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Статті в журналах з теми "Institutional change process":
1
Morseli, Alessandro. "AN INSTITUTIONALIST-CONVENTIONALIST APPROACH TO THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC CHANGE." Economic Thought journal 67, no. 4 (October 11, 2022): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56497/etj2267401.
Анотація:
This paper highlights the problems that neoclassical theory encounters in providing a comprehensive explanation of the process of economic change. Whereas institutionalism combined with conventionalism has the merit of conceptualising economic and social processes, showing that institutions are the result of social interaction and not just structures produced by rational and maximising individuals. The Economics of Convention provides a theory of rules that is close to institutional foundations. Thus, an institutionalist-conventionalist approach will explain the interaction between individuals and institutions, shaping goals and desires, in a process of economic change due to institutional change.
2
Hill-Esler, Chelsey. "Determinants of Process Change Outcome." International Journal of Business Intelligence Research 4, no. 4 (October 2013): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbir.2013100104.
Анотація:
This research looks to explore business process change within an institutional framework to determine its applicability in identifying determinants of success and failure in Business Process Change efforts. While there are many reasons suggested for failure, elements of the process involving the human factor are the primary area of concern for this study. An extensive literature review of 63 Business Process Change(BPC), including Business Process Reengineering(BPR), Total Quality Management(TQM), Lean Manufacturing(LM), Six Sigma and Continuous Process Improvement(CPI) case studies was conducted to determine the preliminary success/failure factors. The factors that are being investigated in this study are: industry type, number of employees, process change type, change response type, upper management support, lower echelon support, performance measurements, initial change focus and downsizing made during process change. The target variable is the process change outcome. The primary purpose of this study is to examine possible factors that either promote or inhibit success in process change efforts. The factors chosen for inclusion are those that are most closely associated with institutional theory and the human elements associated with process change in the workplace. This information will contribute to the existing research suggesting the congruence between Institutional Theory and Organization Change Theory.
3
de Leeuw, Tim, and Tobias Gössling. "Theorizing change revisited: An amended process model of institutional innovations and changes in institutional fields." Journal of Cleaner Production 135 (November 2016): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.119.
4
DROEGE, SCOTT B., and MATTHEW R. MARVEL. "PROCESS MECHANISMS OF INSTITUTIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 15, no. 02 (June 2010): 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946710001518.
Анотація:
Field and historical data from China delineate two specific process mechanisms that facilitate institutional change: diminished utility of regulatory controls and negotiated boundaries of institutional space. These mechanisms tend to have entrepreneurial origins and, together, create new institutions when in the context of other factors that may be present in emerging economy institutional transition. These mechanisms link praxis, or experiential participation, with institutional change, thus enhancing our understanding of the drivers of entrepreneur-initiated institutional transition. Specifically, the effectiveness of regulatory controls decreases in the presence of collective entrepreneurial action and mobilization. In addition, negotiated boundaries of institutional space increase in the presence of reflective shifts in consciousness and increased activity of potential institutional entrepreneurship.
5
KINGSTON, CHRISTOPHER, and GONZALO CABALLERO. "Comparing theories of institutional change." Journal of Institutional Economics 5, no. 2 (August 2009): 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137409001283.
Анотація:
AbstractThis article compares a variety of theoretical approaches to conceptualizing institutional change. Our goal is neither to discover the ‘best’ theory, nor to attempt to build a new one. Rather, we wish to compare how the theories we consider agree or differ with respect to the causes, process, and outcomes of institutional change. Some of the theories we discuss emphasize the deliberate creation of institutions through the political process, while others emphasize the spontaneous emergence of institutions through evolutionary processes. Still others combine elements of evolution and design. We differentiate a variety of approaches to conceptualizing the interaction between formal and informal rules. We discuss recent theories based on the ‘Equilibrium View’ of institutions, and theories emphasizing the role of habit, learning, and bounded rationality. We also consider theoretical explanations for institutional inertia and path-dependence.
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Hearnea, Robert R., and Guillermo Donosob. "Water institutional reforms in Chile." Water Policy 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0004.
Анотація:
This paper provides a review of the recent institutional changes observed in the water sector in Chile. This review is then used to reflect the Chilean experience in the light of the results concerning institutional change found in existing literature on both institutional economics in general and water institutional economics in particular. These results relate to factors explaining institutional change and the role of endogenous institutional features, such as path dependency and institutional linkages during the reform process. Against a brief description of the main features of the water sector in Chile, the paper provides an overview of Chilean water management institutions and the reforms process ongoing since the 1980s. The factors that motivated institutional changes in Chile's water management include ideology, transactions costs, interest-group behavior and path dependency. While the already observed institutional changes, such as the transferable water rights, water markets and urban water reforms, are all significant, further reforms are delayed by the deliberate legislative process required for changes as a result of the 1980 Constitution. Future water reforms in Chile, therefore, depend on a very difficult process of political reforms needed to change the 1980 Constitution and the 1981 Water Code.
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Svensson, Jenny, Klara Tomson, and Egle Rindzeviciute. "Policy change as institutional work." Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal 12, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrom-05-2016-1380.
Анотація:
Purpose Policy change is frequently framed as resulting from governmental strategy based on explicit preferences, rational decision making and consecutive and aligned implementation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the theoretical perspective of institutional work as an alternative approach to understanding policy change, and investigates the construction of resources needed to perform such work. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a case study of the process wherein the idea of cultural and creative industries was introduced into Lithuanian cultural policy. The main data generating methods are document studies and qualitative interviews. Findings The analysis demonstrates the ways in which the resources needed to perform institutional work are created through the enactment of practice, and through the application of resourcing techniques. Three such techniques are identified in the empirical material: the application of experiences from other fields of practice, the elicitation of external support, and the borrowing of legitimacy. Originality/value The study offers an alternative approach to studies of policy change by demonstrating the value of institutional work in such change. Further, it contributes to the literature on institutional work by highlighting how instances of such work, drawing on a distributed agency, interlink and connect to each other in a process to produce policy change. Finally, it proposes three interrelated resourcing techniques underlying institutional work.
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Ülgen, Faruk. "Financial Liberalization as a Process of Flawed Institutional Change." Journal of Economic Issues 50, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2016.1179055.
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Dewatripont, Mathias, and Gérard Roland. "Transition as a process of large-scale institutional change." Economics of Transition 4, no. 1 (May 1996): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.1996.tb00159.x.
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Edwards, Gwyneth, and Rick Molz. "MNE practice transfer as a process of institutional change." Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration 31, no. 2 (June 2014): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1282.
Дисертації з теми "Institutional change process":
1
Kennan, Mary Anne Information Systems Technology & Management Australian School of Business UNSW. "Reassembling scholarly publishing: open access, institutional repositories and the process of change." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Information Systems, Technology & Management, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43924.
