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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Hydrogen injection"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

Оновлено: 31 серпня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Hydrogen injection"

Lafortune, Stéphane, Philippe Gombert, Zbigniew Pokryszka, Elodie Lacroix, Philippe de Donato, and Nevila Jozja. "Monitoring Scheme for the Detection of Hydrogen Leakage from a Deep Underground Storage. Part 1: On-Site Validation of an Experimental Protocol via the Combined Injection of Helium and Tracers into an Aquifer." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176058.

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Massive underground storage of hydrogen could be a way that excess energy is produced in the future, provided that the risks of leakage of this highly flammable gas are managed. The ROSTOCK-H research project plans to simulate a sudden hydrogen leak into an aquifer and to design suitable monitoring, by injecting dissolved hydrogen in the saturated zone of an experimental site. Prior to this, an injection test of tracers and helium-saturated water was carried out to validate the future protocol related to hydrogen. Helium exhibits a comparable physical behavior but is a non-flammable gas which is preferable for a protocol optimization test. The main questions covered the gas saturation conditions of the water, the injection protocol of 5 m3 of gas saturated water, and the monitoring protocol. Due to the low solubility of both helium and hydrogen, it appears that plume dilution will be more important further than 20 m downstream of the injection well and that monitoring must be done close to the well. In the piezometer located 5 m downstream the injection well, the plume peak is intended to arrive about 1 h after injection with a concentration around 1.5 mg·L−1. Taking these results into account should make it possible to complete the next injection of hydrogen.

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Shi, Wei Bo, and Xiu Min Yu. "Efficiency and Emissions of Spark Ignition Engine Using Hydrogen and Gasoline Mixtures." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1835.

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This paper reviews and summarizes recent developments in hydrogen and gasoline mixtures powered engine research. According to the hydrogen and gasoline injection location, engine can be divided into three categories: hydrogen intake port injection, gasoline direct injection; Hydrogen direct injection, gasoline intake port injection; hydrogen and gasoline intake port injection. Different gasoline and hydrogen injection location determines the engines have different advantages. Follow an overview of spark ignition engine using hydrogen and gasoline mixtures, general trade-off when operating engine on hydrogen and gasoline mixtures are analyzed and highlights regarding accomplishments in efficiency improvement and emissions reduction are presented. These include estimates of efficiency potential of hydrogen and gasoline engines, fuel economy and emissions.

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Ma, Honglin. "Effect of Hydrogen Injection Flow Rate on the Performance of In-Cylinder Direct Injection Hydrogen Engines." Trends in Renewable Energy 10, no. 3 (2024): 266–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2024.10.3.00177.

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When a hydrogen internal combustion engine uses intake manifold injection to supply hydrogen, it must face the contradiction of abnormal combustion (premature combustion, backfire, etc.). The occurrence of abnormal combustion such as backfire can be avoided by using in-cylinder direct injection of hydrogen. In this paper, the In-Cylinder Direct Injection single-cylinder engine is modified, a three-dimensional simulation model is established, and simulation tests using AVL-Fire software on this basis is conducted. Through the analysis of the research results, the optimal hydrogen injection flow rate for the direct injection hydrogen engine to achieve the best power and economy under different working conditions was obtained. The results show that: under the same speed and load, the increase of hydrogen injection flow rate increases the hydrogen injection speed, which promotes the turbulent motion in the cylinder. At the same time, with the increase of hydrogen injection flow rate, the maximum pressure, temperature, indicated power and indicated thermal efficiency in the engine cylinder generally show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and there is an optimal hydrogen injection flow rate value.

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Pan, Shiyi, Jinhua Wang, Bin Liang, Hao Duan, and Zuohua Huang. "Experimental Study on the Effects of Hydrogen Injection Strategy on the Combustion and Emissions of a Hydrogen/Gasoline Dual Fuel SI Engine under Lean Burn Condition." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 10549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010549.

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Hydrogen addition can improve the performance and extend the lean burn limit of gasoline engines. Different hydrogen injection strategies lead to different types of hydrogen mixture distribution (HMD), which affects the engine performance. Therefore, the present study experimentally investigated the effects of hydrogen injection strategy on the combustion and emissions of a hydrogen/gasoline dual-fuel port-injection engine under lean-burn conditions. Four different hydrogen injection strategies were explored: hydrogen direct injection (HDI), forming a stratified hydrogen mixture distribution (SHMD); hydrogen intake port injection, forming a premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PHMD); split hydrogen direct injection (SHDI), forming a partially premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PPHMD); and no hydrogen addition (NHMD). The results showed that 20% hydrogen addition could extend the lean burn limit from 1.5 to 2.8. With the increase in the excess air ratio, the optimum HMD changed from PPHMD to SHMD. The maximum brake thermal efficiency was obtained with an excess air ratio of 1.5 with PPHMD. The coefficient of variation (COV) with NHMD was higher than that with hydrogen addition, since the hydrogen enhanced the stability of ignition and combustion. The engine presented the lowest emissions with PHMD. There were almost no carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions when the excess air ratio was, respectively, more than 1.4 and 2.0.

