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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Hyper growth"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 28 вересня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Hyper growth"

Cassia, Lucio, and Tommaso Minola. "Hyper‐growth of SMEs." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 18, no. 2 (March 2, 2012): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552551211204210.

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Golonka, Monika. "Interfirm Cooperation Strategy of Hyper-Growth and Stable-Growth ICT Firms in Sweden." Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe 24, no. 4 (December 15, 2016): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.183.

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Andersson, Dan I., Henk W. van Verseveld, Adrian H. Stouthamer, and Charles G. Kurland. "Suboptimal growth with hyper-accurate ribosomes." Archives of Microbiology 144, no. 1 (February 1986): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00454963.

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Ballin, Anne. "Hyper Secretion of GH: Pituitary Gigantism." Endocrinology and Disorders 2, no. 1 (April 29, 2018): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2640-1045/017.

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Gigantism refers to a condition characterized by extreme physical size and stature. By definition, this originates during infancy, childhood or adolescence, when epiphyseal growth plates remain open. Although the term gigantism may be applied to a number of non-hormonally mediated overgrowth conditions in children, it is often used to specifically denote growth hormone(GH) excess. GH excess during childhood and adolescence is extremely rare, with the total number of reported cases thus far numbering only in the hundreds. Herein we present such a case.

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Markman, Gideon D., and William B. Gartner. "The Effects of Hyper Growth on Firm Profitability." Journal of Private Equity 5, no. 4 (August 31, 2002): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpe.2002.320025.

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Park, Young-Sik, Jae-Yun Heo, Nam-Yong Um, Sun-Bai Bang, and Sung-Min Park2*. "Growth and Fruit Characteristics of Hypo-, Hyper-tetraploid Grapes." Korean Journal of Breeding Science 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.9787/kjbs.2015.47.3.192.

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Mizuno, T., M. Takayasu, and H. Takayasu. "The mechanism of double-exponential growth in hyper-inflation." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 308, no. 1-4 (May 2002): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4371(02)00598-8.

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Tsuji, Tomoaki. "The Void Growth Simulations in the Hyper-Elastic Material with Multiple Seeds." Materials Science Forum 502 (December 2005): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.502.45.

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Анотація:

The behaviors of a material are nonlinear in the large deformed region. The hyper elastic models can describe such non linear materials. If the hyper elastic material is applied to the hydrostatic tensile load, the void begins to grow when the load exceed the critical value. It is important to study the coalescence of the void growth in order to consider the destruction of the material. In this paper, the void growth simulations in the hyper-elastic material with multiple seeds are studied. The unit rectangular cell with small voids is subjected to the hydrostatic tensile load. This problem can be analyzed by FEM. However, the simulation with the larger number of the voids is not possible. Thus, the CA (Cellular Automaton) is used to describe the behaviors of the void coalescence and the possibility of CA is discussed.

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Saini, Bhawna, Mohit Kumar, and Arkapal Bandyopadhyay. "Topical corticosteroids induced hyper-pigmentation: a case report." International Journal of Research in Dermatology 5, no. 4 (October 21, 2019): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20194689.

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<p>Hyper-pigmentation is a common skin condition in which increased melanin production results in darker patches of skin. Although hyper-pigmentation is harmless but still mostly people wish to get rid of them because of increasing craze of beautification in India. Topical corticosteroids (TC) application showed quick amelioration of post-inflammatory hyper-pigmentation patches. Prolonged and unsupervised use of TC leads to skin atrophy and reappearance of hyper-pigmentation patches. We present two cases of hyper-pigmentation induced by TC misuse. In case-1, a 20 year old female came to OPD with a complaint of hyper-pigmentation and itch sensation along with drug history of Betnovate cream for the last 2 years for acne treatment. On examination, she showed signs of hyper-pigmentation on cheeks. She was counselled to stop the further use of Betnovate cream and prescribed demelanizing agents along with sunscreen and emollients. The patches improved significantly with above management within 15 days. In case-2, a 33 year old female came to OPD with complaints of redness over whole face, increased facial hair growth and burning sensation along with drug history of using Betnovate cream for 2 years. On examination she showed signs of hyper-pigmentation and redness on cheeks, bruise and tearing of skin and increased facial hair growth. She was counselled to stop the further use of Betnovate cream. She was prescribed retinoic acid cream, sunscreen agents, anti-allergic tablets and emollient cream. The patches improved significantly with above management within 15 days.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>

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Hashimoto, Hisashi, Kazuharu Takeuchi, Yoshiyuki Matsuo, Yoshihiro Yokoyama, Haruhiko Toyohara, and Morihiko Sakahuchi. "Cell Growth of Fish Cultures in Hyper- and Hypoosmotic Media." Fisheries science 64, no. 2 (1998): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.64.350.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Hyper growth"

Giese, Martin 1970. "Managing hyper-growth : a system dynamics analysis of competitive dynamics in business-to-consumer electronic commerce." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9287.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-53).
Many Internet companies have decided to follow a 'get big fast' strategy: they invest heavily in marketing to build their user base and market share. At ]east for now, the capital markets seem to encourage this strategy: the stock price of the leading competitor in a category (say, Amazon in online book selling) typically trades at a significant premium to the stocks of other category competitors, as a multiple of revenues or users. Is this behavior rational? The paper addresses this question with the help of a System Dynamics model that reflects two particular online retail markets (books and pet supplies). The Dot Com Model captures the characteristics of the main competitors -- their basic economics (how they make money), operating and financial strategies -- and the behavioral decision rules for consumers, managers, and investors in the enterprise. The purpose of this model is to evaluate the different growth strategies seen in Internet businesses, explore their sustainability under different competitive scenarios, and to test the 'rationale' that capital markets are using to value these companies. The Dot Com Model is used to identify a typology of winning strategies and failure modes and the range of scenarios and conditions under which each of those strategies applies. Finally, the paper explores the reference modes for the eventual reduction of the 'speculative excess' in dot.com stocks and the return to more traditional valuation heuristics (multiples of net income, discounted cash flow analysis).
by Martin Giese.
S.M.

