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Solgi, A., and A. Najafi. "The impacts of ground-based logging equipment on forest soil." Journal of Forest Science 60, No. 1 (January 30, 2014): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/76/2013-jfs.
Soil properties can be affected by heavy equipment used for skidding but these impacts vary greatly with site conditions and operational practices. We assessed the effects of ground-based skidding on site disturbance and soil physical properties. We also tested the effects of skid trail slope and traffic frequency on soil compaction, total porosity, and moisture content. On average, about 30% of all harvested area was disturbed to varying levels. Intact forest floor (undisturbed) and light slash were the dominant surface conditions, covering an average of 68.9% of harvested area. Deep disturbed soils accounted for only just over 1.1% of observations. Results showed that dry bulk density, total porosity and moisture content were affected considerably on skid trails by traffic frequency and skid trail slope. Measurements of soil properties in the surface layer (0–10 cm) showed that bulk density is 57% higher and total porosity is 31% lower on the skid trail compared to the undisturbed area. Average moisture content has been measured as 35% on the skid trail versus 47% in the undisturbed area.
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Mesh, S., DT Cayetano, E. Requena, E. Alvarez, E. Kay, A. Finkral, A. Roopsind, and FE Putz. "LOGGING IMPACTS ON LIANA REGENERATION AND." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL FOREST SECIENCE 29, no. 3 (July 31, 2017): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2017.29.3.343348.
Davies, PE, and M. Nelson. "Relationships between riparian buffer widths and the effects of logging on stream habitat, invertebrate community composition and fish abundance." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 7 (1994): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9941289.
Impacts from the logging of Eucalyptus forest on stream habitat, macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity, and fish abundance were surveyed in Tasmania, Australia. Forty-five pairs of sites from 34 streams of ≥2.5 km² catchment area were each sampled once during summer in the period 1990-92. Each site pair consisted of an 'impacted' site downstream of a logging treatment and an upstream or closely matched 'paired control' site. Site pair treatments encompassed two logging methods (cable and conventional) with a range of riparian buffer strip widths (0-50 m) and included unlogged controls. Differences between site pair variables were used as test statistics for the detection of logging impacts. Logging significantly increased riffle sediment, length of open stream, periphytic algal cover, water temperature and snag volume. Logging also significantly decreased riffle macroinvertebrate abundance, particularly of stoneflies and leptophlebiid mayflies, and brown trout abundance. All effects of logging were dependent on buffer strip width and were not significantly affected by coupe slope, soil erodibility or time (over one to five years) since logging. All impacts of logging were significant only at buffer widths of <30 m. Minimum buffer widths for eliminating logging impacts on stream habitats and biota are discussed.
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Makhdoum, M. F., and N. Khorasani. "Differences between Environmental Impacts of Logging and Recreation in Mature Forest Ecosystems." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 2 (1988): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900028940.
In order to be able to recommend the most compatible land-uses for adoption in a multiple land-use system, in terms of the resultant impacts on soils and vegetation in mature ecosystems, the impact of logging operations and recreation in the Caspian region of Iran was studied. Four forest communities were selected and, with an analytical approach, the bulk density, percentage of plant cover, number of individual plants, plant height, and the number of plant species encountered, in 36 sample plots (20 × 1 m) located on various slopes and aspects, and used for logging or recreation at different intensities (unused, transitional, used), were recorded.The effectiveness of data, in terms of demonstrating the statistically significant differences, was tested by the method described in Conquest (1983). T-statistics for two means were used to discern statistical differences.The results of the study indicate that the effect of logging is greater than that of recreation on soil bulk density, whereas the effect of recreation is greater on plants than that of logging. Aspect has no effect on the resultant impact, but steep slopes are more susceptible than gentle ones. With increases in altitude, the degree of impact decreases. Ecosystems having loamy clay soils and a greater proportion of monocotyledonous than dicotyledonous species, located on gentle slopes at the higher altitudes investigated, tend to resist the impacts of both logging and recreation best.
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Kleinschroth, Fritz, and John R. Healey. "Impacts of logging roads on tropical forests." Biotropica 49, no. 5 (June 19, 2017): 620–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/btp.12462.
Martini, Adriana M. Z., Nelson de A. Rosa, and Christopher Uhl. "An Attempt to Predict Which Amazonian Tree Species May be Threatened by Logging Activities." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 2 (1994): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900024589.