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Kim, Y. Y., Jong T. Lee, and J. A. Caton. "The Development of a Dual-Injection Hydrogen-Fueled Engine With High Power and High Efficiency." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 1 (November 22, 2005): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1805551.

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To achieve high power and high efficiency in a hydrogen-fueled engine for all load conditions, the dual-injection hydrogen-fueled engine, which can derive the advantages of both high efficiency from external mixture hydrogen engine and high power from direct cylinder injection was developed. For verifying the feasibility of the above engine, a high-pressure hydrogen injector of ball-valve type and actuated by a solenoid was developed. A systematic experimental study was conducted by using a modified single-cylinder dual-injection hydrogen-fueled engine, which was equipped with both an intake injector and high-pressure in-cylinder injector. The results showed that (i) the developed high pressure hydrogen injector with a solenoid actuator had good gas tightness and fine control performance, (ii) the transient injection region, in which injection methods are changed from external fuel injection to direct-cylinder injection, ranged from 59 to 74% of the load, and (iii) the dual-injection hydrogen-fueled engine had the maximum torque of direct-cylinder fuel injection and the maximum efficiency of external fuel mixture hydrogen engines.

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Feuk, Henrik, Francesco Pignatelli, Arman Subash, Ruike Bi, Robert-Zoltán Szász, Xue-Song Bai, Daniel Lörstad, and Mattias Richter. "Impact of Methane and Hydrogen-Enriched Methane Pilot Injection on the Surface Temperature of a Scaled-Down Burner Nozzle Measured Using Phosphor Thermometry." International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp7040029.

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The surface temperature of a burner nozzle using three different pilot hardware configurations was measured using lifetime phosphor thermometry with the ZnS:Ag phosphor in a gas turbine model combustor designed to mimic the Siemens DLE (Dry Low Emission) burner. The three pilot hardware configurations included a non-premixed pilot injection setup and two partially premixed pilot injections where one had a relatively higher degree of premixing. For each pilot hardware configuration, the combustor was operated with either methane or hydrogen-enriched methane (H2/CH4: 50/50 in volume %). The local heating from pilot flames was much more significant for hydrogen-enriched methane compared with pure methane due to the pilot flames being in general more closely attached to the pilot nozzles with hydrogen-enriched methane. For the methane fuel, the average surface temperature of the burner nozzle was approximately 40 K higher for the partially premixed pilot injection configuration with a lower degree of mixing as compared to the non-premixed pilot injection configuration. In contrast, with the hydrogen-enriched methane fuel, the differences in surface temperature between the different pilot injection hardware configurations were much smaller due to the close-to-nozzle frame structure.

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Bidzhieva, Salimat Kh, Nauruzbek K. Nurseitov, Tilektes B. Kalmukhanova, and Maksat S. Utepov. "Increasing the efficiency of bactericide use when using seawater in a reservoir pressure maintenance system." Kazakhstan journal for oil & gas industry 5, no. 4 (January 21, 2024): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54859/kjogi108660.

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Rationale: Since 2018, at the Uzen oilfield, in order to study and control the microbiological contamination with sulfate-reducing bacteria (hereinafter referred to as SRB) of oilfield environment, full-scale bactericidal treatment and monitoring of the effectiveness of reagent use have been carried out. At the equipped control points, water samples are taken for the content of SRB cells before and after injection of the bactericide. Target: Reduce the intensity of sulfidogenesis at the oilfield and, as a consequence, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the associated gas. Materials and methods: Since the applied technology of injecting the bactericide in shock dosages did not allow achieving a stable reduction in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide, it was replaced by the technology of constantly injecting the bactericide into seawater at a dosage of 40 mg/l in an experimental mode. This technology showed low efficiency, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations varied between 352–379 ppm, and the monthly consumption of the reagent increased by 40%. Based on the obtained data on ineffectiveness, the constant injection of bactericide at MPS-4 was stopped and a new technology for injection of bactericide was proposed, aimed at suppressing not only planktonic, but also adherent forms of SRB. Results: Results. Injection of the bactericide using the new technology showed significant efficiency, which was assessed by reducing the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the associated gas by an average of 45% across the oilfield. Conclusion: The proposed new technology for injecting a bactericide made it possible to effectively suppress the activity of sulfidogenic microorganisms and reduce the level of biogenic hydrogen sulfide in the oilfield.

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Zhao, Jinghua, Ming Zhang, Yue Li, Zhiheng Zhang, Mingzi Chen, Tao Liu, Jiantao Zhang, and Anshan Shan. "Therapeutic effect of hydrogen injected subcutaneously on onion poisoned dogs." Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2017-0068.

