Готові списки джерел за темами / International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 27 липня 2024

Оновлено: 28 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)"

Owie, Udoka Ndidiamaka. "Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates): So Far, So Good?" Arab Law Quarterly 34, no. 4 (September 24, 2020): 387–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10053.

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Abstract International law has a long history of dealing with racial discrimination, including its involvement in the perpetration of racial discrimination. However, in establishing a body of norms to tackle the problems of racial discrimination, several multilateral instruments have been adopted under the auspices of the United Nations addressing this malaise to various extents with the most extensive being the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) of 21 December 1965. While lauded for its singular and dedicated focus on racial discrimination, the Convention is challenged, at least interpretatively, as to the grounds for racial discrimination within its remit. Events occurring between Qatar and the United Arab Emirates on 5 June 2017 have afforded the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, an opportunity—the third since the coming into effect of the Convention—to interpret this landmark treaty.

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Schaaf, Robert W. "Global Compilation of National Legislation Against Racial Discrimination." International Journal of Legal Information 20, no. 2 (1992): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500007599.

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The united nations recently issued a compilation of national legislation against racial discrimination. The publication, which has a 1991 imprint, bears the title: Second Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination: Global Compilation of National Legislation against Racial Discrimination. This volume covers 205 pages and carries the symbol: HR/PUB/90/8.The Charter of the United Nations, which was signed in June 1945 at San Francisco, entrusts the UN with promoting and ensuring respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms “for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.” The General Assembly, in one of its first resolutions, declared in 1946 “that it is in the higher interests of humanity to put an immediate end to religious and so-called racial persecution and discrimination.” The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly December 10, 1948, is the most fundamental human rights instrument adopted by the United Nations. Since that time there have been numerous conventions and declarations aimed specifically at eliminating racial discrimination. These include the Declaration and International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted November 20, 1963 and December 21, 1965, respectively, and the Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, adopted November 30, 1973.

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Friesel, Ofra. "Race versus Religion in the Making of the International Convention Against Racial Discrimination, 1965." Law and History Review 32, no. 2 (May 2014): 351–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248014000017.

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The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965 (CERD), was negotiated at the United Nations (UN) during the years 1962–1965. At that period, the UN was an organization so highly politicized and split that it was almost paralyzed, operatively speaking. Human rights codification was a major field whose advancement came to a standstill as a result of the lack of cooperation between UN member-states. Nevertheless, the UN managed to unite around the denunciation of racial discrimination, and unanimously adopted CERD on December 21, 1965. Furthermore, the period of time that elapsed between the presentation of the initiative and the vote on the final version of the treaty was only 3 years; a rather short period of time, UN experience considered.

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Spinu, Oleg. "The history of establishing the principle of nondiscrimination in public international law." Supremacy of Law, no. 1 (December 2023): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52388/2345-1971.2023.1.17.

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The history of establishing the principle of non-discrimination in international public law is marked by the progressive evolution of international consciousness regarding the necessity of guaranteeing equality and fundamental rights for individuals and states. An important moment in the history of affirming non-discrimination was the adoption of the United Nations Charter in 1945, which states in the preamble that all UN members must promote respect for the fundamental rights of humans without distinction of race, sex, language, or religion. Subsequently, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 consolidated these principles and asserted that all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Another significant moment was the adoption of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination in 1965, representing a major step in addressing discrimination based on race. Later, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1979 and the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 expanded these principles to cover other categories of individuals.

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Andry Syaharani Wiguna and Ayu Nrangwesti. "DISKRIMINASI RASIAL DALAM KASUS GEORGE FLOYD DI AMERIKA BERDASARKAN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION (ICERD)." Reformasi Hukum Trisakti 5, no. 4 (November 9, 2023): 1241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/refor.v5i4.18590.

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This study discusses the case of racial discrimination experienced by George Floyd in America based on the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD). The research questions include how the American government addresses racial discrimination against black citizens and resolves the George Floyd case as a violation of human rights. In this study, the authors use normative research methods with literature reviews, fully relying on secondary data to describe the situation and events. The results of this research indicate that the American government has actually taken steps to address discrimination. Examples include Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Articles 2, 4, and 5 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), Amendment IV of the Bill of Rights 1791, Article 1 Sections 2 and 9 of the U.S. Constitution 1787, and Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These measures are taken to protect and provide racial equality for black individuals from all aspects. In George Floyd's case, a more just implementation of the law is necessary to prevent further police violence against black individuals.