The impacts of logging on Amazonian ecosystems has been the focus of considerable attention both within and outside of Amazonia. However, the impacts of logging on individual timber species has not been at all adequately investigated. Logging affects timber species by: (1) removing mature individuals that are important sources of seeds; (2) damaging seedlings and saplings (i.e future generations of canopy adults); and (3) creating conditions that favour fire by opening the canopy and leaving slash as fuel on the forest floor.In this study we summarize information on the ecological characteristics of 305 timber species in Brazilian Amazonia. We identify seven ecological parameters that are useful in evaluating a species' ability to resist the negative impacts of logging. These characteristics are: (1) effective long-distance dispersal ability; (2) abundance of saplings in forest regeneration; (3) rapid growth; (4) ability to resprout; (5) capacity to withstand fire; (6) broad geographic distribution; and (7) high density of adults. We hypothesize thai species with characteristics opposed to these parameters and subjected to intense logging pressure will have difficulty in maintaining their populations in logging regions.We use a simple scoring system to rank species with regard to their hypothesized ability to withstand logging impacts. Among the species that are potentially susceptible to logging impacts are Euxylophora paraensis (‘Pau Amarelo’) and Swietenia macrophylla (American Mahogany). The sawn lumber from these two species goes principally to European and North American buyers, revealing a direct link between First World consumption and possible biodiversity impoverishment in the Brazilian rain-forest. These two species, and others that might experience population reductions as a result of logging, merit special study.
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Morgan, Todd A., and Timothy P. Spoelma. "California Logging Utilization: 2004." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/23.1.12.
Abstract Astudy of logging activities conducted during 2004 provided utilization data and information on timber harvesting operations in California. A nested and stratified sampling scheme was used to produce a sample of felled trees with distributions of geographic area, ownership class, tree species, and tree size representative of California's recent sawlog and veneer log harvest. Results of the study indicated that about 50% of the harvested trees were less than 16.5-in.dbh, but these trees produced just 15% of the volume. About 50% of the harvested volume came from trees less than 24.5-in. dbh, and about two-thirds of the volume was from trees less than 30-in. dbh. Removals factors, quantifying impacts on growing stock, revealed that 1,051.4 ft3 of growing-stock volume was removed for every thousand cubic feet delivered to mills, with just 61.5 ft3 left in the forest as logging residue. Periodic reevaluations of logging utilization in California would make it possible to evaluate impacts of technology, market conditions, and policy changes on logging operations and utilization factors in the state.
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Osawa, Naoya, Atsumi Terai, Keiichi Hirata, Asami Nakanishi, Ayumi Makino, Shinjiro Sakai, and Shozo Sibata. "Logging impacts on forest carabid assemblages in Japan." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-188.
We hypothesized that small-area logging (<1 ha) would greatly affect microhabitats of carabid beetles. To test this hypothesis, we studied the carabid assemblages at Kamigamo Experimental Station, Kyoto, Japan, from June 1999 to May 2001. From the analysis of the number of individuals and niche breadth, the numbers of large carnivores (Carabus dehanii Chaudoir, Carabus maiyasanus Bates, and Carabus yaconinus Bates) and large insectivores (Chlaenius posticalis Motschulsky and Haplochlaenius costiger (Chaudoir)) decreased because of logging, whereas the small carabids, Synuchus arcuaticollis (Motschulsky) and Synuchus cycloderus (Bates), may not have been negatively influenced by logging. The mass of the FH layer significantly affected the total number of Pterostichus latemarginatus (Straneo) and marginally affected the number of S. cycloderus. However, soil water content (%) and the mass of the L layer did not affect the total number of individuals in any species. The results of this study imply that (1) the richness of the FH layer and vegetation, that is, the potential food abundance and habitat richness, is involved in determining species richness and the density of the carabid assemblages and (2) even small-area logging may have a negative impact on the density of the large predatory carabids, which are sensitive indicators of forest disturbance.
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Chugunkova, Anna V., and Anton I. Pyzhev. "Impacts of Global Climate Change on Duration of Logging Season in Siberian Boreal Forests." Forests 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11070756.
In Siberia, most boreal forests are located in an area with relatively moist forest soils, which makes logging activities possible exclusively during the frost period with a permanent snow cover and stable sub-zero temperatures. As the global climate is experiencing a trend towards warming, it is reasonable to suppose that the duration of the logging season might shorten over time, influencing the economic potential of Siberian forests. To test this hypothesis, we created a concept for calculating the duration of the logging season, taking into account the economic and climatic peculiarities of doing forest business in these territories. Using the long-run daily-observed climatic data, we calculated the duration of the logging season for eight representative stations in Krasnoyarsk Krai (Yeniseysk, Boguchany, Achinsk, and Minusinsk) and Irkutsk Oblast (Bratsk, Kirensk, Tulun, and Yerbogachen) in 1966–2018. We found strong evidence of logging season duration shortening for almost all considered stations, with an uneven effect on the start and end boundaries of the season. Climate warming has almost no effect on the start date of the season in winter, but it significantly shifts the boundaries of the season end in spring. Using the autoregressive-integrated-moving average modeling (ARIMA) models, we demonstrated that, in the near future, the trends of the gradual shortening of the logging season will hold for the most part of the considered stations. The most pronounced effect is observed for the Achinsk station, where the logging season will shorten from 148.4 ± 17.3 days during the historical sample (1966–2018) to 136.2 ± 30 days in 2028, which reflects global warming trend patterns. From an economic perspective, a shorter duration of the logging season means fewer wood stocks available for cutting, which would impact the ability of companies to enact their logging plans and lead them to suffer losses in the future. To avoid losses, Siberian forest firms will have to adapt to these changes by redefining their economic strategies in terms of intensifying logging operations.