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AbstractIntroduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of hydrogen on the therapy of onion poisoned dogs.Material and Methods: A total of 16 adult beagle dogs were divided into two groups (control and hydrogen) and all were fed dehydrated onion powder at the dose of 10 g/kg for three days. The dogs of the experimental group were given subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mL/kg of hydrogen for 12 days after making the poisoned model successful. Blood samples were collected before feeding onions, one day before injecting hydrogen, and 2 h after the injection of hydrogen on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12. Control dogs were not treated with hydrogen.Results: The levels of leukocyte production, anaemia, red blood cell degeneration which was reflected by the values of Heinz body count, haemolytic ratio, and oxidative products in hydrogen treated group were lower than in control dogs on some days. The capacity of medullary haematopoiesis that was based on reticulocyte counts, and the antioxidation in hydrogen group were higher compared with control group. However, the differences in renal function were not obvious in both groups.Conclusion: Accordingly, it was concluded that subcutaneous injection of hydrogen could alleviate the symptoms in onion poisoned dogs.

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Jaworowski, A. E. "Spontaneous Hydrogen Injection into Silicon." Materials Science Forum 38-41 (January 1991): 1057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.38-41.1057.

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Aghahasani, Mahdi, Ayat Gharehghani, Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Maciej Mikulski, Apostolos Pesyridis, Thanos Megaritis, and Juho Könnö. "Numerical Study on Hydrogen–Gasoline Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112249.

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Hydrogen, as a suitable and clean energy carrier, has been long considered a primary fuel or in combination with other conventional fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Since the density of hydrogen is very low, in port fuel-injection configuration, the engine’s volumetric efficiency reduces due to the replacement of hydrogen by intake air. Therefore, hydrogen direct in-cylinder injection (injection after the intake valve closes) can be a suitable solution for hydrogen utilization in spark ignition (SI) engines. In this study, the effects of hydrogen direct injection with different hydrogen energy shares (HES) on the performance and emissions characteristics of a gasoline port-injection SI engine are investigated based on reactive computational fluid dynamics. Three different injection timings of hydrogen together with five different HES are applied at low and full load on a hydrogen–gasoline dual-fuel SI engine. The results show that retarded hydrogen injection timing increases the concentration of hydrogen near the spark plug, resulting in areas with higher average temperatures, which led to NOX emission deterioration at −120 Crank angle degree After Top Dead Center (CAD aTDC) start of injection (SOI) compared to the other modes. At −120 CAD aTDC SOI for 50% HES, the amount of NOX was 26% higher than −140 CAD aTDC SOI. In the meanwhile, an advanced hydrogen injection timing formed a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen, which decreased the HC and soot concentration, so that −140 CAD aTDC SOI implied the lowest amount of HC and soot. Moreover, with the increase in the amount of HES, the concentrations of CO, CO2 and soot were reduced. Having the HES by 50% at −140 CAD aTDC SOI, the concentrations of particulate matter (PM), CO and CO2 were reduced by 96.3%, 90% and 46%, respectively. However, due to more complete combustion and an elevated combustion average temperature, the amount of NOX emission increased drastically.

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Дисертації з теми "Hydrogen injection"

Young, Jacob. "Hydrogen injection into diesel engines for fuel efficiency improvement." Thesis, Young, Jacob (2008) Hydrogen injection into diesel engines for fuel efficiency improvement. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2079/.

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The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether hydrogen injected into a diesel internal combustion engine has the potential to reduce overall fuel consumption. The most economical means of performing the required tasks was used whenever possible in an attempt to mimic a small off-grid application. The genset was a small 4kW compression ignition diesel. The electrolyzer was an off-the-shelf model designed for automotive applications. It combines hydrogen and oxygen output and is currently found from many manufacturers over the internet. It was found that the H2/02 mixture actually did help conserve fuel by about 18% in a low load case but generally, savings were under 5%. At a higher proportion of generator rated load, fuel consumption was shown to increase with H2/02 injection by up to 5%, thus the H2/02 output must be optimized to achieve any savings. Reasons for this phenomenon are discussed and recommendations for further research are included.

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Wagner, Timothy Charles. "Ignition and flameholding in supersonic flow by injection of dissociated hydrogen." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49905.

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The objective of this research was to investigate analytically and experimentally the use of free radicals for ignition and flameholding in supersonic flows. An analytical investigation of the effects of adding small quantities of radicals to a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and air was performed using a finite-rate chemical kinetics code. The results of these calculations indicate that small additions of hydrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, nitrogen atoms, or hydroxyl radicals are effective in promoting ignition. These analytical results were qualitatively verified in a Mach 2 flow experiment using hydrogen atoms generated by a plasma torch. The supersonic combustion tests were conducted in a direct-connect mode at atmospheric pressure with either ambient temperature air or burner-heated vitiated air with total temperatures from 1200 to 4000 R. Both semi-freejet and ducted configurations were used. The experimental results indicate that hydrogen atoms from a low-power plasma torch provide an effective ignition and flameholding source for hydrogen-fueled Mach 2 flows at total temperatures as low as 1065 R, the lowest temperature tested. A reduction in the minimum total temperature required for ignition of several hydrocarbon fuels was also demonstrated. A piloted fuel injector configuration designed to take maximum advantage of the hydrogen atoms from the plasma torch was conceived and fabricated. The injector design consisted of five small upstream pilot fuel injectors, a rearward-facing step and three primary fuel injectors downstream of the step. The hydrogen atoms from the plasma torch were injected in the recirculation region downstream of the step. Three other ignition sources were also tested as comparisons: an argon plasma, a pyrophoric mixture of silane and hydrogen, and a surface discharge device. Hydrogen-fueled supersonic combustion tests were conducted at conditions similar to those described earlier. Hydrogen atoms generated by the plasma torch proved to be the most effective ignition source, causing ignition for a torch input power of 780 W, the lowest power tested. The combination of the hydrogen atoms and the piloted fuel injector was shown to be a very effective igniter and flameholder for scramjet operation over a simulated flight envelope (Mach 3 to Mach 6, low to moderate altitudes).
Ph. D.
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Cuesta, Daniel F. "Effects of hydrogen and ethylene injection schemes in a supersonic airstream." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0002725.

