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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Industrial marketing"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 29 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Industrial marketing"

LaPlaca, Peter J. "Industrial Marketing Management." Industrial Marketing Management 36, no. 7 (October 2007): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.06.002.

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LaPlaca, Peter J. "Industrial Marketing Management,." Industrial Marketing Management 36, no. 8 (November 2007): 1019–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.08.001.

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LaPlaca, Peter J. "Industrial marketing management." Industrial Marketing Management 37, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.09.004.

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LaPlaca, Peter J. "Industrial Marketing Management." Industrial Marketing Management 37, no. 2 (April 2008): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2008.01.004.

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LaPlaca, Peter J. "Industrial marketing management." Industrial Marketing Management 37, no. 3 (May 2008): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2008.03.001.

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Melkman, Alan V. "Strategic industrial marketing." Long Range Planning 23, no. 2 (April 1990): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(90)90207-k.

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Brownlie, Douglas. "Strategic industrial marketing." European Management Journal 8, no. 1 (March 1990): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-2373(90)90068-h.

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Penn, William S. "Marketing Industrial Consulting." Journal of Professional Services Marketing 1, no. 1-2 (September 16, 1985): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j090v01n01_12.

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Penn, William. "Marketing industrial consulting." Services Marketing Quarterly 1, no. 1 (1985): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332969.1985.9984788.

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Dolan, Dennis J. "Industrial marketing strategy." Industrial Marketing Management 14, no. 3 (August 1985): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-8501(85)90042-2.

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Дисертації з теми "Industrial marketing"

Urbina, Ramírez Daniela Millaray. "Marketing industrial : una revisión bibliográfica." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/111769.

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Анотація:

Seminario de título Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Administración
Por qué es importante el marketing industrial La mayoría de los estudiantes de marketing están mucho más familiarizados con el marketing para el consumidor pues de hecho todos somos consumidores, por lo cual el marketing industrial es nuevo para la mayoría. Ante este escenario es curioso comprender que mas especialistas de marketing encuentran empleo en empresas de B2B que en B2C. Según Dwyer (2007), el marketing entre empresas es “comercializar productos o servicios con otras compañías, cuerpos de gobiernos, instituciones y otras instituciones”. El marketing industrial no es lo mismo que el marketing para el consumidor y hay al menos tres razones por las cuales es relevante estudiarlo: 1. Los especialistas de marketing trabajan en marketing entre empresas: la mayoría de los graduados en las escuelas de negocios trabajarán en empresas B2B. Muchas compañías B2B han despertado al hecho de que debe estar dirigidas al mercado si quieren sobrevivir, de ahí que sea relevante que los especialistas de marketing se preparen para hacer contribuciones positivas en el ambiente de marketing entre empresas. 2. La magnitud del marketing entre empresas: las compras de las organizaciones dan cuenta de más de la mitad de la actividad económica en países industrializados. 3. El marketing entre empresas es único: la forma en que compran las organizaciones es radicalmente distinta de la manera en que compran los consumidores, lo cual da como resultado requisitos de marketing diferentes. En 5 la próxima sección veremos cómo se diferencia el marketing B2B del marketing B2C.

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Vieira, Francisco Manuel Aguiar Azevedo. "Mapeamento Científico de Marketing Industrial." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/56117.

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Vieira, Francisco Manuel Aguiar Azevedo. "Mapeamento Científico de Marketing Industrial." Dissertação, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/56117.

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Santos, Mariana Filipa Vital. "O marketing relacional no contexto industrial." Master's thesis, FEUC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/31841.