Berry, Nicholas J. "Impacts of selective logging on biodiversity in Bornean rainforest." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496551.
Dumbrell, Alexander Joseph. "Impacts of selective logging on tropical-forest butterflies of Borneo." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14076/.
Tippett, Mark Donovan. "Impacts of timber harvesting on soil physical properties in wetlands." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020154/.
Ivers, Amanda J. "Modeling the hydrological impacts of logging in the Castle River watershed." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ64962.pdf.
Karlsson, Daniel. "Logging impacts on catchment biogeochemistry: A review : with emphasis on northern boreal ecosystems." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-90175.
The impacts of current forest management methods on surface water quality, especially in northern parts of Sweden, are largely unexplored. In this review reports linked to logging impacts on catchment biogeochemistry, (with special emphasis on boreal ecosystems) has been assessed. Logging disturbances in boreal forest catchments can change biogeochemical processes in soils by alter transpiration, soil conditions, temperature, soil microbial activities and water fluxes. Combined these changes can cause increased soil nutrient leaching to receiving waters. In the studies reviewed, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and export generally increased after logging. Similar responses followed for phosphorous (P), but to a lesser extent for nitrogen (N). Streamflow and peakflow and the export of suspended matter (SM) can also be altered after logging. Removal of streamside vegetation may result in increased stream water temperatures and potentially affect lake water temperature, deepen the epilimnion and deplete oxygen (O2) concentrations. Increased wind exposure can resuspend sediments and potentially release bioavailable P. Affected lake water concentrations of N can be considered negligible after logging, whereas tot-P concentrations has shown to increase to an almost twofold level in some studies. The overall impact on the pelagic productivity are therefore most likely those connected to increased DOC and SM concentrations. The general impact on fish biomass can be considered insignificant. In conclusions, to improve future forest management and for further understanding concerning the biogeochemical environmental impacts that forestry might have on freshwaters, additional studies are still required.
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Lacerda, Andre Eduardo Biscaia de. "Ecological and genetic impacts of reduced-impact logging in the Brazilian Amazonian Forest : the case of Hymenaea courbaril L." Thesis, University of Reading, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487107.
This study explores the present forest management systems in place and their impact on the genetic diversity and the ecology of Hymenaea courbaril in the Brazilian Amazon forest, specifically in the Tapaj6s National Forest. As part of the Dendrogene Project (EMBRAPAIDFID), this study has as its main objective to evaluate the effects of Reduced Impact Logging on the species' genetic variability and ecological processes and to predict the likely impacts in the short- and long-term. The specific objectives of this thesis are to verify the quality of the. forest inventory used in RIL at Tapaj6s National Forest, to determine impacts of harvesting on forest structure and the species' reproductive population and spatial pattern, to determine Hymenaea . courbarifs genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure, pollen flow and mating system, and assess the impact of logging on these processes, and finally to infer on the impact of logging on Hymenaea courbarifs sustainability in the long-term using the modelling software Eco-gene. The results demonstrate the critical importance of correct botanical identification for the sustainability of forest management. The assessed forest inventory was highly inaccurate in relation to botanical identification and severely underestimated trees diversity which might compromise the capacity of accurately analysing species' spatial distribution and forest timber stock. The results also show that current forest management practices have negative impacts on the H. courbaril species including a reduction in reproductive population, spatial distribution and demography. The results of logging scenarios run through Eco-gene suggest that the harvesting cycle for Hymenaea courbaril should be between 120 and 150 years in order to reach pre-logging levels. More importantly, the model suggests that current logging practice strongly affect the species' population both ecologically and genetically in the long-term. These impacts were also observed for scenarios up to 90 years unless logging intensity is very low (10 - 30%). Moreover, the model results indicate that the current practise is not economically viable as the volume to be logged in future harvests will be acutely reduced. The results of this thesis provide forest planning and management with specific scientific criteria from a heavily logged species which can help to more effectively manage not only H. courbaril, but can also be used to move toward the sustainability of other tree species in the Amazon forest.
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Osika, Mary Isabel. "Potential impacts of clearcut logging on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) reproduction in northwestern Ontario lakes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0012/MQ33427.pdf.