Анотація:
Open access (OA) to scholarly publishing is encouraged and enabled by new technologies such as the Internet, the World Wide Web, their standards and protocols, and search engines. Institutional repositories (IR) as the most recent technological incarnations of OA enable researchers and their institutions to make accessible the outputs of research. While many OA repositories are being implemented, researchers are surprisingly slow in adopting them. While activists promote OA as emanating from the ideals of scholarship, others revile OA as undermining of scholarly publishing's economic base and therefore undermining quality control and peer review. Change is occurring but there are contested views and actions. This research seeks to increase understanding of the issues by addressing the research questions: "How and why is open access reassembling scholarly publishing?" and "What role does introducing an open access institutional repository to researchers play in this reassembly?" This thesis contributes to answering these questions by investigating two IR implementations and the research communities they serve. The research was conducted as an Actor-Network Theory (ANT) field study, where the actors were followed and their relations and controversies explored in action as their landscape was being contested. The research found that central to our understanding of the reassembling of scholarly publishing is the agency emerging from the sociomaterial relations of the OA vision, IR technology and researchers. Being congruent with the aims of scholarship, and also being flexible and mutable, the OA vision enrols researchers to enact it through OA IR, thus transforming scholarly communications. This is counteracted by publishers aligned with the academic reward network within traditional publishing networks. In this delicate choreography the OA IR, its developers, researchers, university administrators and policy makers are merging as critical actors with their more or less congruent vision of OA enacted in their network. The comparative ANT account of the two IR life stories shows how such enactment depends on the degree to which different OA visions could converge, enrol and mobilise other actors, in particular institutional actors, such as a mandate, in transforming researchers' publishing behaviour. This thesis contributes to a novel and in-depth understanding of OA and IR and their roles in reassembling scholarly publishing. It also contributes to the use of ANT in information systems research by advancing a sociomaterial ontology which recognises the intertwining of human and material agency.
2
Kennan, Mary Anne, and Dubravka Cecez-Kecmanovic. "Reassembling scholarly publishing: Institutional repositories, open access, and the process of change." The University of Southern Queensland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105949.
Анотація:
The domain of scholarly publishing is undergoing rapid change. Change has been instigated and produced by the Internet and open access systems â such as disciplinary and institutional repositories and open access journals. However traditional scholarly publishing is strengthening its hold over prestigious journals thus resisting change. How then does the change come about? An attempt at answering this question led us to examine an institutional repository initiative in a University. As we identified and followed the actors (researchers, research papers, reward systems, institutional repository technology, library staff, RQF, etc.) we saw the emergence of new publishing practices and the forces preserving the old ones. By adopting Actor Network Theory (ANT) we came to understand the materiality, relationality and ambiguity of processes of reassembling scholarly publishing. This paper presents preliminary results and thereby informs a wider debate and shaping of open access and scholarly publishing.
3
Petersen, Hans-Georg. "Transformation process after five years: behavioral adaptation and institutional change : the polish case." Universität Potsdam, 1995. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1608/.
Анотація:
Contents:
- Monetary Stabilization and Budgetary Reforms
- Restructuring the Tax System
- Privatization
- The Open Gap: Transfers
- Social Reform: Acceptance and Feasibility
- Some Public Choice Remarks
4
Lake, Danielle Lee. "Institutions and Process." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1153932677.
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Van, Alstine James D. "Contesting corporate environmentalism in post-apartheid South Africa : a process of institutional and organisational change." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2380/.
Анотація:
The environmental governance of multinational corporations in developing countries is relatively understudied. Much of the existing work on the greening of industry focuses on one scale of governance (international, national or local), without adequately accounting for the socio-spatial complexities, either external or internal to the firm, which influence the take up and implementation of corporate environmentalism at the site level. My thesis explores how and why corporate environmentalism has evolved in three South African fuel oil refineries (two in Durban and one in Cape Town) between 1994 and 2006. Institutional and organisational theory, with insights from the literature on spatialities of corporate greening, informs this study. An analytical framework of multinational corporation complexity and organisational field dynamics is established to explore the process of institutional and organisational change. At the macro or organisational field level, actors compete to construct meanings of legitimate corporate environmental practice. Organisational fields are shaped by the interaction between institutional actors, institutional logics and governance structures. At the micro level, firm legitimation strategies and characteristics may explain how corporate greening differs. The research findings are triangulated using key informant interviews, document analysis and social network analysis. Punctuated by key events, bifurcated processes of institutional and organisational change are documented. In Durban changing normative and cognitive institutions drove the evolution of regulation: above all, an internationally networked civil society exercised discursive power by demanding environmental justice and corporate accountability from the private and public sectors. In Cape Town the organisational field remained fragmented as community-driven discursive strategies did not achieve significant governance outcomes and institutional and organisational change evolved more slowly. The company with the most significant home country and parent company pressure, Shell/Sapref, made the most gains in repairing its legitimacy and improving its environmental performance. In sum, corporate environmentalism in post-apartheid South Africa has been contested and constructed by processes of scalar and place-based politics.
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Lamont, John. "An exploration of the institutional pressures and reconciliation strategies encountered in the process of technological change." Thesis, Ulster University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.692825.
Анотація:
This study sought to explore the pressures and reconciliations of the Technological Change associated with social media adoption at both an internal and external level through the theoretical lens of Institutional Theory. It employed a qualitative approach, utilising semi-structured interviews to gather data from various human actors internal and external to the organisation. The research process consisted of interviews with social media managers and consultants through the United Kingdom (UK), Republic of Ireland (RI) and the United States of America (USA) over a 25-month period. Findings highlighted that Institutional pressures are significant at four levels: External stakeholder, Platform, Internal stakeholder and Independent forces. This study revealed that reconciliation of Technological Change pressures can be refined into four distinctive strategies, which are both implicit or explicit in nature: non isomorphic behaviour, utilise internal capabilities, strategies and utilise external resources. Among the theoretical contributions of this thesis, is the extension of the understanding of mimetic isomorphism, as the same pressures that constrain Technological Change can assist with the reconciliation of pressures. Further, it highlights that a cohort of Institutional Entrepreneurs can work together to achieve Technological Change. It confirms the rate of innovation is not only a critical concern once the technology has been adopted but it is also a concern in the pre adoption phase. The theoretical framework developed offers a significant contribution to the existing literature highlighting that Technological Change is an ongoing process and a layer of institutional pressures must be navigated through appropriate reconciliation techniques to achieve change.
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Moon, Hyungyung. "Tracing the process of institutional change : the case of the National Pension Scheme reforms in South Korea." Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20895/.