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Ramírez Cuervo, Emilio. "Environmental justice in Colombia: a review of the constitutional jurisprudence protecting indigenous peoples." Revista de Investigaciones de UNIAGRARIA 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33133/riu-9-2021-148.

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The Colombian State has ratified several international instruments to protect indigenous peoples: the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 1965, the Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of 1989 (ILO Convention 169), the Declaration of the United Nations on the rights of indigenous peoples in 2007. Additionally, there is a constitutional article on multiethnic and multicultural nation, norms and jurisprudence aimed at environmental protection in the context of Colombian indigenous peoples. In this paper, the main thematic nuclei of environmental justice that derive from the constitutional jurisprudence of indigenous peoples are presented, based on an analysis of sentences issued since 1997 by the Colombian constitutional court.

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Sabovchyk, A., and A. Popovych. "Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation Dispute)." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 80 (January 20, 2024): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.80.2.58.

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Four days later aftermath of the armed conflict that broke out between the Parties in the Georgian territories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia (on August 8, 2008), on August 12, 2008 the Republic of Georgia instituted proceedings before the International Court of Justice (hereinafter - the Court) against the Russian Federation relating to “its actions on and around the territory of Georgia in breach of CERD (the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination)” [1]. Georgia alleged that Russia “practised, sponsored and supported racial discrimination through attacks against, and mass-expulsion of, ethnic Georgians” in the two territories in violation of Russia’s obligations under the CERD. Georgia’s Application was accompanied by a Request for the indication of provisional measures in order “to preserve its rights under CERD to protect its citizens against violent discriminatory acts by Russian armed forces, acting in concert with separatist militia and foreign mercenaries”. On 15 August 2008, having considered the gravity of the situation, the President of the Court, acting under Article 74, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court, urgently called upon the Parties “to act in such a way as will enable any order the Court may take on the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate effects”. Following public hearings that were held from 8 to 10 October 2008, the Court issued an Order on the Request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Georgia. The Court also indicated that “each Party shall refrain from any action which might prejudice the rights of the other Party in respect of whatever judgment the Court may render in the case, or which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve”. Finally, the Court ordered each Party to “inform it as to its compliance with the ... provisional measures” [2]. Although the Court has concluded, by ten votes to six, that it has no jurisdiction under CERD to give a judgment on the merits, the dispute nevertheless retains historical significance as the first dispute involving Russian Federation that has come before the International Court of Justice. It was also the first time that the International Court of Justice was directly called upon to interpret the provisions of CERD. They were not prepared to address the key issue that the centrality of this dispute had very little to do with racial discrimination. It was an incidental question in the context of a dispute that was overwhelmingly about the use of force. The International Court does not have jurisdiction over the use of force questions, and that finding should have disposed of the dispute once and for all. It was clear in this case that the possibility of a judgment on the merits was unlikely and that the International Court was, at best, being used as a convenient platform for the public articulation of a political grievance, or to draw international attention to Georgia’s plight, without any intention of engaging the judicial function in the actual settlement of the dispute. The Georgia v Russian Federation case, as formulated before the Court, it is suggested, fell precisely in the category of disputes that the Court should have struck out summarily as an abuse of process. This argument is strengthened by the fact that Georgia had brought proceedings broadly on the same subject matter before the European Court of Human Rights, arguably a more suitable forum for the adjudication of human rights than the ICJ.

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Hardiago, David. "APATISME PENEGAKAN HUKUM PIDANA DI INDONESIA: VIKTIMISASI SEKUNDER TERHADAP KORBAN KEJAHATAN RASISME." JKIH : Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum 2, no. 1 (March 3, 2023): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.55583/jkih.v2i1.444.

