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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "IIR FILTER DESIGN"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "IIR FILTER DESIGN"

1

Mewada, Hiren K., and Jitendra Chaudhari. "Low computation digital down converter using polyphase IIR filter." Circuit World 45, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-02-2019-0015.

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Анотація:
Purpose The digital down converter (DDC) is a principal component in modern communication systems. The DDC process traditionally entails quadrature down conversion, bandwidth reducing filters and commensurate sample rate reduction. To avoid group delay, distortion linear phase FIR filters are used in the DDC. The filter performance specifications related to deep stopband attenuation, small in-band ripple and narrow transition bandwidth lead to filters with a large number of coefficients. To reduce the computational workload of the filtering process, filtering is often performed as a two-stage process, the first stage being a down sampling Hoegenauer (or cascade-integrated comb) filter and a reduced sample rate FIR filter. An alternative option is an M-Path polyphase partition of a band cantered FIR filter. Even though IIR filters offer reduced workload to implement a specific filtering task, the authors avoid using them because of their poor group delay characteristics. This paper aims to propose the design of M-path, approximately linear phase IIR filters as an alternative option to the M-path FIR filter. Design/methodology/approach Two filter designs are presented in the paper. The first approach uses linear phase IIR low pass structure to reduce the filter’s coefficient. Whereas the second approach uses multipath polyphase structure to design approximately linear phase IIR filter in DDC. Findings The authors have compared the performance and workload of the proposed polyphase structured IIR filters with state-of-the-art filter design used in DDC. The proposed design is seen to satisfy tight design specification with a significant reduction in arithmetic operations and required power consumption. Originality/value The proposed design is an alternate solution to the M-path polyphase FIR filter offering very less number of coefficients in the filter design. Proposed DDC using polyphase structured IIR filter satisfies the requirement of linear phase with the least number of computation cost in comparison with other DDC structure.
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2

Yue, Dachao, and Haikuan Liu. "The Design Of Intelligent Filter For EEG." MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 04023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823204023.

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EEG data processing method is usually digital filter designed by the traditional method. Its disadvantage is the transition zone is wide and the filtering effect is poor. Using an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm on IIR digital filters design, the performances of filters designed by various methods are compared and analyzed. Experiments illustrate particle swarm optimization algorithm is effective in IIR filter design and its performance is promising.
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3

Konopacki, Jacek, and Katarzyna Mościńska. "A Procedure for Quasi-Equiripple Linear-Phase IIR Filters Design." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 56, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10177-010-0052-x.

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A Procedure for Quasi-Equiripple Linear-Phase IIR Filters DesignThe linear-phase IIR filters are described in many cases, mainly due to distortion-free transmission of signals. One of the major problems of IIR filter design is stability, which can be obtained with suitable value of group delay τ. This paper concerns calculation of filter orderNand group delay τ in case of quasi-equiripple design of IIR filters. We propose a novel procedure for determiningNand τ values; the procedure is valid for all types of filters with arbitrary number of zeros and a few non-zero poles. Evaluation of the proposed approach as well as examples illustrating its application are provided in the paper.
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4

Pan, Shing-Tai. "CSD-Coded Genetic Algorithm on Robustly Stable Multiplierless IIR Filter Design." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/560650.

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A Canonic-Signed-Digit-(CSD-) coded genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to find the optimal design of robustly stable infinite impulse response digital filter (IIR). Under the characteristics of the CSD structure, the circuit of the filter can be simplified and also the calculation speed can be raised to increase the hardware’s efficiency. However, the design of CSD has a big challenge: the CSD structure of the system parameters will be destroyed by an optimal design procedure. To solve this problem, in this research a CSD-coded GA is proposed so that the CSD structure can be maintained. Moreover, the robustly stable IIR filters design problem is included in this paper. The robustness of the IIR filters is achieved by ensuring that all poles of the filters are located inside a diskD(α,r)contained in the unit circle, in whichαis the center,ris the radius of the disk, and|α|+r<1. Consequently, in this paper, a new and more efficientD(α,r)-stability criterion will be derived and then embedded in GA for the design of robust IIR filters. It is worthwhile to note that to design an IIR filter simultaneously with CSD-structured parameters and robust stability is difficult and is not well explored so far. An example will be presented to show the efficiency of the proposed strategy for design of IIR filters.
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5

Li, Qi Rui, Ming Ming Jiang, Bing Luo, Xiao Ping Hu, and Kang Hua Tang. "Design of Fast Second-Order IIR Low-Pass Filter Based on Parameter Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4382.