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Brady, Stefanie. "The effect of hyper-osmotic conditions on the growth, metabolism, and specific antibody productivity of a GS-NS0 cell line." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/9322.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2009.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Kouada, Sarra. "Les déterminants de l'hypercroissance : le cas des PME françaises." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0644.

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Bien qu’il existe une pensée quasi universelle selon laquelle l’hypercroissance correspond à une force motrice positive dans l’économie, il existe de nombreuses zones d’ombre sur la compréhension de ce phénomène. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les déterminants de l’hypercroissance à travers trois axes différents. Chaque axe a été étudié dans un article. Dans le premier essai, nous explorons les déterminants qualitatifs et quantitatifs de l’hypercroissance. Dans le deuxième essai, nous mettons en exergue différents modèles d’hypercroissance des PME françaises. En utilisant une base de données de 365 PME en hypercroissance, nous avons fait émerger quatre modèles d’hypercroissance qui caractérisent les PME françaises. Dans un troisième essai, nous étudions la nature des relations entre les ressources qui favorisent l’hypercroissance. A travers huit entretiens semi-directifs auprès de dirigeants de PME françaises en hypercroissance. Nous avons conclu que la mobilisation des ressources dépend de la stratégie de croissance des dirigeants. Cette thèse contribue à la théorie en fournissant une conceptualisation de l’hypercroissance qui vise surmonter ses complexités. Elle contribue aussi à la pratique en guidant les entrepreneurs à avoir une perspective fine des modèles de l’hypercroissance de leurs entreprises et de ses impacts sur leur prise de décisions. Elle propose, aussi un éclairage pour les prises de décisions, notamment des pouvoirs publics, mais également des structures d’accompagnement de ces entreprises
While there is almost universal thought that hypergrowth is a positive driving force in the economy, there are still many gray areas on the understanding of this phenomenon.In this thesis, we study the determinants of hypergrowth through three different axes. Each axis has been studied in an article.In the first article, we explore the qualitative and quantitative determinants of hypergrowth. In the second article, we highlight different hypergrowth models of French SMEs. Using a database of 365 hypergrowth SMEs, we brought out four hypergrowth models that characterize French SMEs. In a third article, we study the nature of the resource relationships that promote hypergrowth. Through eight semi-structured interviews with managers of French SMEs in hypergrowth. We concluded that resource mobilization depends on the growth strategy of leaders.This thesis contributes to the theory by providing a conceptualization of hypergrowth that aims to overcome its complexities. It contributes to the practice by guiding entrepreneurs to have a fine perspective of the hypergrowth models of their businesses and its impacts on their decision making. It also provides guidance for decision-makers, particularly for public authorities, but also support structures for these companies

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Eiymo, Mwa Mpollo Marthe-Sandrine. "Pulmonary Complications of Sickle Cell Disease Resulting from Erythroid Cell-Driven Signalling." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406901116.

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Hua, Yue. "Modélisation de l'influence des sollicitations mécaniques dynamiques sur les phénomènes de remodelage et de croissance des vaisseaux sanguins des membres supérieurs." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0134/document.

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Анотація:

Le syndrome de vibration main-bras (HAVS) est généralement provoqué par l'utilisation d'outils électriques portatifs sur le long terme ; il se manifeste après une exposition au froid, en provoquant une forte et anormale vasoconstriction des vaisseaux sanguins. L'objectif de la thèse est d'établir un nouveau modèle prédictif des changements géométriques et structurels des parois des capillaires causés par l'exposition des membres supérieurs aux vibrations. Le contexte médical du HAVS est rappelé en premier lieu, en particulier les mécanismes pathologiques sous-jacents. Les modèles constitutifs des tissus mous de la pulpe de doigt et de la paroi du vaisseau en croissance issus de la littérature sont rappelés. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, les paramètres élastiques et visqueux de la pulpe du doigt sont identifiés par le recalage des résultats de la simulation d'un modèle 2D d'une section transversale du bout du doigt avec des données expérimentales. La dernière partie de la thèse aborde la modélisation de la croissance des capillaires induite par la vibration de l'outil, en considérant des échelles spatiales et temporelles macroscopique et microscopique. Le problème spatial multi-échelles est résolu par une méthode de zoom structural, le champ de déformation calculé à l’échelle macroscopique définissant la condition limite appliquée ensuite à l’échelle microscopique. Le problème multi-échelle de temps est résolu en transformant le problème dynamique en un problème équivalent quasi-statique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les vibrations induisent l'épaississement de la paroi du capillaire, l’effet étant maximum au voisinage de la fréquence de résonance. Des analyses paramétriques sont réalisées pour étudier la relation entre la croissance des capillaires en fonction de la localisation dans la pulpe du doigt, la fréquence de la vibration, l’amplitude de la pré-charge statique, et la dose de vibrations
Hand-Arm Vibration syndrome (HAVS) is usually caused by long-term use of hand-held power tools. It typically occurs after exposure to cold, causing an abnormally strong vasoconstriction of blood vessels. A model predicting the geometrical and structural changes of the arterial walls caused by vibration exposure is developed for the first time in this thesis. The medical context of HAVS is first recalled, especially the underlying pathological mechanisms. The constitutive models for the finger pulp and the growth of the vessel wall from the literature are used as a basis for the modeling of the arterial wall remodeling under exposure to vibration. The elastic and viscous parameters of the fingertip have been identified by adjusting the simulation results of a 2D model of fingertip cross-section to available experimental data. The last part of the thesis develops a first attempt to build the growth model of capillary induced by the tool vibration, considering multiscale spatial and temporal aspects. The two-scale spatial problem is solved by a structure focus, the deformation field computed at the macro level defining the boundary condition next applied at the microscopic level. The two-scale time problem is solved by transforming the dynamic problem into a quasi-static problem. The results obtained show that vibration induces an increase of the thickness of the capillary's wall. Parametric analyses were carried out to study the relationships between the capillary growth and their localization within finger’s pulp, the vibration frequency, the magnitude of the static preload and the vibration dose

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Matricon, Julien. "Étude de l'implication du Nerve Growth Factor et des Acid-Sensing Ion Channels dans l'hypersensibilité colique induite par le butyrate chez le rat." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719685.