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This study aims to analyze legal issues related to law enforcement against racial crimes in criminal law in Indonesia, with a focus on 2 (two) main issues related to,First, what are the factors that cause racism by law enforcement officials in Indonesia.Second, how is the regulatory mechanism related to the protection of victims of racism in Indonesia. As a normative legal research, this research uses statutory approach, case approach, comparative approach, and conceptual approach. The results of the study draw 2 (two) main conclusions namely,First from various factors,The main factor in the occurrence of criminal acts of racism in Indonesia issterotipe what law enforcement officials have committed against Papuan citizens for several reasons which, if related to the case examples in this writing, include: assuming that the Papuan tribe as black people and tribes originating from Eastern Indonesia and as immigrant tribes on the island of Java are stupid people and foreigners because as immigrants with different cultural values, it gives rise to differences in treatment carried out in the law enforcement mechanism that occurs. Second that the provisions regarding racism and criminal penalties for those who commit it are clearly contained in Law Number 40 of 2008 concerning the Elimination of Ethnic and Racial Discrimination. However, it is Indonesia that reserves Article 22 of the International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination orInternational Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Descrimination 1965 (ICERD), it can be said that it is not subject to the provisions of Article 22 so that it closes the possibility for the Papuan people who want to file a discrimination case through the International Court of Justice. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis permasalahan hukum yang berhubungan dengan penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana rasistem dalam hukum pidana di Indonesia, dengan fokus pada 2 (dua) permasalahan utama terkait dengan, pertama, apakah factor-faktor yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya rasisme oleh aparat penegak hukum di Indonesia. Kedua, bagiamana mekanisme pengaturan terkait perlindungan korban rasisme di Indonesia. Sebagai penelitian hukum normatif, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, pendekatan perbandingan, dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menarik 2 (dua) kesimpulan utama yakni, pertama dari berbagai factor yang ada, faktor utama dalam terjadinya tindak pidana rasisme di Indonesia adalah sterotipe yang dilakukan aparat penegak hukum pada warga Negara papua dengan beberepa alasan yang jika dihubungkan dengan contoh kasus pada penulisan ini diantaranya: menganggap bahwa suku Papua sebagai orang kulit hitam serta suku yang berasal dari Indonesia Timur dan sebagai suku pendatang di Pulau Jawa adalah orang-orang bodoh dan orang asing karena sebagai pendatang dengan nilai kebudayaan yang berbeda sehingga menimbulkan adanya perbedaan perlakuan yang dilakukan dalam mekanisme penegakan hukum yang tejadi. Kedua bahwa dalam pengaturan terkait rasisme serta ancaman pidana bagi mereka yang melakukanya secara jelas terdapat dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2008 tentang Penghapusan Deskriminasi Etnis dan Ras. Namun, Indonesia yang mereservasi Pasal 22 Konvensi Internasional Pengahpusan segala bentuk deskriminasi rasial atau International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Descrimination 1965 (ICERD), dapat dikatakan tidak tunduk terhadap ketentuan Pasal 22 tersebut sehingga menutup kemungkinan untuk Suku Papua yang ingin mengajukan kasus deskriminasi tersebut melalui Mahkamah Internasional.

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Lovelace, H. Timothy. "Making the World in Atlanta's Image: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Morris Abram, and the Legislative History of the United Nations Race Convention." Law and History Review 32, no. 2 (May 2014): 385–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248013000667.

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Atlanta's human rights community was buzzing, because the United Nations (U.N.) was coming to town. On Sunday, January 19, 1964, the front page of theAtlanta Daily World, the city's oldest black newspaper and the South's only black daily, announced, “United Nations Rights Panel to Visit Atlanta.” The U.N. Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (Sub-Commission), theDaily Worldexplained, was a fourteen nation “body that surveys the worldwide problems of discrimination.” The Sub-Commission had been invited to Atlanta by Morris Abram, a former Atlanta attorney and the lone United States member of the Sub-Commission, to study first-hand the city's well-publicized, efforts to improve in race relations. Sunday morning'sDaily Worldalso noted that the U.N. delegation “composed of experts, mostly lawyers and jurists” was in the midst of drafting a global treaty designed to end racial discrimination, and the local paper highlighted Abram's role as the primary drafter of the race accord. “Mr. Abram, as the U.S. expert on the subcommission has proposed a sweeping eight-point treaty,” the article reported. According to theDaily World, the pending race treaty—the treaty that would ultimately become the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD or Convention)—would address “segregation, hate groups and discrimination in public accommodations.”

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Kiseleva, O. A. "Judgment on the merits of the International Court of Justice of January 31, 2024, case Ukraine vs Russian Federation." Law Enforcement Review 8, no. 2 (June 22, 2024): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2024.8(2).149-157.