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Milne, Angela. "Marine biogeochemistry studies of iron and hydrogen peroxide using flow injection-chemiluminescence." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2007.

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Iron is an essential micronutrient for the growth of planktonic species. It is an integral element of numerous enzymes and proteins with important functions in photosynthesis and respiratory electron transport. In contrast to iron, hydrogen peroxide (H202) is ubiquitous in seawater. Phytoplankton are known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and H202 . This production, in conjunction with membrane bound reductases, may affect an organism's ability to access nutrients such as iron. The work presented in this thesis describes the development and optimisation of sensitive flow injection-chemiluminescence techniques to assess redox processes at the cellular level and their application to investigate marine processes. Two flow injection methods, one based on direct sample injection and another involving the preconcentration of iron, were used to determine iron (II) and dissolved iron and assess potential interference from a number of metals and H202. The results demonstrated the increased oxidation of Fe(II) in the presence of H202 (half life reduced from 10.4 to 3.5 min at 50 nM H202) and confirmed the ability of the pre-concentration method to remove this matrix interference. The accuracy and precision of the pre-concentration method were confirmed through analysis of samples collected on two international intercomparison studies. The results demonstrated that the method was precise (- 8 %RSD) and provided a suitably low limit of detection (17 pM) for the determination of dissolved iron. Dust deposition is an important source of iron to remote open ocean regions. The solubility of iron and aluminium in North Atlantic waters was assessed through an on-deck dissolution experiment. Calculated solubilities of iron released from six differing dust samples were low and varied from 0.001 to 0.04 %, whereas the release of aluminium ranged from 0.06-9.0 %. Solubility was inversely correlated with particle concentration, where higher solubility was observed for lower particle concentrations. A versatile and adaptable FI system was developed, with a low detection limit (0.4 - 1.3 nM), excellent precision (1.1-1.8 %RSD) and the capability of sensitive real-time determination of H202 over a wide dynamic range. The results from laboratory based assays using a novel in-line filter approach demonstrated H202 production by the diatom species Thalassiaira ueiss weissflogii with observed concentrations in the range 30- 100 nM. In addition, through field studies carried out in two different oceanic regions (English Channel and Ross Sea), a previously unreported correlation between phytoplankton biomass and surface H20 1 concentrations was observed. The FI-CL instrumentation for the determination of Fe(II) was successfully adapted and optimised for the continuous in-line measurements of Fe(II) generated by diatoms. This technique provided a low detection limit (11 pM) and excellent precision (6.3 ± 3.2 % RSD). In further laboratory based assays with T. ueissflogii, preliminary results indicated pM changes in Fe(II) generation following the reduction of organically bound Fe(Ill).

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Mohammad, Ahmad A. A. "Experimental investigation of in situ upgrading of heavy oil by using a hydrogen donor and catalyst during steam injection." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86051.

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Experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of in situ upgrading of heavy oil by the use of an orgametallic catalyst and a hydrogen donor (tetralin). The experiments used a vertical injection cell into which a mixture of sand, water, and Jobo oil was thoroughly mixed and packed. Two types of runs were conducted: a run where the tetralin and catalyst were mixed within the mixture before packing into the cell, and the other was conducted by injecting a slug of the tetralin-catalyst solution before commencing with the steam injection. The Jobo oil used had an oil gravity of 12.4° API and a viscosity of 7800 cp at 30°C. The injection cell was placed in a vacuum jacket and set to a reservoir temperature of 50°C. Superheated steam at 273°C was then injected into the injection cell at a rate of 5.5 cc/min (cold water equivalent). The cell outlet pressure was maintained at 500 psig. Produced liquid samples were collected periodically through a series of separators. The produced oil was divided into two halves and several measurements and analyses were carried out on them. These included viscosity, density, elemental analysis and liquid composition. Experimental results indicated that tetralin alone was a worthy additive and increased recovery by 15% compared to that of pure steam. The premixed tetralincatalyst run showed improved recovery to that of pure steam by 20%. Experiments also showed that, when the tetralin-catalyst solution was injected rather than mixed, the results were equivalent to tetralin injection runs. Oil production acceleration was displayed by all the runs with tetralin and tetralin-catalyst but was more pronounced with the availability of catalyst.

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Shigeta, Takanobu. "Luminal injection of hydrogen-rich solution attenuates intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199174.

