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Статті в журналах з теми "Hydraulic control Simulation methods"

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Maltezos, Evangelos, Michail Papoutsidakis, and V. J. De Negri. "A STUDY OF HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR CONTROL METHODS IN SIMULATION." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 04, no. 05 (October 1, 2019): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2019.v04i05.066.

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Sepehri, N., G. A. M. Dumont, P. D. Lawrence, and F. Sassani. "Cascade control of hydraulically actuated manipulators." Robotica 8, no. 3 (July 1990): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700000060.

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SUMMARYA fundamental study on the control of hydraulically actuated robots is presented. Dynamic modelling is performed in both time-domain and frequency-domain. It is shown that the inclusion of hydraulic elements increases the order of the system. Hydraulic compliance is the most effective factor in this regard.Three distinct control strategies are applied. Their performances are evaluated and compared. All three methods are exemplified with a two link hydraulic robot in a computer simulation. The robot has the same hydraulic configuration as many existing industrial manipulators. The simulation program is written in ACSL (Advanced Continuous Simulation Language) running on a VAX 11/750.
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Domagała, Mariusz, Hassan Momeni, Joanna Fabis-Domagała, Mariusz Krawczyk, Grzegorz Filo, and Saeed Bikass. "Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow inside the Flow Control Valve." Quality Production Improvement - QPI 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cqpi-2019-0053.

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Abstract Hydraulic valves are widely used in many branches and they are still developed and improved. Due to the problem with verification of flow phenomena which appears during valves operation numerical simulations methods are tools which allows to improved valves design. This paper presents numerical simulation of fluid flow inside flow control valve.
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Jensen, Konrad Johan, Morten Kjeld Ebbesen, and Michael Rygaard Hansen. "Adaptive Feedforward Control of a Pressure Compensated Differential Cylinder." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 7847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217847.

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This paper presents the design, simulation and experimental verification of adaptive feedforward motion control for a hydraulic differential cylinder. The proposed solution is implemented on a hydraulic loader crane. Based on common adaptation methods, a typical electro-hydraulic motion control system has been extended with a novel adaptive feedforward controller that has two separate feedforward states, i.e, one for each direction of motion. Simulations show convergence of the feedforward states, as well as 23% reduction in root mean square (RMS) cylinder position error compared to a fixed gain feedforward controller. The experiments show an even more pronounced advantage of the proposed controller, with an 80% reduction in RMS cylinder position error, and that the separate feedforward states are able to adapt to model uncertainties in both directions of motion.
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Huang, Zhipeng, Yuepeng Xu, Wang Ren, Chengwei Fu, Ruikang Cao, Xiangdong Kong, and Wenfeng Li. "Design of Position Control Method for Pump-Controlled Hydraulic Presses via Adaptive Integral Robust Control." Processes 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010014.

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This paper takes the position control performance of pump-controlled hydraulic presses as the research object. The control methods are designed respectively for the two motion stages of rapid descent and slow descent of hydraulic presses in order to improve the control performance of the system. First of all, the accuracy model of the pump-controlled hydraulic presses position servo system (the pump-controlled hydraulic presses position servo system, which is called PCHPS) and its MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform are established. Based on the theoretical analysis and experimental data, the interference factors affecting the tracking accuracy and positioning accuracy of the PCHPS are analyzed. Then, an adaptive integral robust control (the adaptive integral robust control, which is called AIRC) for PCHPS is designed to reduce the influence of nonlinear factors on the system, and the effectiveness of the controller is verified by simulation. Finally, the position control experiment of PCHPS is designed, and the experimental results show that the AIRC can effectively reduce nonlinear factors such as unknown interference in the slow-down stage of the system. The positioning accuracy is raised to within 0.008 mm, which improves the process level of the hydraulic presses.
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Taylor, S. E. M., D. N. Johnston, and D. K. Longmore. "Modelling of transient flow in hydraulic pipelines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 211, no. 6 (September 1, 1997): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0959651981540035.