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Анотація:
Second-order IIR low-pass filter is widely used in digital signal processing. A fast filter algorithm without multiplication is proposed for it in this paper. A configuration method for the filter coefficient of fast algorithm is put forward, considering the characteristic of second-order IIR low-pass filter coefficient and the filter’s mathematical model. A performance analysis of fast second-order IIR low-pass filter without multiplication is shown in the paper, and the performance of the fast filter is shown by example using MATLAB simulation. What’s more, the algorithm’s rapidity is verified by an implementation of the filter on FPGA, which turns out that fast filtering algorithm takes only 54.7% of common algorithm’s operation time to realize the same filer function.
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6

Mirkovic, Dejan, Miona Andrejevic-Stosovic, Predrag Petkovic, and Vanco Litovski. "Design of IIR digital filters with critical monotonic passband amplitude characteristic: A case study." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 29, no. 2 (2016): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1602269m.

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Анотація:
A case study is reported related to the design of IIR digital filters exhibiting critical monotonic amplitude characteristic (CMAC) in the pass band. This kind of amplitude characteristic offers several advantages as compared to its non-monotonic counterparts, although it has not been studied thoroughly so far, if at all. After giving a short overview of the way of CMACs generation, arguments will be listed in favor of the IIR version of the digital filter function realization. Next, the IIR implementation of the digital filters will be considered in short. The main part of the paper will be devoted to the design sequence of this kind of filters which will be illustrated on the example of a band-pass filter obtained by a set of transformations from an all-pole low-pass analogue prototype. This will be the first time a CMAC band-pass IIR digital filter is reported.
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7

Hamad, Rasha W. "Design and FPGA implementation of 11th order Efficient IIR Wavelet Filter Banks with Approximate Linear-phase." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 7, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v7n4a291.

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In this paper. Bireciprocal Lattice Wave Digital Filters (BLWDFs) are utilized in an approximate linear-phase in pass-band design of order IIR wavelet filter banks (FBs). These filter banks are efficiently designed by replacement one of branches for (BLWDFs) by only a unit delay. The coefficients of the designed filter are achieved by simulating the IIR response suggested in [1]. The design is first simulated using Matlab programming in order to investigate the resulting wavelet filter properties and to find the suitable wordlength for the BLWDFs coefficients. FPGA implemtation of the proposed IIR wavelet filter bank is also achived for three levels with less complexity and high operating frequency.
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8

Hamad, Rasha W. "Design and FPGA implementation of 11th order Efficient IIR Wavelet Filter Banks with Approximate Linear-phase." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 7, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v7n4a301.

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Анотація:
In this paper. Bireciprocal Lattice Wave Digital Filters (BLWDFs) are utilized in an approximate linear-phase in pass-band design of order IIR wavelet filter banks (FBs). These filter banks are efficiently designed by replacement one of branches for (BLWDFs) by only a unit delay. The coefficients of the designed filter are achieved by simulating the IIR response suggested in [1]. The design is first simulated using Matlab programming in order to investigate the resulting wavelet filter properties and to find the suitable wordlength for the BLWDFs coefficients. FPGA implemtation of the proposed IIR wavelet filter bank is also achived for three levels with less complexity and high operating frequency.
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9

Murdika, Umi, and Yessi Mulyani. "Perancangan Dan Simulasi Filter IIR Menggunakan Graphical User Interface (GUI)." Electrician 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2018): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/elc.v11n3.2060.