Barrett, Scott M. "A Computer Simulation Model for Predicting the Impacts of Log Truck Turn-Time on Timber Harvesting System Productivity." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31170.
A computer simulation model was developed to represent a logging contractorâ s harvesting and trucking system of wood delivery from the contractorâ s in-woods landing to the receiving mill. The Log Trucking System Simulation model (LTSS) focuses on the impacts to logging contractors as changes in truck turn times cause an imbalance between harvesting and trucking systems. The model was designed to serve as a practical tool that can illustrate the magnitude of cost and productivity changes as the delivery capacity of the contractorâ s trucking system changes.
The model was used to perform incremental analyses using an example contractorâ s costs and production rates to illustrate the nature of impacts associated with changes in the contractorâ s trucking system. These analyses indicated that the primary impact of increased turn times occurs when increased delivery time decreases the number of loads per day the contractorâ s trucking system can deliver. When increased delivery times cause the trucking system to limit harvesting production, total costs per delivered ton increase. In cases where trucking significantly limits system production, total costs per delivered ton would decrease if additional trucks were added.
The model allows the user to simulate a harvest with up to eight products trucked to different receiving mills. The LTSS model can be utilized without extensive data input requirements and serves as a user friendly tool for predicting cost and productivity changes in a logging contractorâ s harvesting and trucking system based on changes in truck delivery times. Master of Science
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DiGennaro, James H. "An expert system for the prediction of environmental impacts of a logging operation in southeast Alaska." NSUWorks, 1992. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/966.
A computerized expert system was constructed for the prediction of environmental impacts resulting from a single clear-cut logging operation in Southeast Alaska. The knowledge base for the system was derived from the pertinent literature and from practicing professionals in the fields of forestry, wildlife, hydrology, soils, and biology. The system contains 62 if –then rules and operates on MS-DOS personal computers with at least 640 K of random access memory and a high-density disk drive. The system gathers input information about the proposed clear-cut operation by asking 22 yes or no questions to which it responds with qualitative predictions of the environmental impacts in the areas of soils, streams, fisheries, biodiversity, and wildlife.
The system was validated by additional experts and prospective users to be accurate and easy to use, specific predictions are limited so however, the depth of the system may be inappropriate for intensive environmental impact assessment. The system was determined by the reviewers to be very appropriate for educational uses and broad-based initial management decision-making.
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Clark, Chase. "THE IMPACTS OF LOGGING WITH CURRENT AND MODIFIED BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/25.
In Kentucky, Best Management Practices (BMPs) were developed to protect the integrity of water resources during and after silvicultural operations, but their effectiveness is largely unknown. The study objectives were to (1) quantify the extent to which current BMPs minimized logging-related changes in stream water quality, channel morphology, and the content of woody debris and (2) quantify the extent to which modified BMPs influenced these characteristics. Six watersheds in eastern Kentucky were commercially logged in 2008-2009. In each watershed, one of three treatments was implemented (each replicated once). Treatment 1 (BMP) was based on current Kentucky BMPs. In treatments 2 (BMP+) and 3 (BMP++), current BMPs were modified with additional protective measures. Before the harvest, sampling sites were established in each watershed. Channel morphology and woody debris data were collected at each site in 2006 and again 2014. Data for water chemistry were retrieved from ongoing sampling records. BMP watersheds were compared to one another and to unharvested control watersheds in each year independently. Data within each individual watershed were also compared across years. The results indicate that current BMPs were effective in minimizing changes in the watershed characteristics examined here, and the benefits of modified BMPs were highly variable.
Rosenfeld, Jordan Stuart. Freshwater habitat requirements of anadromous cutthroat trout and implications for forestry impacts. Vancouver: Fisheries Research, 2001.
Milton, G. Randy. An initial assessment of the impacts of forestry practices on riparian zones. Antigonish, N.S: St. Mary's River Forestry-Wildlife Project, Canadian Institute of Forestry, c/o N.S. Dept. of Natural Resources, 1989.
Brown, Chris. Forests out of bounds: Impacts and effectiveness of logging bans in natural forests in Asia-Pacific : executive summary. Bangkok, Thailand: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 2001.
Hannon, Susan Jean. Impacts of logging on boreal birds in the mixedwood forest: Update 1996/97. [Manning, Alta.]: Alberta Environmental Protection, 1997.
Miller, L. B. Impacts of forest harvesting on lake ecosystems: A preliminary literature review. Victoria: British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Wildlife Branch, 1997.
Milton, G. Randy. An initial assessment of the impacts of forestry practices on riparian zones: Addendum : silt. Antigonish, N.S: St. Mary's River Forestry-Wildlife Project, Canadian Institute of Forestry, c/o N.S. Dept. of Natural Resources, 1989.
