Готові списки джерел за темами / Indoor air pollution

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Indoor air pollution"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021
Оновлено: 29 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Indoor air pollution"

1

Gold, Diane R. "INDOOR AIR POLLUTION." Clinics in Chest Medicine 13, no. 2 (June 1992): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00852-2.

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2

Spengler, John D. "Indoor Air Pollution." Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 6, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/108854185779045198.

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3

Levy, Leonard S. "Indoor Air Pollution." Indoor and Built Environment 3, no. 6 (1994): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000463590.

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4

Etzel, Ruth A. "Indoor Air Pollution." Pediatric Annals 24, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-19951201-09.

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5

Brimblecombe, P., and M. Cashmore. "Indoor air pollution." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 121 (December 2004): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004121014.

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6

Hinkle, L. E. "Indoor Air Pollution." Journal of Urology 138, no. 3 (September 1987): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)43343-x.

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Briasco, Marie E. "Indoor Air Pollution." AAOHN Journal 38, no. 8 (August 1990): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507999003800804.

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Emmelin, Anders, and Stig Wall. "Indoor Air Pollution." Chest 132, no. 5 (November 2007): 1615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.07-1398.

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9

Levy, Leonard S. "Indoor Air Pollution." Indoor Environment 3, no. 6 (November 1994): 364–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x9400300612.

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10

Su, WeiHan. "Indoor air pollution." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 16, no. 1-4 (April 1996): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(95)00048-8.

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Дисертації з теми "Indoor air pollution"

1

Lyons, Russell John. "Indoor exposure to particle pollution." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000.

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2

Nasrullah, M. "Investigation of indoor pollution and deposition of particles on indoor surfaces." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7631.

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Land, Eva Miriam. "Photocatalytic degradation of NOX, VOCs, and chloramines by TiO2 impregnated surfaces." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34857.

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Анотація:
Experiments were conducted to determine the photocatalytic degradation of three types of gas-phase compounds, NOX, VOCs, and chloramines, by TiO2 impregnated tiles. The oxides of nitrogen NO and NO2 (NOx) have a variety of negative impacts on human and environmental health ranging from serving as key precursors for the respiratory irritant ozone, to forming nitric acid, which is a primary component of acid rain. A flow tube reactor was designed for the experiments that allowed the UV illumination of the tiles under exposure to both NO and NO2 concentrations in simulated ambient air. The reactor was also used to assess NOx degradation for sampled ambient air. The PV values for NO and NO2 were 0.016 cm s-1 and 0.0015 cm s-1, respectively. For ambient experiments a decrease in ambient NOx of ~ 40% was observed over a period of roughly 5 days. The mean PV for NOx for ambient air was 0.016 cm s-1 and the maximum PV was .038 cm s-1. Overall, the results indicate that laboratory conditions generally simulate the efficiency of removing NOx by TiO2 impregnated tiles. Volatile organic compounds (VOC's) are formed in a variety of indoor environments, and can lead to respiratory problems (US EPA, 2010). The experiments determined the photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde and methanol, two common VOCs, by TiO2 impregnated tiles. The same flow tube reactor used for the previous NOX experiments was used to test a standardized gas-phase concentration of formaldehyde and methanol. The extended UV illumination of the tiles resulted in a 50 % reduction in formaldehyde, and a 68% reduction in methanol. The deposition velocities (or the photocatalytic velocities, PV) were estimated for both VOC's. The PV for formaldehyde was 0.021 cm s-1, and the PV for methanol was 0.026 cm s-1. These PV values are slightly higher than the mean value determined for NO from the previous experiments which was 0.016 cm s-1. The results suggest that the TiO2 tiles could effectively reduce specific VOC levels in indoor environments. Chlorination is a widespread form of water disinfection. However, chlorine can produce unwanted disinfection byproducts when chlorine reacts with nitrogen containing compounds or other organics. The reaction of chlorine with ammonia produces one of three chloramines, (mono-, di-, and tri-chloramine). The production of chloramines compounds in indoor areas increases the likelihood of asthma in pool professionals, competitive swimmers, and children that frequently bath in indoor chlorinated swimming pools (Jacobs, 2007; Nemery, 2002; Zwiener, 2007). A modified flow tube reactor in conjunction with a standardized solution of monochloramine, NH2Cl, determined the photocatalytic reactions over the TiO2 tiles and seven concrete samples. The concrete samples included five different concrete types, and contained either 5 % or 15 % TiO2 by weight. The PV for the tiles was 0.045 cm s-1 for the tiles manufactured by TOTO Inc. The highest PV from the concrete samples was 0.054 cm s-1. Overall the commercial tiles were most efficient at reducing NH2Cl, compared to NOX and VOC compounds. However, the concrete samples had an even higher PV for NH2Cl than the tiles. The reason for this is unknown; however, distinct surface characteristics and a higher concentration of TiO2 in the concrete may have contributed to these findings.
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4