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Relatório de estágio do mestrado em Gestão, apresentado à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Arnaldo Coelho e Miguel Franco.
Hoje em dia verifica-se uma grande mudança nos mercados, muito devido ao desenvolvimento económico, à evolução tecnológica e à crescente concorrência. Estas alterações no meio ambiente levam a que as empresas tenham que se adaptar, de modo a não perderem a sua carteira de clientes. Contudo, as empresas que atuam em mercados complexos, como os industriais, que exigem uma manutenção da relação comprador-fornecedor, devem também preocupar-se com retenção de clientes. Os mercados industriais (B2B) têm caraterísticas específicas e diferenciadoras dos mercados de grande consumo (B2C), o que permite às empresas alargar o seu leque de clientes. No entanto, o facto de as empresas que operam nos mercados industriais terem como objetivo principal a criação de relações de longo prazo, leva a que seja essencial que estas adotem técnicas de marketing relacional. Desta forma, as empresas conseguirão manter a sua relação suportada na lealdade verdadeira do cliente ao mesmo tempo que lhes criam valor, desenvolvendo a sua vantagem competitiva sustentável no mercado, que dificilmente será copiada ou imitada. Este estudo enquadra-se neste relatório de estágio curricular realizado na área de Marketing da ISA – Intelligent Sensing Anywhere, S.A., de 1 de setembro de 2015 a 4 de janeiro de 2016, com vista à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Gestão pela Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra. Ao longo deste estágio foi possível desenvolver diversas competências, entre elas a capacidade de comunicação e orientação para o cliente, assim como aprimorar o trabalho em equipa e as relações interpessoais. Pelo que apesar das dificuldades sentidas relativamente à área de negócio da empresa, ultrapassadas em conjunto com a equipa excecional da ISA, o estágio teve como principal resultado um plano de marketing e a criação de melhores conteúdos comunicacionais. Após estas melhorias proporcionadas na empresa com o estágio, é sugerida ainda a implementação, de forma aprofundada, de práticas de marketing relacional, como o CRM, no departamento de marketing.

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Gástulo, Richie Yadira. "El marketing aplicado a la industria farmacéutica peruana." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624027.

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Expositora: Yadira Gástulo Richie___Gerente de Unidad de Negocios UROGIN en Tecnofarma S.A. Licenciada de la Carrera de Marketing. Candidata a Mágister en Finanzas Corporativas.
Conferencia: Marketing Farmacéutico___¿Sabías que las empresas farmacéuticas invierten más en gasto por actividades de Marketing que en la investigación? ¿Que uno de los 4 sectores que gasta más en publicidad en medios es la industria farmacéutica?___ En esta conferencia, se conocerá un poco más sobre la coyuntura y dinámica del mercado y cómo desarrollar estrategias de Marketing Farmacéutico que conduzcan al éxito.

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Carrasco, Aguado César Augusto. "Plan de Marketing para una Empresa Industrial Fabricante de Resistencias Eléctricas Industriales." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/101993.

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El objetivo general de este estudio es formular un plan de marketing que sirva como una herramienta de gestión estratégica, que ayude a los directivos a mejorar la posición competitiva de Jara Resistencias S.R.L., y que a través de un incremento en el nivel de ventas refleje una mayor participación de mercado. La empresa se especializa en el diseño, fabricación y comercialización de resistencias calefactoras y sensores de temperatura, La estrategia genérica que emplea es de diferenciación, la cual está basada en su ventaja competitiva. Ha logrado diversificarse y se encuentra posicionada dentro de las empresas líderes que en conjunto tienen una participación cercana al 80%, en un mercado estimado de 4 millones de dólares. El estudio parte por el análisis de macroentorno, los factores en general que afectan a la empresa y al sector para lo cual se hace uso del modelo de las cinco fuerzas; posteriormente se analiza la situación competitiva, metodología FODA, la situación actual de marketing, y se toman en cuenta los resultados de una investigación de mercado realizada como parte de este trabajo. Teniendo definida la misión y visión, se establecen los objetivos: general y estratégicos de la empresa, para luego definir los del plan de marketing y metas financieras. El análisis del mercado determinará los sectores objetivos y potenciales: con ayuda de la matriz estratégica se trazan, las acciones de la estrategia comercial. Como corolario se evalúa el costo/beneficio del plan de marketing. También se considera un plan de control y contingencia, que plantea acciones ante cambios en los escenarios. De esto resulta que para el logro de los objetivos estratégicos, ha de desarrollar un vigoroso crecimiento de dos tipos: fuerte crecimiento intensivo en el mercado y de menor manera desarrollar un crecimiento por diversificación. La característica de segmentación es por sectores industriales, tamaño y tipo de empresas. En los sectores objetivos, el enfoque es en: alto, mediano, con potencial y con perspectiva de potencial. Se centrará en empresas grandes y medianas. La estrategia competitiva que se ha de desarrollar es la de empresa retadora que enfrentará no sólo al líder sino también a los seguidores del mercado. Para esto ha de aplicarse tácticas tales como: ataque por los flancos, ataque envolvente y de guerra de guerrillas. Como conclusión se encuentra que la empresa puede consolidar aún más su liderazgo, fortaleciendo más su diferenciación. Salvaguardando los atributos valorados de los productos y las variables importantes en la decisión de compra. Con el objeto de maximizar las utilidades, se ha de considerar la rentabilidad por producto. El posicionamiento de precio recomendado, es superior. Es decir ofrecer un producto de alta calidad a un precio alto al promedio cobrado por la competencia. Como resultado de la evaluación y de los flujos positivos obtenidos: VAN a tres años de US$ 225 000 y TIR de 325%, se puede concluir la rentabilidad y beneficios para la empresa del presente plan de marketing.

