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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Insect pests"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 1 серпня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Insect pests"

Prastyaningsih, Sri Rahayu, and Anna Juliarti. "Jenis-Jenis Hama Serangga Gaharu (Aquilaria mallacensis Lamk) di Desa Kuapan, Kecamatan Tambang, Kabupaten Kampar, Provinsi RIAU." Jurnal Karya Ilmiah Multidisiplin (JURKIM) 3, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jurkim.v3i1.12043.

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The presence of insect pests has an important effect on the success of plant maintenance. The level of attack caused by insect pests can cause plants to die. The purpose of the study was to analyze agarwood plants that were attacked by insect pests and identify the types of insect pests that attack agarwood plants. The research method used is descriptive. The assessment of the level of damage to agarwood plants due to insect pests is calculated based on the criteria for damage caused by insect pests. Identification of insect pests is carried out directly in the field based on the activity of insects that damage agarwood plants. Based on the results of the identification of insect pests that damage agarwood plants, there are 5 types of insect pests, namely the type of White Flea (Pseudococcus sp.), Leaf Caterpillar (Heortia viitessoides), Pitama hermesalis, Coreidae and Locusta migratoria. The insect pest attack rate is 2.3% and is included in the low category. It is necessary to intensive monitoring can insect pest attacks. If the insect pests found, they should clean up the environment from pests

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Devi, Gitanjali. "Management of Dipteran Pests Through Entomopathogenic Nematodes." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 25, no. 2 (March 7, 2024): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2024/v25i2582.

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Dipteran insects are most destructive agricultural pests. They are also vectors of many diseases of human and animal. Much effort has been made to control this pest through chemical treatment. The application of biological control agents has been advocated as an ecofriendly control method for insect pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are obligate insect parasites that can be effective biocontrol agents for many agricultural pests including many Dipteran insect pests. EPNs pose much less threat to the environment than chemical pesticides. However, several biotic and abiotic factors along with method of application influence the bioefficacy of this organism against Dipteran insects. This review paper provides an overview of developments in entomopathogenic nematode research and evaluation of their potential for use against Dipteran insect pests.

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Kusakari, Shin-ichi, Yoshinori Matsuda, and Hideyoshi Toyoda. "Electrostatic Insect Repulsion, Capture, and Arc-Discharge Techniques for Physical Pest Management in Greenhouses." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010023.

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This article reviews the development of electrostatic apparatuses for controlling insect pests in greenhouses. The apparatuses control insects by repelling them, capturing them, and killing them by producing an arc discharge. The single-charged dipolar electric field screen (SD screen) repels insects due to insects’ inherent avoidance behavior toward entering the electric field produced. As this behavior is common to many insect pests, the SD screen effectively prevents many pests from entering a greenhouse. The double-charged dipolar electric field screen (DD screen) has a strong attractive force that captures insects entering its electric field. The DD screen is useful for capturing small insects that pass through a conventional insect net, and unique derivatives of this screen have been invented to trap various insect pests on-site in a greenhouse. An arc-discharge exposer was used as a soil cover to kill adult houseflies that emerged from underground pupae transferred along with cattle manure used for soil fertilization. The houseflies were subjected to arc discharge when they appeared at the soil surface. These apparatuses have the common characteristic of a simple structure, so ordinary workers can be encouraged to fabricate or modify them based on their own needs. This review provides an experimental basis for designing efficient physical measures for controlling insect pests in greenhouses.

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Morya, Gyan Prakash, and Wajid Hasan. "Scenario of climate change impact on insect pests in India." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2023.4113.

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The climate change has been intensified the risk of climate dependent crop production. Increase in temperature can reduce crop duration, increase crop respiration rates, alter photosynthesis process and affect the survival and proliferation of pest populations. The importance of climate and weather events to the distribution of insects and their population dynamics has long been recognized. Insects are poikilothermic in nature and are directly under the control of temperature for their growth. The duration of insect life cycle is altered under increased temperature and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations resulting in variable number of generations per year. The elevated carbon dioxide concentrations are mediated through enhanced photosynthesis in plants for phytophagous insects’ growth and development. Several insect pests, that were important in the past or the minor pests are likely to become more devastating with global warming and climate change. Insect pests cause an estimated annual loss of 13.6% globally and 23.3% in India. Losses due to insect pests are likely to increase as a result of change in crop diversity and climate change. An increase of 0.4ºC average surface temperature over past century in India has led to crop insect pests losses increase from 3.0% during the pre-green revolution period to 50% during the post-green revolution period. The changes of insect pests losses has been increased up to 32%. Considerable knowledge is available on the effects of weather and climatic events on insect pests in India. But concerned to the impact of climate change on insect pests studies are in lag phase. A major portion of the cultivated areas of India covered under rainfed. The rainfed agriculture is directly reciprocal to the climate. So, any changes in the state of climate may cause crop failure due to biotic and abiotic stresses of climatic vagaries. Therefore, detailed study of the climate change scenario, its impact on insect pest management and formulation of coping strategies are of paramount importance to reduce the risk of crop failure. This paper attempt to analyse the review of reported studies on the scenario of climate change impact on insect pests in India to reduce the risk of strategy for effective insect pest management.

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Subekti, N., M. A. Syahadan, and R. R. Milanio. "Comparison of the effectiveness of phostoxin fumigants for controlling insect pests warehouse Lassioderma serricorne and Pholcus phalangioides." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 905, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/905/1/012060.