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This paper describes a method of modelling time-varying flow in hydraulic pipelines which may be incorporated into time domain simulations of hydraulic systems operating with variable time steps. A previously reported finite element method is extended. New approximations to frequency-dependent friction for laminar and turbulent flow are presented. These are applicable to this finite element method as well as the method of characteristics and finite difference methods. Simulation results are compared against theory and excellent agreement is found.
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Liu, Rongsheng, Zekai Wang, Pengshuo Jia, Guishan Yan, Tiangui Zhang, Chunyu Jia, and Gexin Chen. "Research on Pressure Control of an Electro-Hydraulic Servo System Based on Sliding-Mode Variable-Structure Direct Torque Control." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010092.

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Taking a direct-drive volume control (DDVC) electro-hydraulic servo system as the research object and aiming at the problems of the servo motor torque fluctuation, high-precision system pressure control, and dynamic response of the system, based on traditional motor direct torque control (DTC), a motor direct torque control method based on a sliding-mode variable structure is proposed to control the system pressure. The motor torque loop is part of the inner control loop and has a rapid dynamic response speed, resulting in higher pressure control accuracy. A nonlinear mathematical model was established for the DDVC electro-hydraulic servo system. The switch meter hysteresis controller in the traditional DTC system was replaced with space vector pulse-width modulation technology. Then, the PID control module in space vector modulation technology was replaced with high-order sliding-mode variable-structure control. Through the coupling relationship between the electric machine and the constant-displacement pump, the pressure can be controlled with high precision using motor torque control. Finally, using the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform and the DDVC electro-hydraulic servo system simulation model, the proposed theoretical approach to torque control was verified on the basis of simulations and experiments, and the performance with regard to pressure control in the hydraulic system was observed. The simulation and experimental results show that the designed torque control is able to effectively reduce the motor torque fluctuation and improve the dynamic response characteristics of the system. The system pressure control is superior to traditional pressure control methods based on speed regulation, and it has higher control accuracy and a better dynamic response.
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Zhao, Rui Ying, and Xin Wang. "Research on Power Adaptive Control Method for Hydraulic Motor Grader Based on Simulink/AMESim." Applied Mechanics and Materials 135-136 (October 2011): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.135-136.793.

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A method of power adaptive control for hydraulic motor graders is provided, including the dynamic regulation methods of pump and motor and realization algorithms related. The simulation models of hydraulic transmission system and the control system are established in AMESim and Simulink respectively. By using these two softwares, the models are co-simulated. The co-simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the control system.
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Zhao, Guo Hua, and Jian Guo Chen. "Applications Research on the Synchronization Control of Multi Hydraulic Cylinders of Dump Truck." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 1653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.1653.

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Abstract: In this article, a three-hydraulic-cylinders synchronization control model of the hydraulic system of a large dump truck is discussed and the proportional integral (PI) control is used for the hydraulic system. Simulation and performances comparison between the improved and unimproved system have been done by using MATLAB 7.10. To meet different practical engineering requirements, different control methods are designed and selected,aiming to the practical purpose.
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Huang, Qitao, Peng Wang, Yudong Liu, and Bowen Li. "Modeling and Simulation of Hydraulic Power Take-Off Based on AQWA." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 3918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15113918.

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The AQWA software is often used to perform hydrodynamic analysis, and it is highly convenient for performing frequency domain simulations of Pelamis-like wave energy converters. However, hydraulic power take-off (PTO) must be simplified to a linear damping model or a Coulomb torque model when performing a time domain simulation. Although these simulation methods can reduce the computational complexity, they may not accurately reflect the energy capture characteristics of the hydraulic PTO. By analyzing system factors such as the flow and pressure of each branch of the hydraulic PTO, the output torque of the hydraulic cylinder to the buoy, and the electromagnetic torque of the generator, a relatively complete hydraulic PTO model is obtained, and the model is applied to AQWA using the FORTRAN language. Comparing and analyzing the simulation results of the linear damping model, the Coulomb torque model, and the hydraulic PTO, we found that the simulation results obtained by the linear damping model are quite different from those of the hydraulic PTO, while the torque characteristics, kinematic characteristics and energy capture characteristics of the Coulomb torque model are closer to those of the hydraulic PTO model. Therefore, it is more appropriate to simplify hydraulic PTO to a Coulomb torque model based on AQWA.
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Дисертації з теми "Hydraulic control Simulation methods"