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Verreault, Jimmy. "Design of a Shock-Induced Combustion Experiment in an Axisymmetric Configuration with Hydrogen Injection." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24967/24967.pdf.

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Price, David. "The determination of hydrogen peroxide in sea water using flow injection with chemiluminescence detection." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1735.

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This thesis describes the design, assembly and optimisation of a flow injection-chemiluminescence (FI-CL) procedure for the determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in seawater. An overview of the biogeochemical importance of H2O2 in seawater is presented in Chapter One. The use of both flow injection and chemiluminescence based methods are also reviewed. Chapter Two describes the type of analytical instrumentation used in both flow injection and chemiluminescence methods. Each component is described and its suitability to the FI-CL method discussed. Two detection systems; photomultiplier tube and photodiode, and two flow cell designs; coiled glass and lamina, were compared for their suitability to the method. A charge coupled device was used to obtain the CL spectra of the luminol CL reaction and automation of the FI manifold is also described. Chapters Three and Four describe the optimisation of the FI-CL method and its suitability to the determination of H2O2 in natural waters (river, estuarine and sea). Matrix efifects are investigated and a standard addition procedure described. The analytical figures of merit for H2O2 determination include a limit of detection of 10 nM and a linear range of 10-500 nM. The application of the fully optimised method to the in situ determination of H2O2 in the western Mediterranean is described in Chapter Five. Hydrogen peroxide depth profiles are presented from different geographical areas and diurnal variations in H2O2 concentration discussed. The final experimental chapter investigates the photochemical generation of H2O2 in both synthetic and natural water matrices. Ambient light incubations at sea and artificial light incubations in the laboratory were made.

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Homitz, Joseph. "A Lean-Premixed Hydrogen Injector with Vane Driven Swirl for Application in Gas Turbines." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36334.

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Hydrogen, as an alternative to conventional aviation fuels, has the potential to increase the efficiency of a gas turbine as well as reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. In addition to significantly reducing the number of pollutants due to the absence of carbon, burning hydrogen at low equivalence ratios can significantly reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Because hydrogen has a wide range of flammability limits, fuel lean combustion can take place at lower equivalence ratios than those with typical hydrocarbon fuels.

Numerous efforts have been made to develop gas turbine fuel injectors that premix methane/natural gas and air in fuel lean proportions prior to the reaction zone. Application of this technique to hydrogen combustion has been limited due to hydrogen's high flame rate and the concern of the reaction zone propagating into the premixing injector, commonly referred to as flashback. In this investigation, a lean-premixing hydrogen injector has been developed for application in small gas turbines. The performance of this injector was characterized and predictions about the injector's performance operating under combustor inlet conditions of a PT6-20 Turboprop have been made.
Master of Science

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Calisesi, Federico. "The analysis of the injection of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures in gasoline-powered internal combustion engines." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15553/.

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The effects on combustion derived by the blending of hydrogen with traditional fuels adopted for internal combustion engines have been studied. Results derived by emission tests of a gasoline-fed vehicle equipped with a system for the production of hydrogen on-board have been analysed. The energy balance for the engine was evaluated. It demonstrated the increase of fuel consumptions to perform electrolysis process on-board the vehicle. Afterwards, numerical simulations based on a detailed kinetic model have been performed to calculate pollutant emissions produced by methane and iso-octane (which represents gasoline) compared with a mixture composed of 10% mol/mol by hydrogen. Chemical species studied were residual hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides and carbon monoxide. Notable variations of pollutant has not been calculated for methane, wherease iso-octane showed a reduction of the aforementioned pollutants when hydrogen was introduced. In the end operating costs have been analysed. The use of stored hydrogen produced by methane steam reforming found a reduction by 7% of costs, compared to the production via electrolysis.

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Книги з теми "Hydrogen injection"

P, Waltman Donna, Hillman Daniel C, and Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (Las Vegas, Nev.), eds. The determination of pH by flow injection analysis and by fiber optrode analysis. Las Vegas, Nev: Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988.

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Gerke, Udo. Numerical analysis of mixture formation and combustion in a hydrogen direct-injection internal combustion engine. Göttingen: Cuvillier, 2007.

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W, Nyland Ted, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hydrogen no-vent fill testing in a 5 cubic foot (142) liter tank using spray nozzle and spray bar liquid injection. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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Dresar, Neil T. Van. Prediction of pressurant mass requirements for axisymmetric liquid hydrogen tanks. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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J, Breisacher Kevin, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A comparison of analytical results for 20 K LOX/hydrogen instabilities. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.

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J, Breisacher Kevin, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A comparison of analytical results for 20 K LOX/hydrogen instabilities. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.

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Austria) International Seminar "AVL Simulation Tools--Practical Applications" (2011 Graz. AVL simulation tools: Practical applications. Lublin: Politechnika Lubelska, 2012.

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Moran, Matthew E. Liquid Transfer Cryogenic Test Facility: Initial hydrogen and nitrogen no-vent fill data. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Hydrogen injection"

Jaworowski, A. E. "Hydrogen Injection and Migration in Silicon." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 133–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93413-1_18.

