the FDI protection policy remains compatible with host states' future public policies and development needs. The sustainability of stabilisation clauses is thus considered at three different levels: in terms of (a) political and economic ideology, (b) policymaking and Cc) in terms of contractual commitments. The thesis finds that the current FDI framework suffers from significant ideological tensions because it defends liberal values and imposes liberal standards which tend to ignore national interests. At the same time, it suggests that the policies are not legally unsustainable: they provide broad standards of treatment, do not breach the debated 'right to development' and do not prevent host states from setting up 'valid' policies and regulatory measures as long as a due process of law is observed. Investment contracts, in turn, are often criticised for their negative impacts on states' regulatory powers, but they provide little reliable guarantees of stability to foreign investors and justify a need to rely on contract stabilisation commitments, especially since the role and interpretation of 'legitimate expectations' under the Fair and Equitable standard of treatment is changing. Current contract stabilisation methods, however, create unreasonable expectations, make FDI policies legally unbalanced and must therefore be reviewed to allow for more policy space and to create more 'legitimate' predictability expectations.

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Книги з теми "Investment expectations"

1

David, Moreton, ed. Investment, expectations, and uncertainty. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1992.

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2

Statistics Canada. Analytical Studies Branch., ed. Are investment expectations rational? Ottawa: Analytical Studies, Statistics Canada, 2004.

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3

Rational expectations, non-market clearing, and investment theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.

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4

G, Thomas D. Bounded expectations and the catastrophic cycle of investment. Hertford: University of Hertfordshire, 1993.

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5

1955-, Alvarez José E., Sauvant Karl P, Ahmed Kamil Gerard, and Vizcaíno Gabriela P, eds. The evolving international investment regime: Expectations, realities, options. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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6

Burnell, Derek. Investment expectations: A unit record analysis of data from the private new capital expenditure survey. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1993.

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7

Phyllis, Bernstein, ed. Investment advisory relationships: Managing client expectations in an uncertain market. [New York, NY]: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 2002.

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8

Alvarez, Luis. Expectations, adjustment costs and the optimal investment of a value-maximizing firm. Turku, Finland: Dept. of Economics, University of Turku, 1993.

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9

Moynihan, Brendan. Trading on expectations: Strategies to pinpoint trading ranges, trends, and reversals. New York: J. Wiley, 1997.

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10

Rajagopal, Dagmar. Tax incentives, market power, and corporate investment: A rational expectations model applied to Pakistani and Turkish industries. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Country Economic Dept., World Bank, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "Investment expectations"

1

Zoega, Gylfi. "9. The Long Swings of Employment, Investment, and Asset Prices." In Rethinking Expectations, edited by Roman Frydman and Edmund S. Phelps, 301–27. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400846450.301.

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2

Antonides, Gerrit. "Economic Expectations and Investment Behavior." In Psychology in Economics and Business, 154–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1710-1_8.

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3

Kurdas, Chidem. "Keynes and the Post-Keynesians: Arbitary Expectations." In Theories of Technical Change and Investment, 25–57. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23474-5_3.

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4

Rajput, Aniruddha, and Sarthak Malhotra. "Legitimate Expectations in Investment Arbitration: A Comparative Perspective." In The Indian Yearbook of Comparative Law, 297–317. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7052-6_13.

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5

Harcourt, G. C. "Investment Expenditure, Unrealised Expectations and Offsetting Monetary Policies." In 50 Years a Keynesian and Other Essays, 197–205. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230523319_15.

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6

Demarchi, Marianne, and Solenn Thomas. "French Institutional Investors: Investment Process, Trading Practices, and Expectations." In The Electronic Call Auction: Market Mechanism and Trading, 229–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1697-2_14.

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7

Laryea, Emmanuel T. "Legitimate Expectations in Investment Treaty Law: Concept and Scope of Application." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 1–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5744-2_55-1.

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Laryea, Emmanuel T. "Legitimate Expectations in Investment Treaty Law: Concept and Scope of Application." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 97–120. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3615-7_55.

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Perrone, Nicolás M. "Taking Local Expectations Seriously: A Fresh Start for Foreign Investment Governance?" In New Voices and New Perspectives in International Economic Law, 113–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32512-1_5.