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Correia, Daniel Fortuna. "Management and Control of Water Supply Systems." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13834.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica
The fast increase in the energy’s price has brought a growing concern about the highly expensive task of transporting water. By creating an hydraulic model of the Water Supply System’s (WSS) network and predicting its behaviour, it is possible to take advantage of the energy’s tariffs, reducing the total cost on pumping activities. This thesis was developed, in association with a technology transfer project called the E-Pumping. It focuses on finding a flexible supervision and control strategy, adaptable to any existent Water Supply System (WSS), as well as forecasting the water demand on a time period chosen by the end user, so that the pumping actions could be planned to an optimum schedule, that minimizes the total operational cost. The OPC protocol, associated to a MySQL database were used to develop a flexible tool of supervision and control, due to their adaptability to function with equipments from various manufacturers, being another integrated modular part of the E-Pumping project. Furthermore, in this thesis, through the study and performance tests of several statistical models based on time series, specifically applied to this problem, a forecasting tool adaptable to any station, and whose model parameters are automatically refreshed at runtime, was developed and added to the project as another module. Both the aforementioned modules were later integrated with an Graphical User Interface (GUI) and installed in a pilot application at the ADDP’s network. The implementation of this software on WSSs across the country will reduce the water supply companies’ running costs, improving their market competition and, ultimately, lowering the water price to the end costumer.
O rápido aumento dos preços da electricidade tem provocado um aumento na preocupação com a tarefa extremamente dispendiosa de transporte de água. Através da criação de modelos hidráulicos de redes de Sistemas de Fornecimento de Água, e da previsão do seu comportamento, é possível tirar vantagem das diferentes tarifas horárias de consumo de energia, reduzindo desta forma os custos totais do bombeamento de água. Esta tese foi desenvolvida em associação com o projecto de transferência de tecnologia denominado E-Pumping. Foca-se na procura de uma estratégia de supervisão e controlo flexível e adaptável a qualquer Sistema de Fornecimento de Água existente, bem como na previsão do consumo de água durante um período escolhido pelo utilizador final, o objectivo final é permitir o planeamento de um horário óptimo que minimize o custo do consumo de energia eléctrica. O Protocolo OPC, associado a uma Base de Dados MySQL, foi usado para o desenvolvimento da ferramenta de supervisão e controlo flexível, constituindo no seu conjunto um módulo do Projecto E-Pumping. A escolha baseou-se em ambas as tecnologias serem adaptáveis a equipamentos de diferentes fabricantes. Esta tese produziu ainda uma ferramenta de previsão do consumo de água, adaptável a qualquer estação, constituindo um segundo módulo do projecto. Esta ferramenta foi obtida através do estudo e testes de performance a variados modelos baseados em séries temporais, especificamente aplicadas a este problema. Os parâmetros do modelo de base desta ferramenta são automaticamente actualizados a cada execução do programa. Ambos os módulos referidos foram integrados com uma Interface Gráfica (GUI) e implementados numa aplicação piloto instalada na rede de abastecimento de água da empresa Águas do Douro e Paiva (ADDP). A implementação deste software em Sistemas de Abastecimento de Água por todo o país reduziria os seus custos de funcionamento, melhorando a sua capacidade de competição no mercado e, em última instância, diminuindo os preços da água para o consumidor final.
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Heinze, Alexander. "Modelling, simulation and control of a hydraulic crane." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1932.