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Abstract Insects warehouse pests contained in commodities, especially tobacco, can cause a decrease in the quantity and quality of commodities. The main pest insects found in tobacco storage warehouses are Lassioderma serricorne and Pholcus phalangioides. This study aims to analyze and compare the effectiveness of phostoxin fumigants to control insect pests L. serricorne and P. phalangioides. Methods used in this study include preparation of test insects, fumigation application, identification, calculation of mortality, and data analysis. The data were analyzed using one way ANOVA test. The results showed that there was a significant difference in morphility between groups of test insects. The highest mortality was in the group of test insects L. serricorne, which indicated that phostoxin fumigants effectively controlling barn insect pests, especially L. serricorne. To control insect pests warehouses in the future, it is recommended to use biopesticides to be safer for food.

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van Huis, A. "Insect pests as food and feed." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 4 (August 11, 2020): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.x004.

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When insects occur in large numbers, and these are often insect pests, people want to get rid of them. In countries where insects are already consumed, the idea of eating them is quickly formed. Harvesting them as food can be a strategy to replace other methods of control.

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Sandra, Santi, Lizawati Lizawati, and Wilyus Wilyus. "DETEKSI SERANGGA HAMA PADA GUDANG PENYIMPANAN BIJI PINANG (Areca catechu) MENGGUNAKAN BEBERAPA METODEPENGAMBILAN SAMPEL." Jurnal Media Pertanian 6, no. 1 (April 6, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jagro.v6i1.113.

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The research aims to detect insect in betel nut storage (Areca catechu) using some sampling methods. The research was conducted by survey method using three sampling methods, namely hand sampling method, yellow sticky trap method, and dome trap method. The parameters observed were types of insect pests found, insect populations obtained, and abundance of pest insect populations. The research was conducted from July to October 2018 in four betel nut storagesin Jambi City and Muaro Jambi District. Insects found in the betel nut storages with three sampling methods were 28 pest species. In the hand sampling method found 16 types of pest insects, in the yellow sticky trap trap method found 21 types of insect pests, and in the dome trap method found 21 types of insect pests. The dominant insects found in the three sampling methods were Ahasverus advena, Araecerus fasciculatus, Callosobruchus spp., Carpophilus dimidiatus, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma serricorne, Lophocateres pusillus, Oryzaephilus mercator, Typhaea stercorea, and Tribolium castaneum.

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Silva, S., and M. Fancelli. "BANANA INSECT PESTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 490 (September 1998): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.490.39.

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Capinera, J. L. "European Insect Pests." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 32, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/32.3.167.

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Katsaruware-Chapoto, Rumbidzai Debra, Paramu L. Mafongoya, and Augustine Gubba. "Farmer Knowledge of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in the Management of Vegetable Insect Pests in Zimbabwe." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 12 (November 15, 2017): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n12p194.

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Farmer knowledge of insect pests’ risks in a changing climate is important in managing insect pests’ incidence. A total of 250 vegetable farmers from 5 wards in Zimbabwe were sampled using a semi-structured questionnaire to assess their knowledge on climate change risk, its impact on vegetable insects pests and management strategies to reduce the increased incidence of insect pests. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations were also used. Droughts and elevated temperatures were perceived to have the greatest impact on vegetable insect pests resulting in their increased incidence. Aphids, cutworms and whiteflies were identified among the major pests that have increased. The majority (53%) of the farmers cited high vegetable losses from insect pests attack. All the respondents (100%) revealed the use of chemical insecticides during production of vegetables. A higher proportion (60%) perceived effective control, 34% perceived reduced efficacy and 6% were not sure of effectiveness of chemical insecticides. Management strategies to cope with the increasing insect pests and diseases on vegetable production also included planting insect resistant cultivars, certified seeds, increased frequency of application of synthetic insecticides, insecticide mixtures, use of more hazardous chemical insecticides and increasing the rates of application resulting in insecticide overuse. There is need for government to facilitate development and adoption of Integrated Insect Pest Management (IIPM) and raise awareness on avoiding overdependence on chemical insecticides. Modelling tools that support adaptation planning needs to be developed to forecast climate change risk and the resultant incidence of insect pests.

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Дисертації з теми "Insect pests"

Stacey, David Andrew. "Insect pests in a changing climate." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271618.

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Prosdocimi, E. M. "GUT-BACTERIA SYMBIOSIS IN INSECT PESTS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/252503.