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Le syndrome de l'intestin irritable (SII) touche près de 10% de la population. Nous avons utilisé un modèle animal de SII induit par le butyrate développé au laboratoire afin de décortiquer les mécanismes de l'hypersensibilité colique (HSC) dans le SII. Le blocage du NGF par des anticorps anti-NGF prévient l'HSC induite par le butyrate, évaluée par le test de distension colorectale. Le NGF, quantifié par immunohistochimie (IHC), est surexprimé dans les ganglions rachidiens dorsaux (GRD) innervant le côlon des rats butyrate. Le blocage des canaux ASIC par amiloride prévient l'HSC induite par le butyrate. L'expression des ARNm ASIC1a et ASIC1b, évaluée par RT-PCR, est augmentée dans les GDR des rats butyrate. Cette augmentation est corrélée à une augmentation de l'expression de la protéine ASIC1A dans les neurones nociceptifs, quantifiée par IHC. Le blocage du NGF par des anticorps anti-NGF prévient la surexpression de ASIC1A dans les GRD. L'absence de variation d'expression du NGF et de ASIC1A au niveau colique suggère que ces moléciles ont une implication dans l'élément présynaptique plutôt que dans les terminaisons libres coliques. L'étude de l'expression spinale de la protéine Fos après stimulation des fibres coliques a montré que l'HSC induite par le butyrate est associée à une activation spécifique des segments thoraciques T10-T11-T12 de la moëlle épinière (MEp). Le blocage spinal du canal ASIC1A par la PcTx1 prévient l'HSC induite par le butyrate. L'expression de ASIC1a, évaluée par RT-PCR et Western blot, est augmentée dans la MEp des rats butyrate. Comme à la périphérie, l'expression de ASIC1a est modulée par le NGF puisque le blocage du NGF prévient la surexpression des ARNm et de la protéine ASIC1A dans la MEp des rats butyrate. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse suggère que le NGF et le canal ASIC1A jouent un rôle critique dans le développement de douleurs viscérales en contribuant à la fois à la sensibilisation périphérique et centrale.

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Reboul, Guillaume. "Metabarcoding and metagenomic approaches to decipher microbial communities in suboxic environments Microbial eukaryotes in the suboxic chemosyn- thetic ecosystem of Movile Cave, Romania Hyper- diverse archaea near life limits at the polyextreme geothermal Dallol area Performance of the melting seawater-ice elution method on the metabarcoding characterization of benthic protist communities Core microbial communities of lacustrine microbialites sampled along an alkalinity gradient Environmental drivers of plankton protist communities along latitudinal and vertical gradients in the oldest and deepest freshwater lake Ancient Adaptive Lateral Gene Transfers in the Symbiotic Opalina-Blastocystis Stramenopile Lineage Marine signature taxa and microbial community stability along latitudinal and vertical gradients in sediments of the deepest freshwater lake." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL041.