Анотація:
This thesis analyses the causal pathway through which the National Pension Scheme (NPS) in South Korea has been transformed. The scheme that was introduced in 1988 experienced two major reforms in 1998 and 2007, and they took place even before full pensioners who met minimum years of pension contributions existed. The aim of this thesis is to illuminate the way in which the two reforms unfolded, by investigating whether existing theories of welfare states can have explanatory power. Founded on historical institutionalism emphasising the dynamic interplay between institutions and actors, the research employs a process tracing method to unpack the causal mechanism of the NPS reforms. Given that current scholars discuss its methodological aspects mainly, this thesis attempts to put process tracing in practice. The thesis formulates the causal mechanism from Kim and Choi’s theory (2014) that pays attention to the role of welfare bureaucrats in the reform process, while examining the validity of other theoretical approaches too. Based on internal documents and elite interviews with those involved directly in the NPS reforms, the findings suggest that the welfare bureaucrats did play a primary role in reforming the scheme in a parametric way. Several welfare state theories are also tested to address the issue of equifinality. The findings indicate that Kim and Choi’s theory is highly likely to be the sole approach encompassing “both” reforms, while the 2007 reform requires further research for the validity of alternative theories such as policy transfer via international organisations and the impact of neoliberalism. Consequently, profound differences existed in pension politics between the pre-reforms and the period of the reforms. Through the case study, the research also reveals the strengths and weaknesses of process tracing as well as its application to political research, and makes suggestions for further research.
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Raza, Reehana Rifat. "Institutional change, rent-seeking and the restructuring process in the Indonesian public sector : a case study of Perusahaan Listrik Negara." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613766.
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Reis, Luciano Gomes dos. "A influência do discurso no processo de mudança da contabilidade gerencial: um estudo de caso sob o enfoque da teoria institucional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-12122008-114137/.
Анотація:
No atual ambiente corporativo, a implementação de mudanças organizacionais tornou-se um fato freqüente. Nesse processo de mudanças, o discurso organizacional presente nos textos produzidos pela alta administração, que constituem o discurso formal, acaba expressando pensamentos nem sempre aceitos sem questionamentos por todos os gestores da organização, dificultando o processo de mudança. A presença de discursos menos coerentes ou de discursos que competem com o discurso organizacional pode dificultar ou mesmo comprometer a eficácia do processo de mudança. Esta tese defende que, na ocorrência de um processo de mudança da Contabilidade Gerencial numa organização, o discurso influencia os níveis de institucionalização de novos conceitos que se desejam implementados. Para realizar o estudo a respeito dessa influência, utilizou-se de uma abordagem da Teoria Institucional, sob o enfoque da Velha Economia Institucional, usando-se como arcabouço teórico o modelo proposto por Burns e Scapens (2000), com ênfase nos estágios de codificação e institucionalização, bem como o modelo discursivo de institucionalização proposto por Phillips et al. (2004). O método de pesquisa aplicado foi o estudo de caso único, realizado na Caixa Econômica Federal, uma instituição financeira pública de grande porte que realiza simultaneamente atividades de natureza social (como uma agência governamental de fomento e administração exclusiva de fundos) e de natureza econômica (como um banco comercial que compete com outras instituições no mercado financeiro), a qual passou recentemente por um processo de mudanças profundas em sua Contabilidade Gerencial. Por meio da análise documental, seguida da realização de entrevistas com gestores da administração central e da análise do discurso, foi possível detectar a coexistência de dois discursos na organização: discurso social e discurso econômico. Posteriormente, foram aplicados questionários aos gestores das agências e gestores de produtos, usuários do Sistema de Contabilidade Gerencial, obtendo-se 4.259 respostas, no intuito de se verificar a ocorrência de associações entre os discursos e os níveis de institucionalização dos novos conceitos implementados na mudança. Os dados coletados foram objeto dos seguintes tratamentos estatísticos: estatística descritiva, Análise da Variância (ANOVA), Análise de Homogeneidade (Homals) e Análise de Correspondência (ANACOR). Verificou-se que há uma associação positiva entre a concordância com os conceitos de Contabilidade Gerencial e a concordância com o discurso econômico. Os indivíduos classificados como mais aderentes ao discurso econômico encontram-se associados positivamente entre um nível de institucionalização forte e médio, enquanto os indivíduos classificados como aderentes ao discurso social apresentaram associação positiva com o nível de institucionalização fraco. Dessa forma, os resultados sugerem que há influência do discurso no processo de institucionalização de conceitos de Contabilidade Gerencial, corroborando as proposições de Phillips et al. (2004), de que uma maior coerência entre discursos e conceitos presentes em textos tende a produzir instituições mais fortes e a existência de competição, entre dois discursos, pode dificultar um processo de mudança conceitual. À luz desses resultados, infere-se que o discurso, quando inserido em um processo de mudança conceitual, deva ser estruturado de acordo com as características e com o repertório de crenças de seu público-alvo, o que poderá provocar uma união coerente entre o exercício da linguagem e a prática operacional, possibilitando a transformação do campo institucional para o campo de ação de forma eficaz.Within the current corporative environment, the implementation of organizational changes has been frequent. In this process of changes, the organizational discourse, found in the formal texts produced by the high administration, eventually expresses thoughts not always accepted before being firstly questioned by the other managers and that may cause difficulties for the changing process. The presence of less coherent discourses or discourses that challenge the organizational discourse may hinder or even affect the efficacy of changes. This thesis advocates that during a changing process within the Managerial Accounting of an organization, the discourse influences the levels for institutionalizing new concepts. This study of such influence was carried out by means of the Institutional Theory under the focus of the Old Institutional Economy, having as its theoretical framework the model proposed by Burns & Scapens (2000), emphasizing the stages of codification and institutionalization, as well as the discourse model of institutionalization proposed by Phillips et al. (2004). The research method consisted of a single case study related to Caixa Econômica Federal, a large public financial institution which performs social activities (as a governmental agency for funding and exclusive administration of funds) and economical activities (as a commercial bank which competes with other institutions in the financial market), which has recently undergone a process of deep changes in its Managerial Accounting. Through an analysis of documents, followed by interviews with central administration managers and discourse analysis, the co-existence of two discourses in the organization could be detected: social discourse and economical discourse. Later, questionnaires were applied to the managers of the bank branches and the managers of products, and to the users of the Managerial Accounting System in order to verify associations between the discourses and the levels of institutionalization of the new concepts. Out of the questionnaires, 4,259 answers were obtained. The data were submitted to the following statistical treatments: descriptive analysis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Homogeneity (Homals) and Analysis of Correspondence (ANACOR). It could be verified that there is a positive association between the concordance with the concepts of Managerial Accounting and a concordance with the economical discourse. The individuals classified as most adherent to the economical discourse are those positively associated with and between a strong or average level of institutionalization. On the other hand, those individuals adherent to the social discourse have a positive association with the weak level of institutionalization. Thus, the results suggest that the discourse influences the process for institutionalizing concepts of Managerial Accounting and corroborate the propositions of Phillips et al (2004) for a greater coherence between discourses, that concepts within texts may lead to stronger institutions, and that the existence of competition between two discourses may hinder the process of conceptual change. In face of these results one may say that the discourse, whenever placed in a process of conceptual change, must be structured according to the characteristics and beliefs of the target public, which may cause a coherent union between the exercise of the language and the operational practice and allow for an efficient transformation of the institutional site into a field of action.