Poon, Tim-leung. "Trace organic pollution in the indoor environment /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498605.

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5

Tran, Khanh Long. "Air pollution in different microenvironments in Vietnam." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/227309/1/Khanh%20Long_Tran_Thesis.pdf.

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The study quantified air quality in three indoor microenvironments (homes, public places, and transportation environments) in urban areas of Vietnam. The overall findings highlighted significant indoor and outdoor air quality problems in all three studied microenvironments. The research demonstrated the great potential of low-cost sensors to monitor air quality and the feasibility of car air filters to screen for chemicals in cars. Incense burning and smoking were found to be the leading factors correlated with negative indoor air quality in urban areas. These outcomes are significant for supporting policy formulation and public health interventions in Vietnam and similar developing countries.
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6

Rahmani, Mariam. "Indoor Air Quality Measurements." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2003. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/415.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf
Bachelors
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
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7

Curti, Valerio. "Indoor air quality and moulds." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22721.

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Leung, Wai-yip. "Indoor air quality and heating, ventilation & air conditioning systems in office buildings /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18734315.

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Peng, Chiung-Yu. "Identification and quantification of volatile organic compound emissions from buildings and heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems." Ann Arbor, Mich. : University of Michigan, 1998. http://books.google.com/books?id=yxIvAAAAMAAJ.

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Leung, Ho-yin Henry. "Evaluation of indoor air quality in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22264073.

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Книги з теми "Indoor air pollution"

1

Pluschke, Peter, and Hans Schleibinger, eds. Indoor Air Pollution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56065-5.

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Harrison, R. M., and R. E. Hester, eds. Indoor Air Pollution. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788016179.

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Collins, Jane. Indoor air pollution. Washington, D.C: Science Reference Section, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress, 1986.

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Collins, Jane. Indoor air pollution. Washington, D.C: Science Reference Section, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress, 1986.

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5

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. Indoor air pollution. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1988.

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6

Collins, Jane. Indoor air pollution. Washington, D.C: Science Reference Section, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress, 1986.

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7

Worsnop, Richard L. Indoor Air Pollution. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre19951027.

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8

Godish, Thad. Indoor air pollution control. Chelsea, Mich: Lewis Publishers, 1989.

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9

Coffel, Steve. Indoor pollution. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1991.

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10

Sangkhom, Čhulālongkō̜nmahāwitthayālai Sathāban Wičhai, ed. Indoor air pollution in Bangkok. [Bangkok]: Chulalongkorn University, Social Research Institute, 1991.

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Частини книг з теми "Indoor air pollution"

1

Tiwary, Abhishek, and Ian Williams. "Indoor air quality." In Air Pollution, 289–311. Fourth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2018. | Earlier editions written by Jeremy Colls.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429469985-7.

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Lazaridis, Mihalis. "Indoor Air Pollution." In Environmental Pollution, 255–304. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0162-5_8.

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Colbeck, Ian, and Zaheer Ahmad Nasir. "Indoor Air Pollution." In Environmental Pollution, 41–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8663-1_2.

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4

Huttunen, Kati. "Indoor Air Pollution." In Clinical Handbook of Air Pollution-Related Diseases, 107–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62731-1_7.

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Miller, Shelly L. "Indoor Air Pollution." In Handbook of Environmental Engineering, 519–63. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119304418.ch17.

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6

Pearson, John K., and Richard G. Derwent. "Indoor air pollution." In Air Pollution and Climate Change, 18–25. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003293132-3.