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L’écologie microbienne concerne l’étude des microorganismes et de leurs interactions biotiques et abiotiques dans un écosystème donné. Ces vingt dernières années, l’avancement des techniques moléculaires pour analyser la diversité microbienne et, notamment, les nouvelles technologies de séquençages (NGS) ont permis de surmonter les limitations associées aux approches traditionnelles basées sur la culture et la microscopie. Ces approches moléculaires ont conduit à une accumulation des données de diversité microbienne et de potentiel métabolique dans des communautés microbiennes des écosystèmes variés.Cependant, ces efforts ont été principalement appliqués sur des environnements facilement accessibles ou liés à l’humain, comme le plancton (marin principalement) et la flore intestinale. Néanmoins, ceci a conduit à une très forte augmentation de données environnementales et au développement de la bioinformatique par le biais de nombreux outils. Parmi les environnements délaissés des études, les environnements faibles en oxygène sont probablement également porteurs de nouveautés phylogénique ou métaboliques.Afin de palier à cela, nous avons choisi d’explorer deux environnements suboxiques relativement peu étudiés : la cave Movile (Roumanie) et les sédiments du lac Baikal (Sibérie, Russie). Notre but étant de montrer les diversités phylogénétiques et fonctionnelles des microbes de ces biotopes.Pour cela, j’ai d'abord développé un pipeline d’analyse de données métabarcoding (petite sous-unités ribosomique). Ensuite, j’ai appliqué cet outil sur des données de métabarcoding de protistes provenant d’échantillons d’eau et de tapis microbiens de la cave de Movile, un écosystème chemosynthétique pratiquement fermé. Nous avons montré que la diversité des protistes de la cave s’étendait à quasiment tous les grands groupes eucaryotes et provenait à la fois d’origine d’eaux douces et marines. De plus, la plupart ont été affiliées à des groupes d’organismes typiquement anaérobies, ce qui est concordant avec les paramètres abiotiques de la cave. Écologiquement, ces protistes sont des prédateurs mais aussi vraisemblablement des partenaires symbiotiques avec des espèces procaryotes de la cave.Dans une deuxième étude, j’ai eu l’opportunité d’appliquer ce pipeline de métabarcoding sur des données procaryotes et eucaryotes provenant des couches superficielles des sédiments du lac d’eau douce Baikal. Comme attendu, les communautés microbiennes dans ces sédiments sont particulièrement diverses et relativement enrichis en archées. Nous avons aussi pu mettre en évidence des lignées que l’on pensait exclusivement marines dans ces sédiments. Ces lignées sont probablement planctoniques mais s’accumulent au fond par sédimentation. Enfin, les échantillons ont été prélevés dans le but de tester les influences de la profondeur, du bassin et de la latitude sur les communautés. Aucune d’elles ne s’est révélée significative.Dans une troisième étude, j'ai utilisé une approche métagénomique afin de révéler les acteurs écologiquement majeurs dans les sédiments, leurs rôles et de reconstruire leurs génomes. Cela nous a permis notamment de mettre en évidence le rôle primordial des Thaumarchaeota dans le cycle de l’azote et la production primaire de molécules de carbone. Les chloroflexi et les protéobacteries ont aussi un rôle important dans la surface des sédiments du lac Baikal. Ce travail de thèse participe à la connaissance globale de la diversité microbienne sur la planète en mettant en lumière des environnements peu étudiés. De plus, l’étude de la surface des sédiments du lac Baikal apporte de nouvelles données sur le sujet de la transition eau douces/eau marines des microbes. Enfin, la métagénomique a permis de révéler le cycle des nutriments et les microorganismes y participant dans ces échantillons de sédiment. En résumé, ce travail vient mettre en lumière l’écologie microbienne d’écosystèmes suboxiques, notamment la surface des sédiments du lac Baikal
Microbial ecology is the science of micro-organisms and their biotic and abiotic interactions in a given ecosystem. As technology has advanced, molecular techniques have been widely used to overcome the limitations of classical approaches such as culturing and microscopy. Indeed, the development of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies in the past twenty years has largely helped to unravel the phylogenetic diversity and functional potential of microbial communities across ecosystems.Nonetheless, most of the environments studied through these techniques concentrated on relatively easily accessible, tractable and host-related ecosystems such as plankton (especially in marine ecosystems), soils and gut microbiomes. This has contributed to the rapid accumulation of a wealth of environmental diversity and metagenomic data along with advances in bioinformatics leading to the development of myriads of tools. Oxygen-depleted environments and especially their microbial eukaryote components are less studied and may lead to future phylogenetic and metabolic discoveries.In order to address this, we conducted analyses on two poorly studied suboxic ecosystems: Movile Cave (Romania) and lake Baikal sediments (Siberia, Russia). In this task, we aimed at unveiling the taxonomic and functional diversity of microorganims in these environments.To do so, I first evaluated the available bioinformatics tools and implemented a bioinformatics pipeline for 16S/18S rRNA gene-based metabarcoding analysis, making reasoned methodological choices. Then, as a case study, I carried out metabarcoding analyses of the water and floating microbial mats found in Movile Cave in order to investigate its protist diversity. Our study showed that Movile Cave, a sealed off chemosynthetic ecosystem, harbored a substantial protist diversity with species spanning most of the major eukaryotic super groups. The majority if these protists were related to species of freshwater and marine origins. Most of them were putatively anaerobic, in line with the cave environment, and suggesting that in addition to their predatory role, they might participate in prokaryote-protist symbioses.In a second study, I applied my metabarcoding pipeline to explore unique and relatively unexplored environment of Lake Baikal sediments. I first applied a metabarcoding approach using 16S and 18S rRNA genes to describe prokaryotic as well as protist diversity. Overall, the communities within these ecosystems were very diverse and enriched in ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota. We also identified several typical marine taxa which are likely planktonic but accumulate in sediments. Finally, our sampling plan allowed us to test whether differences across depth, basin or latitude affected microbial community structure. Our results showed that the composition of sediment microbial communities remained relatively stable across the samples regardless of depth or latitude.In a third study, we applied metagenomics to study the metabolic potential of communities associated to Baikal sediments and to reconstruct metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of dominant organisms. This revealed the considerable ecological importance of Thaumarchaeota lineages in lake Baikal sediments, which were found to be the major autotrophic phyla and also very implicated in the nitrogen cycle. Chloroflexi and Proteobacteria-related species also appeared ecologically important.This PhD thesis reveals the taxonomic diversity of poorly studied suboxic ecosystems and therefore contributes to our knowledge of microbial diversity on Earth. Additionally, the analyses of surface sediment samples in lake Baikal adds new light on freshwater-marine transitions. The metagenomic analyses reported here allowed us to postulate a model of nutrient cycle carried out by microorganismsin these sediments. Overall, this work sheds light on the microbial ecology of oxygen-depleted environments, and most notably lake Baikal surface sediments

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Wang, Jung-Hao, and 王榮顥. "Study on the Growth and the Hyper-accumulation of Nicotine in Hairy Roots of Nicotiana tabacum." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54530143729788594570.