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Lake, Danielle L. "Institutions and process /." See Full Text at OhioLINK ETD Center (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader for viewing), 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?toledo1153932677.
Книги з теми "Institutional change process":
1
North, Douglass Cecil. Understanding the process of economic change. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2005.
2
Li, Linda Chelan. Rural tax reform in China: Policy process and institutional change. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
3
North, Douglass Cecil. Understanding the process of economic change. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2010.
4
Tamer, Çetin, and Yilmaz Feridum, eds. Understanding the process of economic change in Turkey: An institutional approach. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, 2010.
5
Peter, Eckel, and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. Examining the institutional transformation process: The importance of sensemaking and inter-related strategies. Washington, DC: Dept. of Educational Leadership, Higher Education Administration Program, George Washington University, 2000.
6
Gano-Phillips, Susan, and Robert W. Barnett. A process approach to general education reform: Transforming institutional culture in higher education. Madison, WI: Atwood Pub., 2010.
7
Thomas, Heberer, and Schubert Gunter 1963-, eds. Regime legitimacy in contemporary China: Institutional change and stability. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2006.
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Seidman, Ann Willcox. State and law in the development process: Problem solving and institutional change in the Third World. New York, N.Y: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
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Seidman, Ann. State and law in the development process: Problem solving and institutional change in the third world. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994.
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Remuss, Nina-Louisa. Theorising Institutional Change: The Impact of the European Integration Process on the Development of Space Activities in Europe. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95978-8.
Частини книг з теми "Institutional change process":
1
Carrillo, Daniela, and Patrizia Farina. "Halting the Process." In COVID-19: Cultural Change and Institutional Adaptations, 96–111. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003302612-7.
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Jakee, Keith, and Heath Spong. "Uncertainty, institutional structure and the entrepreneurial process." In Change, Transformation and Development, 125–44. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2720-0_8.
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Snorek, Julie. "Local Institutions, Collective Action, and Divergent Adaptation: Case from Agro-Pastoral Niger." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2117–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_186.
Анотація:
AbstractAdaptation is a highly contextual process, framed by institutions. When one group’s adaptation to climate hazards reduces another’s adaptive capacity, this is called divergent adaptation. The nuances of divergent adaptation are revealed in how institutions influence divergent adaptation outcomes, either to exacerbate conflict or to bring about greater peace and cooperation. By examining the sometimes conflicting adaptations of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in Niger, this chapter describes the process of divergent adaptation through an institutional analysis from multiple scales. At the national scale, climate change adaptation policies and perspectives are entrenched in sedentarization politics vis-à-vis pastoral livelihoods. At the local scale, pastoralists take a defensive position as an adaptation pathway, to ensure secure passage with their livestock to water and pasture. However, in localities where local institutional actors have enhanced collective action arenas in which pastoral and agro-pastoral groups are represented, conflict dynamics are abated. Climate adaptation is not without conflict; however, local and sub-national institutions are critical to providing opportunities for collective action, cooperation, and peace in the context of divergent adaptation. Based on these findings, it is recommended that conflict and adaptation management and planning be integrated at multiple scales.
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Snorek, Julie. "Local Institutions, Collective Action, and Divergent Adaptation: Case from Agro-Pastoral Niger." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_186-1.
Анотація:
AbstractAdaptation is a highly contextual process, framed by institutions. When one group’s adaptation to climate hazards reduces another’s adaptive capacity, this is called divergent adaptation. The nuances of divergent adaptation are revealed in how institutions influence divergent adaptation outcomes, either to exacerbate conflict or to bring about greater peace and cooperation. By examining the sometimes conflicting adaptations of pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in Niger, this chapter describes the process of divergent adaptation through an institutional analysis from multiple scales. At the national scale, climate change adaptation policies and perspectives are entrenched in sedentarization politics vis-à-vis pastoral livelihoods. At the local scale, pastoralists take a defensive position as an adaptation pathway, to ensure secure passage with their livestock to water and pasture. However, in localities where local institutional actors have enhanced collective action arenas in which pastoral and agro-pastoral groups are represented, conflict dynamics are abated. Climate adaptation is not without conflict; however, local and sub-national institutions are critical to providing opportunities for collective action, cooperation, and peace in the context of divergent adaptation. Based on these findings, it is recommended that conflict and adaptation management and planning be integrated at multiple scales.
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Petersen, Hans-Georg. "Transformation Process Five Years On: Behavioural Adaptation and Institutional Change in Poland." In Studies in International Economics and Institutions, 39–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72111-3_4.
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Lee, Seungjoo, and Sang-young Rhyu. "Policy Ideas and Interest Alignment in the Process of Institutional Change in Chaebol Reform." In The Political Economy of Change and Continuity in Korea, 15–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71453-0_2.
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Reimers, Fernando M. "The Role of Universities Building an Ecosystem of Climate Change Education." In Education and Climate Change, 1–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57927-2_1.
Анотація:
AbstractThis chapter introduces the field of climate change education, noting the paradox that in spite of many efforts at incorporating climate change in education policy and curriculum frameworks, and a diversity of practices in schools, there is little evidence that such efforts are contributing to adaptation, mitigation or reversal of climate change. The chapter reviews the role of international development organizations advocating for and developing frameworks in support of climate change education. This is followed by an analysis of ongoing efforts of climate change education.The chapter argues that more effective education for climate change at the primary and secondary education levels around the world requires context specific strategies that align the specific learning outcomes with the impacts of climate change in that context. Implementing those strategies requires the development of institutional capacity in schools that is aligned to the stage of institutional development of the school. The chapter explains how a multidisciplinary framework that accounts for the cultural, psychological, professional, institutional and political dimensions of the change process can support the development of collaboration and coherence in implementing those climate change education strategies. Those strategies need to also specify the particular populations that need to develop such competencies and the optimal means of delivery. The chapter also situates the literature on climate change education within the larger context of the literature on deeper learning, twenty first century skills and education system change, explaining how deeper learning in climate change education might influence attitudes and behaviors in ways that prevailing didactic approaches focused principally on the transmission of scientific knowledge do not.To develop such context specific climate change education strategies and to build the institutional capacity to implement them, the chapter makes the case for more intentional engagement of universities, in partnership with schools and non-formal education organizations. This would serve the dual role of providing support for schools in advancing climate change education, while also educating higher education students on climate change through problem based, participatory and contextually situated approaches.
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Hornung, Johanna. "Political Institutions and Public Policy." In International Series on Public Policy, 67–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05774-8_3.