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The objective of this thesis is to develop a model that represents the dynamics of a hydraulically operated forestry crane. The model was derived with the traditional Euler-Lagrange formalism and considers the crane mechanics, three double-acting hydraulic cylinders and the valve control unit. On the basis of the derived model we reproduced the entire crane model in MATLAB in order to run simulations herewith. This gave us the possibility to do parameter changes for further studies of the crane in motion.

Another major goal within the thesis work was to estimate cylinder friction of the hydraulic actuators. We built up a test rig and used double-acting cylinders for determing their frictional behaviour. For this, we ran open-loop experiments in order to create velocity-friction maps that represented the static friction force of the cylinders. In this concern, we varied system pressure and cylinder load to study their influence on the friction force. By means of the derived static friction maps we approached the cylinder’s dynamic friction behaviour and applied both step and ramp control inputs to examine the spring-damping characteristics of the microspoic bristles in the contacting area. The dynamic friction experiments have been exerted in the fashion of the LuGre model. As a result we acquired different nominal friction parameters that we necessarily used to develope adequate friction models.

A third objective of this thesis was to establish a crane-tip control. Instead of a traditional control, providing a direct relationship between joystick input and cylinder extension, the focus was to build up a control for the end-effector’s trajectory in a two-dimensional frame. This could be achieved by using inverse kinematics in order to determine the required joint angles that corresponded to the desired position of the crane-tip.

The work also contains a CD including all developed MATLAB models that have been written within this project.

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Skjong, Stian. "Modeling, Simulation and Control of Hydraulic Winch System." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25578.

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In this thesis a hydraulic low pressure winch system has been modeled using bond graph theory. The hydraulic winch system is assumed to be installed on an offshore vessel affected by environmental forces and disturbances such as waves and currents. The hydraulic system powering the winch consists mainly of two pilot operated 3/3-directional valves controlled by two 4/3-directional valves and a hydraulic motor. The system also includes a pressure relief valve, check valves, pump systems, piping and filters. The 3/3-directional valves are the main focus in the model and are therefore modeled with less simplifications compared to the other subsystems. A thorough model study has been initiated to figure out the model limitations, sensitivity of model parameters and the ability to simplify the derived model without loosing essential dynamics and characteristics. The effects of variable bulk modulus and fluid inertia in the 3/3-directional valves have been studied by comparing different step responses and motor load characteristics. The observations and results from this model analysis laid the groundwork for control of the hydraulic motor. A clear relation between the main valve displacements and the motor velocity and torque in 4/3 valve configuration gave reasons to believe that manual motor control done by the winch operator through control of the valve displacements was possible. Adaptive PID controllers were used as inner controllers to control the control slides in the main valves. These controllers were later on replaced with PD-controllers when outer control was derived because the adaptive controllers tended to be a bit slow. Simplified state equations describing the motor dynamics were derived for control design purposes. The state equations extracted from the bond graph model showed high complexity, containing logic and discrete quantities, and were not suitable for control design. Model based speed- and torque controllers, based on sliding mode and backstepping control theory, were derived based on the simplified equations and implemented in the model. Different load cases were initiated to test the two controllers. A lumped wire-load model containing hydrodynamics, wire- and reel dynamics and environmental disturbances such as current and heave motions of the vessel were added in the total winch model to test the controllers in different operations with varying conditions and environments. The results from these controller tests gave reason to believe that a combination of these two controllers would be favourable in certain operations and would give increased safety in extreme cases such as stuck load and loss of load. The derived speed and torque controller were put into a hybrid controller framework and a switching algorithm was designed with focus on switching stability and wanted functionalities for the winch system. It was observed that switching stability and winch functionality were closely connected and different winch operations were essential in the design of the switching algorithm. Dwell time and tracking error switching were used as the main controller switching restrictions together with functionality based switching conditions. Different simulations were initiated to test the hybrid controller such as stuck load, loss of load and landing of a load at the sea floor. A Luenberger observer was derived to estimate the motor load and the motor velocity by using the simplified state equations and the differential pressure across the hydraulic motor as measurement in order to ensure redundancy in the control system and be able to control the hydraulic winch even though the decoder measuring the hydraulic motor velocity fails.
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Beard, Gregory Stuart. "Adaptive control of energy efficient hydraulic systems." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266978.