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Detandt-Feys, Brigitte. "La conception des stratégies dans les premières entreprises belges: de la théorie à la pratique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213561.

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Pape, Peña Constanza Sofía 1991. "Revisión sobre la contribución científica en marketing industrial." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137591.

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Анотація:

Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Administración
Durante las últimas décadas, el marketing industrial o Business-to-Business marketing se ha posicionado como una de las líneas de investigación más importantes en marketing. La creciente necesidad de entender y analizar las relaciones y transacciones entre dos firmas que comercializan entre sí, ha potenciado un campo de investigación y el desarrollo de nuevas teorías y conceptos relacionados al marketing industrial. Así, se han desarrollado líneas de investigación enfocadas al estudio de la percepción de valor del cliente, formas de organización, rol de tecnologías en el desarrollo del marketing industrial, entre otros aspectos. En este contexto, este trabajo analiza el estado en que se encuentra este campo investigativo y presenta un análisis de la evolución de la segunda revista más importante en Business to Business marketing, la ―Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing‖, que destaca por su contribución en la investigación y publicaciones especializadas en marketing industrial y que próximamente cumplirá 30 años desde su primera edición. Se realiza una revisión bibliométrica de JBIM, con el objetivo de analizar y cuantificar aspectos relevantes de la revista como lo son la evolución de publicaciones, artículos importantes y más citados, estructuras de citas, autores y universidades con mayor influencia, entre otras variables. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que la contribución de JBIM ha crecido de manera destacada, tanto en cantidad de estudios publicados como en las citas recibidas. Deja en evidencia la fuerte influencia de Estados Unidos y Europa en el total de sus publicaciones y evidencia la importancia de sus propios estudios a la hora de hacer nuevas publicaciones, teniendo un alto porcentaje de referencias a publicaciones pasadas hechas por la propia revista.