Анотація:
AbstractIn order to shed light on this missing link between programmatic action and political institutions, this chapter reviews how institutions are currently discussed in policy process research in order to derive hypotheses that may explain under which institutional conditions programmatic action should or should not take place. The goal of this overview of the state of the art is twofold. On the one hand, it serves to assess the contribution of the PAF to existing theories of the policy process and the understanding of institutions in it. In doing so, it becomes clear why a new theoretical lens is needed and where and why the PAF is able to fill gaps left by others. On the other hand, the established approaches to explaining policy change and stability with respect to policy processes contain assumptions and hypotheses about the role of institutions that can be integrated into the PAF and help sharpen the analytical power of a look at the institutional conditions for programmatic action. They do this by formulating mechanisms between theoretical concepts that can also be adapted, or at least assumed to be relevant, to the formation of programmatic groups and the success of the group and its program. At the very least, they lay the groundwork for the question that asks about the influence of institutional settings familiar in comparative politics on policy change.
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Marrone, Marco, and Giorgio Pirina. "A Variegated Platform Capitalism? Algorithms, Labour Process and Institutions in Deliveroo in Bologna and Uber in Lisbon." In Springer Studies in Alternative Economics, 189–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49147-4_12.
Анотація:
AbstractThis paper addresses the topic of platformisation of labour by investigating two case studies: Uber in Lisbon and Deliveroo in Bologna. According to the theoretical frameworks of variegated capitalism and supported by the analysis of empirical evidence stemming from the ground, the authors outline the hypothesis of a variegated platformisation, that is, the persistence of (dis)continuities in the operations of digital platforms between different socio-institutional contexts. This means that while, on one hand, the platform business model’s logic of accumulation and value extraction is the same regardless of the contexts, on the other side platforms reveal a strong ability to move in (and between) the specific socio-institutional-political regulatory framework. By following the algorithm, which is adopting a multi-sided ethnographic approach investigating how algorithms change across time, space and sectors, the paper will stress both similarities and differences between platform labour process in Deliveroo in Bologna and Uber in Portugal. Finally, while on one hand the conclusion will focus on how institution (still) matter, crucially influencing the development of platforms, on the other it will be stressed the necessity of a more nuanced approach to understand the uneven development of platform capitalism.
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Roobeek, Annemieke J. M. "5. Strategic Management from the Bottom Up: The start of a process of managerial, organizational and institutional change." In Beyond Theory, 67. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dowi.2.07roo.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Institutional change process":
1
SUKHAREV, Oleg, and Vladimir CHAPLYGIN. "ECONOMIC POLICY OF GROWTH: SELECTION OF INSTITUTES AND TECHNOLOGICAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.006.
Анотація:
Purpose – to study the possibilities of institutional theory to establish a modern theory of economic growth, including the factors of institutions and technologies changes. These factors are a set of rules with high coercive force to the agents’ action form a particular mode/model of their adaptation, together with other institutions. Research Methodology – the neoclassical models of economic growth, which may include institutional factors and to study their impact on the growth and change of the factors, into the business practice are applied. The key scientific problem is to choose the right market Institute for a proper way of technological development. The authors use the micro-level analysis of the agents and institutions’ interaction in the process of new technologies appearance. Morphological and taxonomic analysis in order to highlight the models of technological development and economic growth had been applied. Findings – the research results may enrich an economic theory and practice in the area of business models applicability. The findings may assist a business community to influence the general technological development within the national institutional systems. Research limitations – due to the fact that different institutions, structures and technologies act on the economic dynamics at the same time, separating their influence is an independent scientific problem that is not solved in all cases. However, the set of considered institutional factors forms and provides a kind of “manufacturability” of economic growth. Practical implications – the so-called institutional macroeconomics as a practical discipline (which has a very close connection with behavioural macroeconomics) may assist to explore the economic growth from the point of view of changing institutions (firms, business community), labour markets and information – technical and technological changes. Originality/Value – the value of the research consists in the systematization of institutional factors affecting the economic growth, conducting a morphological structural analysis of growth types, which allow identifying eight main growth trajectories in business activity.
2
SOM, Ratana, Raksmey CHAN, and Dănuț Dumitru DUMITRAȘCU. "MANAGING CHANGES IN DEVELOPING WORLD: CASE STUDIES OF BLENDED LEARNING ADOPTION (CHANGE) IN CAMBODIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS." In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2021/03.07.
Анотація:
A conceptualization of change management framework informed that positive change is managed with considerations of type, elements and process. This framework was confirmed by recent situational analyses made at two Cambodia’s public higher education institutions where adoption of Blended Learning (the change) was found to be promising with increased students’ satisfaction, increased lecturers’ involvement and continued program expansion. Employing case study design, this study aims to reconfirm the constructs, suggesting, where possible, for readjustment to make it really works. To that end, in-depth interviews with institutional leadership and key informants and focus group discussion with involved faculties were conducted. Results from the study suggested that although the framework do explain the real management practices on the ground, it had been deformed in a way that allowed the above top management much bigger control on type and elements of change. Middle managements (the Center’s head) whose roles were supposed to have the above controls were left otherwise to manage the whole process of change. While this strategic error, on the one hand, made the above successes far from being institutionalized, it, on the other hand, confirmed the validity of the above framework. For this framework to be most practical, this study recommends that more strategic supports and policies, together with a reliable monitoring and evaluation platform, be developed while internal source of funding should also be secured.
3
Perry, Jill. "Building and Sustaining a Cohesive Ed.D. Program: The Importance of Faculty Collaboration, Vision, and Institutional Structures in the Change Process." In 2020 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1570425.
4
Yasujima, Akira, and Yasunobu Ito. ""Entrepreneuring" of Mature Small- to Medium-sized Companies in Crisis Situation: A Case Study of a Legacy Bakery with 90 Years of History." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005105.