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Sepehri, Nariman. "Dynamic simulation and control of teleoperated heavy-duty hydraulic manipulators." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30846.

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Some relevant aspects of dynamics and control of heavy-duty hydraulic machines in a teleoperated mode were investigated. These machines, such as excavators and forest harvesters, are mostly used in primary industries. They have a manipulator-like structure with a nonlinear and coupled actuating system. The aim of the project is to investigate different approaches towards converting such machines, with minimum changes, into task-oriented human-supervisory control systems. This provides the opportunity to use both human supervision and robotic power in hazardous environments and for tasks for which human decision is necessary. A methodology was developed for fast and accurate simulations. Analytical, steady-state and numerical techniques were combined using Large-Scale Systems analysis. The inclusion of nonlinearities in the form of discontinuities (e.g., gear backlash and stick-slip friction) in the model was investigated. Numerical simplifications of the structural dynamics and alternative solutions for the hydraulic part were also studied. The model describing the performance of the machine has been written in ACSL (Advanced Continuous Simulation Language) on a VAX computer system. A modified version of the program is at present running close to real-time on a single processor in conjunction with high speed graphics in a manner similar to a flight simulator used for human interface studies and training. The model also evaluates the performance of the machine in a teleoperated mode and under different control strategies. As a result a velocity control algorithm has been developed which is applied in conjunction with the closed-loop components for teleoperation of heavy-duty hydraulic machines; it is basically a feedforward compensation which uses the measured hydraulic line pressures along with fluid-flow equations as criteria to control the joint velocities as well as to uncouple the interconnected actuating system. The control algorithm has been written in C language and is running on an IRONICS computer system, interfaced between the human operator and the machine. The simulation results are supported by the experimental evidence. The experiments were performed on a Caterpillar 215B excavator. Improved operator safety, extension of human capability, job quality and productivity increase are the advantages of a successful implementation of robotic technology to these industrial machines.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Glover, Peter Benedict Myers. "Computer simulation and analysis methods in the development of the hydraulic ram pump." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66359/.

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The purpose of this study was primarily to promote the wider deployment of the hydraulic ram pump, and secondarily to provide the technical input into a programme aimed at using hydraulic ram pump technologies for third world development. Hitherto hydraulic ram pump technologies have been restricted by poor understanding of operational parameters, poor performance prediction, and poor design of pumps and installations. In pursuit of greater understanding the work utilised a computer simulation developed by the author as part of a previous research programme. This simulation was then greatly enhanced to provide improved accuracy and functionality. The enhanced simulation was then used to provide significant insight into the operation of a hydraulic ram pump and subsequently used to identify design improvements for the hydraulic ram pump. The simulation was used to investigate operational restrictions on the hydraulic ram, and was ultimately use to develop a model of hydraulic ram pump operation. The model of operation developed by the use of the simulation was computerised and used to predict the performance of hydraulic ram pump installations. This computerised model was then used to provide the most comprehensive design charts yet created for hydraulic ram pump, and was also used in the investigation of operational limits for the device. The study represents: the development of the first detailed simulation of the hydraulic ram pump and the most significant insight to date into the detail of operation of a hydraulic ram pump. The result of the study is the provision of an accurate method of pump calibration, an accurate method of pump performance prediction, and the first comprehensive design charts to be produced for the hydraulic ram pump.
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Wu, Gang. "Adaptive position and force control of hydraulic robots, theory, simulation and experiments." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23554.pdf.

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Shende, Sachin. "Database-driven hydraulic simulation of canal irrigation networks using object-oriented high-resolution methods." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14208.