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Анотація:

博士
國立臺灣大學
生化科技學系
103
Hairy root, which resulted from T-DNA transformation of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, is widely used in studying root biology. It is also applied in producing diverse plant secondary metabolites due to its fast-growth and metabolite-accumulating abilities. However, the regulatory mechanisms of hairy root initiation, growth, and metabolite accumulation are largely unknown. To expand the applicability of hairy roots, we used Nicotiana tabacum L. var Wisconsin 38, its pathogen A. rhizogenes A4, and its well-known metabolite nicotine as a study model to unveil the mechanisms that regulate hairy root growth and secondary metabolite accumulation. In the part of growth regulation, we focused on four rol genes, including rolA, B, C, and D, which are located on TL-DNA of A. rhizogenes A4. These rol genes are known to participate in rooting; however, the means by which the rol genes contribute to the initiation and the maintenance of hairy roots remain unknown. In this study, we knocked-out these rol genes in A. rhizogenes A4 respectively, and used for inducing hairy roots. We found that A. rhizogenes lacking rolB or rolC induced hairy roots with less rooting ability than wild-type A. rhizogenes, whereas lacking rolA or rolD showed no significant differences. Moreover, tobacco hairy roots lacking either rolB or rolC exhibited fewer branch roots and lost their growth ability after long-term subculture than wild-type-induced hairy roots, whereas lacking of rolA or rolD did not show significant differences. We considered rolB and rolC involved mainly in the regulation of hairy root growth. Our microarray analysis revealed that the expression of several groups of genes encoding lipid transfer proteins (LTP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes was significantly suppressed in rolB- or rolC- deficient hairy roots. We also found that hairy root clones that exhibited greater branching also had higher levels of RolB, RolC, and the microarray-identified LTP genes. In addition, we compared the transcriptomic difference between hairy roots and un-infected intact roots by microarray, and the expression levels of the above mentioned LTP-encoding genes were dramatically higher in the hairy root. Moreover, ROS staining showed that ROS level were lower in rolB- or rolC- deficient hairy roots. We therefore suggest that up-regulating LTP and increasing the level of ROS are important for hairy root growth. In the part of secondary metabolite regulation, we found that tobacco hairy roots accumulate much more nicotine than the intact roots, and the nicotine contents were positively correlated with the amount of another metabolite anabasine, indicating hairy roots had higher secondary metabolic flux. By real-time PCR analysis, hairy roots had more abundant expression of genes encoding enzymes in nicotine biosynthetic pathway and storage transporters, indicating the accumulation of nicotine in hairy roots is via transcriptional regulation. Moreover, hairy roots with a higher growth rate had greater nicotine content, suggesting that growth and nicotine production are regulated synchronically. Nicotine up-regulation in hairy roots was regulated by ethylene response factor (ERF)189 and ERF199 to activate the key enzymes putrescine N-methyltransferase and N-methylputrescine oxidase with a jasmonic acid (JA)-independent signal. However, the possible regulator has not been identified. These findings indicate high secondary metabolites accumulated hairy root clones can be simply selected by measuring their growth rate, which expand the hairy root researches and applications in secondary metabolites.

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Wang, Chiang-Chuan, and 王江全. "A Study of 3D Growth Strategies in the Hyper-competition Arena ~ A Case Study of JH Company." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rf92e3.

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碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
104
The Case is a mold company located in central Taiwan. Through the unique strategy, it continues investment in precision machining and 3D measuring equipment. With technical competence, we therefore suggest a strategic framework in the context of hyper-competition. The real study provides conceptual discussion and an in-depth case study on the issue of building competitive advantages in the hyper-competition scenarios. The arguments of growth strategy and hyper-competition seem to integrate each other. Original growth strategies is driven from product and market, these develop extending various trajectories for business development. But the case company is so emphasized the technological competence which based on the background of the founder. And JH Corporation facilitates a platform which integrated many resources and partners. It will explores how a mold and plastic injection business that can enter the industries of optical lens and medical products. And how to develop acquisition strategy catches up the rivals of hyper-competition environment.

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Chebli, Youssef. "Cell wall composition regulates cell shape and growth behaviour in pollen tubes." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8988.

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L’une des particularités fondamentales caractérisant les cellules végétales des cellules animales est la présence de la paroi cellulaire entourant le protoplaste. La paroi cellulaire joue un rôle primordial dans (1) la protection du protoplaste, (2) est impliquée dans les mécanismes de filtration et (3) est le lieu de maintes réactions biochimiques nécessaires à la régulation du métabolisme et des propriétés mécaniques de la cellule. Les propriétés locales d’élasticité, d’extensibilité, de plasticité et de dureté des composants pariétaux déterminent la géométrie et la forme des cellules lors des processus de différentiation et de morphogenèse. Le but de ma thèse est de comprendre les rôles que jouent les différents composants pariétaux dans le modelage de la géométrie et le contrôle de la croissance des cellules végétales. Pour atteindre cet objectif, le modèle cellulaire sur lequel je me suis basé est le tube pollinique ou gamétophyte mâle. Le tube pollinique est une protubérance cellulaire qui se forme à partir du grain de pollen à la suite de son contact avec le stigmate. Sa fonction est la livraison des cellules spermatiques à l’ovaire pour effectuer la double fécondation. Le tube pollinique est une cellule à croissance apicale, caractérisée par la simple composition de sa paroi et par sa vitesse de croissance qui est la plus rapide du règne végétal. Ces propriétés uniques font du tube pollinique le modèle idéal pour l’étude des effets à courts termes du stress sur la croissance et le métabolisme cellulaire ainsi que sur les propriétés mécaniques de la paroi. La paroi du tube pollinique est composée de trois composantes polysaccharidiques : pectines, cellulose et callose et d’une multitude de protéines. Pour comprendre les effets que jouent ces différents composants dans la régulation de la croissance du tube pollinique, j’ai étudié les effets de mutations, de traitements enzymatiques, de l’hyper-gravité et de la gravité omni-directionnelle sur la paroi du tube pollinique. En utilisant des méthodes de modélisation mathématiques combinées à de la biologie moléculaire et de la microscopie à fluorescence et électronique à haute résolution, j’ai montré que (1) la régulation de la chimie des pectines est primordiale pour le contrôle du taux de croissance et de la forme du tube et que (2) la cellulose détermine le diamètre du tube pollinique en partie sub-apicale. De plus, j’ai examiné le rôle d’un groupe d’enzymes digestives de pectines exprimées durant le développement du tube pollinique : les pectate lyases. J’ai montré que ces enzymes sont requises lors de l’initiation de la germination du pollen. J’ai notamment directement prouvé que les pectate lyases sont sécrétées par le tube pollinique dans le but de faciliter sa pénétration au travers du style.
One of the most important features characterizing plant cells and differentiating them from animal cells is the cell wall that surrounds them. The cell wall plays a critical role in providing protection to the protoplast; it acts as a filtering mechanism and is the location of many biochemical reactions implicated in the regulation of the cell metabolism and the mechanical properties of the cell. The local stiffness, extensibility, plasticity and elasticity of the different cell wall components determine the shape and geometry of the cell during differentiation and morphogenesis. The goal of my thesis is to understand the role played by the different cell wall components in shaping the plant cell and controlling its growth behaviour. To achieve this goal, I studied the pollen tube, or male gametophyte, as a cellular model system. The pollen tube is a cellular protuberance formed by the pollen grain upon its contact with the stigma. Its main purpose is to deliver the sperm cells to the female gametophyte to ensure double fertilization. The pollen tube is a tip-growing cell characterized by its simple cell wall composition and by the fact that it is the fastest growing cell of the plant kingdom. This makes it the ideal model to study the effects of drugs, mutations or stresses on cellular growth behaviour, metabolism and cell wall mechanics. The pollen tube cell wall consists mainly of proteins and three major polysaccharidic components: pectins, cellulose and callose. To understand the role played by these components in regulating pollen tube growth, I investigated the effects of mutations, enzymatic treatments, hyper-gravity and omni-directional gravity on the pollen tube cell wall. Using mathematical modeling combined with molecular biology and high-resolution electron and fluorescent microscopy I was able to show that the regulation of pectin chemistry is required for the regulation of the growth rate and pollen tube shape and that cellulose is crucial for determining the pollen tube diameter in the sup-apical region. Moreover, I investigated the role of the pectate lyases, a group of pectin digesting enzymes expressed during pollen tube development, and I showed that this enzyme activity is required for the initiation of pollen germination. More importantly, I directly showed for the first time that the pollen tube secretes cell wall loosening enzymes to facilitate its penetration through the style.