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Анотація:
Intisari--- Pada makalah ini telah disajikan metode mensimulasikan filter IIR menggunakan GUI. Metode ini tidak hanya tergantung pada kode matlab, tetapi juga menampilkan control penggunaan yang dibangun berdasarkan GUI, sehingga semua operasi pemfilteran dapat diselesaikan oleh GUI. Makalah ini menggunakan metode Pole-zero placement, Impulse invariant, Matched z-transform , dan Bilinear z-transfor dalam merealisasikan filter IIR dan untuk sebagai contoh untuk merancang filter low-pass, high-pass and band-pass. Dari simulasi menunjukkan bahwa perancangan berdasrkan GUI ini sangatlah nyaman, cepat, dan fleksibelKata kunci--- GUI, IIR, Filter Digital, Simulasi Abstract--- A method to simulate the IIR filter based on GUI(Graphic User Interface) is introduced in this paper. This method not only depended on Matlab code, but also made use of controls which generate a GUI, All the operations have been done by GUI. This paper took Pole-zero placement, Impulse invariant, Matched z-transform method to realize IIR filter for example to design digital low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters. The simulation results showthat the design based on GUI is convenient, fast, and flexible.Keywords--- GUI, IIR, Digital Filter, Simulation
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10

Melzer, Alexander, Andreas Pedross, and Manfred Mücke. "Holistic Biquadratic IIR Filter Design for Communication Systems Using Differential Evolution." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/741251.

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Анотація:
Digital IIR filter implementations are important building blocks of most communication systems. The chosen number format (fixed-point, floating-point; precision) has a major impact on achievable performance and implementation cost. Typically, filter design for communication systems is based on filter specifications in the frequency domain. We consider IIR filter design as an integral part of communication system optimisation with implicit filter specification in thetime domain(via symbol/bit error rate). We present a holistic design flow with the system's bit error rate as the main objective. We consider a discrete search space spanned by the quantised filter coefficients.Differential Evolutionis used for efficient sampling of this huge finite design space. We present communication system performance (based on bit-true simulations) and both measured and estimated receiver IIR chip areas. The results show that very small number formats are acceptable for complex filters and that the choice between fixed-point and floating-point number formats is nontrivial if precision is a free parameter.
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Дисертації з теми "IIR FILTER DESIGN"

1

Krukowski, Artur. "Flexible IIR digital filter design and multipath realisation." Thesis, University of Westminster, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322993.

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Sundaralingam, Sathiaseelan. "Evolving optimal IIR and adaptive filters." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300977.

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3

Yin, Shishu, and 殷仕淑. "New design and factorization methods for perfect reconstruction causalstable IIR filter banks." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38674592.

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4

Yin, Shishu. "New design and factorization methods for perfect reconstruction causal stable IIR filter banks." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38674592.

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5

Yoo, CheolWoo 1962. "Minimax IFIR filter design using subband decomposition." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/558157.

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Sun, Yi-Ran. "Generalized Bandpass Sampling Receivers for Software Defined Radio." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4009.

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7

Nicolson, Laurence John. "The design of IIR digital filters to magnitude and delay specifications." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320608.

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8

Dai, L. Barbara. "Design and realization methods for IIR multiple notch filters and high-speed narrow-band and wide-band filters." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0015/MQ56117.pdf.

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9

Arumemi-Ikhide, Martin Ikpehai Idemudia. "Empirical design of an evolutionary algorithm for optimisation of 1-D digital IIR filters." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444848.

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10

Niu, I.-Ching, and 牛挹青. "Optimal Design of 1-D IIR Filter Banks and 2-D IIR Filters." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83124583717594043411.