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Xian, D. G., Y. W. Qing, and X. Z. Yi. "Air Pollution and Lung Cancer." In Indoor Air Quality, 312–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83904-7_36.

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Lambor, Shilpa, Ajinkya Mahajan, Aditya Bodhankar, Diksha Prasad, Shivani Mahajan, Aishwarya Pujari, and Riya Dhakalkar. "Indoor Air Pollution Monitoring." In 12th International Conference on Information Systems and Advanced Technologies “ICISAT 2022”, 434–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25344-7_40.

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Spengler, J. D. "Harvard’s Indoor Air Pollution Health Study." In Indoor Air Quality, 241–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83904-7_28.

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Cha, C. W., and S. H. Cho. "Characterization of Indoor Pollution in Korea." In Indoor Air Quality, 442–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83904-7_52.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Indoor air pollution"

1

Hellman, S. J., O. Lindroos, T. Palukka, E. Priha, T. Rantio, and T. Tuhkanen. "PCB contamination in indoor buildings." In AIR POLLUTION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air080501.

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Radaideh, J. A. "Correlation between indoor and outdoor air." In AIR POLLUTION 2015, edited by Z. Shatnawi. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air150311.

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FELZENSZWALB, ISRAEL, ELISA RAQUEL ANASTÁCIO FERRAZ, ANDREIA DA SILVA FERNANDES, RONALD DA SILVA MUNIZ, IZABELA BATISTA DE SOUZA MATOS, EDUARDO MONTEIRO MARTINS, and SERGIO MACHADO CORRÊA. "INDOOR AIR POLLUTION: BTEX IN OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS." In AIR POLLUTION 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air180261.

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LOPES, MYRIAM, JOHNNY REIS, ANA P. FERNANDES, DIOGO LOPES, RÚBEN LOURENÇO, TERESA NUNES, CARLOS H. G. FARIA, CARLOS BORREGO, and ANA I. MIRANDA. "INDOOR AIR QUALITY STUDY USING LOW-COST SENSORS." In AIR POLLUTION 2020. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air200011.

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Franck, U., T. Tuch, M. Manjarrez, A. Wiedensohler, and O. Herbarth. "Human exposure against particles: the indoor-outdoor problem." In AIR POLLUTION 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air070471.

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Viegas, S., and J. Prista. "Formaldehyde in indoor air: a public health problem?" In AIR POLLUTION 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air100261.

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RAGAZZI, MARCO, ROSSANO ALBATICI, MARCO SCHIAVON, NAVARRO FERRONATO, and VINCENZO TORRETTA. "CO2 MEASUREMENTS FOR UNCONVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY." In AIR POLLUTION 2019. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air190271.

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Snelson, D. G., H. Al-Madfai, and A. J. Geens. "Ventilation to maintain indoor air quality in smoking rooms." In AIR POLLUTION 2010. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air100301.

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Matysik, S., P. Opitz, and O. Herbarth. "Long-term trend of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOC)." In AIR POLLUTION 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air130061.

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BARBOSA, JOANA V., JULIANA P. SÁ, MARIA C. M. ALVIM-FERRAZ, FERNANDO G. MARTINS, and SOFIA I. V. SOUSA. "FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CHARACTERISATION OF INDOOR PARTICULATE MATTER IN SCHOOLS." In AIR POLLUTION 2021. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air210091.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Indoor air pollution"

1

Axley, James. Progress toward a general analytical method for predicting indoor air pollution in buildings- indoor air quality modeling phase III report. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.88-3814.

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O'Connor, Eileen T., Don Kermath, and Michael R. Kemme. Environmental Sensor Technologies and Procedures for Detecting and Identifying Indoor Air Pollution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada251882.

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O'Connor, Eileen T., Don Kermath, and Michael R. Kemme. Environmental Sensor Technologies and Procedures for Detecting and Identifying Indoor Air Pollution. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada252260.

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Avis, Rupert. Causes and Consequences of Air Pollution in North Macedonia. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.139.