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Книги з теми "Hyper growth"

Zhang, Jun. End of Hyper Growth in China? New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53718-8.

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Market communism: The institutional foundation of China's post-Mao hyper-growth. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1998.

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1969-, Saporta Victoria, and Singh Ajit 1940-, eds. The effects of hyper-inflation on accounting ratios: Financing corporate growth in industrial economies. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1997.

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Daly, Jack, and Dan Larson. The Sales Playbook: For Hyper Sales Growth. ForbesBooks, 2016.

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Hunter, Wolfgang. TRILLIONAIRE: How to Create and Sustain Hyper-Growth . in Any Environment. AuthorHouse, 2007.

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Ross, Aaron, and Jason Lemkin. From Impossible to Inevitable: How Hyper-Growth Companies Create Predictable Revenue. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2016.

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Gore, Lance L. P. Market Communism: The Institutional Foundation of China's Post-Mao Hyper-Growth. Oxford University Press, USA, 1999.

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author, Lemkin Jason 1969, ed. From impossible to inevitable: How hyper-growth companies create predictable revenue. Wiley, 2016.

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Ross, Aaron, and Jason Lemkin. From Impossible to Inevitable: How Hyper-Growth Companies Create Predictable Revenue. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2016.

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Ross, Aaron, and Jason Lemkin. From Impossible to Inevitable: How Hyper-Growth Companies Create Predictable Revenue, 2E. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2019.

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Частини книг з теми "Hyper growth"

Lechler, Thomas, and Christian Artmann. "Hyper-growth Ventures." In Entrepreneurial Excellence, 225–49. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-81895-9_8.

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Sabada, Prasad. "Managing Hyper Growth in the Cloud." In Becoming a Supply Chain Leader, 279–97. Boca Raton: Productivity Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429273155-16.

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Zhang, Jun. "Crisis, Reform and China’s Long Term Growth." In End of Hyper Growth in China?, 113–43. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53718-8_8.

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Zhang, Jun. "China’s Transition in Its Growth Stage Will Become Steadier: A Talk with Barry Naughton." In End of Hyper Growth in China?, 1–20. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53718-8_1.

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Zhang, Jun. "Does a Tax-Sharing System Make Sense? Understanding China’s Growth Miracle." In End of Hyper Growth in China?, 21–49. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53718-8_2.

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Zhang, Jun. "The Coming Dominance of China: Fact or Fiction? (Part I)." In End of Hyper Growth in China?, 51–62. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53718-8_3.

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Zhang, Jun. "The Coming Dominance of China: Fact or Fiction? (Part II)." In End of Hyper Growth in China?, 63–80. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53718-8_4.

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Zhang, Jun. "Debunking the Myth about China’s Low Consumption." In End of Hyper Growth in China?, 81–86. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53718-8_5.

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Zhang, Jun. "China’s Economy in Ten More Years." In End of Hyper Growth in China?, 87–98. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53718-8_6.

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Zhang, Jun. "Deng Xiaoping Is Right: Understanding the New Stage in China’s Economic Development." In End of Hyper Growth in China?, 99–112. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53718-8_7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Hyper growth"

Cassia, Lucio. "Resources-based hyper-growth of firms." In 18th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2010. University of Twente, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.268486195.

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High-growth firms deserve a relevant role in the ‘real-word’ economy: many scholars have proved that these firms create employment, wealth, and economic growth. For example, in the US, the ‘gazelles’ (i.e., firms in the highest percentiles of the growth rate distribution) account for the largest part of the total increase in the employment rate, although they represent only a very small share of all companies (Birch, 1987). Many scholars have also suggested and proved that firm growth creates employment, wealth and general economic development (e.g. Birch, 1979), so that by understanding high-growth firms, researchers may better understand the features involved with growth and success in general

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Polerecky, L., J. M. Klatt, M. Al-Najjar, and D. de Beer. "Hyper-spectral imaging of biofilm growth dynamics." In 2009 First Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers.2009.5288974.