Ercelawn, Ayesha. End of the road: The adverse ecological impacts of roads and logging : a compilation of independently reviewed research. New York, NY: Natural Resources Defense Council, 1999.
Harwell, Emily. The dark side of green growth: Human rights impacts of weak governance in Indonesia's forestry sector. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 2013.
Philipek, Frances M. Dams Timber Sale: Analysis of the impacts to lithic scatter sites 35KL421 and 35KL423 from over-snow logging. [United States]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, 1985.
Lee, Joung-Hun. "Theoretical Models as a Tool to Derive Management Strategies for Sustainable Natural Resource Management." In Decision Science for Future Earth, 169–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8632-3_7.
AbstractBiodiversity hot spots cannot be preserved successfully unless human activities such as illegal logging and grazing are properly controlled and cooperation is achieved among resource users to reduce anthropogenic impacts. We explore strategies for sustainable use of common resources by studying resource users’ behaviors together with resource dynamics, because ecological and social factors are known to interact strongly. By showing three systems dealing with the risk of illegal logging, grazing pressure, and increasing catching effort respectively, we show the advantages of a mathematical model as a management tool.
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Khan, Abdullah Abusayed, Md Saidur Rashid Sumon, and Taufiq-E.-Ahmed Shovo. "Socio-economic Impacts of Water Logging in the South-West Coast of Bangladesh." In Contemporary South Asian Studies, 159–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35237-0_10.
Johnston, M. H., and J. A. Elliott. "Impacts of Logging and Wildfire on an Upland Black Spruce Community in Northwestern Ontario." In Global to Local: Ecological Land Classification, 283–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1653-1_21.
Yanda, Pius Z., Edmund B. Mabhuye, Anselm R. Mwajombe, and Namkunda Johnson. "Community livelihoods and ecosystem integrity in makere forest reserve, western Tanzania." In Climate change impacts and sustainability: ecosystems of Tanzania, 194–213. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242966.0194.
Abstract Wealth creation and poverty alleviation processes in the forest-bounded areas entail the use of such forests to a greater extent. Studies elsewhere show that there is often a tendency to use such forests until they are depleted before technology comes in to improve livelihoods. In this chapter, we examine community livelihoods in relation to ecosystem integrity for communities surrounding the Makere Forest Reserve, particularly socio-economic characteristics of communities, their links to forest utilization and implications for ecosystem integrity. We used mixed methods to collect data: (i) a household questionnaire; (ii) focus group discussions; (iii) key informant interviews; and (iv) a literature review, backed up with satellite imagery. Quantitative and qualitative data collected were subjected to statistical and non-statistical tests, respectively, with the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software for quantitative data analysis. Livelihood activities in the area include shifting cultivation, livestock keeping, firewood fetching, charcoal making, harvesting timber and illegal logging. The motive for such forest exploitation is both for meeting household needs as well as for wealth accumulation. Forest users take part in such activities regardless of the distance they have to travel from their villages to come to the forest areas. We found education is an integral part of wealth status, but had nothing to do in terms of improving livelihood activities for ecosystem integrity. The absence of livelihood diversification of farm-related activities penetrates into weak forest governance strategies resulting in proliferation of deforestation and forest degradation. To maintain forest integrity, integrated approaches in forest management and alternative livelihood activities are needed such as beekeeping, fishing and modernized livestock keeping. These activities have the potential to increase household food and income and alleviate poverty levels without compromising ecosystem integrity.
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Styring, Alison R., and Kalan Ickes. "Woodpeckers (Picidae) at Pasoh: Foraging Ecology, Flocking and the Impacts of Logging on Abundance and Diversity." In Pasoh, 547–57. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67008-7_38.
Popoola, Kehinde Olayinka, Anne Jerneck, and Sunday Adesola Ajayi. "Climate Variability and Rural Livelihood Security: Impacts and Implications." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 423–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_200.
AbstractIn a typical Nigerian village, the majority of the population comprises old people who are mostly economically unproductive due to reduced or loss of physical strength brought about by ageing and ill health. Many of these rural old people still work, and do so outside the formal sector, and are particularly susceptible to the effects of climate variability and change. Few studies have reported on climate change and the rural aged and there is a research gap as regards rural elderly peoples’ perception of climate variability impact on them. Since little is known about their perception of climate variability impacts and implications on the rural aged especially in relation to their livelihood activities in Sub-Saharan Africa, this chapter therefore examined the impact of climate variability on the livelihood security of the rural aged in different ecological zones of Nigeria.Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data collection. Qualitative data were obtained through interviews with four aged and four aged women selected purposively in each rural community and analyzed using Content Analysis Method. Quantitative data were obtained through structured questionnaire administered to an aged male and an aged female population available in selected houses (the aged are people 60 years and over in age) in selected rural communities in selected ecological zones of Nigeria. Where there was no combination of the two (aged men and aged women), either of the two was also sufficient.It was discovered that the ageds’ experiences of climate variability impact relate to the prevailing climate variability characteristic of each ecological zones. The impact on their livelihood in these zones is seen in terms of livestock death, lack of pastures for herds, scarcity of water, pest invasion, delayed planting crop failure, need for irrigation, water logging, drowning of small animals, human and animal illness. This means that planning decisions related to climate change issues should take cognizance of the views of the aged populations especially of those residing in rural areas as they are the most affected by the impact.