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Lauga, Dominique Olié. "Essays in behavioral industrial organization, corruption, and marketing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41712.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references.
In Chapter 1, I propose a model in which consumers base their purchasing decisions upon their recollections of the product quality, and in which firms can use persuasive advertising in order to change these recollections. Although consumers are aware that such advertising has occurred and take this into account when updating their beliefs about the product, they cannot prevent their memories from being affected. I analyze which firms engage in persuasive advertising as well as the price level that these firms choose. I show that persuasive advertising may be used in equilibrium even though consumers are fully aware of it, and that persuasive advertising does not always signal high quality products. The model is then extended to incorporate both persuasive and informative advertising, where firms reveal some verifiable information about their products. In that case, persuasive advertising may block the full unraveling of information, and high quality products are not promoted with only one type of advertising - in some cases, persuasive advertising can signal a product of either higher or lower quality than a product promoted with informative advertising. Chapter 2 is the product of joint work with Abhijit Banerjee and develops a model to study the effectiveness of complaints against corruption. A bureaucrat has to decide on a public infrastructure project in a village where a rich and a poor villagers live. A dishonest bureaucrat can be bribed not to choose the surplus maximizing project and instead to choose a project that favors the rich villager. Once the bureaucrat has chosen a project, the villagers can send a costly praising or complaining message to the bureaucrat's supervisor who does not know whether the bureaucrat is honest or dishonest.
(cont.) From his point of view the messages are anonymous; the supervisor does not know who is rich or poor in the village. The only leverage of the supervisor is to transfer the bureaucrat and replace him with another one who will repeat the game in the following period. In any relevant equilibrium no complaints happen and more generally there are no complaints in equilibrium without bribery. We find that complaints will be observed only when they should not be and that the government cannot necessarily get people to complain by cutting the message cost. In addition, lowering that cost may hurt since, when the share of honest bureaucrat is low, the poor are pessimistic about the benefit of complaints while the rich are optimistic and they respond more to a lower cost. Finally, the supervisor cannot fully decide to implement a particular equilibrium as multiple ones coexist. Chapter 3 is the product of joint work with Elie Ofek. We model a duopoly in which ex-ante identical firms need to decide where to direct their innovation efforts. The firms face market uncertainty with respect to consumers' preferences for innovation on two product attributes, and technology uncertainty with respect to the success of their R&D efforts. Firms can conduct costly research to resolve their market uncertainty before setting R&D strategy. We find that the value of market information to a firm depends on whether its rival is also expected to obtain this information in equilibrium. We show that, as a result, one firm may forgo market research even though its rival conducts such research and learns the true state of demand. We examine both vertical and horizontal demand structures. With vertical preferences, firms are a priori uncertain which attribute all consumers will value more.
(cont.) In this case, a firm that conducts market research will always innovate on the attribute it discovers that consumers prefer, and expend more on R&D than a rival that has not conducted market research. With horizontal preferences, distinct segments exist-each cares about innovation on only one attribute-and firms are a priori uncertain how many consumers are in each segment. In this case, a firm that conducts market research may follow a 'niche' strategy and innovate to serve the smaller segment to avoid intense price competition for the larger segment. Consequently, a firm that conducts market research may invest less in R&D and earn lower profits post-launch than a rival that has forgone such research.
by Dominique Olié Lauga.
Ph.D.

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Foster, Tim. "Industrial marketing communication : An empirical investigation on the use of marketing communication tools." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell Ekonomi, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17689.

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Книги з теми "Industrial marketing"

Webster, Frederick E. Industrial marketing strategy. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 1991.

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Morris, Michael H. Industrial and organizational marketing. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co., 1992.

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1951-, Agarwal Manoj K., Burger Philip, and Reid David A, eds. Readings in industrial marketing. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1986.

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R, Foxall G., ed. Marketing in the service industries. London, England: F. Cass, 1985.

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Brierty, Edward G. Business marketing. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1998.

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Reeder, Robert R. Industrial marketing: Analysis, planning, andcontrol. London: Prentice-Hall International, 1987.

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Hult, G. Tomas M. Organizational learning and industrial marketing. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Publishing, 2002.

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Corey, E. Raymond. Industrial marketing: Cases and concepts. 4th ed. EnglewoodCliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1991.

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Thomas, Copeland Melvin. Case s on industrial marketing. Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 2000.

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Corey, E. Raymond. Industrial marketing: Cases and concepts. 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs. N.J: Prentice Hall, 1991.

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Частини книг з теми "Industrial marketing"

Rajagopal. "Industrial Marketing Generations." In Transgenerational Marketing, 195–223. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33926-5_7.

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Meldrum, Mike, and Malcolm McDonald. "Marketing Industrial Products." In Key Marketing Concepts, 37–40. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13877-7_8.

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Sheth, Jagdish N., and Arun Sharma. "Behavioral Approaches to Industrial Marketing." In Handbuch Industriegütermarketing, 147–73. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-91260-2_6.

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Mattsson, Lars-Gunnar. "Industrial Marketing — The Network Perspective." In Handbuch Industriegütermarketing, 175–201. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-91260-2_7.

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Dodge, H. Robert. "Innovations and Industrial Marketing Strategy." In Marketing Horizons: A 1980's Perspective, 81–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10966-4_19.

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Hawkins, Del I., Roger J. Best, and Charles M. Lillis. "Factors Affecting Industrial Marketing Performance." In Proceedings of the 1985 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, 178–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16943-9_37.

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Whitby, R. David. "Industrial Lubricants." In Lubricant Marketing, Selling, and Key Account Management, 117–34. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003318392-7.

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Piñeiro-Otero, Teresa, and Xabier Martínez-Rolán. "Understanding Digital Marketing—Basics and Actions." In Management and Industrial Engineering, 37–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28281-7_2.