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Tsuji, Tomoaki. "Multiple Void Growth Simulations in the Hyper-Elastic Material." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2741.

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If the hydrostatic tensile load is applied to a hyper-elastic material, the void initiates when the load exceeds the critical value. On the other hand, it is important to study multiple void growth phenomena, in order to consider the fracture by coalescence of voids. In this paper, we study the growth of multiple voids in the hyper-elastic material. The material is characterized by the energy function as the compressive material. Some experiments for the rubber, as a hyper-elastic material, are proceeded, in order to obtain these mechanical properties in the energy function. A square cell with some small voids is constructed and applied with tensile deformation by moving outer surface. The large deformation and the non-linear simulations are proceeded by using FEM. If there is only one seed, one void grows from the seed. However, when there are some seeds, we observed the void growing and the void vanishing by the influence from the other voids. The influence of the initial voids scale to the void growth is studied.

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Mahmoud, I. M., R. A. Sweif, and T. S. Abdel-Salam. "Tuned Hyper Reconfiguration Analysis Applying Plant Growth Algorithm." In 2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mepcon47431.2019.9008186.

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"Meeting the Hyper Growth Challenge of AI Applications." In 2018 31st IEEE International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/socc.2018.8618495.

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Singh, Mahendra K., Eugene Izumchenko, Andres JP Klein‐Szanto, and Erica A. Golemis. "Abstract B106: Nedd9 null status initially delays mammary tumor growth, then selects for hyper‐aggressive mammary tumors." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics--Nov 15-19, 2009; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-09-b106.

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Keltjens, Jan, and Marcel Hendrikx. "Failure of a Second Stage Valve Head on a LDPE Hyper Compressor." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2272.

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After 16 years of operation a failure occurred in a 2nd stage valve head of a hyper compressor of a polyethylene plant. The inner cylinder of the shrink-fit assembly ruptured. The fracture was initiated on a fatigue crack starting in the chromium layer on the inner the bore of the valve head. The fatigue crack clearly indicated a large number of arrest lines showing that the failure must have developed over a rather long period of operation. At the location of the crack initiation under normal operation no alternating pressure is present. The paper describes a stress- and fatigue crack growth analysis of the valve head as well as the root cause analysis for the fatigue crack as well as remedial measures taken to prevent future failure.

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Orynyak, Igor, Anatolii Batura, Andrii Oryniak, and Igor Lokhman. "Oore-Burns Function of Form Application in Numerical Treatment of Mode I Flat Crack Problem in Infinite Body." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63304.

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The general approach of numerical treatment of integro-differential equation of the flat crack problem is considered. It consists in presenting the crack surface loading as the set of the polynomial functions of two Cartesian coordinates while the corresponding crack surface displacements are chosen as the similar polynomials multiplied by the function of form (FoF) which reflects the required singularity of their behavior. To find the relations matrixes between these two sets a new effective numerical procedure for the integration over the area of arbitrary shape crack is developed. In based on the classical hyper-singular method, i.e. Laplace operator is initially analytically applied to the integral part of equation and the resulting hyper singular equation is subsequently considered. The presented approach can be implemented with any variant of FoF, but Oore-Burns FoF, which was earlier suggested in their famous 3D weight function method, is supposed to be the most accurate and universal. It takes into account all points of crack contour, which provides perfect physical conditionality of the solution, but such FoF is relatively heavy in implementation and of low computational speed. The special procedure is developed for the approximation of the crack contour of arbitrary shape by the circular and straight segments. It allows to easily obtain analytical expression for Oore-Burns FoF, which greatly increases the calculation speed and accuracy. The accuracy of the considered method is confirmed by the examples of the circular, elliptic, semicircular and square cracks at different polynomial laws of loading. The developed methods are used in the implemented procedure for crack growth simulation. It allows to model growth of crack of arbitrary shape at arbitrary polynomial loading, at that all contour points are taken into account and can expand with their own speeds each. Procedure has high accuracy and don’t need complex and high-cost re-meshing process between the iterations unlike FEM or other numerical methods. At that usage of Oore-Burns FoF provides high flexibility of the presented approach: unlike similar theoretical methods, where FoF calculation procedure is rigidly connected with the crack shape, which complicates the adequate crack growth modeling, the used FoF automatically takes into account all points of crack contour, even if its shape became complex during the growth. Presented crack growth procedure can be effectively used to test accuracy and correctness of correspondent numerical methods, including the newest XFEM approach.

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Khalil, Mohamed, Roland Wüchner, and Kai-Uwe Bletzinger. "Generalization of Spectral Methods for High-Cycle Fatigue Analysis to Accommodate Non-Stationary Random Processes." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-9074.

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Abstract Estimation of material fatigue life is an essential task in many engineering fields. When non-proportional loads are applied, the methodology to estimate fatigue life grows in complexity. Many methods have been proposed to solve this problem both in time and frequency domains. The former tends to give more accurate results, while the latter seems to be more computationally favorable. Until now, the focus of frequency-based methods has been limited to signals assumed to follow a stationary statistic process. This work proposes a generalization to the existing methods to accommodate non-stationary processes as well. A sensitivity analysis is conducted on the influence of the formulation’s hyper-parameters, followed by a numerical investigation on different signals and various materials to assert the robustness of the method.

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Ramaswamy, Sharan, Danielle Gottlieb, John E. Mayer, and Michael S. Sacks. "Engineered Heart Valve Tissue Formation at the Organ Level: Effects of Flow Dynamics on Tissue Development." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193216.