Анотація:
This study aims to elucidate the processes inherent in entrepreneurial activities by exploring how small- to medium-sized mature companies strive to reorganize as they respond to various crises. Specifically, we examine business reorganization processes through a case study of a well-established company in Japan, re-conceptualizing entrepreneurship — commonly considered a static and ambiguous notion — as a dynamic process of “entrepreneuring”. Recently in Japan, anticipation for the “emergence of transcendent individuals“ who generate innovations has been growing. However, there is a paucity of interests in analyses centered on small- and medium-sized mature companies which often grapple with constraints and limitations unique to themselves. In recent years, scholarly discourse have expanded beyond associating entrepreneurship solely with new business ventures, and the significance of dynamically analyzing entrepreneuring as a process in a world where practices and mindsets are already organized (Steyaert 2007: 462) is pointed out in international journals. Additionally, inquiries into how newly organized cultures emerge in the process of organizational and institutional changes (Hjorth & Reay 2022: 159) have gained traction. The conceptual viewpoint of entrepreneuring is shifting from methodological individualism towards practicalism and relationism. Building on these premises, this paper presents a hypothesis about the nature of entrepreneuring by delineating a case of organizational restructuring in a company, viewed through the lens of long-term process changes. The subject of this study is a legacy bakery with which a private equity (corporate restructuring) fund, managed by one of the authors (AY), has been engaged since 2019. Before the fund’s engagement, the bakery’s financial constraints led to severely limited investments in facilities and to a shortage of middle-ranking and younger staff. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukrainian conflict significantly strained its operations. Under these circumstances, the bakery has been engaged in the process of entrepreneuring in order to diversify its customer base and revamp its business portfolio. We conducted a qualitative examination of the data, which included records from participant-observations spanning nearly five years, individual interviews with key stakeholders and reflection sheets gathered after workshops. Comparative analyses with other cases of corporate turnarounds orchestrated by the fund have also been undertaken. Initially, the company's failure to recognize the necessity for organizational change had impeded attempts at autonomous or internal reorganization. However, the “institutional changes” brought from outside, namely the change in shareholders and the onset of a financial deficit, catalyzed the generation of reorganization efforts. During the process, the “institutions”, or corporate cultures, based on the bakery's decades-old customs created barriers against change. Also, potential conflicts between multiple “institutional logics” historically embedded in the company emerged during the change process. Nevertheless, through ongoing efforts across the organization,the employees began to explore the common benefits that emerged from such conflicts. The results of this study illustrate the process of a gradual diversification of relationships among involved agents that catalyzed the reorganization process. Innovations within small- and medium-sized companies with limited managerial resources can be perceived as processes of reorganization sparked by intersection and amalgamation of various actors representing a constantly evolving performative action.
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McCarty, Justin, and Adam Rysanek. "The New Normals: Architecture Under Climate Change Uncertainty." In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.32.
Анотація:
This paper discusses design research that utilized an existing project development phase to test a methodology for involving multiple projections of climate change in the design a of a present-day institutional building. In the paper an initial argument is laid out for the need for this type of design method. This is followed by a brief explanation of the methodology borrowed from charrette scenario planning and climate impact assessment. A schematic design that is the result of this planning process is then displayed as a jumping-off point to discuss design decision-making under the auspices of an unknown future climate system and the need for site-climate calibration in passive architecture. This design is the composite of three possible “optimal” buildings that represent one program designed for using climate scenarios from three major socioeconomic carbon emissions pathways. The final design is the resultant interpretation of these three futures and the needs they impose on the program and the building as a formal bioclimatic object. Concluding remarks follow the presentation of the design and decision-making theory behind its elements.
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MOGA, Ecaterina. "Strategic development of an innovative team through the formation of an organizational culture and authentic leadership." In Ştiință și educație: noi abordări și perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.v2.24-25-03-2023.p399-402.
Анотація:
Current changes in management practices at the international level, have influenced the concept of institutional management at national level. Today, the openness of managerial staff to ensure quality of the educational process, determines continuous development and openness towards solid innovation. The struggle to promote excellence at its home, urges us to be generating good practices which will provide a change from the inside out, given the fact that we want a society in which efficiency is promoted.
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Oruwari, Humphrey Otombosoba. "Environmentally Sound Technologies for Sustainability and Climate Change in Niger Delta." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211933-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract This paper examines the concepts of environmentally sound technologies and sustainability. Environmentally sound technologies are potential ways capable of mitigating environmental pollution by adopting the use of energy efficient technologies. While sustainability is a process of change in which technological development and institutional change in which the exploitation of resource, the direction of investment, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are made consistent with future as well as present needs. In a broad sense sustainable development must enhance the long-term productivity of the resource base with acceptable environmental impacts. Using literature review and case studies of Britania U, a marginal oil field operator, Total Energy, and Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC). We find that environmentally sound technology can mitigate climate change. The study revealed that Britania used the technology which cleans out poisonous elements and emits smokeless air into the environment thereby mitigating climate change. Also, Total Energy, as part of its drive towards clean energy and reduce carbon emissions embarked on installation of solar energy while SPDC reported 17% decrease in routine flaring in 2020 due to the Southern Swamp Associated Gas Project which captured gas produced alongside oil in the Niger Delta. We find that environmentally sound technologies include all those technologies that reduce the negative impact of products and services on the natural environment. Furthermore, environmentally sound technologies have brought about increased opportunities for energy transition into cleaner forms of energy. We therefore recommend that developing countries try as much as possible to develop the internal capacities and embrace environmentally sound technologies to mitigate the negative consequences of climate change.
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George Saadé, Raafat, and James Wan. "Proposing an Integrated Change Management Model for the United Nations." In InSITE 2017: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Vietnam. Informing Science Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3776.
Анотація:
Aim/Purpose: Using United Nations as the backdrop, this article present a theory-based conceptual model. The results of this empirical study also identify the most influence factors to the success of change management to the United Nations. Background: In 2000, the issue of management reform started taking center stage in the United Nations, and change efforts were presented to various governing bodies regularly as an indicator of organizational performance. However, existing change theories put many efforts on addressing the institutional management and behavior problems. Only a few answered the phenomenon existing in the U.N. context. Methodology: Using the data collected from seven United Nations organizations, we assess the psychometric properties of validated survey items, followed by EFA and then CFA. Contribution: Change management in the United Nations context is rarely being studied. Fifteen items in five constructs describing impact factors for current change process in the United Nations are derived. Findings This article identified five factors, including Communication, Transparency, Culture, Participation, and Resistance, that are the most influence factors with implication to change and change management in the United Nations. Recommendations for Practitioners: To United Nations management professionals, they should not only emphasize on the implementations of the change process, but also, as our findings clearly show, on institutional pressures such as culture. However, the results of this study also show that putting efforts on clear organization’s objectives and procedure, smooth improvement process in place, transparency with the encouragement of staff participation, will significantly reduce such impact from the resistance of staff. Recommendation for Researchers: The U.N. context is changing today at a faster rate. The U.N. is rarely being studied. Organizational theories applied to management frameworks provide great opportunity for research. These studies can also investigate management theories as they apply to the various types of U.N. organizations such specialized ones and other NGOs. Impact on Society: As one of the biggest players in the international political and economic stage with a significant influence on the stability of global society, this study introduces an understanding of this political nature body that does not only benefit the knowledge of the organization but also indirectly impacts on the sustainability of the global community in the long run. Future Research: This research makes significant implications for future studies in the change management theory from an integrated view in the context of the United Nations. That could attract more attention further on an integration of strategic management, the cohesive methodology of project management practices as well as assimilated performance management research from within the U.N. system.
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Skvorcovs, Aleksandrs, Tatjana Titareva, and Graurs Igors. "The development trends of the main drivers for attracting students into the tertiary education sector in Latvia – distance learning and internationalization." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.8013.