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Morie, Jacquelyn Ford, Sin-Hwa Kang, and Eric Chance. "The Association of In-world Avatar Investment with Expectations of Behavioral Change." In Distributed, Ambient, and Pervasive Interactions, 466–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39351-8_51.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Investment expectations"

1

Özkan, Turgut, and Özge Demirkale. "Private Pension Fund Performance and Comparison with Basic Investment Instruments in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01435.

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In 2001, after the preparation of legal infrastructure in Turkey, private pension fund system started to be complementary to the Social Security system. There are many expectations from the private pension fund system both socially and economically. Social expectation is to direct individuals to alternative investment instruments to provide additional income for retirement. Economic expectation is to provide long-term funding to support the economic development. Pension fund companies have the most important responsibility to meet these expectations. In this study, the profits of investment instruments and individual pension funds are compared in a long term perspective, using three basic portfolio performance measures. The term between January 2004 and September 2014 have been considered. Investment alternatives have been discussed in detail. BIST100, deposit, gold and currency basket (USD+EUR) are the investment instruments that are compared with individual pension funds. In addition, individual pension funds have been analyzed on company basis and the achievements of the pension fund companies have been revealed during the term mentioned above. According to our analysis, it has been concluded that personal retirement funds lost value considerably, especially due to inflation.

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2

Au, Y. A., and R. J. Kauffirtan. "Information technology investment and adoption: a rational expectations perspective." In 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2003.1174595.

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3

Venkatesh, Suresh. "The Journey Towards a Net-Zero Emission Future." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31364-ms.

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Abstract The recent trends indicate strong growth opportunities in the FPSO market. Securing financing for projects, however, will continue to be a challenge – given the rising expectations of the investment market. This paper presents a methodology to address demand for climate-related information by investors. It provides practical guidance to build a robust framework – to boost environmental credentials, enhance investor and lender confidence and improve access to capital.

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4

Theil, Christoph Kilian, Samuel Broscheit, and Heiner Stuckenschmidt. "PRoFET: Predicting the Risk of Firms from Event Transcripts." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/724.

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Financial risk, defined as the chance to deviate from return expectations, is most commonly measured with volatility. Due to its value for investment decision making, volatility prediction is probably among the most important tasks in finance and risk management. Although evidence exists that enriching purely financial models with natural language information can improve predictions of volatility, this task is still comparably underexplored. We introduce PRoFET, the first neural model for volatility prediction jointly exploiting both semantic language representations and a comprehensive set of financial features. As language data, we use transcripts from quarterly recurring events, so-called "earnings calls"; in these calls, the performance of publicly traded companies is summarized and prognosticated by their management. We show that our proposed architecture, which models verbal context with an attention mechanism, significantly outperforms the previous state-of-the-art and other strong baselines. Finally, we visualize this attention mechanism on the token-level, thus aiding interpretability and providing a use case of PRoFET as a tool for investment decision support.

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5

Iden, Michael E., Mark A. Coles, and Thomas A. Kennedy. "NOx Reducing and Aftertreatment Technologies for EPA Tier 4 Locomotives: Railroad Perspective and Expectations." In ASME 2010 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2010-42017.

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The year 2015 will be a landmark year in locomotive technology in the United States. Effective January 1st of that year, newly-manufactured U.S. line-haul and switch service (freight-and-passenger) locomotives must be manufactured to meet the fifth level of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emissions regulations since 2000. Achieving those emission levels will require aftertreatment technology in some form. Also effective December 31st of that year, U.S. railroads will be required to have in operation (on much of the rail network)1 a federally-mandated Positive Train Control (PTC) technology for collision avoidance. Class I U.S. freight railroads2 by the end of 2015 will have invested an estimated $5.8 billion in PTC technology, with a major emphasis on interoperability of PTC-equipped locomotives between different railroads. An estimated 17,000 locomotives will be retrofitted or equipped with PTC by the end of 2015 and most if not all newly-manufactured locomotives will be PTC equipped after 2015. For perspective, the U.S. freight railroad investment in PTC is roughly what the Class I railroads have spent the past 4–5 years combined on capital expenditures related to infrastructure expansion. This convergence of two new complex locomotive technologies in 2015 will create a large challenge, especially in locomotive maintainability, for freight railroads. Locomotive builders and aftertreatment suppliers must work together to provide Tier 4 locomotives with minimal impact on railroad operations. U.S. diesel locomotives share a common internal combustion engine technology with most Class 8 over-the-road diesel trucks, but the railroad and locomotive environment is very different from the highway truck environment, and a “cookie cutter” approach to replicating diesel truck aftertreatment on locomotives should be avoided. New EPA Tier 4 diesel locomotives should not be viewed as “Tier 2 or Tier 3 locomotives with truck-type exhaust aftertreatment added”. Baseline reliability of current locomotive designs must also be improved to compensate for the added complexities of both exhaust aftertreatment and PTC. This paper is focused toward educating (1) aftertreatment technology manufacturers and system integrators and (2) locomotive design engineers. The emphasis is on assisting them in understanding the operating and maintenance expectations for Tier 4 aftertreatment-equipped line-haul locomotives, from the perspective of a major freight railroad.