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Lewis, Jack, Sylvia R. Mori, Elizabeth T. Keppeler, and Robert R. Ziemer. "Impacts of logging on storm peak flows, flow volumes and suspended sediment loads in Caspar Creek, California." In Water Science and Application, 85–125. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ws002p0085.
Rhind, Susan G. "Direct impacts of logging and forest management on the brush-tailed phascogalePhascogale tapoatafa and other arboreal marsupials in a jarrah forest of Western Australia." In Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna, 639–55. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2004.036.
Holmes, Thomas P. "Financial and Economic Analysis of Reduced Impact Logging." In Tropical Forestry Handbook, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_223-1.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Impacts of logging":
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Dana Mitchell and Tom Gallagher. "Impacts of Extended Working Hours in Logging." In 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25328.
Perry, Stephanie E., J. Alex Zumberge, and Kai Cheng. "IMPACTS AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM AN APPLIED CASE STUDY IN THE WILLISTON, UINTA AND DJ BASINS UTILIZING OPEN VERSUS CLOSED RETORT QUANTIFICATION." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0031.
Subsurface characterization of fluid volumes is typically constrained and validated by core analytical fluid saturation measurement techniques (example Dean-Stark or Open Retort methodology). As production in resource plays has progressed over time, it has been noted that many of these methods have a large error when compared to production data. A large source of the error seems to be that water saturations in tight rocks have been consistently underestimated in the traditional laboratory measurement techniques. Operators need improved fluid saturation measurements to better constrain their log-based oil-in-place estimates and forward-looking production trends. The overall goal of this study is to test a new laboratory workflow for fluid saturation quantification. Recent advancements have led to an innovative methodology where a closed retort laboratory technique is applied to samples from lithological rock types in the Williston, Uinta and Denever-Julesburg (DJ) basins. This new technique is specifically designed to better quantify and validate water measurements throughout the tight rock analysis process, as well as improved oil recovery and built-in prediction. A comparison of standard crushed rock analysis employing Dean-Stark saturation methods is compared to the closed retort results and observations discussed. Results will also be compared against additional laboratory methods that validate the results such as geochemistry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Finally, open-hole wireline logs will be utilized to quantify the impact on total water saturation and the oil-in place estimates based on the improved accuracy of the closed retort technique.
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Dana Mitchell and Tom Gallagher. "Physiological and Psychological Impacts of Extended Work Hours in Logging Operations." In 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24060.
McDonald, Andrew. "DATA QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR PETROPHYSICAL MACHINE LEARNING MODELS." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0036.
Decades of subsurface exploration and characterisation have led to the collation and storage of large volumes of well related data. The amount of data gathered daily continues to grow rapidly as technology and recording methods improve. With the increasing adoption of machine learning techniques in the subsurface domain, it is essential that the quality of the input data is carefully considered when working with these tools. If the input data is of poor quality, the impact on precision and accuracy of the prediction can be significant. Consequently, this can impact key decisions about the future of a well or a field. This study focuses on well log data, which can be highly multi-dimensional, diverse and stored in a variety of file formats. Well log data exhibits key characteristics of Big Data: Volume, Variety, Velocity, Veracity and Value. Well data can include numeric values, text values, waveform data, image arrays, maps, volumes, etc. All of which can be indexed by time or depth in a regular or irregular way. A significant portion of time can be spent gathering data and quality checking it prior to carrying out petrophysical interpretations and applying machine learning models. Well log data can be affected by numerous issues causing a degradation in data quality. These include missing data - ranging from single data points to entire curves; noisy data from tool related issues; borehole washout; processing issues; incorrect environmental corrections; and mislabelled data. Having vast quantities of data does not mean it can all be passed into a machine learning algorithm with the expectation that the resultant prediction is fit for purpose. It is essential that the most important and relevant data is passed into the model through appropriate feature selection techniques. Not only does this improve the quality of the prediction, it also reduces computational time and can provide a better understanding of how the models reach their conclusion. This paper reviews data quality issues typically faced by petrophysicists when working with well log data and deploying machine learning models. First, an overview of machine learning and Big Data is covered in relation to petrophysical applications. Secondly, data quality issues commonly faced with well log data are discussed. Thirdly, methods are suggested on how to deal with data issues prior to modelling. Finally, multiple case studies are discussed covering the impacts of data quality on predictive capability.