Анотація:
The European Union (EC-JRC, 2010), has stressed that higher education must change and adapt to economic and social needs, that institutional change is essential to educational innovation, and that information and communication technologies (ICT) must form part of the teaching and learning process. The second international challenge is to encourage international cooperation between institutions in order to share knowledge across borders and facilitate collaboration (Morin, 2009) and post-cosmopolitan citizenship (Dobson and Bell, 2006). The dramatic decrease of the number of students in Latvia in the last 10 years by 64% and disproportionally high number of HE institutions, makes Latvia’s Government, the Ministry of Education and Science and higher education institutions to look for new ways to structure and optimize the processes in the higher education sector. The main research question of this paper is: the general development trends of the main drivers for attracting more students into the tertiary education sector in Latvia by means of online education and internationalization. The relevance of the research: the authors review the intersections of the distance learning and internationalization as the optimal solutions for the critical situation in the Latvian higher education sector with lack of students.
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Fetelava, Slava. "Antimonopoly policy in Georgia." In V National Scientific Conference. Grigol Robakidze University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55896/978-9941-8-5764-5/2023-113-121.
Анотація:
In the article "Antimonopoly Policy in Georgia", the author emphasizes the role and importance of economic competition policy in the process of formation of a market economy in the country. In addition, it presents the process of formation and development of this policy in Georgia in dynamics, which is divided into fourteen stages, taking into account the expected changes (the creation of the Competition Council and the unification of enforcement mechanisms under the umbrella of one competition body in the future). In addition, the positive and negative aspects of the policy implemented in the country at each stage have been analyzed and a conclusion has been made that the anti-monopoly policy implemented in Georgia since the beginning of the nineties of the last century - in the beginning and in the last period - was outstanding. That is, from the first, second and eighth stages onwards - the practice of antimonopoly regulation can really be considered successful or at least partially successful. Also, the opinion is expressed that after the planned institutional change from January 1, 2025, and finally, with the introduction of the implementation process of the unified antimonopoly policy in the country through one body (National Competition Agency/Competition Council), the enforcement of the antimonopoly policy in the country will be even more successful, which will make the business environment in Georgia safer and more attractive. Keywords: antimonopoly policy, institutional changes.
Звіти організацій з теми "Institutional change process":
1
Molinas, José R., Sebastián Saiegh, Marcela Montero, and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán. Political Institutions, Policymaking Processes and Policy Outcomes in Paraguay, 1954-2003. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011293.
Анотація:
This paper characterizes the evolution of Paraguay's policymaking process (PMP) between 1954 and 2003. The authors present an overview of the PMP under the rule of Alfredo Stroessner (1954-89) and explore the institutional setting emerging after 1989. In addition, they discuss how the Colorado Party progressively broke up into several factions and characterize the distinctive patterns of policymaking that emerged after the adoption of the 1992 Constitution. The authors hypothesize that the presence of a large number of veto players has made policy change more difficult and that legislators are inclined to pursue particularistic policies. In order to test those hypotheses, they rely on a database containing virtually every bill introduced in Congress since April 1992. The conclusions suggest that the current Paraguayan PMP may be flexible for the provision of particularistic benefits but is rigid for the approval of broad regulatory or redistributive policies.
2
Lindquist, Christine, and Tasseli McKay. Sexual Harassment Experiences and Consequences for Women Faculty in Science, Engineering, and Medicine. RTI Press, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.pb.0018.1806.
Анотація:
In a qualitative study of 40 women faculty in sciences, engineering, and medicine (http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SexualHarrassment.htm), respondents at all career levels and fields reported a range of sexual harassment experiences, including gender-based harassment (e.g., gendered insults, lewd comments), unwanted sexual advances, stalking, and sexual assault by a colleague. Sexual harassment experiences often diminished study participants' scientific productivity as energy was diverted into efforts to process emotional responses, manage the perpetrator, report the harassment, or work to prevent recurrences. Many women who experienced sexual harassment adjusted their work habits and withdrew physically or interpersonally from their departments, colleagues, and fields. Study participants who disclosed harassment to a supervisor or department leader often reported that the reactions they received made them feel dismissed and minimized. Sympathetic responses were often met with dismissiveness, minimization, or sympathy, but active or formal support was rarely provided, and women were typically discouraged from pursuing further action. Formal reporting using university procedures was often avoided. University-level reporting sometimes damaged women's relationships with department colleagues. Women who disclosed their experiences often faced long-term, negative impacts on their careers. Study participants identified opportunities to address sexual harassment by (1) harnessing the power of university leaders, department leaders, and peer bystanders to affect the academic climate; (2) instituting stronger and better-enforced institutional policies on sexual harassment with clear and appropriate consequences for perpetrators; and (3) advancing the cross-institutional work of scientific and professional societies to change the culture in their fields.
3
Kearns, Nick, and William Beale. Show me the Money: Perspectives on Applying for Government Research and Development Co-funding. Unitec ePress, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.022.
Анотація:
In 2012-14 Unitec Institute of Technology (in partnership with The Innovation Workshop) carried out research into the application process for New Zealand Government Research & Development [R&D] co-funding administered by the Ministry of Science & Innovation (now Callaghan Innovation Ltd). This research revealed widespread applicant frustration with the application criteria and process. A significant problem perceived by High Value Manufacturing and Service Small Medium Enterprises (HVMS SME) businesses is the focus of R&D funding on product innovation followed by a lack of funding to support later stage commercialisation of products. This later stage of product and market development is excluded from Callaghan Innovation co-funding, leading to ‘prototypes-on-a-shelf’. Applicants also found the process time consuming, due to the complexity of the application questions and the delays in response from the funding network of regional funding partners and the Government Ministry. HVMS SME often used consultants to help manage the application, which is frowned upon by both the regional funding partners and Callaghan Innovation, despite the high levels of co-funding success from these applicants. This work has been carried out during the establishment period of Callaghan Innovation Ltd and some of the above issues may be historic and/or transitional as the institutional arrangements change. This research records the HVMS SME experience in applying for R&D co-funding. Consideration of the user experience, captured in this research, may reveal opportunities to improve the process with better outcomes for the applicants and the economy.
4
Jongbloed, Ben, and Andrea Kottmann. The role of HEInnovate for change processes in higher education institutions. University of Twente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/1.9789036553865.
5
Romero, Antonio. The Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement and relations between European Union and Cuba. Fundación Carolina, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff01en.
Анотація:
This document makes an assessment of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) between Cuba and the European Union (EU) in its four years of validity, and of the evolution of political and economic relations between both parties. The analysis is structured in five headings that address the background, determinants and significance of the PDCA between Cuba and the EU; the main elements discussed in the political dialogue —and in thematic dialogue— between the two parties since 2018, and the central aspects of trade, investment and cooperation relations between Cuba and the EU. The report concludes that, unlike the United States, the EU is able to support the complex process of economic and institutional transformations underway in Cuba, in four fundamental areas: i) technical assistance and advice for the design and implementation of public policies, macroeconomic management, decentralisation and local development; ii) cooperation to fight climate change and transform Cuba’s productive and technological structure; iii) the promotion and encouragement of foreign investment flows from Europe, targeting key productive sectors; and iv) the exploration of financial opportunities for Cuba through the European Investment Bank (EIB) under the current PDCA.