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Анотація:
碩士
國立臺灣大學
電信工程學研究所
87
Owing to the increasing use of digital signal processing, the design of digital filters and digital filter banks has become more and more important.In this thesis, it should be noted that a systematic algorithm is proposed as the basis to design the IIR filters and filter banks. However, this basic algorithm, in the various designing structure, is sometimes aided by WLS and Karmarkar''s algorithms to achieve a good design in certain optimal senses. To control the stability of the IIR filter, we replace the denominator of filter with lattice structure. That is, the reflection coefficients have been considered as the coefficients in the design. We therefore can directly control the stability of the filters by controlling the magnitude of these coefficients. The structure has been used in this thesis to design 1-D filter banks and 2-D filters. The satisfactory results as shown in the design examples given in this thesis have therefore successfully proven that the proposed design methods to be sound and viable.
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Книги з теми "IIR FILTER DESIGN"

1

İzzet, Kale, ed. DSP system design: Complexity reduced IIR filter implementation for practical applications. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

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2

Krukowski, Artur. DSP system design: Complexity reduced IIR filter implementation for practical applications. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic, 2004.

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3

Owen, Bryn Robert. The design of delta-sigma modulator based IIR filters. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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4

Leach, B. W. A Kalman filter integrated navigation design for the IAR twin otter atmospheric research aircraft. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada, 1991.

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5

Focus on creating MOD for quake III arena. Cincinnati, Ohio: Premier Press, 2002.

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6

Systems design in the fourth generation: Object-based development using dBASE. New York: Wiley, 1991.

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7

Systems design in the fourth generation: Object-based development using dBASE. New York: Wiley, 1991.

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8

J, Cashman Thomas, and Waggoner Gloria A, eds. Computer concepts with microcomputer applications: WordPerfect 5.0/5.1, Lotus 1-2-3, dBASE III Plus. Boston, MA: Boye & Fraser Pub. Co, 1990.

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9

Shelly, Gary B. Computer concepts with microcomputer applications. [Boston, MA?]: Boyd & Fraser, 1990.

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10

J, Cashman Thomas, and Waggoner Gloria 1947-, eds. Computer concepts with microcomputer applications. [Boston]: Boyd & Fraser, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "IIR FILTER DESIGN"

1

Alessio, Silvia Maria. "IIR Filter Design." In Signals and Communication Technology, 263–367. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25468-5_8.

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2

Rao, K. Deergha, and M. N. S. Swamy. "IIR Digital Filter Design." In Digital Signal Processing, 241–324. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8081-4_5.

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3

Jackson, Leland B. "IIR Filter Design by Transformation." In Digital Filters and Signal Processing, 249–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2458-5_8.

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Jackson, Leland B. "IIR Filter Design by Transformation." In Digital Filters and Signal Processing, 187–221. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3262-0_8.

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5

Hinamoto, Takao, and Wu-Sheng Lu. "Block-State Realization of IIR Digital Filters." In Digital Filter Design and Realization, 411–43. New York: River Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003337904-17.

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6

Singh, Sandeep, Alaknanda Ashok, Manjeet Kumar, Garima, and Tarun Kumar Rawat. "Optimal Design of IIR Filter Using Dragonfly Algorithm." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 211–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1819-1_21.

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7

Wang, Chuang, He Xi, Tienian Chen, and Jiawei Liu. "Design of IIR Digital Filter Based on FPGA." In Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, 628–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5854-9_80.

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Yadeeswaran, K. S., D. Prakalya, N. Mithun Mithra, Charan Athukuri, and Navya Mohan. "FIR and IIR Filter Design Using Modified Dadda Multiplier." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 185–95. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7753-4_15.

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9

Lei, Chi-Un, Chung-Man Cheung, Hing-Kit Kwan, and Ngai Wong. "Efficient Design of Arbitrary Complex Response Continuous-Time IIR Filter." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 163–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9532-0_13.

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Saha, Suman, and Soma Barman. "Noise Suppressing Cascaded IIR Elliptic Filter Design for ECG Signals." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9154-6_1.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "IIR FILTER DESIGN"

1

Lesnikov, Vladislav, Tatiana Naumovich, and Alexander Chastikov. "Multiplierless IIR Filter Design Technique." In 2021 10th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/meco52532.2021.9460199.

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He, Ping, HongLi Chang, Han Gao, and ZiYi Wang. "Design of IIR digital filter." In 2017 6th International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsnt.2017.8343749.