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Tissue engineered heart valve (TEHV) development protocols have yet to be optimized to an extent that can offer long-term function of value to patients, beyond contemporary clinical practices. One method of optimization may be possible through appropriate mechanical conditioning of the evolving engineered tissue before implantation. Engelmayr et al. [1] showed the synergistic benefits of combined flexural and fluid induced stresses on valvular-like tissue grown on rectangular scaffold strips. However, for clinical translation to be realized, it is important to determine if the nature of extracellular matrix production in such mechanistic studies also occurs at the macro-level, in the intact tri-leaflet valve geometry. Therefore, appropriate organ-level studies are required wherein the valvular tissues are subjected to the complex 3-dimensional flow/flexure/stretch regimes under highly controlled sub-, normal, and hyper-physiological flow levels. In this manner, biomechanical factors contributing to engineered tissue development can be coupled to tri-leaflet valve geometry requirements. In this study, one possible conditioning strategy on tri-leaflet TEHV structures is presented.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Hyper growth"

Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Siobhan M. Brady. Mechanisms underlying root system architecture adaptation to low phosphate environment. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600024.bard.

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In order to advance our understanding towards potential biotechnology improvement of plant performance, we studied root responses to limited P in two different plants, Arabidopsis and tomato. Arabidopsis is among the most studied model plants that allows rapid application of molecular and developmental experiments while tomato is an important crop, with application in agriculture. Using Arabidopsis we found that steroid hormones modulate the extent of root elongation in response to limited P, by controlling the accumulation of iron in the root. We also found that the availability of P and iron control the activity of the steroid hormone in the root. Finally, we revealed the genes involved in this nutrient-hormone interaction. Hence, the ferroxidase LPR1 that promotes iron accumulation in response to low P is repressed by the transcription factor BES1/BZR1. Low P inhibits the steroid hormone pathway by enhancing the accumulation of BKI1. High levels of BKI1 inhibit the activity of the steroid hormone receptor at the cell surface and iron accumulation increases inside the root, resulting in a slow growth. Together, the extent of root elongation depends on interactions between an internal cue (steroid hormone) and cues derived from the availability of P and iron in the environment. Using tomato, we found that the response of two cultivated tomato varieties (M82 and New Yorker) to limited P is distinct from that of the wild species, Solanumpennellii. This is implicated at both the levels of root development and whole plant physiology. Specifically, while the root system architecture of cultivated tomato is modulated by limited P availability, that of the wild type species remained unaffected. The wild species appears to be always behaving as if it is always in phosphate deprived conditions, despite sufficient levels of phosphate. Hyper-accumulation of metals appears to mediate this response. Together, this knowledge will be used to isolate new genes controlling plant adaptation to limited P environment.

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Xu, Jin-Rong, and Amir Sharon. Comparative studies of fungal pathogeneses in two hemibiotrophs: Magnaporthe grisea and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695585.bard.

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Plant pathogenic fungi have various life styles and different plant infection strategies. Hemibiotrophs like Magnaporthe grisea and Colletotrichum species develop specialized structures during plant infection. The goal of this study was to identify, characterize, and compare genes required for plant infection in M. grisea and C. gloeosporioides. Specific objectives are to: 1) further characterize genes identified in the preliminary studies of C. gloeosporioides and M. grisea;2) identify and characterize additional fungal genes tagged by GFP; and 3) identify in planta growth and appressorium-specific genes by subtractive hybridization and transcript profiling by the LongSAGE method. In this study, the PI and Co-PI collaborated closely on studies in M. grisea and C. gloeosporioides. In M. grisea, REMI and ATMT were used to transform the wildtype with promoter-less EGFP constructs. A total of 28 mutants defective in different plant infection processes or expressing EGFP during plant infection were identified. Genes disrupted in five selected mutants have been identified, including MG03295 that encodes a putative Rho GTPase. In transformant L1320, the transforming vector was inserted in the MIRI gene that encodes a nuclear protein. The expression of MIRI was highly induced during infection. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis analyses were used to identify the promoter regions and elements that were essential for induced in planta expression of MIRI. This was the first detailed characterization of the promoter of an in planta gene in M. grisea and the MIRI promoter can be used to monitor infectious growth. In addition, the Agilent whole-genome array of M. grisea was used for microarray analyses with RNA samples from appressoria formed by the wild-type shain and the pmkl and mstl2 mutants. Over 200 genes were downregulated in the mst I 2 and pmkl mutants. Some of them are putative transcription factors that may regulate appressorium formation and infectious hyphal growth. In C. gloeosporioides, various REMI mutants showing different pathogenic behavior were identified and characterized. Mutants N3736 had a single insertion and was hyper-virulent. The gene disrupted in mutant3736 (named CgFMOI) encodes a FAD-dependent monooxygenase. Expression analyses linked the expression of the CgFMOI gene with the necrotrophic phase of fungal infection, and also suggest that expression of CgFMOl is unnecessary for the first stages of infection and for biotrophy establishment. All CgFMOl-silenced mutants had reduced virulence. In REMI mutant N159, the tagged gene encodes a putative copper transporter that is homologue of S. cerevisiae CTR2. In yeast, Ctr2 is a vacuolar transporter for moving copper from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. The gene was therefore termed CgCTR2. In addition to characterization of CgCTR2, we also conducted comparative analyses in M. grisea. The M. grisea CgCTR-2 homolog was isolated, knockout strains were generated and characterized and the M. grisea was used to complement the Nl 59 C. gloeosporioides mutant. Overall, we have accomplished most of proposed experiments and are in the process of organizing and publishing other data generated in this project. For objective 3, we used the microarray analysis approach. Several genes identified in this study are novel fungal virulence factors. They have the potential to be used as targets for developing more specific or effective fungicides. In the long run, comparative studies of fungal genes, such as our CgCTR2 work, may lead to better disease control strategies.

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