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The subject. The number of authors who consistently try in their works to “bury” international justice, as well as international law itself, behind the ideas of politicization, bias and unenforceability, has grown significantly today. The political and legal developments of modern international law should still be assessed comprehensively and in detail. First of all, legal events are the is Judgment on the merits of the International Court of Justice of January 31, 2024, case of Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine vs. Russian Federation).Materials and methods. This research carried out a scientific analysis of the Judgment on the merits of the ICJ dated January 31, 2024. The subject of the study also included other law enforcement acts of the International Court of Justice in this case and in other cases, as well as normative acts of international law.Discussion. The judgment on the merits of the UN International Court of Justice dated January 31, 2024 was one of the most expected and unexpected for many. It is an ambiguous event that requires multifactor analysis. The author analyzed the procedure for considering this dispute, the stated subject and basis of the dispute in conjunction with the decisions of the Court itself on jurisdiction, and assessed the adopted final decisions on the merits of the dispute. It is safe to say that for Russia this decision of the Court is in many ways positive. The positions of the Court in the examined act allow us to draw conclusions not only on the issues of the dispute itself, on the merits of which it was decided, but also regarding the advisability of preserving international justice, which has shown viability and independence.The main results and conclusions. The author analyzes the case review process, the subject of the dispute, which was declared by the applicant and actually considered by the Court, in conjunction with the judgments of the Court on the issue of jurisdiction, and the author gave a legal assessment of the final judgment on the merits of the case. It is safe to say that this Court,s judgment has a positive meaning in many aspects for Russian Federation. The positions of the Court in the act examined allow us to draw conclusions not only on the issues of the case itself, on the merits of which it was rendered, but also on the expediency of preserving international justice, which has shown viability and independence.In addition, the International Court limited itself to proving Russia's guilt in only two minor episodes of international legal violations of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism of 1999 and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 1965. The Court avoided from orders for damages.

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Книги з теми "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)"

United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Teaching, education, culture and information as means of eliminating racial discrimination: Implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Article 7. New York: United Nations, 1985.

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Ireland, Department of Justice Equality and Law Reform. United Nations International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: First national report by Ireland as required under Article 9 of the Convention on the legislative, judicial, administrative or other measures adopted to give effect to the provisions of the Convention. Dublin: Stationery Office, 2004.

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Sandra, Fredman, and Academy of European Law, eds. Discrimination and human rights: The case of racism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

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Directorate, Canada Human Rights. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Ottawa, Ont: Dept. of the Secretary of State of Canada, 1985.

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Heritage, Canada Canadian, and United Nations, eds. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: Adopted and opened for signature and ratification by General Assembly resolution 2106 A(XX) of 21 December 1965 ; entry into force: 4 January 1969, in accordance with article 19 ; Canada signed the Convention on August 24, 1966 and ratified it on October 14, 1970. Ottawa: Human Rights Directorate, Canadian Heritage, 1985.

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United Nations. Department of Public Information., ed. Combating racial discrimination: United Nations Declarations on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination and the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. New York: United Nation's, 1985.

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Canada. Dept. of the Secretary of State of Canada., ed. International convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination: Eighth report of Canada. [Ottawa]: Dept. of the Secretary of State of Canada, 1986.

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Ion, Diaconu. Racial discrimination. Den Haag: Eleven International Pub., 2011.

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N.Y.) Meeting of the States Parties to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (13th 1990 New York. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: Official records, Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties, 16 January 1990 : decisions. New York: United Nations, 1991.

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N.Y.) Meeting of the States Parties to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (12th 1988 New York. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: Official records, Twelfth Meeting of States Parties, 15 January 1988 : decisions. New York: United Nations, 1989.

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Частини книг з теми "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)"

Ang, Pei Soo, and Yoke Leng Kock. "Contesting Views in the Representation of ICERD Ratification in English Language Newspapers." In Discursive Approaches to Politics in Malaysia, 163–84. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5334-7_9.

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AbstractThe International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a treaty endorsed by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1965. It advocates ending discrimination based on ethnicity and prohibiting the circulation of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred towards ethnic origin. Malaysia is one of the 14 member states that has not ratified ICERD. When the Pakatan Harapan government announced a review of the treaty in October 2018, it sparked a series of protests expressing resentment, predominantly by political and religious leaders, although the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) explained that ratification of ICERD would help to mould a united Malaysia. This chapter aims to unpack how articles in mainstream English language newspapers discursively represent the sentiments of the various parties for and against ICERD. Employing the dialectical relational approach, and premised upon membership categorisation and identity politics, this chapter studies New Straits Times and The Star and unveils the interplay of racial, social, and political voices and the justifications for the positions taken. The findings indicate that ICERD is largely constructed by social actors using the discourses of fear, threat, and discrimination against the Bumiputeras, who seemingly would be undermined by the minorities. These are discursively manifested in hypothetical forms through the use of conditionals and modality as well as overlexicalisation of vocabulary to intensify the tone of extremity. The debates on ICERD employing the discourses of identity politics seem to be for political gains rather than for the interest of equality and human rights for all Malaysians.