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Hammad, Mahmoud A., Sonja Mlaker Kac, Sandra S. G. Haddad, and Habiba S. El Rouby. "Investigation of energy resources and gas discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean region: the case of people’s expectations and social impacts in Egypt." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.v.2.

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This study discusses the expected social impacts due to the recent offshore gas findings and development in the Eastern Mediterranean region on human communities in Alexandrian in the North of Egypt. A sample of 401 respondents of ordinary people who are living in the Alexandria governorate were sampled for the study using a convenience non-random sampling approach. The study showed most people are somewhat familiar with the ongoing gas discoveries in the Mediterranean Sea. The study also revealed that the people in Egypt have relatively high expectations from these gas discoveries. The ordinary people in Egypt expected that such discoveries of gas would have many positive and negative social impacts side by side. They expected several social benefits of gas finds such as: the contribution to the diversification of the economy, infrastructural development, expanding social services, improvement of the standard of living, business and investment opportunities, employment.

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7

Ershaghi, Iraj, and Donald Paul. "Reformatting Petroleum Industry Communications for the Educational System and the Public." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210342-ms.

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Abstract The Energy Transition is creating a new operational and strategic framework for the oil and gas industry. One specific dimension of this new framework is the management of "reputational risk" and "the social license to operate." Despite the clear and demonstrable contributions of the petroleum industry to our modern industrial society, the reputation of the industry in the United States is often seen as generally negative, and improving it remains a challenge. This poor characterization is negatively affecting the flow of new investment capital and recruiting of young talents to the industry. The power of negative publicity can also unnecessarily limit the development of needed oil and gas resources and infrastructures, with long-term economic consequences for the economic health and standard of living of the society. In this paper, we propose that the new societal expectations developing as part of the Energy Transition will require a "reformatting" of the industry's communication processes for both the educational system and the public at large to correctly position the industry as a positive and vital contributor.

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8

Kati'e Hashim, Saddam. ""The impact of the regulatory environment and the quality of accounting information in narrowing the quality of expectations, the performance and responsibility of the auditor "." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/icearnc/4.

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"The acceleration of changes in the global economy has made it necessary for economic units to take into account the regulatory environment and develop it in a manner appropriate to the developments taking place, including the search for systems that meet the achievement of quality information in general and accounting information in particular, in order to take appropriate decisions from management on the one hand, and investors and stakeholders in units On the other hand, to determine their investment decisions or not, which is provided by the auditor through his examination of the financial statements and accounting records in order to give an opinion on the fairness of the financial statements and accounts and their compliance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GAAP or International Financial Reporting Standards Financial Reporting Standards IFRS, Through his annual report, which is based on the existence of an effective internal control system. Which is reflected in narrowing the expectations gap between what users expect of the financial statements from the results of the audit process for the activities of the economic unit, in contrast to the effort made by the auditor based on relevant and scientific standards approved, and the convergence of the two parties’ views in reading the reality of the financial position, and in a way that serves the regulatory environment In the economic unit to provide the best in the field of business in the economy and competition. The research methodology centers on the importance of identifying a sound regulatory environment that is effective in producing quality accounting information and its impact on narrowing the lack of expectations in the performance of the auditor and his lack of responsibility more than the specific responsibilities due to his failure to exercise the necessary professional care "

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9

Kati'e Hashim, Saddam. ""The impact of the regulatory environment and the quality of accounting information in narrowing the quality of expectations, the performance and responsibility of the auditor "." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicearnc/4.