6
Vial, Joaquín, Patricio Navia, John Londregan, and Cristóbal Aninat. Political Institutions, Policymaking Processes and Policy Outcomes in Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011298.
Анотація:
This analysis characterizes the salient features of the policymaking process (PMP) in Chile. It emphasizes the influence of political institutions on the PMP and examines the linkage between policymaking and policy outcomes in Chile. The salient features of the Chilean PMP are the electoral system and the associated party system, characterized by two long-lived coalitions, a powerful Executive, with de facto control over the agenda, a relatively independent judiciary, a bureaucracy that is relatively free from corruption even by the standards of the OECD, and a series of veto points in the policymaking process that permit adversely affected actors to block policy change. Looking at policy areas in cross section, the authors find that policy areas in which policymakers' interests are more nearly aligned, and in which there is more rapid exogenous change, are associated with more successful efforts at reform, while in areas in which the interests of the Executive and the various veto players diverge, policy tends to stagnate.
7
Przeworski, Adam. Structure, Absorb and Regulate. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006823.
Анотація:
This presentation was created for the Seminar: Brainstorming Session: The Political Economy of Productivity: Actors, Arenas, and Policymaking. This discussion includes the point that changes of nominal constitutions do not affect growth as long as the constitutional provisions are observed. In order for institutional growth to occur, institutions must absorb conflicts and process them according to rules. A strategic analysis is needed in order to observe whether the "Strucutre, absorb, regulate" strategy is effective and/or possible and to determine the mechanisms of effect on growth.
8
Abera, Mikyas, Jean Claude Byungura, Raymond Ndikumana, Solomon Mekonnen Abebe, Pierre Celestin Bimenyimana, Rediet Gizaw, and Mustofa Worku Jemal. Implementing e-Learning in low-resourced university settings: A policy and institutional perspectives at the University of Gondar and University of Rwanda. Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/mcf-eli.j11.
Анотація:
The COVID-19 pandemic outbreak affected most universities, and it severely disrupted their face-to-face teaching and learning processes. The University of Gondar (UoG) and the University of Rwanda (UR) were no exceptions. Before the pandemic, E-learning was not an education norm in both institutions. Education was mainly face-to-face, inside a four-wall classroom experience. As COVID-19 restricted such experience, the two universities adopted a range of online platforms to support teaching, learning, and access to learning resources. Across the globe, E-learning solutions promise institutional resilience and innovative teaching and learning activities in tertiary education – but only if their development is embedded within enabling institutional culture, structure, policy, and processes. Against this backdrop, we designed a study to explore leadership and policy perspectives, institutional contexts, potentials/prospects, challenges, and best practices of educational digital solutions. In this exploratory study, we used accessibility and inclusivity as key motifs to frame discussions of results. We used a cross-sectional design and employed qualitative methods to collect data, i.e., document reviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. We adopted a descriptive thematic analysis procedure to organize, analyze, and interpret the data. Overall, the results indicate that education leaders, faculty, and students were not equipped to smoothly transition from face-to-face learning to e-learning in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Not only meeting technological requirements, the accelerated deployment of E-learning tools implied a change in pedagogy. We found that institutional policies were not designed to fully accommodate the change (except for some guidelines proposed during COVID-19). The lack of an e-learning strategy and resource limitations have hindered and continue to impact e-learning uptake in both institutions. We also found that poor internet connectivity, lack of tech devices and software, inadequate leadership commitment, power interruptions or outages, inadequate pedagogical training, low community perception, and poor administrative and technical skills are the challenges of the two institutions to effectively manage full-fledged e-learning programs. These challenges were usually amplified by the nature of national, local, and institutional contexts (e.g., a multi-campus, multi-college setting of UR and a war outbreak in northern Ethiopia). Noting that face-to-face education is still seen as premium, there is a need for a blended approach to e-learning and policies that would improve accessibility to and affordability of E-resources to diverse groups of staff and students. With varying degrees, we found that the two institutions are engaging in activities to promote e-learning. For instance, groups of e-learning Champions are advocating in both institutions for engagements in accelerated change efforts (be it on an e-learning platform, capacity building, access devices, and strategy). Both institutions have units that coordinate e-learning uptake and ensure its inclusivity. Both institutions could also benefit from increased governmental and development partners’ attention to the possibility and support of digital education. However, the issue of social equity and e-learning ecosystem management remains paramount in launching e-learning programs. In sum, we observed that e-learning is still in its nascent stages at both institutions although not at the same level. Their respective e-learning initiatives must integrate global best practices and specific local contexts and priorities. This requires that state and institutional leaders embrace and encourage co-creation, knowledge, and expertise sharing among institutions in low-resource and similar settings.
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Barreix, Alberto Daniel, Jerónimo Roca, and Fernando Velayos. Quo Vadis Income Tax?: Towards the PIT-CA. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007979.
Анотація:
The income tax system has prevailed for more than 200 years. Its capacity to adapt to cultural, economic, political, and social change has made it the greatest raiser of revenue in human history. The 2008 financial crisis and its consequent fiscal crises brought about fundamental administrative changes, notably a greater impulse toward tax transparency. Those changes offer a challenge and an opportunity for the modification of income tax’s design. Financial systems in the developed countries, which needed huge bailouts in a context of widespread insecurity (intervention in banks and insurance companies, plunges in stock markets), ran the risk of losing the competitive advantages stemming from their institutional and regulatory stability. Sovereign debt thus grew dizzyingly as fiscal stimulus initiatives sought to recapitalize capital markets, matched by mounting social disquiet about high unemployment and the acceleration of income concentration. Thus, there was a convergence of interests among States and civil society to put an end to tax opacity. International cooperation commitments on automatic information exchange, more precise determination of business profits in each of the countries involved in the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) project, and knowledge of the beneficial owner, not only help curb tax evasion and avoidance but also make possible changes in tax policy. This study proposes a new form of income tax based on such administrative changes. It suggests a comprehensive personal income tax that covers all of a taxpayer’s worldwide income on an accrual basis (PIT-CA), with the corporate income tax that complements it in its functions as a policy instrument, tax control, and revenue advance (withholding) of the PIT-CA itself. The proposed tax covers a taxpayer’s entire global income, without exception, which is levied on an accrual basis and is fully integrated with corporate income tax. An individual’s final tax treatment will be that of the taxpayer’s country of residence, and therefore any moves designed to secure a lower tax at source will serve little. In our view, this architecture will make it possible to boost the tax’s revenue, efficiency, equity, simplicity, and “coordinability” relative to current models. There is no doubt that the structure of income tax must be modernized in the new circumstances, and this study seeks to contribute to that process.
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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.
Анотація:
20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.