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Oellers-Frahm, Karin, and Andreas Zimmermann. "International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination." In Dispute Settlement in Public International Law, 338–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56626-4_18.

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Byrne, Iain. "6. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women." In The Human Rights of Street and Working Children, 110–36. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780446141.006.

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Schabas, William A. "The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination." In The International Legal Order's Colour Line, 244—C9N248. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197744475.003.0009.

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Abstract The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is the principal treaty of the United Nations system concerning racial discrimination. Its origins can be traced to initiatives within the Sub-Commission on Human Rights prompted by the ‘swastika epidemic’ in developed countries of late 1959 and early 1960. It led to adoption of a General Assembly Declaration in 1963. The new African members of the United Nations pushed for adoption of a treaty. It was quickly drafted and adopted in 1965. The Convention defines racial discrimination and imposes various obligations, including the suppression of incitement to racist hatred. The Convention is monitored by the Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, an expert body that receives periodic reports as well as petitions from individuals and States.

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Patrick, Thornberry. "Part III Organs Monitoring Treaty Compliance, 9 The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)." In The United Nations and Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198298373.003.0010.

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This chapter studies the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), the oldest of the monitoring bodies of the UN ‘core’ treaties. Preceded by a Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination in 1963, the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 21 December 1965 and entered into force on 4 January 1969. CERD oversees the implementation of the Convention. The chapter evaluates how CERD has worked to deliver its mandate, where it has innovated, and where it has been able to draw upon the wider human rights acquis to ground its positions, and where it may have struggled to deliver. It focuses on a number of issues around the core principles: discrimination and the grounds thereof; special measures; segregation; and the problem of addressing hate speech.

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"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965." In International Human Rights Law Documents, 34–44. Cambridge University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316677117.008.

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Thornberry, Patrick. "United Nations Instruments on Racial Discrimination." In International Law and the Rights of Minorities, 257–71. Oxford University PressOxford, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198256205.003.0029.

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Abstract On 20 November 1963, the United Nations General Assembly in Resolution 1904(XVIII) proclaimed the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. It had previously been suggested at the Sub-Commission’s session in 1961 that the Assembly should be encouraged to undertake the preparation of an international convention which would impose specific legal obligations on the parties to prohibit manifestations of racial and national hatred. The Economic and Social Council recommended to the General Assembly the adoption of a draft resolution on ‘Manifestations of Racial Prejudice and National and Religious Intolerance’. The item was allocated to the Third Committee of the General Assembly which decided to split the issues of racial discrimination and religious intolerance,3 adopting separate resolutions on the two issues. Resolution 1780(XVIII) requested the Economic and Social Council to ask the Commission on Human Rights to prepare a draft declaration on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination and a draft international convention on the same topic.

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Keane, David, and Annapurna Waughray. "Conclusion." In Fifty Years of the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781784993047.003.0015.

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The United Nations does not seek a world cut after a single pattern, nor does it consider this desirable. The United Nations seeks only unity, not uniformity, out of the world’s diversity. – Ralph Bunche, Nobel Lecture (1950)¹ The collection has charted the forces behind the drafting and entry into force of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) in 1965, and in the fifty years of its implementation under the aegis of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), its evolution from a narrow focus on colonialism and apartheid to an instrument governing a wide range of groups and themes. The number of ratifications means that the obligations found in the treaty are near-universal in reach. Its provisions at times betray their age but have nevertheless proven very capable of application to contemporary aspects of racial discrimination. The title of this collection has ensured a focus on the treaty as a ‘living instrument’, but this does not always entail dynamic or evolutive interpertation. Complex questions of treaty interpretation coexist with straightforward applications of clear provisions to contemporary situations that confront the Committee. The text of ICERD has not changed since 1965; there are no protocols to the instrument. Its text has proven capable of a remarkable array of applications, and has framed the development of an in-depth corpus of international standards on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination....

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Keane, David, and Annapurna Waughray. "Introduction." In Fifty Years of the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781784993047.003.0001.

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The United Nations exists not merely to preserve the peace but also to make change – even radical change – possible. –Ralph Bunche, Nobel Lecture (1950)¹ On 21 December 1965, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)² was adopted in the United Nations General Assembly in plenary session by 106 votes to none....

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"The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination [1966]." In Human Rights from Exclusion to Inclusion: Principles and Practice, 177–85. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004478664_015.

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