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3

Yuce, Ali, and Nusret Tan. "IIR filter design based on LabVIEW." In 2015 23th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2015.7129935.

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4

Singh Sidhu, Balraj, and J. S. Dhillon. "Higher Order Optimal Stable Digital IIR Filter Design Using Heuristic Optimization." In InSITE 2015: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: USA. Informing Science Institute, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2222.

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Анотація:
This paper proposes the innovative methodologies for the robust and stable design of optimal stable digital infinite impulse response (IIR) filters using different mutation variants of hybrid differential evolution (HDE). A multivariable optimization is employed as the design criterion to obtain the optimal stable IIR filter that satisfies the different performance requirements like minimizing the magnitude approximation error and minimizing the ripple magnitude. HDE method is undertaken as a global search technique and exploratory search is exploited as a local search technique. The proposed different mutation variants of HDE method enhance the capability to explore and exploit the search space locally as well globally to obtain the optimal filter design parameters. The chance of starting with better solution is improved by comparing the opposite solution. Here HDE has been effectively applied for the design of higher order optimal stable band-pass, and band-stop digital IIR filters. The experimental results depict that proposed HDE methods are superior or at least comparable to other algorithms and can be efficiently applied for higher order IIR filter design.
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Sergiyenko, Anatoliy, and Anastasia Serhienko. "Complexity Reduced IIR Filter Design for FPGA." In 2020 IEEE 2nd International Conference on System Analysis & Intelligent Computing (SAIC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/saic51296.2020.9239119.

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Aimin Jiang and Hon Keung Kwan. "WLS IIR digial filter design using SOCP." In 2008 International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems (ICCCAS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccas.2008.4657888.

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Kwan, Hon Keung, Aimin Jiang, and Hui Zhao. "IIR Variable Fractional Delay Digital Filter Design." In TENCON 2006 - 2006 IEEE Region 10 Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2006.344208.

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Aimin Jiang and Hon Keung Kwan. "Minimax IIR digital filter design using SOCP." In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2008. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2008.4541952.

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Jiang, Aimin, Hon Keung Kwan, Xiaofeng Liu, Ning Xu, Yibin Tang, and Yanping Zhu. "IIR filter design with novel stability condition." In 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2015.7169310.

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10

Harris, S. P. "Automating IIR filter design by genetic algorithm." In 1st International Conference on Genetic Algorithms in Engineering Systems: Innovations and Applications (GALESIA). IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19951061.

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Звіти організацій з теми "IIR FILTER DESIGN"

1

Collins, Clarence O., and Tyler J. Hesser. altWIZ : A System for Satellite Radar Altimeter Evaluation of Modeled Wave Heights. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39699.

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Анотація:
This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) describes the design and implementation of a wave model evaluation system, altWIZ, which uses wave height observations from operational satellite radar altimeters. The altWIZ system utilizes two recently released altimeter databases: Ribal and Young (2019) and European Space Agency Sea State Climate Change Initiative v.1.1 level 2 (Dodet et al. 2020). The system facilitates model evaluation against 1 Hz1 altimeter data or a product created by averaging altimeter data in space and time around model grid points. The system allows, for the first time, quantitative analysis of spatial model errors within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Wave Information Study (WIS) 30+ year hindcast for coastal United States. The system is demonstrated on the WIS 2017 Atlantic hindcast, using a 1/2° basin scale grid and a 1/4° regional grid of the East Coast. Consistent spatial patterns of increased bias and root-mean-square-error are exposed. Seasonal strengthening and weakening of these spatial patterns are found, related to the seasonal variation of wave energy. Some model errors correspond to areas known for high currents, and thus wave-current interaction. In conjunction with the model comparison, additional functions for pairing altimeter measurements with buoy data and storm tracks have been built. Appendices give information on the code access (Appendix I), organization and files (Appendix II), example usage (Appendix III), and demonstrating options (Appendix IV).
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2

Lahav, Ori, Albert Heber, and David Broday. Elimination of emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from confined animal and feeding operations (CAFO) using an adsorption/liquid-redox process with biological regeneration. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695589.bard.