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Insects are one of the most fascinating taxa on Earth: their diversity, diffusion, colonization of different niches are unparalleled in the animal kingdom. Besides, they have a remarkable impact on human life: they are parasites for people, animals and crops, vectors of diseases, pollinators, and even breeding animals (e.g. honeybees, silkworms). This extraordinary evolutionary success and diversification is partially due to the symbiotic relationships that insects have with a wide range of bacteria. These symbionts can be divided into primary, secondary symbionts and gut bacteria. Primary symbionts are found in very specialized cells (the bacteriocytes), strictly maternally transmitted and not cultivable. They are essential for their host, and vice-versa: they can actually be considered part of a single organism called “holobiont”. Secondary symbionts are not necessary for the host survival, although often beneficial, and they can inhabit various organs and tissues. In this category fall also reproductive parasites, as Wolbachia, which spreads in the population by maternal transmission, manipulating the reproduction of the host to favour the birth of infected daughters. Finally, gut bacteria are a more vague category, comprising organisms that live in the insect intestine because they are ingested with the diet, but also symbionts that establish a close relationship with the host, being essential for its survival and development. The roles of all these microorganisms are, to different extents, important for the insect physiology. Primary symbionts are generally essential to complement unbalanced diets and secondary ones contribute to the host fitness, while reproduction parasites deeply affect the reproduction mode of their hosts. Even commensals have been demonstrated to influence the development, mating choice and immune responses in Drosophila flies. For these reasons, the understanding of the biology of an insect can not do without the characterisation of its microbiota. In the second chapter of my PhD thesis, a review on the microbial ecology techniques applied to the study of insect microbial communities gives an overview on the methods that can be applied to this purpose. On one hand, molecular analyses based on the 16S gene sequencing, such as 16S rRNA barcoding (pyrotag) and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) are the most powerful methods to get a complete picture of the microbial community composition and structure. Microscopic localisation of symbionts can be also achieved by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation. On the other hand, the isolation of bacteria allows to deeply characterize the cultivable fraction, verifying through direct in vitro tests the activities of the strains. Taking advantage of a strain collection isolated from the target insect, the symbiotic relationship can be investigated through in vivo experiments. The more common ones involve i) the labeling of the strains with fluorescent proteins and the recolonization of the insects, to evaluate their localisation and colonisation ability, ii) the assessment of the detrimental effects of symbionts deprivation on the hosts, and iii) the comparison of insects monoassociated with different strains to check the effects on host fitness. To further analyse the interaction between bacteria and their hosts from a genetic point of view, advanced techniques, such as Signature Tagged Mutagenesis or In Vivo Expression Technology, can be performed. Many of these techniques have been applied in the case studies here presented, in which the microbial communities associated to three insect pests have been characterised. In the third chapter is presented a study on the spotted-wing fly Drosophila suzukii. Unlike its relative D. melanogaster, which feeds on rotten fruit, this fly feeds and lays eggs on healthy fruits. The most damaged crops are members of the Drupaceae family (e.g. cherries) and berries (strawberries, raspberries, blueberries). The bacterial community associated to this pest have been characterised with a focus on acetic acid bacteria (AAB), important symbionts of many sugar-feeding insects. According to our findings, D. suzukii harbours a diverse community of AAB, detected both in the isolate collection and in culture-independent screenings (pyrotag, DGGE). They are primarily localised in the gut, attached to the peritrophic matrix, as showed by FISH micrographs. The ability of three AAB species (Gluconobacter oxydans, Acetobacter tropicalis and Acetobacter indonesiensis) to colonise the gut has been proved by recolonization experiments of the insect using GFP-marked strains. In the fourth chapter, the bacterial community of the wood-feeding beetle Rhynchophorus ferrugineus has been analysed. Commonly named Red Palm Weevil (RPW), this insect is an important pest for palm trees. The plants are damaged mainly by the larvae, which dig tunnels in the trunks until pupation. Bacteria associated to the red palm weevil have been studied primarily by molecular means (pyrotag). Our results outline that the bacteria hosted by R. ferrugineus are mainly acquired from the environment while feeding. Indeed, a sharp difference has been registered between field-caught and bred specimens. While field caught RPW harbour more bacterial taxa which are in common with their feeding plants, the animals fed on apple in the laboratory show a higher prevalence of lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria, which presumably grow on the rotten fruit. The latter result is further confirmed by the bacterial isolations performed on apple-fed specimens. Besides, the DNA sequence of a primary symbiont, Candidatus Nardonella, has been detected. This bacterium has been shown to inhabit a wide range of insects of the same family of the RPW, Curculionidae. The fifth chapter is about the gut bacterial community of Psacothea hilaris hilaris. Native of Japan and east China, this longicorn beetle (family: Cerambicidae) arrived in Italy as a consequence of the wood trade, and settled as a stable population in a small area in Como province. Its larvae dig tunnels in the trunks of the trees of the Moraceae family, while the adults feed on leaves. The most damaged by its feeding habits are mulberry and fig trees. This beetle hosts a variegate gut microbiota, that, as shown by DGGE, greatly changes according to the diet and to the gut tract examined. The cultivable fraction of this microbiota has been tested for several activities that proved the capability of the community as a whole to exploit the food sources in the insect gut (primarily, sugars from plant cell walls) and to assist their host in carbon and nitrogen absorption. Thus, even if acquired from the environment, these bacteria seem to be adapted to a symbiotic lifestyle. From the comparison among these three studies, some conclusions can be drawn. All three case studies outline the importance of the diet in shaping the insect microbial community. In detail, wild insects always show higher diversity and individual variability in their associated microbiota. Reared insects appear, on the contrary, dominated by the species that can rapidly grow on laboratory diets, such as Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales. Secondly, these studies depict a more accurate image of the commensal bacteria, which are not merely acquired by chance through feeding, but are capable to actively colonize insect guts, and to efficiently exploit this niche to multiply and spread in the environment. Finally, the research data point out that the origin and the function of many of the organisms detected in insects are yet poorly understood. For this reason, these studies can be considered a basis to for future research, aimed to a more in-depth understanding of the roles of these bacteria and their interactions with the hosts.

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Jensen, Mari N. "Designer Toxins Kill Bt- Resistant Insect Pests." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622102.

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Huggett, David Alan John. "Potential insect pests of the biomass crop Miscanthus." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7180.

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Farr, Ian John. "Automated bioacoustic identification of statutory quarantined insect pests." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437593.

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Smith, Ethan A. "Is everything connected? following the predators, pests, and plants within a no-till, western Montana agroecosystem /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12212006-142245/.

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Schirocki, Anke Gabriele. "The effect of temperature on invasion and pathogencity of entomopathogenic nematodes (nematoda: Rhabditida) to larvae of Galleria mellonella and Otiorhynchus sulcatus." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308061.

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Williams, Elizabeth Catherine. "Entomopathogenic nematodes as control agents of statutory insect pests." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265978.