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Brand, Maryse J., and Peter S. H. Leeflang. "Research on Modeling Industrial Markets." In International Series in Quantitative Marketing, 231–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1402-8_7.

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Österle, Benjamin, and Marc M. Kuhn. "Disneyland in B2B? Toward Physical Brand Worlds in Industrial Marketing." In Creating Marketing Magic and Innovative Future Marketing Trends, 729–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45596-9_142.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Industrial marketing"

Izmir, Onur. "INDUSTRIAL MARKETING: BUYING CENTER CONCEPT." In 2nd International Scientific Conference - Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Management Koper, Slovenia; Doba Business School - Maribor, Slovenia; Integrated Business Faculty - Skopje, Macedonia; Faculty of Management - Zajecar, Serbia, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2018.995.

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Guarda, T., M. F. Santos, and F. M. Pinto. "Pervasive Marketing Intelligence." In International Conference on Computer Information Systems and Industrial Applications. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cisia-15.2015.144.

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Doshi, Priyanka, and Ragav Sandhane. "Enhancing marketing capabilities using blockchain." In INDUSTRIAL, MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0112355.

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He, Yijun. "Cooperative Marketing Game based on Industrial Cluster." In International Conference on Information System and Management Engineering. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006445401330136.

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Ge, Zhiqion. "“Service dominant logic”—new industrial marketing paradigm." In International Conference on Information Management and Management Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/imme140051.

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Kapustina, Larisa, Natalya Izakova, and Andrei Drevalev. "Marketing management of a small industrial enterprise." In International Days of Statistics and Economics 2019. Libuše Macáková, MELANDRIUM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/pr.2019.los.186.63.

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Gerasimenko, N. M., and S. A. Pihanova. "THE DIGITAL ERA MARKETING." In New forms of production and entrepreneurship in the coordinates of neo-industrial development of the economy. PD of KSUEL, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0731-8-2020-138-144.

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The modern stage of world economic and social development belongs to a post-industrial society.At this stage, scientific knowledge and information technology are being integrated.The development of information technology, changing business processes, accumulating huge amounts of data leads toThe digital economy is developing with a consumer-oriented focus, so the benefits ofThe consumer is becoming more powerful, his behaviors are changing.This requires changing marketing technologies, tools to work in the market, ways to interact with customers.Marketers should actively use the results of the digital revolution in their activities.

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Li, Yanli. "Artwork E-Marketing---- New Paradigm of the Artwork Marketing in New Media Era." In 2nd International Conference on Management Science and Industrial Engineering (MSIE 2013). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msie-13.2013.1.

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Shavernev, A. O. "Evaluation of marketing effectiveness as a basis for the development of a marketing program of a manufacturing enterprise." In All-Russian Scientific Conference on Achievements of Science and Technology. Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/dnit.2021.2.385-389.

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The article analyzes various methods for evaluating the effectiveness of marketing. The author justifies the need for an integrated approach to assessing the effectiveness of the marketing activities of an industrial enterprise, taking into account both internal and external economic indicators. In addition, the article shows that assessing the effectiveness of marketing activities is a necessary basis for developing the company's marketing policy, its strategy and tactics, as well as a specific marketing program.

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Wang, Haohai, Chaiyawit Muangmee, Nusanee Meekaewkunchorn, Honghua Cao, and Tatchapong Sattabut. "Evaluating the Marketing Strategy of Sports and Fitness Enterprises based on 4C Marketing Theory." In MSIE 2022: 2022 4th International Conference on Management Science and Industrial Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3535782.3535787.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Industrial marketing"

Carlton, Dennis. The Theory of Allocation and Its Implications for Marketing and Industrial Structure. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3786.

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Dzanku, Fred M., and Louis S. Hodey. Achieving Inclusive Oil Palm Commercialisation in Ghana. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.007.

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Oil palm is the most important export crop in Ghana, aside from cocoa. Compared with cocoa, however, oil palm has a more extensive local value chain, including greater opportunity for local industrial and artisanal processing into palm oil and other products, which creates a high potential for employment generation and poverty reduction; as a result oil palm is classified as a priority crop. The selection of oil palm as a priority crop aims to promote agricultural commercialisation through domestic agroindustry development and exports. In spite of this, the oil palm economy has still not achieved its potential, and this begs the question, why? Although it is known in general that commercialisation potential and its benefits are not equally distributed across groups, it is not clear how and why different subgroups (women, men, youth) might benefit differently from the oil palm economy. This brief addresses why different groups of smallholders (women, men, youth) benefit unequally from oil palm value chains, and how returns to oil palm production and marketing could become more inclusive.