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The project was originally aimed at investigating and developing new efficient methods for cost effective removal of ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO), in particular broiler and laying houses (NH₃) and hog houses (H₂S). In both cases, the principal idea was to design and operate a dedicated air collection system that would be used for the treatment of the gases, and that would work independently from the general ventilation system. The advantages envisaged: (1) if collected at a point close to the source of generation, pollutants would arrive at the treatment system at higher concentrations; (2) the air in the vicinity of the animals would be cleaner, a fact that would promote animal growth rates; and (3) collection efficiency would be improved and adverse environmental impact reduced. For practical reasons, the project was divided in two: one effort concentrated on NH₃₍g₎ removal from chicken houses and another on H₂S₍g₎ removal from hog houses. NH₃₍g₎ removal: a novel approach was developed to reduce ammonia emissions from CAFOs in general, and poultry houses in particular. Air sucked by the dedicated air capturing system from close to the litter was shown to have NH₃₍g₎ concentrations an order of magnitude higher than at the vents of the ventilation system. The NH₃₍g₎ rich waste air was conveyed to an acidic (0<pH<~5) bubble column reactor where NH₃ was converted to NH₄⁺. The reactor operated in batch mode, starting at pH 0 and was switched to a new acidic absorption solution just before NH₃₍g₎ breakthrough occurred, at pH ~5. Experiments with a wide range of NH₃₍g₎ concentrations showed that the absorption efficiency was practically 100% throughout the process as long as the face velocity was below 4 cm/s. The potential advantages of the method include high absorption efficiency, lower NH₃₍g₎ concentrations in the vicinity of the birds, generation of a valuable product and the separation between the ventilation and ammonia treatment systems. A small scale pilot operation conducted for 5 weeks in a broiler house showed the approach to be technically feasible. H₂S₍g₎ removal: The main goal of this part was to develop a specific treatment process for minimizing H₂S₍g₎ emissions from hog houses. The proposed process consists of three units: In the 1ˢᵗ H₂S₍g₎ is absorbed into an acidic (pH<2) ferric iron solution and oxidized by Fe(III) to S⁰ in a bubble column reactor. In parallel, Fe(III) is reduced to Fe(II). In the 2ⁿᵈ unit Fe(II) is bio-oxidized back to Fe(III) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (AF).In the 3ʳᵈ unit S⁰ is separated from solution in a gravity settler. The work focused on three sub-processes: the kinetics of H₂S absorption into a ferric solution at low pH, the kinetics of Fe²⁺ oxidation by AF and the factors that affect ferric iron precipitation (a main obstacle for a continuous operation of the process) under the operational conditions. H₂S removal efficiency was found higher at a higher Fe(III) concentration and also higher for higher H₂S₍g₎ concentrations and lower flow rates of the treated air. The rate limiting step of the H₂S reactive absorption was found to be the chemical reaction rather than the transition from gas to liquid phase. H₂S₍g₎ removal efficiency of >95% was recorded with Fe(III) concentration of 9 g/L using typical AFO air compositions. The 2ⁿᵈ part of the work focused on kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation by AF. A new lab technique was developed for determining the kinetic equation and kinetic parameters (KS, Kₚ and mₘₐₓ) for the bacteria. The 3ʳᵈ part focused on iron oxide precipitation under the operational conditions. It was found that at lower pH (1.5) jarosite accumulation is slower and that the performance of the AF at this pH was sufficient for successive operation of the proposed process at the H₂S fluxes predicted from AFOs. A laboratory-scale test was carried out at Purdue University on the use of the integrated system for simultaneous hydrogen sulfide removal from a H₂S bubble column filled with ferric sulfate solution and biological regeneration of ferric ions in a packed column immobilized with enriched AFbacteria. Results demonstrated the technical feasibility of the integrated system for H₂S removal and simultaneous biological regeneration of Fe(III) for potential continuous treatment of H₂S released from CAFO. NH₃ and H₂S gradient measurements at egg layer and swine barns were conducted in winter and summer at Purdue. Results showed high potential to concentrate NH₃ and H₂S in hog buildings, and NH₃ in layer houses. H₂S emissions from layer houses were too low for a significant gradient. An NH₃ capturing system was designed and tested in a 100-chicken broiler room. Five bell-type collecting devices were installed over the litter to collect NH₃ emissions. While the air extraction system moved only 10% of the total room ventilation airflow rate, the fraction of total ammonia removed was 18%, because of the higher concentration air taken from near the litter. The system demonstrated the potential to reduce emissions from broiler facilities and to concentrate the NH₃ effluent for use in an emission control system. In summary, the project laid a solid foundation for the implementation of both processes, and also resulted in a significant scientific contribution related to AF kinetic studies and ferrous analytical measurements.
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3