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Azizoglu, Zulkuf, and Zoya Heidari. "INTERPRETATION OF MULTI-FREQUENCY DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY MEASUREMENTS FOR ASSESSMENT OF WATER SATURATION IN CARBONATE FORMATIONS WITH COMPLEX PORE STRUCTURE." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0034.
Broadband relative dielectric dispersion measurements are considered interesting options for assessment of water-filled pore volume. Conventional models such as Complex Refractive Index Model (CRIM) and Maxwell Garnett (MG), often overlook or oversimplify the complexity of pore structure, geometrical distribution of the constituting fluids, and spatial distribution of minerals. This yields to significant errors in assessment of water saturation especially in rocks with complex pore structure. Therefore, it becomes important to quantify the impacts of pore structure and spatial distribution of minerals on broadband relative dielectric dispersion measurements to be able to make decisions about reliability of water saturation estimates from these measurements in a given formation. The objectives of this paper are (a) to quantify the impacts of pore structure and spatial distribution of minerals on relative dielectric permittivity measurements in a wide range of frequencies, (b) to propose a new simple and physically meaningful workflow, which honors pore geometry and spatial distribution of minerals to enhance fluid saturation assessment using relative dielectric permittivity measurements, (c) to verify the reliability of the introduced model in the pore-scale domain. First, we perform numerical simulations of relative dielectric dispersion measurements in the frequency range of 20 MHz to 1 GHz in the pore-scale domain. The input to the numerical simulator includes pore-scale images of actual complex carbonate rock samples. We use a physically meaningful model which honors spatial distribution of the rock constituents for the multi-frequency interpretation of relative dielectric response. To verify the reliability of the model in multiple frequencies, we apply the model to the results of relative dielectric simulations in the pore-scale domain on 3D computed tomography scan (CT-scan) images of carbonate rock samples, which are synthetically saturated to obtain a wide range of water saturation. We successfully verified the reliability of the introduced model in the pore-scale domain using carbonate rock samples with multi-modal pore-size distribution. Estimated water saturations from the results of simulations at 1 GHz resulted in an average relative error of less than 4%. We observed measurable improvements in fluid saturation estimates compared to the cases which CRIM or MG models are used. Results demonstrated that application of conventional models to estimate water saturation from relative dielectric response is not reliable in frequencies below 1 GHz.
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Bogle, Frank, J. E. Bentkowski, Steve Muffler, Ronald Webb, and Richard O'Donnell. "Application of Geophysical Logging Techniques for Multi-Channel Well Design and Installation in a Karst Aquifer." In 10th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40796(177)64.
Dash, Sabyasachi, and Zoya Heidari. "APPLICATION OF IMAGE LOGS FOR ENHANCED RESISTIVITY-BASED WATER SATURATION ASSESSMENT IN ORGANIC-RICH MUDROCKS." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0072.
Organic-rich mudrocks are complex in terms of rock fabric (i.e., the spatial distribution of rock components), which impacts electrical resistivity measurements and, therefore, estimates of hydrocarbon reserves. Conventional resistivity-saturation-porosity methods for assessment of water/hydrocarbon saturation do not reliably incorporate the spatial distribution of rock components and pores in the assessment of fluid saturation. Extensive calibration efforts are required for indirectly projecting the impact of rock fabric on resistivity models. For instance, none of the existing shaly-sand models incorporate a realistic distribution of clay network. This might be acceptable in conventional reservoirs. However, oversimplifying assumptions can cause significant uncertainty in reserves evaluation in organic-rich mudrocks. It should be noted that even the methods which incorporate the realistic distribution of rock components are difficult to calibrate. To address the aforementioned challenge, we introduce a joint interpretation of conventional resistivity and resistivity image logs to improve water saturation assessment by honoring the type of rock component, the spatial distribution of the conductive and non-conductive rock components, and the volumetric concentration of fluids and minerals in the rock. Borehole image logs are a source of high-resolution continuous rock sequence records and can provide detailed rock-fabric-related features. In this paper, we propose a method for the estimation of lamination density and mean resistivity value from image logs within each rock type. These fabric-related features are used to quantify the geometric model parameters for each conductive component of the rock. We use these geometric model parameters as inputs to a new resistivity model that considers volumetric concentration and spatial distribution of rock components for a depth-by-depth assessment of water saturation. The other inputs to the workflow are the volumetric concentration of conductive and non-conductive rock components, electrical conductivity of rock components, and porosity estimates from the joint interpretation of well logs. We successfully applied the proposed workflow to a dataset from the Wolfcamp formation in the Permian Basin in which resistivity image logs were available. We observed a measurable variation in estimated image-log-based geometric model parameters, which were in agreement with the visual content of the images. Incorporation of the estimated rock-class-based geometric model parameters in the resistivity model improved water saturation assessment. Results demonstrated a relative improvement in water saturation estimates of 44.2% and 59.1% against Waxman-Smits and Archie's models, respectively. We then used the estimated geometric model parameters for each rock type for a depth-by-depth assessment of water saturation in one additional well without image logs. This led to a faster and more reliable assessment of water saturation within a certain distance from the well with image logs, where the rock types remain comparable. This distance can be evaluated using variogram analysis. We demonstrated that using the estimated geometric model parameters could improve estimates of hydrocarbon reserves in the Permian Basin by approximately 34%. It should be noted that the proposed method for assessment of geometric model parameters is completely based on the actual spatial distribution of rock components and does not require core-based calibration efforts.