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Powell, Kevin Steven. "Antimetabolic effects of plant proteins on homopteran insect pests." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5757/.

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Homopteran insect pests can cause severe economical damage to crop plants by both direct physical means and as vectors of plant viral diseases. They are notoriously difficult insects to control by conventional methods, primarily due to their ability to evolve resistance-breaking biotypes within a relatively short time period. The production of genetically modified crop plants, expressing insecticidal genes, offers a novel method of control for a wide range of insect species. Once suitable gene products, such as plant- derived proteins, have been identified as having insecticidal effect against specific insects in vitro, their effect can be determined in vivo by expressing the relevant gene in transgenic plants. Insect feeding trials were carried out to determine the effects of incorporating a range of plant-derived proteins into artificial diets fed to planthopper, leafliopper and aphid pests and to aphids in planta. The lectins Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and the enzyme soybean lipoxygenase (LPO) were shown to exhibit significant antimetabolic effects towards first and third instar nymphs of rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) when incorporated into artificial diet at 0 1% {w/v}, 0-1% (w/v) and 0 08% {w/v} levels respectively. The lectin GNA was also shown to exhibit a significant antimetabolic effect towards third instar nymphs of the rice green leafhopper (Nephottetix cinciteps Uhler) and the peach potato aphid {Myzus persicae Sulzer). A number of inert proteins, lectins, protein inhibitors and enzymes also tested showed relatively little or no effect towards both insects. The mechanism of action of all three effective proteins was examined using BPH as a model insect. As judged by honeydew production, the proteins all had a deterrent effect on insect feeding. However, subsequent toxic effects are also indicated. When fed sub-optimal concentrations of effective proteins in combination no synergistic or additive effects were observed, indicating that pyramiding the genes of these effective proteins would be of no advantage in protecting the crop against BPH.

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Malek, Robert Nehme. "Novel Monitoring and Biological Control of Invasive Insect Pests." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/257781.

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Invasive species are alien to the ecosystem under consideration and cause economic or environmental damage or harm to human health. Two alien insects that fit this description are the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys and the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula. Both invaders are polyphagous pests that feed on a myriad of plant species and inflict severe crop losses. As sustainable control methods depend on the accurate monitoring of species’ invasion and involve the use of natural enemies, we addressed these two facets by exploring novel monitoring techniques and deciphering host-parasitoid interactions for improved integrated pest management. Thus, we adopted ‘BugMap’, a citizen science initiative that enables students, farmers and everyday citizens to report sightings of H. halys from Italy, with emphasis on Trentino-Alto Adige. Aside from fostering citizen participation in scientific endeavors and the enhanced literacy that ensues, BugMap helped uncover the invasion dynamics of H. halys and forecast its potential distribution in Trentino, all while coordinating technical monitoring and informing management strategies. The most promising agent currently under study for the classical biological control of H. halys is the Asian egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus. To assess the wasp’s potential non-target impacts, we investigated its foraging behavior in response to chemical traces ‘footprints’ deposited by its main host H. halys and by a suboptimal predatory species, the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris. Wasps exhibited a ‘motivated searching’ when in contact with footprints originating from both species. However, T. japonicus arrestment was significantly stronger in response to H. halys footprints, compared with P. maculiventris, implying the presence of underlying chemical cues that shape its natural preferences. A series of GC-MS chemical analyses revealed that n-tridecane and (E)-2-decenal were more abundant in H. halys footprints and are probably the key components utilized by the wasp for short range host location. The function of the aforementioned compounds was studied, n-tridecane acted as an arrestant, prolonging T. japonicus residence time, whereas (E)-2-decenal fulfilled its presumed defensive role and repelled the wasp. These results shed new light on the chemical ecology of T. japonicus and help expand the understanding of parasitoid foraging and its implications for classical biological control. Moving to the other invader L. delicatula, an egg parasitoid Anastatus orientalis was reported attacking it at high rates in its native range in Eastern Asia and may play a key role in reducing its populations there. A series of bioassays revealed that wasps responded to footprints deposited by L. delicatula gravid females by initiating a strong searching behavior. Moreover, A. orientalis preferred to oviposit in egg masses with intact oothecae, suggesting that the host’s egg covering functions as a trigger for A. orientalis probing and oviposition. Thus, A. orientalis not only overcomes, but also reverses an important line of host structural defense for its own fitness gains. This dissertation discusses the benefits of combining citizen science with traditional monitoring, and the usefulness of decoding host-parasitoid interactions to design more efficacious management strategies of invasive insect pests.

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Книги з теми "Insect pests"

Fichter, George S. Insect pests. New York: Golden Press, 1987.

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Gurr, Geoff M., Steve D. Wratten, William E. Snyder, and Donna M. Y. Read, eds. Biodiversity and Insect Pests. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118231838.

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Pinniger, David, and Pinniger David 1943-. Insect pests in museums. London: Institute of Archaeology Publications, 1989.

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Rathore, M. P. Singh. Insect pests in agroforestry. Nairobi, Kenya: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, 1995.

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A, Matthews G., Tunstall J. P, and C. A. B. International, eds. Insect pests of cotton. Wallingford: CAB International, 1994.

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Wylie, F. R. Insect pests in tropical forestry. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: CABI, 2012.

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Dent, David. Insect pest management. Wallingford: CAB, 1991.

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1944-, Barbosa Pedro, and Schultz Jack C, eds. Insect outbreaks. San Diego: Academic Press, 1987.

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Björkman, Christer, and Pekka Niemelä. Climate change and insect pests. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International, 2015.

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Wylie, F. R., and M. Speight, eds. Insect pests in tropical forestry. Wallingford: CABI, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845936365.0000.