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Анотація:
This rapid literature review collates available evidence on the causes and consequences of air pollution in the Republic of North Macedonia (here after North Macedonia). It draws on a diverse range of sources from multiple academic disciplines and grey literature. The literature highlights that North Macedonia is considered to have some of the worst air quality in the West Balkans, and consequently some of the worst globally. Air pollution is a significant problem in North Macedonian cities and urban centres with exposure to high levels of particulate matter (PM) a particular issue. The PM2.5 size fraction is the focus of many air pollution studies because it is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, it is also the focus of this review. This review identifies a limited but expanding evidence base discussing air pollution in North Macedonia. Studies are principally focussed on the capital city (Skopje) and ambient (outdoor) air pollution. There is a limited literature that discusses air quality issues outside of the capital and a dearth of evidence on household (indoor) air pollution.
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Kwon, Jaymin, Yushin Ahn, and Steve Chung. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Roadside Transportation Related Air Quality (STARTRAQ) and Neighborhood Characterization. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2010.

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To promote active transportation modes (such as bike ride and walking), and to create safer communities for easier access to transit, it is essential to provide consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public. The relevant and timely information from data facilitates the improvement of decision-making processes for the establishment of public policy and urban planning for sustainable growth, and for promoting public health in the region. For the characterization of the spatial variation of transportation-emitted air pollution in the Fresno/Clovis neighborhood in California, various species of particulate matters emitted from traffic sources were measured using real-time monitors and GPS loggers at over 100 neighborhood walking routes within 58 census tracts from the previous research, Children’s Health to Air Pollution Study - San Joaquin Valley (CHAPS-SJV). Roadside air pollution data show that PM2.5, black carbon, and PAHs were significantly elevated in the neighborhood walking air samples compared to indoor air or the ambient monitoring station in the Central Fresno area due to the immediate source proximity. The simultaneous parallel measurements in two neighborhoods which are distinctively different areas (High diesel High poverty vs. Low diesel Low poverty) showed that the higher pollution levels were observed when more frequent vehicular activities were occurring around the neighborhoods. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations near the roadways were evident with a high volume of traffic and in regions with more unpaved areas. Neighborhood walking air samples were influenced by immediate roadway traffic conditions, such as encounters with diesel trucks, approaching in close proximity to freeways and/or busy roadways, passing cigarette smokers, and gardening activity. The elevated black carbon concentrations occur near the highway corridors and regions with high diesel traffic and high industry. This project provides consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public including: 1. Transportation-related particle pollution data 2. Spatial analyses of geocoded vehicle emissions 3. Neighborhood characterization for the built environment such as cities, buildings, roads, parks, walkways, etc.
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Hanna, Rema, Bridget Hoffmann, Paulina Oliva, and Jake Schneider. Research Insights: What will People Pay for SMS Air Quality Alerts and Will They Avoid Air Pollution in Response? Inter-American Development Bank, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003731.

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Male, younger, and higher-income respondents as well as those who perceived high pollution in recent days showed greater willingness to pay for SMS air quality alerts. Willingness to pay was uncorrelated with actual recent high pollution. Recipients of SMS alerts indicated having received air pollution information via SMS, along with reporting a high-pollution day in the past week and having stayed indoors on the most recent day they perceived pollution to be high. However, alert recipients were not more accurate in identifying which specific days had high pollution than other respondents. Households that received a free N95 mask were more likely to report utilizing a mask with a filter during the past two weeks but not more likely to report using a mask with a filter on the specific days with high particulate matter.
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Hanna, Rema, Bridget Hoffmann, Paulina Oliva, and Jake Schneider. The Power of Perception: Limitations of Information in Reducing Air Pollution Exposure. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003392.

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We conduct a randomized controlled trial in Mexico City to determine willingness to pay (WTP) for SMS air quality alerts and to study the effects of air quality alerts, reminders, and a reusable N95 mask on air pollution information and avoidance behavior. At baseline, we elicit WTP for the alerts service after revealing whether the household will receive an N95 mask and participant compensation, but before revealing whether they will receive alert or reminder services. While we observe no significant impact of mask provision on WTP, higher compensation increases WTP, suggesting a possible cash-on-hand constraint. The perception of high pollution days prior to the survey is positively correlated with WTP, but the presence of actual high pollution days is not correlated with WTP. Follow-up survey data demonstrate that the alerts treatment increases reporting of receiving air pollution information via SMS, a high pollution day in the past week, and staying indoors on the most recent perceived high pollution day. However, we observe no significant effect on the ability to correctly identify which specific days had high pollution. Similarly, households that received an N95 mask are more likely to report utilizing a mask with filter in the past two weeks, but we observe no effect on using a filter mask on the specific days with high particulate matter. Although we nd that air quality alerts increased the salience of air quality and avoidance behavior, these results illustrate the difficulty that information treatments face in overcoming perceptions to effectively reduce exposure to air pollution.
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8

Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West, and Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon: A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.