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Zilberman, David, Amir Heiman, and B. McWilliams. Economics of Marketing and Diffusion of Agricultural Inputs. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586469.bard.

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Specific Research Objective. Develop a theory of technology adoption to analyze the role of promotional tools such as advertising, product sampling, demonstrations, money back guarantees and warranties in inducing technological change. Use this theory to develop criteria for assessing the optimal use of marketing activities in launching new agricultural input technologies. Apply the model to analyze existing patterns of marketing budget allocation among promotional tools for various agricultural input industries in the United States and Israel. Background to the Topic. Marketing tools (money-back guarantees [MBG] demonstration, free sampling and advertising) are used extensively to induce the adoption of agricultural inputs, but there is little understanding of their impacts on the diffusion of new technologies. The agricultural economic literature on technology adoption ignores marketing efforts by the private sector, which may result in misleading extension and technology transfer policies. There is a need to integrate marketing and economic approaches in analyzing technology adoption, especially in the area of agricultural inputs. Major Conclusion. Marketing tools play an important role in reducing uncertainties about product performance. They assist potential buyers to learn both about objective features, about a product, and about product fit to the buyer's need. Tools, such as MBGs and demonstration, provide different information about product fit but also require different degrees of cost for the consumer. In some situations they can be complimentary and optimal strategy combines the use of both. In other situations there will be substitution. Sampling is used to reduce the uncertainty about non-durable goods. An optimal level of informational tools declines throughout the life of a product but stays positive at a steady state. Implications. Recognizing the heterogeneity of consumers and the sources of their uncertainty about new technologies is crucial to develop a marketing strategy that will enhance the adoption of innovation. When fit uncertainty is high, allowing an MBG option, as well as a demonstration, may be an optimal strategy to enhance adoption.

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Finkelstain, Israel, Steven Buccola, and Ziv Bar-Shira. Pooling and Pricing Schemes for Marketing Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568099.bard.

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In recent years there has been a growing concern over the performance of Israel and U.S. agricultural marketing organizations. In Israel, poor performance of some marketing institutions has led to radical reforms. Examples are the two leading export industries - citrus and flowers. In the U.S., growth of local market power is eliminating competitive row product prices which served as the basis for farmer cooperative payment plans. This research studies, theoretically, several aspects of the above problem and develops empirical methods to assess their relative importance. The theoretical part deals with two related aspects of the operation of processing and marketing firms. The first is the technological structure of these firms. To this end, we formalize a detailed theory that describes the production process itself and the firm's decision. The model accounts for multiple products and product characteristics. The usefulness of the theory for measurement of productivity and pricing of raw material is demonstrated. The second aspect of the processing and marketing firm that we study is unique to the agricultural sector, where many such firms are cooperatives. In such cooperative an efficient and fair mechanism for purchasing raw materials from members is crucial to successful performances of the firm. We focus on: 1) pricing of raw materials. 2) comparison of employment of quota and price regimes by the cooperative to regulate the quantities, supplied by members. We take into consideration that the cooperative management is subject to pressure from member farmers. 3) Tier pricing for raw materials in order to ensure efficiency and zero profits at the cooperative level. This problem is examined in both closed and open cooperatives. The empirical part focuses in: 1) the development of methodologies for estimating demand for differentiated products; 2) assessing farmers response to component pricing; 3) measurement of potential and actual exploitation of market power by an agricultural marketing firm. The usefulness of the developed methodologies are demonstrated by several application to agricultural sub-sectors, including: U.S. dairy industry, Oregon wine industry, Israeli Cotton industry and Israeli Citrus industry.

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Bonita, Manuel, Fernando Correa, Harri Ahveninen, and Pertti Veijalainen. Forest Clusters: A Competitive Model for Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008811.