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Canal hydraulic models can be used to understand the hydraulic behaviour of large and complex irrigation networks at low cost. A number of computational hydraulic models were developed and tested in the early 1970s and late 80s. Most were developed using finite difference schemes and procedural programming languages. In spite of the importance of these models, little progress was made on improving the numerical algorithms behind them. Software development efforts were focused more on developing the user interface rather than the core algorithm. This research develops a database-driven, object-oriented hydraulic simulation model for canal irrigation networks using modern high-resolution shock capturing techniques that are capable of handling variety of flow situations which includes trans-critical flow, shock propagation, flows through gated structures and channel networks. The technology platforms were carefully selected by taking into account a multi-user support and possible migration of the new software to a web-based one which integrates a Java-based object-oriented model with a relational database management system that is used to store network configuration and simulation parameters. The developed software is tested using a benchmark test suite formulated jointly by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the Environment Agency (EA). A total of eight tests (seven of them adapted from the DEFRAjEA benchmark suite) were run and results compiled. The developed software has outperformed ISIS, REC-RAS and MIKE 11 in three of the benchmark tests and equally well for the other four. The outcome of this research is therefore a new category in hydraulic simulation software that uses modern shock-capturing methods fully integrated with a configurational relational database that has been fully evaluated and tested.
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Svensson, Oskar. "Electrohydraulic Power Steering Simulation : Dynamic, thermal and hydraulic modelling." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-265674.

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There are several benets of electrohydraulic power steering systems, as compared to hydraulicpower steering systems where the pump is driven directly by the engine of the vehicle. Someof these benets are increased eciency and improved steering performance. The purpose ofthis project is to create a simulation model of the electrohydraulic power steering system inSimulink, excluding the hydraulic circuit. The model should thus consist of the electric motor,the drive electronics, the control system, the hydraulic pump as well as the communication andinterface to the master simulation system in which the model will be used.As a start a mathematical model of the motor is derived. Then the motor controller includingtwo current controllers and a speed controller is developed. The switching signals for the threephase bridge that drives the motor are calculated using space vector modulation. The motordrives a hydraulic pump, which is modeled using data sheet eciency curves. Finally a thermalmodel of the drive is developed. To fulll real time requirements, a lumped parameter approachis chosen. The nal model is exported as a Functional Mock-up Unit, which is a black-boxencapsulation of the complete simulation model.The simulation model is compared to measurement data to conrm its validity. Thesecomparisons shows that the dynamic response of the motor and its controller are close to themeasured values and that the thermal model adequately corresponds to the thermal tests. Thehydraulic pump model varied from measurements more than the other sub-modules. It was,however, seen as acceptable. Overall the system response was satisfactory, but naturally a lotof future improvements and new features could be made to improve the model.
Det finns flera fördelar med elektrohydraulisk servostyrning, där hydraulpumpen drivs av en el-motor, jämfört med hydraulisk servostyrning, där pumpen drivs direkt av fordonets förbränningsmotor. Några av dessa fördelar är ökad effektivitet och förbättrad styrprestanda. Syftet med detta projekt är att skapa en Simulink-modell av ett elektrohydraulisk system för servostyrning, exklusive hydraulkretsen. Modellen ska alltså bestå av delmodeller för elmotorn, drivelektroniken, styrsystemet, hydraulpumpen samt kommunikation med den övergripande simuleringsplattformen.Inledningsvis beskrivs en matematisk modell av elmotorn och efter det utvecklas motorstyrningen, bestående av två strömregulatorer samt en hastighetsregulator. Spänningen från strömregulatorerna uppnås genom space vector-modulation, som beräknar de pulskvoter som krävs för att uppnå denna spänning. Elmotorn driver en pump. Denna pump modelleras med hjälp av data från pumpens datablad. Slutligen modelleras drivelektronikens termiska egenskaper med ett termiskt nätverk. Den slutliga modellen omsluts av en Functional Mock-up Unit somintegreras i den övergripande simuleringsplattformen.
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Chen, Qing [Verfasser]. "Numerical investigation of internal flow in hydraulic valves and dynamic interactions in hydraulic systems with CFD and simplified simulation methods / Qing Chen." Aachen : Shaker, 2005. http://d-nb.info/1181607736/34.