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Частини книг з теми "Insect pests"

Dhang, Partho, Philip Koehler, Roberto Pereira, and Daniel D. Dye, II. "Stored product pests." In Key questions in urban pest management: a study and revision guide, 100–107. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620179.0013.

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Abstract This chapter provides key questions in urban pest management, focusing on pests of stored products such as food, clothing, furnishings, artifacts and books. Stored product insects are comprised of only two insect groups or orders. These insect groups are moths (Lepidoptera) and beetles (Coleoptera) which also comprises weevils. Control and management of stored product pests can be achieved by a number of methods. These include a step-by-step process that covers sanitation, proper storage, safe transportation, insecticide application and continuous monitoring.

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Taylor, N. L., and K. H. Quesenberry. "Insect Pests." In Red Clover Science, 111–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8692-4_9.

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Jourdheuil, P. "Insect pests." In Integrated Pest Control in Citrus-Groves, 579. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003079279-90.

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Schulz, J. T. "Insect Pests." In Agronomy Monographs, 169–223. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr19.c6.

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Popay, Alison J. "Insect Pests." In Agronomy Monographs, 129–49. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr53.c9.

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Tadesse, Wuletaw, Marion Harris, Leonardo A. Crespo-Herrera, Body Mori, Zakaria Kehel, and Mustapha El Bouhssini. "Insect Resistance." In Wheat Improvement, 361–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_20.

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AbstractStudies to-date have shown the availability of enough genetic diversity in the wheat genetic resources (land races, wild relatives, cultivars, etc.) for resistance to the most economically important insect pests such as Hessian fly, Russian wheat aphid, greenbug, and Sun pest. Many R genes – including 37 genes for Hessian fly, 11 genes for Russian wheat aphid and 15 genes for greenbug – have been identified from these genetic resources. Some of these genes have been deployed singly or in combination with other genes in the breeding programs to develop high yielding varieties with resistance to insects. Deployment of resistant varieties with other integrated management measures plays key role for the control of wheat insect pests.

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Bentur, Jagadish S., R. M. Sundaram, Satendra Kumar Mangrauthia, and Suresh Nair. "Molecular Approaches for Insect Pest Management in Rice." In Rice Improvement, 379–423. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_11.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the progress made in using molecular tools in understanding resistance in rice to insect pests and breeding rice for multiple and durable insect resistance. Currently, molecular markers are being extensively used to tag, map, introgress, and clone plant resistance genes against gall midge, planthoppers, and leafhoppers. Studies on cloned insect resistance genes are leading to a better understanding of plant defense against insect pests under different feeding guilds. While marker-assisted breeding is successfully tackling problems in durable and multiple pest resistance in rice, genomics of plants and insects has identified RNAi-based gene silencing as an alternative approach for conferring insect resistance. The use of these techniques in rice is in the developmental stage, with the main focus on brown planthopper and yellow stem borer. CRISPR-based genome editing techniques for pest control in plants has just begun. Insect susceptibility genes (negative regulators of resistance genes) in plants are apt targets for this approach while gene drive in insect populations, as a tool to study rice-pest interactions, is another concept being tested. Transformation of crop plants with diverse insecticidal genes is a proven technology with potential for commercial success. Despite advances in the development and testing of transgenic rice for insect resistance, no insect-resistant rice cultivar is now being commercially cultivated. An array of molecular tools is being used to study insect-rice interactions at transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, mitogenome, and metagenome levels, especially with reference to BPH and gall midge, and such studies are uncovering new approaches for insect pest management and for understanding population genetics and phylogeography of rice pests. Thus, it is evident that the new knowledge being gained through these studies has provided us with new tools and information for facing future challenges. However, what is also evident is that our attempts to manage rice pests cannot be a one-time effort but must be a continuing one.

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Mondal, Bholanath, Chandan Kumar Mondal, and Palash Mondal. "Insect Pests and Non-insect Pests of Cucurbits." In Stresses of Cucurbits: Current Status and Management, 47–113. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7891-5_2.

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Berryman, Alan A. "Forest Insect Pests." In Forest Insects, 17–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5080-4_2.

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Chris Williamson, R., David W. Held, Rick Brandenburg, and Fred Baxendale. "Turfgrass Insect Pests." In Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management, 809–90. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr56.c23.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Insect pests"

Bagrov, R. A. "SECONDARY POTATO INSECT PESTS: BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house RGAU-MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-94.

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A biology of number of potato pest insects species is described, which usually considered secondary, but in recent years showing increasing harmfulness: cutworms, armyworms, blister beetles, spider mites. General measures for the management of these pests are briefly presented.

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Gevorkyan, I. S. "APPLICATION OF THE IONIZING RADIATION IN THE PEST CONTROL." In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-67.

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The article briefly discusses the available and existing methods of control of insects-pests of grain reserves and food products. The author concludes about the preferences of the grain reserves irradiation by ionizing radiation. The author points out that to actual date, have been experimentally determined such doses of ionizing radiation, which sterilize or kill the most common insect pests. However, the data obtained are still not enough to organize a wide and comprehensive application of ionizing radiation in pest control. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further in-depth and comprehensive experimental studies of the sensitivity of all types of insect pests to ionizing radiation in order to justify the optimal conditions and modes of irradiation of agricultural and food products. Accumulation of experimental material will allow to study more deeply the reasons and mechanisms of infringement of vital functions of an organism of insects-wreckers under the influence of ionizing radiation, and, thereby, to provide successful fight against these wreckers of stocks.