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Abdul Aziz, Abdul Rashid, Muhammad Adlan Abdullah, Firmansyah, and Ezrann Zharif Zainal Abidin. "Performance of Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine." In Sustainable Thermal Power Resources Through Future Engineering, 21–36. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2968-5_2.

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Pirkl, Richard, Mario D’Onofrio, Lydia Kapusta, and Dennis Herrmann. "Liebherr’s Approach to Hydrogen Fuel Injection Systems." In Proceedings, 95–111. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-41477-1_7.

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Ji, Changwei, Jianpu Shen, and Shuofeng Wang. "Numerical Investigation of Combustion Characteristics of the Port Fuel Injection Hydrogen-Oxygen Internal Combustion Engine Under the Low-Temperature Intake Condition." In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1, 25–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_3.

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AbstractThe flammability limits of the hydrogen-oxygen mixture are extremely wide, and the ignition energy is low. Due to its excellent combustion properties, the hydrogen-oxygen mixture can be used as fuel in internal combustion engines (ICEs). However, the combustion of hydrogen-oxygen mixture is too intense, which results in limited research on its application in ICEs and is limited to low-temperature conditions in aerospace. This research aims to numerically discuss the coupling effects of equivalence ratio and ignition timing on the port fuel injection hydrogen-oxygen ICE under the low-temperature intake condition. The three-dimensional geometric model of a single-cylinder ICE was established using the CONVERGE software and validated against the mean in-cylinder pressure and reaction mechanism. The results indicate that adjusting equivalence ratio and ignition timing operating parameters is beneficial for controlling the temperature and pressure in the cylinder within a reasonable range during the total combustion process. In general, under the low-temperature intake condition, adopting a high equivalence ratio and optimal ignition timing strategy improve the combustion process and power performance of the port fuel injection hydrogen-oxygen ICE.

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Roberts, Erin L., and John J. Carroll. "Enthalpies of Hydrogen Sulfide-Methane Mixture: Comparison with Thermodynamic Models." In Carbon Dioxide Capture and Acid Gas Injection, 39–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118938706.ch2.

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Osborne, R. J., J. Hughes, A. Loiudice, R. Penning, L. Valenta, A. C. Calero, D. C. Bennet, R. E. Morgan, and V. Sharma. "Development of a direct-injection heavy-duty hydrogen engine." In Powertrain Systems for a Sustainable Future, 373–91. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032687568-21.

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Satyro, Marco A., and John J. Carroll. "Phase Equilibrium in the Systems Hydrogen Sulfide + Methanol and Carbon Dioxide + Methanol." In Gas Injection for Disposal and Enhanced Recovery, 99–110. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118938607.ch6.

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Dinesh, K. K. J. Ranga, and C. J. Ramsay. "High hydrogen content diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel combustion with direct injection of hydrogen main fuel and diesel pilot fuel." In Powertrain Systems for a Sustainable Future, 353–62. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032687568-19.

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Ghali, Pierre F., Huanrong Lei, and Bhupendra Khandelwal. "A Review of Modern Hydrogen Combustor Injection Technologies for the Aerospace Sector." In Sustainable Development for Energy, Power, and Propulsion, 523–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5667-8_21.

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Dadda, Bachir, Allal Babbou, Rida Zarrit, Youcef Bouhadda, and Saïd Abboudi. "A Comparison Between Two Hydrogen Injection Modes in a Metal Hydride Reactor." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 379–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6595-3_49.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Hydrogen injection"

Zanforlin, S., and R. Gentili. "Hydrogen Low-pressure Gaseous Direct Injection." In Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1924.

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Kalaskar, Vickey, Graham Conway, Gaurav Handa, Shinhyuk Joo, and Daniel Williams. "Challenges and Opportunities with Direct-Injection Hydrogen Engines." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0287.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Stringent emissions regulations and the need for lower tailpipe emissions are pushing the development of low-carbon alternative fuels. H<sub>2</sub> is a zero-carbon fuel that has the potential to lower CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from internal combustion engines (ICEs) significantly. Moreover, this fuel can be readily implemented in ICEs with minor modifications. Batteries can be argued to be a good zero tailpipe emission solution for the light-duty sector; however, medium and heavy-duty sectors are also in need of rapid decarbonization. Current strategies for H<sub>2</sub> ICEs include modification of the existing spark ignition (SI) engines to run on port fuel injection (PFI) systems with minimal changes from the current compressed natural gas (CNG) engines. This H<sub>2</sub> ICE strategy is limited by knock and pre-ignition. One solution is to run very lean (lambda >2), but this results in excessive boosting requirements and may result in high NOx under transient conditions. The volumetric efficiency of the engine is also reduced in a port-fueled application due to the low volumetric energy density of H<sub>2</sub> which displaces fresh air. A novel mixing-controlled combustion strategy is proposed that significantly reduces the propensity of abnormal combustion at stoichiometric air/fuel ratios while also alleviating the need for extreme boosting.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The study was conducted on a pent-roof spark-ignited single-cylinder engine modeled from a large-bore medium-duty engine. A direct injection (DI) system capable of injecting H<sub>2</sub> at 170 bar was integrated into the cylinder head. Both, lean and stoichiometric operation of the engine was explored in conjunction with various injection strategies. At a constant load of 8 bar at 1000 rpm test condition, it was shown that a homogenous split-injection strategy, where 50% of the total fuel mass was injected a few degrees after spark timing, was beneficial in NOx reduction while a stratified single-injection strategy exhibited the best thermal efficiency. Further, the results indicated that a stratified combustion strategy was able to increase the knock-limited load of the engine from 3.7 to 8.4 bar gIMEP load at 1000 rpm. This strategy also demonstrated increased efficiency compared to a homogeneous combustion mode and produced lower NOx at comparable loads. The diffusion-like combustion enabled by post-spark injection successfully demonstrated further knock mitigation and NOx reduction but was limited in performance due to challenges associated with in-cylinder mixing and DI injector flow rate.</div></div>