Alchanatis, Victor, Stephen W. Searcy, Moshe Meron, W. Lee, G. Y. Li, and A. Ben Porath. Prediction of Nitrogen Stress Using Reflectance Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580664.bard.

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Commercial agriculture has come under increasing pressure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer inputs in order to minimize potential nonpoint source pollution of ground and surface waters. This has resulted in increased interest in site specific fertilizer management. One way to solve pollution problems would be to determine crop nutrient needs in real time, using remote detection, and regulating fertilizer dispensed by an applicator. By detecting actual plant needs, only the additional nitrogen necessary to optimize production would be supplied. This research aimed to develop techniques for real time assessment of nitrogen status of corn using a mobile sensor with the potential to regulate nitrogen application based on data from that sensor. Specifically, the research first attempted to determine the system parameters necessary to optimize reflectance spectra of corn plants as a function of growth stage, chlorophyll and nitrogen status. In addition to that, an adaptable, multispectral sensor and the signal processing algorithm to provide real time, in-field assessment of corn nitrogen status was developed. Spectral characteristics of corn leaves reflectance were investigated in order to estimate the nitrogen status of the plants, using a commercial laboratory spectrometer. Statistical models relating leaf N and reflectance spectra were developed for both greenhouse and field plots. A basis was established for assessing nitrogen status using spectral reflectance from plant canopies. The combined effect of variety and N treatment was studied by measuring the reflectance of three varieties of different leaf characteristic color and five different N treatments. The variety effect on the reflectance at 552 nm was not significant (a = 0.01), while canonical discriminant analysis showed promising results for distinguishing different variety and N treatment, using spectral reflectance. Ambient illumination was found inappropriate for reliable, one-beam spectral reflectance measurement of the plants canopy due to the strong spectral lines of sunlight. Therefore, artificial light was consequently used. For in-field N status measurement, a dark chamber was constructed, to include the sensor, along with artificial illumination. Two different approaches were tested (i) use of spatially scattered artificial light, and (ii) use of collimated artificial light beam. It was found that the collimated beam along with a proper design of the sensor-beam geometry yielded the best results in terms of reducing the noise due to variable background, and maintaining the same distance from the sensor to the sample point of the canopy. A multispectral sensor assembly, based on a linear variable filter was designed, constructed and tested. The sensor assembly combined two sensors to cover the range of 400 to 1100 nm, a mounting frame, and a field data acquisition system. Using the mobile dark chamber and the developed sensor, as well as an off-the-shelf sensor, in- field nitrogen status of the plants canopy was measured. Statistical analysis of the acquired in-field data showed that the nitrogen status of the com leaves can be predicted with a SEP (Standard Error of Prediction) of 0.27%. The stage of maturity of the crop affected the relationship between the reflectance spectrum and the nitrogen status of the leaves. Specifically, the best prediction results were obtained when a separate model was used for each maturity stage. In-field assessment of the nitrogen status of corn leaves was successfully carried out by non contact measurement of the reflectance spectrum. This technology is now mature to be incorporated in field implements for on-line control of fertilizer application.
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4

ICPP calcined solids storage facility closure study. Volume III: Engineering design files. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/582193.

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