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Книги з теми "Hydraulic control Simulation methods"

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Pelechano, Nuria, Jan M. Allbeck, and Norman I. Badler. Virtual Crowds: Methods, Simulation, and Control. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79242-7.

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M, Allbeck Jan, and Badler Norman I, eds. Virtual crowds: Methods, simulation, and control. San Rafael, Calif. (1537 Fourth Street, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA): Morgan & Claypool Publishers, 2008.

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3

Eyman, Earl D. Modeling, simulation, and control. St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1988.

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4

Ramirez, W. Fred. Computational methods for process simulation. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworths, 1997.

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5

Computational methods for process simulation. Boston: Butterworths, 1989.

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6

Benedini, Marcello. Water Quality Modelling for Rivers and Streams. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013.

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7

Andreas, Kroll, ed. Hydraulic Servo-systems: Modelling, Identification and Control. London: Springer London, 2003.

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8

R, Glowinski, and Zolésio J. P, eds. Free and moving boundries: Analysis, simulation, and control. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2007.

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9

G, Samper Katia, and Haghi Reza K, eds. Advanced process control & simulation for chemical engineers. Toronto: Apple Academic Press, 2013.

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10

Belomestny, Denis, and John Schoenmakers. Advanced Simulation-Based Methods for Optimal Stopping and Control. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-03351-2.

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Частини книг з теми "Hydraulic control Simulation methods"

1

Walters, R. B. "Modular Optimized System Simulation." In Hydraulic and Electric-Hydraulic Control Systems, 97–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9427-1_13.

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Walters, R. B. "Modular Optimized System Simulation." In Hydraulic and Electro-Hydraulic Control Systems, 97–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3840-6_13.

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Canelas, R., J. Murillo, and R. Ferreira. "2D Simulation of Discontinuous Shallow Flows." In Experimental Methods in Hydraulic Research, 141–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17475-9_8.

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4

Lang, Jochen, Gunter Knoll, Ian Thornthwaite, Celia Soteriou, Christian Lensch-Franzen, and Morten Kronstedt. "Simulation Methods for Elastohydrodynamically Coupled Hydraulic Components." In Proceedings, 104–15. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-23775-2_7.

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5

Zhou, Shichang, Xinming Cao, and Guiyou Yao. "The State Variable Diagram of a Hydraulic Control System." In Systems Analysis and Simulation II, 90–93. New York, NY: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8936-1_16.

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Katebi, Reza, Michael A. Johnson, and Jacqueline Wilkie. "Process Modelling and Simulation Methods." In Advances in Industrial Control, 1–37. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0423-0_1.

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Gosavi, Abhijit. "Convergence Analysis of Control Optimization Methods." In Simulation-Based Optimization, 343–408. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3766-0_13.

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Gosavi, Abhijit. "Convergence Analysis of Control Optimization Methods." In Simulation-Based Optimization, 351–450. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7491-4_11.

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9

Nawalany, M. "Hydraulic Isolation of Uncontrolled Waste Disposal Sites." In Advanced Methods for Groundwater Pollution Control, 279–88. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2696-7_18.

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10

Chang, Hyeong Soo, Jiaqiao Hu, Michael C. Fu, and Steven I. Marcus. "On-Line Control Methods via Simulation." In Communications and Control Engineering, 179–218. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5022-0_5.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Hydraulic control Simulation methods"

1

Walczak, Pawel, and Andrzej Sobczyk. "Simulation of Water Hydraulic Control System of Francis Turbine." In 8th FPNI Ph.D Symposium on Fluid Power. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpni2014-7814.

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In the modern world continually grows ecological consciousness of societies. We are looking for new and develop the already known methods of energy generation from renewable sources. Designing of simulation models using newest software (i.e. Simulation X) of existing system and on their base building new allow in an easy and fast way to demonstrate their advantages but also find areas that need to be improve. Based on previous experiences and virtual tests [12] finally was managed to create model of Francis turbine control system using water hydraulic elements. This article presents of the system consisting of three connected and interacting subsystems: hydraulic model of the guide apparatus control system, three-dimensional model of guide apparatus and model of water flow through the system of guide apparatus - turbine.
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2

Lin, Yang, Yang Shi, and Richard Burton. "Discrete-Time H2-Optimal Control for Hydraulic Position Control Systems." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42710.