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Mancaruso, Ezio, Salvatore Rossetti, and Bianca Maria Vaglieco. "Analysis of Dual Fuel Hydrogen/Diesel Combustion Varying Diesel and Hydrogen Injection Parameters in a Single Cylinder Research Engine." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2363.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In the perspective of a reduction of emissions and a rapid decarbonisation, especially for compression ignition engines, hydrogen plays a decisive role. The dual fuel technology is perfectly suited to the use of hydrogen, a fuel characterized by great energy potential. In fact, replacing, at the same energy content, the fossil fuel with a totally carbon free one, a significant reduction of the greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and total hydrocarbon, as well as of the particulate matter can be obtained. The dual fuel with indirect injection of gaseous fuel in the intake manifold, involves the problem of hydrogen autoignition. In order to avoid this difficulty, the optimal conditions for the injection of the incoming mixture into the cylinder were experimentally investigated. All combustion processes are carried out on a research engine with optical access. The engine speed has is set at 1500 rpm, while the EGR valve is deactivated. The purpose of this work is to research the minimum amount of diesel fuel, which allows efficient and controlled hydrogen ignition. Starting from the dual fuel conditions investigated in previous works with two injections per cycle, one of the diesel injections was removed. Subsequently, the shift of the start of injection and the reduction of the energizing time of the diesel injection as well as the increase in the delivered mass of hydrogen are analysed. The final aim is to obtain an indicated mean effective pressure equal to the one previously analysed avoiding backfiring phenomena in the manifolds or abnormal engine operation. All the analysed tests are in ultra lean combustion conditions with premixed ratio higher than 95% and equivalence ratio higher than 0.32. From the investigated cases, it can be found that the best combustion efficiency is determined with a diesel start of injection around 10 before top dead centre, while the lowest amount of diesel corresponds to an energizing time of the injector equal to 209μs. Regarding the hydrogen injection in the intake manifold, a dependency on the intake valve timing is highlighted. Hydrogen was prevented from being thrown into the exhaust by starting its supply after the valve crossing; on the other hand, to avoid backfiring phenomena, it is noted that the hydrogen injection has to end prior to the compression phase commences. This information is of particular interest to fulfil engine decarbonisation optimizing the use of hydrogen in compression ignition engines and facilitating CFD analysis of hydrogen combustion in ultra lean conditions.</div></div>

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Lee, Jong T., Y. Y. Kim, and J. A. Caton. "The Development of a Dual Injection Hydrogen Fueled Engine With High Power and High Efficiency." In ASME 2002 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2002-514.

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To achieve high power and high efficiency in a hydrogen fueled engine for all load conditions, the dual injection hydrogen fueled engine that can derive the advantage of both high efficiency from external mixture hydrogen engine and high power from direct cylinder injection hydrogen engine was introduced. For verifying the feasibility of the above engine, the high pressure hydrogen injector of ball valve type actuated by a solenoid was developed. A systematic experimental study was conducted by using a modified single cylinder dual injection hydrogen fueled engine which was equipped with both an intake injector and a high pressure in-cylinder injector. The results showed that (1) the developed high pressure hydrogen injector with a solenoid actuator had good gas-tightness and fine control performance, (2) the transient injection region, in which injection methods are changed from external fuel injection to direct-cylinder injection, ranged from 59 to 74 percent of the load, and (3) the dual injection hydrogen fueled engine had the maximum torque of direct-cylinder fuel injection and the maximum efficiency of external fuel mixture hydrogen engines.

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Zanforlin, S., T. Poerio, S. Frigo, and R. Gentili. "Two-Step Concept for Low-Pressure Direct Hydrogen Injection." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2009-14067.