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contribute to success in the forest business. These include sound macroeconomic and long-term forest policies, secure land tenure, support from related education and technology programs, and cooperation among the various industries involved in producing and marketing forest products and services. The basic objective of this document is to examine the potential for creating forest clusters in Latin America. These clusters are based on the experience of Nordic countries and on studies of six natural resource-based clusters, identified by ECLAC/CEPAL. Specifically, this study aims to: 1) Identify issues and opportunities for forestry and the forest industry as a vehicle for development in Latin America; 2) Define lessons for forest cluster development in Latin America in the light of good-practice experiences in the Nordic countries; 3) Formulate policy recommendations for the selected Latin American countries on how to develop and environmentally manage different types of forest clusters.

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Finkelshtain, Israel, and Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.

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Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.

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Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.

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The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar complex (MLX) and the ICA as a stress response in some plant parenchyma. As normally this syndrome does not occur uniformly enough to study it, we devised an efficient model in which ICA-strengthening is induced consistently under simulated stress by short-chain, linear, mono-carboxylic acid molecules (OAM), at 65 oC [appendix 1 (Shomer&Kaaber, 2006)]. This rapid strengthening was insufficient for allowing the involved agents assembly to be identifiable; but it enabled us to develop an efficient in vitro system on potato tuber parenchyma slices at 25 ºC for 7 days, whereas unified stress was reliably simulated by OAMs in all the tissue cells. Such consistent ICA-strengthening in vitro was found to be induced according to the unique physicochemical features of each OAM as related to its lipophilicity (Ko/w), pKa, protonated proportion, and carbon chain length by the following parameters: OAM dissociation constant (Kdiss), adsorption affinity constant (KA), number of adsorbed OAMs required for ICA response (cooperativity factor) and the water-induced ICA (ICAwater). Notably, ICA-strengthening is accompanied by cell sap leakage, reflecting cell membrane rupture. In vitro, stress simulation by OAMs at pH<pKa facilitated the consistent assembly of ICAstrengthening agents, which we were able to characterize for the first time at the molecular level within purified insoluble cell wall of ICA-strengthened tissue. (a) With solid-state NMR, we established the chemical structure and covalent binding to cell walls of suberin-like agents associated exclusively with ICA strengthening [appendix 3 (Yu et al., 2006)]; (b) Using proteomics, 8 isoforms of cell wall-bound patatin (a soluble vacuolar 42-kDa protein) were identified exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue; (c) With light/electron microscopy, ultrastructural characterization, histochemistry and immunolabeling, we co-localized patatin and pectin in the primary cell wall and prominently in the MLX; (d) determination of cell wall composition (pectin, neutral sugars, Ca-pectate) yielded similar results in both controls and ICA-strengthened tissue, implicating factors other than PME activity, Ca2+ or borate ions; (e) X-ray powder diffraction experiments revealed that the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall is masked by pectin and neutral sugars (mainly galactan), whereas heat or enzymatic pectin degradation exposed the crystalline cellulose structure. Thus, we found that exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue, heat-resistant pectin is evident in the presence of patatin and suberinlike agents, where the cellulose crystallinity was more hidden than in fresh control tissue. Conclusions: Stress response ICA-strengthening is simulated consistently by OAMs at pH< pKa, although PME and formation of Ca-pectate and RG-II-borate are inhibited. By contrast, at pH>pKa and particularly at pH 7, ICA-strengthening is mostly inhibited, although PME activity and formation of Ca-pectate or RG-II-borate are known to be facilitated. We found that upon stress, vacuolar patatin is released with cell sap leakage, allowing the patatin to associate with the pectin in both the primary cell wall and the MLX. The stress response also includes formation of covalently bound suberin-like polyesters within the insoluble cell wall. The experiments validated the hypotheses, thus led to a novel picture of the structural and molecular alterations responsible for the textural behavior of potato tuber. These findings represent a breakthrough towards understanding of the hardening syndrome, laying the groundwork for potato-handling strategies that assure textural quality of industrially processed particularly in fresh peeled cut tubers, ready-to-prepare and frozen preserved products.

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Under the radar: Harmful industries’ digital marketing to Australian children. VicHealth, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37309/2020.ci910.

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Research Department - Rural & Extractive Industries - Post-Joint Organisation - Memoranda and Correspondence - Wool Marketing - 1919 - 1949. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_2006/14455.

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