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"The acceleration of changes in the global economy has made it necessary for economic units to take into account the regulatory environment and develop it in a manner appropriate to the developments taking place, including the search for systems that meet the achievement of quality information in general and accounting information in particular, in order to take appropriate decisions from management on the one hand, and investors and stakeholders in units On the other hand, to determine their investment decisions or not, which is provided by the auditor through his examination of the financial statements and accounting records in order to give an opinion on the fairness of the financial statements and accounts and their compliance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GAAP or International Financial Reporting Standards Financial Reporting Standards IFRS, Through his annual report, which is based on the existence of an effective internal control system. Which is reflected in narrowing the expectations gap between what users expect of the financial statements from the results of the audit process for the activities of the economic unit, in contrast to the effort made by the auditor based on relevant and scientific standards approved, and the convergence of the two parties’ views in reading the reality of the financial position, and in a way that serves the regulatory environment In the economic unit to provide the best in the field of business in the economy and competition. The research methodology centers on the importance of identifying a sound regulatory environment that is effective in producing quality accounting information and its impact on narrowing the lack of expectations in the performance of the auditor and his lack of responsibility more than the specific responsibilities due to his failure to exercise the necessary professional care "

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10

Šain, Marija. "CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN TIMES OF CRISIS: COVID-19." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18348.

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Corporate social responsibility implies business with concern for ethics, human rights, community needs, and investment in environmental protection. It is especially evident in crisis situations when the expectations of the environment about the application of these principles of the company are higher. The Covid-19 pandemic, as a crisis situation in which companies found themselves, led to changes in business models that had an impact on their stakeholders as well. In this segment, corporate social responsibility can be a useful and effective way to mitigate the potential effects of a pandemic and make it easier to deal with the consequences of a crisis. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical framework for the study of corporate social responsibility in crisis situations with special reference to the situation related to Covid-19. For this purpose, the research methodology includes a review of the literature on corporate social responsibility in this situation by classification into external (community, customer, and environment) and internal (employees) dimensions of the application of corporate social responsibility. The paper highlights the problems and challenges associated with corporate social responsibility in the Covid-19 pandemic and suggests further research opportunities in this area.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Investment expectations"

1

Gennaioli, Nicola, Yueran Ma, and Andrei Shleifer. Expectations and Investment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21260.

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2

Liu, Haoyang, and Christopher Palmer. Are Stated Expectations Actual Beliefs? New Evidence for the Beliefs Channel of Investment Demand. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28926.

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Baumann Fonay, Iván. The effects of foreign investors' holdings on the local currency sovereign bond markets in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004240.

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Since the turn of the century, emerging market economies have begun to develop markets for bonds denominated in their local currencies, thus trying to avoid the “original sin” that resulted in many previous crises. This paper tries to determine the impact of foreign investment in these markets for seven Latin American economies. It finds that foreign investment can be either a blessing or a curse, depending on depreciation expectations.

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4

Brice, Jeremy. Investment, power and protein in sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Tara Garnett. TABLE, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/d8817170.

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The place of protein in sub-Saharan Africa’s food system is changing rapidly, raising complex international development, global health and environmental sustainability issues. Despite substantial growth in the region’s livestock agriculture sector, protein consumption per capita remains low, and high levels of undernourishment persist. Meanwhile sub-Saharan Africa’s population is growing and urbanising rapidly, creating expectations that demand for protein will increase rapidly over the coming decades and triggering calls for further investment in the expansion and intensification of the region’s meat and dairy sector. However, growing disquiet over the environmental impacts of further expansion in livestock numbers, and growing sales of alternative protein products in the Global North, has raised questions about the future place of plant-based, insect and lab-grown proteins in African diets and food systems. This report examines financial investment in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa. It begins from the position that investors play an important role in shaping the development of diets and food systems because they are able to mobilise the financial resources required to develop new protein products, infrastructures and value chains, or to prevent their development by withholding investment. It therefore investigates which actors are financing the production in sub-Saharan Africa of: a) animal proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products; b) ‘protein crops’ such as beans, pulses and legumes; and c) processed ‘alternative proteins’ derived from plants, insects, microbes or animal cells grown in a tissue culture. Through analysing investment by state, philanthropic and private sector organisations – as well as multilateral financial institutions such as development banks – it aims to establish which protein sources and stages of the value chain are financed by different groups of investors and to explore the values and goals which shape their investment decisions. To this end, the report examines four questions: 1. Who is currently investing in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa? 2. What goals do these investors aim to achieve (or what sort of future do they seek to bring about) through making these investments? 3. Which protein sources and protein production systems do they finance? 4. What theory of change links their investment strategy to these goals? In addressing these questions, this report explores what sorts of protein production and provisioning systems different investor groups might be helping to bring into being in sub-Saharan Africa. It also considers what alternative possibilities might be marginalised due to a lack of investment. It thus seeks to understand whose priorities, preferences and visions for the future of food might be informing the changing place of protein in the region’s diets, economies and food systems.