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Gorban, Victor, Vasile Voineac, and Valentina Maievschi. "Elemente tehnologice de utilizare a capcanelor cu lumină pentru monitorizarea şi combaterea insectelor dăunătoare." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.21.

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Low efficiency of plant protection means is explained by the lack of a centralized forecasting system for the terms to carry out protective measures, lack of modern methods of obtaining primary data for making up reliable short-term forecasts for the development and spread of pests in agricultural agrocenoses. During last years investigations cowering the elaboration of new systems of integrated plant protection became more active by utilization biorational means of plant protection, and electro optic installations. A great attention is accords to elaboration and selection of sources- attractants and new electro optic structures whice must show a high attractively due to a specific irradiation spectrum and, thus, provide a maximum trapping of harmful insects. Application of the light traps is a more perfect method for phenology investigation of many important, in an economic aspect plant pest, and results of insects gathering can by used for elaboration short-term prognoses of insect pests development for rendering more precise the terms for craning out of protection measures. Further the light traps for insect can be used as an independent mean for plant pest combating. In combination with other methods to combat the use of light traps significantly reduces the number of flying pests, and thus caused them harm.

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Fukatsu, Takema. "Symbiotic complements of insect pests." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93930.

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Yoshimura, Tsuyoshi. "Drywood insect pests: An Asian perspective." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93898.

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Spomer, Neil A. "Remote monitoring of urban insect pests." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112948.

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Samanta, R. K., and Indrajit Ghosh. "Mining a tea insect pests database." In 2012 3rd National Conference on Emerging Trends and Applications in Computer Science (NCETACS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ncetacs.2012.6203298.

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Meade, Tom. "Insect resistance traits for control of insect pests in transgenic crops." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93846.

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Battisti, Andrea. "New technologies for surveying forest insect pests." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94391.

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Njoroge, Anastasia Wanjiru. "Bioacoustics of some post-harvest insect pests." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105532.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Insect pests"

Hackett, Kevin, Shlomo Rottem, David L. Williamson, and Meir Klein. Spiroplasmas as Biological Control Agents of Insect Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613017.bard.

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Toward development of spiroplasmas as novel toxin-delivery systems for biocontrol of beetle pests in the United States (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and Israel (Maladera matrida), media for cultivating beetle-associated spiroplasmas were improved and surveys of these spiroplasmas were conducted to provide transformable strains. Extensive surveys of spiroplasmas yielded promising extrachromosomal elements for vector constructs. One, plasmid pCT-1, was cloned, characterized, and used as a source of spiroplasma origin of replication in our shuttle vectors. The fibrillin gene was isolated and sequenced and its strong promoter was also used in the constructs. Means for transforming these vectors into spiroplasmas were developed and optimized, with electroporation found to be suitable for most applications. Development and optimization of means for using large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) in spiroplasma transformation represents a breakthrough that should facilitate insertion of large clusters of virulence genes. With completion of the vector, we should thus be poised to genetically engineer spiroplasmas with genes that will express toxins lethal to our target beetles, thus providing an effective and inexpensive alternative to conventional means of beetle control.

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Rosenberger, Randall S., and Eric L. Smith. Nonmarket Economic Impacts of Forest Insect Pests: A Literature Review. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-164.

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Rosenberger, Randall S., Lauren A. Bell, Patricia A. Champ, and Eric L. Smith. Nonmarket economic values of forest insect pests: An updated literature review. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-275.

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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, and Boaz Shaanan. Structural Elements and Neuropharmacological Features Involved in the Insecticidal Properties of an Alpha Scorpion Neurotoxin: A Multidisciplinary Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7573061.bard.

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Integrated pest management in modern crop protection requires the use of chemical or biological insecticides in many instances. Nontheless, the use non-selective chemical insecticides poses risks to the environment and livestock and consequently urgent need exists for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and not toxic to wam-blooded animals. Therefore, mobilization of these substances into insect pest targets is of major interest. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity may provide valuable information pertinent to their receptor sites and to the future design of peptidomimetic anti-insect specific substances. These toxins may also be important for reducing the current overuse of chamical insecticides provided they have a synergistic effect with conventional pesticides. All of these objectives were addressed in this research. A direct approach for plant protection was the mobilization of toxins into target pests using baculoviral vectors. The other approach was to develop a suitable system enabling the elucidation of the toxin bioactive site, which would enable design of insecticidal peptidomimetics. In parallel, the mode of action and synergistic effects of scorpion insecticidal toxins, were studied at the sodium channel receptor site. All the above approaches show great promise and clearly indicate that scorpion insecticidal toxins may provide powerful means in insect pest control.

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Hongmei, Li. From China to Rwanda: successful transfer of biocontrol for soil insect pests. Wallingford: CABI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicomm-64-1745.

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Gurevitz, Michael, William A. Catterall, and Dalia Gordon. Learning from Nature How to Design Anti-insect Selective Pesticides - Clarification of the Interacting Face between Insecticidal Toxins and their Na-channel Receptors. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697101.bard.