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In this paper, a low-pressure hydrogen direct-injection solution is presented that entails low storage residual pressure (∼12 bar). The injection is realised in two steps. First, hydrogen is simply metered by an electro-injector (a conventional one for Compressed Natural Gas - CNG application) that feeds a small intermediate chamber. Next, hydrogen enters the cylinder by means of a mechanically-actuated valve which allows higher flow than any electro-injector. Injection must end early enough to allow good charge homogeneity and, in any case, before in-cylinder pressure rise constraints hydrogen admission. Backfire is avoided by starting injection at intake valve closing. A prototype has been realised modifying a single-cylinder 650 cc production engine with three intake valves. The central one has been modified and properly timed to in-cylinder inject hydrogen from the intermediate chamber. Hydrogen injection through different-shape poppet valves in a quiescent, constant volume has been simulated in order to investigate the effects of valve and seat-valve geometries in controlling fuel-air mixing in the cylinder. Additional predictions for the actual engine configuration indicate that an acceptable fuel distribution can be obtained in the combustion chamber at the spark timing, with equivalence ratios in the ignition region that are inside the flammability range of the mixture for all the operating conditions (loads and speeds) that have been considered.

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Schumacher, Moritz, and Michael Wensing. "Investigations on an Injector for a Low Pressure Hydrogen Direct Injection." In SAE 2014 International Powertrain, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2699.

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Lee, Sanguk, Gyeonggon Kim, and Choongsik Bae. "Effect of Injection Strategy on Hydrogen Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine." In 15th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-24-0050.

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Hong, Munan, Jianyong Zhang, Xihao Li, and Minggao Ouyang. "Effect of Injection Timing on Backfire of Port Injection Hydrogen Engine." In 2008 SAE International Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1788.

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Du, Yaodong, Bingzhao Gao, Xiumin Yu, Ping Sun, Wei Dong, Ling He, and Weibo Shi. "Performance Study of Direct Injection Gasoline Engine Based on Hydrogen Injection Strategy." In 2019 3rd Conference on Vehicle Control and Intelligence (CVCI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvci47823.2019.8951741.

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El-Melih, A. M., A. Al Shoaibi, and A. K. Gupta. "Effect of Oxygen Injection on Hydrogen Sulfide Pyrolysis." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3791.

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Pyrolysis of hydrogen sulfide, as an alternative treatment method to Claus process, with simultaneous hydrogen production and sulfur recovery is an energy intensive process. The high energy demand of the process remains a hindrance to its application. Production of hydrogen via hydrogen sulfide oxidation at very high equivalence ratios, compared to the high equivalence ratio of 3 employed in Claus reactor, has been studied experimentally. The objective of this approach is to alleviate the energy load requirement of hydrogen production from hydrogen sulfide stream. Since combustion of hydrogen sulfide cannot be sustained at such high equivalence ratios, partial oxidation reaction was examined in a heated quartz tubular reactor that was placed inside an electrical furnace. Oxygen concentration of 1% or 2 % in 10% H2S (called the 10%H2S/O2 mixture) were injected into the reactor with the remaining 90% nitrogen gas. These results were compared to the case of decomposing H2S alone. Experimental data showed that destruction of hydrogen sulfide increased with oxygen injection and that it increased with increase in oxygen concentration. Injection of oxygen at increased concentration consumed hydrogen constituent in hydrogen sulfide to water to result in dramatic decrease in hydrogen production. Formation of sulfur dioxide was absent over the examined temperature range of 1273–1673 K. These results provide the potential of hydrogen production from hydrogen sulfide oxidation, define the favorable operational conditions and outline the potential future developments for treatment of hydrogen sulfide.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Hydrogen injection"

Whitaker, M. J. Determination of hydrogen peroxide in reactor moderator solutions by flow injection analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5758572.

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Whitaker, M. J. Determination of hydrogen peroxide in reactor moderator solutions by flow injection analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10133379.

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Kim, K. Application of railgun principle to high-velocity hydrogen pellet injection for magnetic fusion reactor refueling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5926893.

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Kim, Kyekyoon. Application of railgun principle to high-velocity hydrogen pellet injection for magnetic fusion reactor refueling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7252348.

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Kim, K., and J. Zhang. Application of railgun principle to high-velocity hydrogen pellet injection for magnetic fusion reactor fueling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6932881.

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Shudo, Toshio. Cooling Loss Reduction and Thermal Efficiency Improvement by Direct Injection Stratified Charge in Hydrogen Combustion Engines. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0276.

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Inoue, Taisuke, Hitoshi Nakano, Kenjio Nakagawa, Kimitaka Yamane, Yasuo Takagi, and Tetsuya Ohira. Experimental Study on Application of Hydrogen Gas Direct Injection at High Pressure Into a Small Displacement Spark Ignition Engine. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0275.

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Swanson, Michael, and Ann Henderson. Fluid-Bed Testing of Greatpoint Energy's Direct Oxygen Injection Catalytic Gasification Process for Synthetic Natural Gas and Hydrogen Coproduction Year 6 - Activity 1.14 - Development of a National Center for Hydrogen Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1084738.

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Kim, K., and J. Zhang. Application of railgun principle to high-velocity hydrogen pellet injection for magnetic fusion reactor fueling. Progress report, August 16, 1991--September 30, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10104133.

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Kim, Kyekyoon, and Jianhua Zhang. Application of railgun principle to high-velocity hydrogen pellet injection for magnetic fusion reactor fueling. Progress report, October 1, 1992--September 30, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10108749.

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