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Blyde, Juan S., Christian Volpe Martincus, Marcelo Dolabella, and Ignacio Marra de Artiñano. The Reorganization of Global Value Chains: What’s in it for Latin America and the Caribbean? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004592.

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As Latin America and the Caribbean bounce back from a sanitary crisis of historic proportions, the search is on for policies that can accelerate recovery while boosting long-term growth. In a scenario of tight fiscal constraints, trade and integration (T&I) policies seem to fit this description. There are particularly high expectations in some policy circles that the benefits of T&I policies will be boosted by an impending reorganization of global value chains. Yet little is known about the relevance, shape, and impacts of this reorganization. Will this lead to reshoring, nearshoring, or some slightly modified version of the status quo? Will this benefit the region? This paper takes a stab at answering these questions. It begins with a critical review of the most frequently cited drivers of the reorganization. This is then followed by an analytical exercise that uses the 20182019 US import tariff hike as a quasi-natural experiment. The results seem more consistent with modest trade and investment gains for the region, associated with incremental rather than major adjustments to global value chains. It concludes by arguing that whatever the future brings, minimizing trade and investment costs is likely to remain the regions dominant strategy.

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Wiswall, Matthew, and Basit Zafar. Human Capital Investments and Expectations about Career and Family. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22543.

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7

Edlin, Aaron. Cadillac Contracts and Up-Front Payments: Efficient Investment Under Expectation Damages. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4915.

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Soloviev, Vladimir N., Andrii O. Bielinskyi, and Natalia A. Kharadzjan. Coverage of the Coronavirus Pandemic through Entropy Measures. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4427.

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The rapidly evolving coronavirus pandemic brings a devastating effect on the entire world and its economy as awhole. Further instability related to COVID-19will negatively affect not only on companies and financial markets, but also on traders and investors that have been interested in saving their investment, minimizing risks, and making decisions such as how to manage their resources, how much to consume and save, when to buy or sell stocks, etc., and these decisions depend on the expectation of when to expect next critical change. Trying to help people in their subsequent decisions, we demonstrate the possibility of constructing indicators of critical and crash phenomena on the example of Bitcoin market crashes for further demonstration of their efficiency on the crash that is related to the coronavirus pandemic. For this purpose, the methods of the theory of complex systems have been used. Since the theory of complex systems has quite an extensive toolkit for exploring the nonlinear complex system, we take a look at the application of the concept of entropy in finance and use this concept to construct 6 effective entropy measures: Shannon entropy, Approximate entropy, Permutation entropy, and 3 Recurrence based entropies. We provide computational results that prove that these indicators could have been used to identify the beginning of the crash and predict the future course of events associated with the current pandemic.

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Araujo,, María Caridad, and Karen Macours. Education, Income and Mobility: Experimental Impacts of Childhood Exposure to Progresa after 20 Years. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003808.

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In 1997, the Mexican government designed the conditional cash transfer program Progresa, which became the worldwide model of a new approach to social programs, simultaneously targeting human capital accumulation and poverty reduction. A large literature has documented the short and medium-term impacts of the Mexican program and its successors in other countries. Using Progresas experimental evaluation design originally rolled out in 1997-2000, and a tracking survey conducted 20 years later, this paper studies the differential long-term impacts of exposure to Progresa. We focus on two cohorts of children: i) those that during the period of differential exposure were in-utero or in the first years of life, and ii) those who during the period of differential exposure were transitioning from primary to secondary school. Results for the early childhood cohort, 18-20-year-old at endline, shows that differential exposure to Progresa during the early years led to positive impacts on educational attainment and labor income expectations. This constitutes unique long-term evidence on the returns of an at-scale intervention on investments in human capital during the first 1000 days of life. Results for the school cohort - in their early 30s at endline - show that the short-term impacts of differential exposure to Progresa on schooling were sustained in the long-run and manifested themselves in larger labor incomes, more geographical mobility including through international migration, and later family formation.

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.

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