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Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenhouse gas with a short-term global warming potential well beyond carbon dioxide and methane. Worse still, it is often deposited on sea ice and glaciers, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melting, particularly in the Arctic and Himalayas. Therefore, reducing BC emissions results in a triple win, mitigating climate change, improving the lives of more than two billion people currently exposed to unclean air, and saving trillions of dollars in economic losses. Today, the majority of BC emissions stem from just a handful of sectors and countries. Over 70% of BC comes from the residential and transportation sectors, with the latter being the dominant source in high-income countries and the former driving emissions in low- and middle-income nations. On a country-level, China and India are the biggest emitters accounting for one-third of global BC emissions. When combined with Brazil, Indonesia, and Nigeria, these five countries alone emit 50% of all BC. While BC emissions trends over the past 20 years have been inconsistent globally, there has been a notable decline in Europe, North America, and China. Conversely, emissions have been rising in regions like Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends deep reductions in BC emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of limiting warming to below 1.5°C, yet very few countries have addressed BC in their climate plans. Fortunately, solutions that can rapidly reduce BC emissions by the end of this decade are readily available. By implementing the right policies, deploying targeted interventions in hotspots, and redirecting climate finance, policymakers and funders can mitigate the climate effects of BC while saving millions of lives and trillions of dollars. Below are key recommendations to achieve these aims based on the findings of this report: Urgently implement clean cooking solutions Providing clean cooking fuels and technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in the hotspots of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Nigeria, and Uganda, can significantly reduce BC emissions. Countries with low penetration of clean cooking fuel must urgently develop policies that make clean cooking a priority for health and climate. Target transportation to reduce current – and prevent future – emissions Retrofitting older diesel engines with diesel particulate filters can remove up to 95% of BC. Countries around the world must implement policies to phase out polluting vehicles, set emission standards, and accelerate the uptake of EVs and hybrids, especially in urban regions where transportation demand is growing rapidly. A successful shift to EVs demands national investments complemented with international financing and private capital. Multilateral development banks need to play a pivotal role in this transition, with strategies like concessional finance to fast-track key projects and stimulate private sector investment. Reduce BC from the shipping industry BC emissions from the shipping industry must be urgently reduced to protect the Arctic ecosystem. Shifting shipping away from heavy fuel oil and equipping ships with diesel particulate filters is a cost-effective approach that would quickly and significantly reduce emissions. Regulate air quality Stringent emissions standards, clean air laws, baselines, and mandatory monitoring programs can effectively reduce BC emissions. Such policies have already resulted in large reductions in Europe, North America, and, more recently, China. However, several low- and middle-income countries have no legal protection for ambient air quality and lack legislatively-mandated standards. Implementing strong and legally binding policies can result in a large decrease in BC emissions, particularly across the transportation and industry sectors. Include BC in nationally determined contributions and the UNFCCC Only 12 countries have explicitly addressed BC in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This limited focus on BC is partly due to its omission from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) list of climate pollutants, an oversight that should be reconsidered given that reducing BC would save countless lives and slow global warming. As nations review their NDCs by 2025, they must incorporate BC reduction efforts to meet climate and well-being targets. Improve BC measurements and estimates BC estimates are plagued by uncertainties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate inventories in order to develop better emission reduction plans. Stakeholders must collaborate to develop a consistent BC measurement protocol, prioritize the collection of high-quality data, and use state of the art models to enhance estimates and reduce uncertainties.
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9

Indoor Air Pollution: There is no smoke without fire. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/pb2009001.

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10

Biomass cookstoves to reduce indoor air pollution and fuel use. J-PAL, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31485/pi.2265.2020.

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