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Structural details on the interacting faces of toxins and sodium channels (Navs), and particularly identification of elements that confer specificity for insects, are difficult to approach and require suitable experimental systems. Therefore, natural toxins capable of differential recognition of insect and mammalian Navs are valuable leads for design of selective compounds in insect control. We have characterized several scorpion toxins that vary in preference for insect and mammalian Navs, and identified residues important for their action. However, despite many efforts worldwide, only little is known about the receptor sites of these toxins, and particularly on differences between these sites on insect and mammalian Navs. Another problem arises from the massive overuse of chemical insecticides, which increases resistance buildup among various insect pests. A possible solution to this problem is to combine different insecticidal compounds, especially those that provide synergic effects. Our recent finding that combinations of insecticidal receptor site-3 toxins (sea anemone and scorpion alpha) with scorpion beta toxins or their truncated derivatives are synergic in toxicity to insects is therefore timely and strongly supports this approach. Our ability to produce toxins and various Navs in recombinant forms, enable thorough analysis and structural manipulations of both toxins and receptors. On this basis we propose to (1) restrict by mutagenesis the activity of insecticidal scorpion -toxins and sea anemone toxins to insects, and clarify the molecular basis of their synergic toxicity with antiinsect selective -toxins; (2) identify Nav elements that interact with scorpion alpha and sea anemone toxins and those that determine toxin selectivity to insects; (3) determine toxin-channel pairwise side-chain interactions by thermodynamic mutant cycle analysis using our large collection of mutant -toxins and Nav mutants identified in aim 2; (4) clarify the mode of interaction of truncated -toxins with insect Navs, and elucidate how they enhance the activity of insecticidal site-3 toxins. This research may lead to rational design of novel anti-insect peptidomimetics with minimal impact on human health and the environment, and will establish the grounds for a new strategy in insect pest control, whereby a combination of allosterically interacting compounds increase insecticidal action and reduce risks of resistance buildup.

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Morin, S., L. L. Walling, Peter W. Atkinson, J. Li, and B. E. Tabashnik. ets for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene drive in Bemisia tabaci. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134170.bard.

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The goal of our BARD proposal was to build both the necessary infrastructure and knowledge for using the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene drive system to control the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Our research focused on achieving three main goals: (1) establishing a CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system for producing genetically-edited B. tabaci; (2) generating and testing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutations targeting genes that represent two gene drive strategies: population replacement and population suppression; (3) using computer modeling to optimize strategies for applying CRISPR/Cas9 to control B. tabaci populations in the field. CRISPR gene drive is one of the most promising strategies for diminishing the negative impacts of harmful insects. This technique can introduce mutations into wild populations of pests that reduce their ability to cause damage, reduce their population size, or both. In principle, this can be selfsustaining because mutations carried by relatively few insects can increase in frequency and spread quickly throughout wild populations. Because of this sustainability and the potential benefits to society, agricultural gene-drive systems are most likely to be funded by government agencies, foundations, and grower associations; as with sterile insect releases and most biocontrol programs. Although gene drives have received intensive study in Drosophila and mosquito vectors of human disease, we were one of the first teams pursuing this approach for crop pests. Our project was also one of the first to address CRISPR gene drive in the Hemiptera, an insect order that includes hundreds of pest species. We focused on developing and implementing CRISPR gene drive to reduce the massive damage caused by B. tabaci. This haplodiploid insect is one of the world's most devastating crop pests. Whereas extensive work by others explored CRISPR in diploid species, our project pioneered application of this revolutionary technology to haplodiploids, which have a distinct system of inheritance that presents special challenges and opportunities. Our project has achieved several breakthroughs, including publication of the first paper analyzing CRISPR gene drive in haplodiploids (Li et al. 2020, see next section). Our modeling results from this landmark study demonstrate that CRISPR gene drive can work in haplodiploids, especially if fitness costs associated with the driver allele are low or nil. Our paper was the first to provide a conceptual framework for evaluating and optimizing CRISPR gene drive strategies for managing B. tabaci and other haplodiploid pests. Our breakthroughs in the laboratory have created the infrastructure needed to develop CRISPR for controlling B. tabaci. We established a microinjection system enabling us to introduce CRISPR-derived mutations into B. tabaci embryos. We have used this system to generate and track inherited eye-color mutants of B. tabaci. We have identified and cloned germline promoters, and demonstrated their function in transgenic B. tabaci embryos and other hemipteran insects. We have also developed a tool to easily identify B. tabaci harboring CRISPR-mediated mutations by tagging target genes using a transgenic fluorescent marker. The successful completion of our project provides all the knowledge and infrastructure essential for developing a novel genetic approach for B. tabaci control, which can serve as a non-chemical "green" alternative for managing this global pest. We predict that our discoveries will accelerate the development of the CRISPR gene drive technique for reducing the numbers of this pest and the damage it causes. Still, realization of the benefits of gene-drive technology for pest control will require sustained attention to potential environmental and societal impacts, as well as regulatory and implementation challenges. Given the great promise of this technology and the urgent need for better control methods, we expect that guidance documents and regulations will be in place to allow the scientific community to safely move gene drives for pest control from the laboratory to field trials.

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Chejanovsky, Nor, Bruce D. Hammock, Eliahu Zlotkin, and Michael Gurevitz. Dually Functional Recombinant Baculovirus Expressing Both the Excitatory and Depressant Insect Selective Neurotoxins. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568101.bard.

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The present project is aimed to improve the insecticidal potency of baculoviruses, to American and Israeli lepidopterous pests of Spodoptera and Heliothis species, by engineering recombinant baculoviruses expressing anti-insect toxins derived from scorpion venom. Through this study were isolated recombinant Autographa california M Nucleopolyhedroviruses (AcNPVs) which expressed alpha (LqhaIT), excitatory (AaIT, LqhIT1 and LqhIT3) and depressant (LqhIT2) anti-insect neurotoxins. Bioassays on Heliothis species (Helicoverpa armigera and Heliothis virescens) were employed to assess the potency of the viruses. The recombinant viruses possessed an enhanced speed of kill compared to wild type AcNPV. Recombinant AcNPVs expressing the depressant toxins emerged as appealing improved baculoviruses. Applied combinations of alpha, excitatory and depressant toxins enhanced their insecticidal activity against blowfly and lepidopterous larvae. Moreover, combined application of recombinant AcNPVs expressing LqhaIT and AaIT possessed increased insecticidal activity compared to single applications of them. A reduced growth rate of H. virescens larvae was obtained by comparing the larvae infected with recombinant AcNPV expressing AaIT under the control of the AcNPV early ie1 to the very late p10 promoters. Through this project improved protocols and methods were developed to purify and bioassay the anti-insect toxins and their correspondent recombinant baculoviruses. A novel highly potent anti-insect toxin Aa IT5 was isolated and characterized. Finally, the impact of use of recombinant baculoviruses, expressing anti-insect scorpion neurotoxins to non-target insects, was evaluated.