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Donald, J. Adam, Erik Wielemaker, Chris Holmes, and Tom Neville. "WELLSITE FULL WAVEFORM SONIC INTERPRETATION." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0022.
Sonic data are now acquired in most wellbores for a variety of applications including seismic tie, porosity evaluation, lithology determination, fracture detection, gas detection, and geomechanics modeling. The industry is also more aware of the impacts of intrinsic (fractures, layering), extrinsic (stress), and borehole effects that may affect the basic measurements of compressional and shear slownesses. Any advanced interpretation of sonic data has historically been done days to weeks after the acquisition, and the value of the measurement can be diminished due to the time of delivery of the final product. An updated data-driven inversion algorithm applied while logging can provide robust shear and compressional slownesses with associated quality control indicators. The updated algorithm has fewer user parameters and is more reliable in layered, stressed, or damaged formations. Processing quality is determined using the coherency of the measured signal and an industry-standard rock physics model for theoretical validation. With the updated dipole shear inversion and more flexible dipole anisotropy frequency filters, the dipole shear anisotropy processing can deliver reliable results at the wellsite. A byproduct of the new dipole shear inversion algorithm is the environmental slowness that is used to optimally fit the dipole dispersion signal. The interpretation of the environmental slowness parameter can indicate the anisotropy mechanism in addition to zones of near-wellbore alteration to provide further insight immediately. The wellsite dipole shear inversion and anisotropy processing were run on a vertical well in eastern Australia, within a stacked tight gas sand reservoir that requires hydraulic fracturing. The main application of the sonic data was reliable slownesses as input to stress modeling for designing the stimulation, but the direction of the maximum horizontal stresses within the clastic gas-filled zones was also required. The dipole shear inversion results were able to handle various lithologies and hole conditions, as well as identify vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) anisotropic shale intervals between the horizontally stressed sand zones.
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Procházka, M. "The benefits of well logging for the reduction of environmental impacts on contaminated land." In 9th EAGE/EEGS Meeting. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201414624.
Pons, Pere, Josep M. Bas, Carles Tobella, Roger Puig-Gironès, Josep Rost, and Eduard Mauri. "Helping society to mitigate logging impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services of burned forests." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107162.
Meznarich, R. A. Spectral gamma-ray logging report for the 216-B-57 crib groundwater impact assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/658950.
May, Dennis M., Chris B. LeDoux, John B. Tansey, and Richard Widmann. Impact of in-woods product merchandizing on profitable logging opportunities in southern upland hardwood forests. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-rp-282.
Swanston, Christopher W., Leslie A. Brandt, Patricia R. Butler-Leopold, Kimberly R. Hall, Maria K. Janowiak, Stephen D. Handler, Kyle Merriam, et al. Adaptation Strategies and Approaches for California Forest Ecosystems. U.S. Department of Agriculture, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204070.ch.
Forest health has never been a more urgent concern in California. A variety of forest ecosystem types have experienced extraordinary combinations of stressors and disturbances over the past century, which have resulted in significant changes to forest conditions. Current conditions are a product of multiple interacting factors, including fire exclusion, historic logging practices, increased wildland-urban-interface expansion and, more recently, the effects associated with climate change. The intersection of the factors has led to high severity fire, drought linked mortality, and pest infestation and disease in the affected forests. It’s increasingly clear that the expected effects of climate change will further impact California forest ecosystems, potentially compelling and, in some cases, forcing the application of targeted adaptation strategies and approaches in the years and decades to come.
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Brown, D. R., and G. E. Spanner. Impact evaluation of energy conservation measures installed at Mayr Brothers Logging Company under the Energy Savings Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/96924.
Swarna Nantha, Hemanath, and Clement Tisdell. The opportunity cost of engaging in reduced-impact logging to conserve the orangutan: a case study of the management of Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. The University of Queensland, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/uql.2018.598.