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Chejanovsky, Nor, and Bruce D. Hammock. Enhancement of Baculoviruses' Insecticidal Potency by Expression of Synergistic Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573070.bard.

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The extensive use or non-specific, hazardous, chemical insecticides demands the development of "healthier" alternative means for pest control. Insect-specific, baculoviruses expressing anti-insect toxin genes (from mites or scorpions) demonstrated in laboratory assays and field trials enhanced insecticidal activity and provided some protection from lepidopterous larvae to agricultural plantations. To utilize recombinant baculoviruses as commercial biopesticides in row crop agriculture, further increase in their speed of kill should be achieved and the reduction in crop damage should be comparable to the levels obtained with organic insecticides (the problem). In this project we developed strategies to improve further the efficacy of recombinant baculoviruses which included: I) Synergism among baculoviruses expressing different anti-insect toxins: a) Synergism among two complementary anti-insect scorpion neurotoxins each expressed by a separate recombinant baculovirus, both regulated by the same or a different viral promoter. b) Synergism among two complementary anti-insect scorpion neurotoxins expressed by the same recombinant virus, both regulated by the same or a different viral promoter respectively. The above included two classes of pharmacologically complementary toxins: i) toxins with strictly anti-insect selectivity (excitatory and depressant); ii) toxins with preferential anti-insect activity (anti-insect alpha toxins). c) Synergism among wild type viruses, recombinant baculoviruses and chemicals (insecticides and phytochemicals) II) Identification of more potent toxins against lepidopterous pests for their expression by baculoviruses. Our approach was based on the synergistic effect displayed by the combined application of pairs of anti-insect toxins to blowfly and lepidopterous larvae that resulted in 5 fold increase in their insecticidal activity without apparent increase in their anti-mammal toxicity (toxins LqhIT2 and LqhaIT, LqhIT2 and AaIT, and LqhaIT and AaIT (1). Thus, we developed new concepts and produced a "second generation" of recombinant baculoviruses with enhanced potencies and speeds of kill comparable to classical insecticides. These achievements contribute to make these biopesticides a viable alternative to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals in pest control. Also, our project contributed new tools and model systems to advance the study of insect sodium channels.

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Gurevitz, Michael, William A. Catterall, and Dalia Gordon. face of interaction of anti-insect selective toxins with receptor site-3 on voltage-gated sodium channels as a platform for design of novel selective insecticides. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699857.bard.

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Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) play a pivotal role in excitability and are a prime target of insecticides like pyrethroids. Yet, these insecticides are non-specific due to conservation of Navs in animals, raising risks to the environment and humans. Moreover, insecticide overuse leads to resistance buildup among insect pests, which increases misuse and risks. This sad reality demands novel, more selective, insect killers whose alternative use would avoid or reduce this pressure. As highly selective insect toxins exist in venomous animals, why not exploit this gift of nature and harness them in insect pest control? Many of these peptide toxins target Navs, and since their direct use via transformed crop plants or mediator microorganisms is problematic in public opinion, we focus on the elucidation of their receptor binding sites with the incentive of raising knowledge for design of toxin peptide mimetics. This approach is preferred nowadays by agro-industries in terms of future production expenses and public concern. However, characterization of a non-continuous epitope, that is the channel receptor binding site for such toxins, requires a suitable experimental system. We have established such a system within more than a decade and reached the stage where we employ a number of different insect-selective toxins for the identification of their receptor sites on Navs. Among these toxins we wish to focus on those that bind at receptor site-3 and inhibit Nav inactivation because: (1) We established efficient experimental systems for production and manipulation of site-3 toxins from scorpions and sea anemones. These peptides vary in size and structure but compete for site-3 on insect Navs. Moreover, these toxins exhibit synergism with pyrethroids and with other channel ligands; (2) We determined their bioactive surfaces towards insect and mammalian receptors (see list of publications); (3) We found that despite the similar mode of action on channel inactivation, the preference of the toxins for insect and mammalian channel subtypes varies greatly, which can direct us to structural features in the basis of selectivity; (4) We have identified by channel loop swapping and point mutagenesis extracellular segments of the Navinvolved with receptor site-3. On this basis and using channel scanning mutagenesis, neurotoxin binding, electrophysiological analyses, and structural data we offer: (i) To identify the residues that form receptor site-3 at insect and mammalian Navs; (ii) To identify by comparative analysis differences at site-3 that dictate selectivity toward various Navs; (iii) To exploit the known toxin structures and bioactive surfaces for modeling their docking at the insect and mammalian channel receptors. The results of this study will enable rational design of novel anti-insect peptide mimetics with minimized risks to human health and to the environment. We anticipate that the release of receptor site-3 molecular details would initiate a worldwide effort to design peptide mimetics for that site. This will establish new strategies in insect pest control using alternative insecticides and the combined use of compounds that interact allosterically leading to increased efficiency and reduced risks to humans or resistance buildup among insect pests.

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