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Hydraulic position control systems play an important role in industrial automation. This paper explores the application of discrete-time H2-optimal control for a hydraulic position control system (HPCS). By minimizing the H2-norm of the system, the discrete-time robust H2-optimal control both stabilizes the plant and minimizes the root-mean-square of the servo position error simultaneously. The intuitive nature of this advanced approach helps to manage the selection of design parameters, whereas, classical methods provide less insight into strategies for parameter selection and control design. Additionally, the powerful ability to address disturbances and uncertainty in the robust H2-optimal design offers a more direct alternative to the ad hoc and iterative nature of classical methods for the hydraulic servo position system. Computer simulations illustrate the design procedure and the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental studies which employ the H2-optimal control on a hydraulic positioning system are also conducted and the results show that the method is suitable for practical applications.
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Helian, Bobo, Zheng Chen, Bin Yao, Yi Yan, and Chiang Lee. "Adaptive Robust Control of a Pump Control Hydraulic System." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5076.

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Pump control hydraulic systems have been widely used in industry by the advantages of no throttling loss and overflow loss as well as high power-to-volume ratio. However, the characteristics of high order dynamics, high nonlinearities and disturbances make the accurate position control of those systems very challenging. And to implement the controllers easily, some dynamics such as servo motor loop are usually ignored in most of existing methods, which may lead to the limitation of closed-loop bandwidth and disturbance rejection ability. In this paper, adaptive robust control (ARC) algorithm is utilized in a pump control electro-hydrualic system. The ARC guarantees the stability and high performance in the presence of model uncertainties and nonlinear disturbances. For the high-order of the hydraulic system, a modified three-step backstepping method is constructed which is covering the whole electro-hydraulic system. The servo motor-pump dynamics is taken into considered in the three-step adaptive backstepping controller design. Theoretical control performance based on Lyapunov functions and the simulation results proved that the control strategy this paper proposed achieved high performance in spite of the nonlinearities and uncertainties.
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4

Mohammadi Asl, Reza, and Heikki Handroos. "Parameter Identification of Hydraulic Systems Using Modified Coyote Optimization Algorithm." In BATH/ASME 2020 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2020-2806.

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Abstract Parameter identification is one of most interesting fields for researchers in control engineering field. Different methods have been investigated in recent years. Methods can be divided into two main categories: mathematical based methods and artificial intelligence approaches. Mathematical approaches also known as traditional method which uses different formula to have an estimation of some missed parameters in practical systems, and on the other hand artificial intelligence methods uses different approaches for this purpose. This paper presents a new parameter identification method. A new modified evolutionary algorithm, which can be sorted as a approach of artificial intelligence, is presented and applied to a servo-hydraulic system as a parameter identification method. Coyote Optimization algorithm is chosen for this purpose. The presented modified algorithm is changed in a way that in each iteration, uses details from previous steps and have a better performance in comparison with the basic algorithm. The proposed algorithm tries to update each candidate based on its previous condition which has been missed in basic algorithm. The proposed intelligent method is used as parameter identification method and applied to servo-hydraulic system. The results for simulation are given. Results show the efficiency of the presented method. Based on results, it can be drawn that the proposed method can be supposed as reliable method for nonlinear systems.
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Malysheva, Julia, and Heikki Handroos. "Fast Calculation of Stiff Hydraulic Models Using the Modified Pseudo-Dynamic Solver." In BATH/ASME 2020 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2020-2805.

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Abstract The work addresses the problem of the fast and accurate calculation of the mathematically stiff hydraulic models using the modified pseudo-dynamic solver (PDS). In particular, it studies which of the numerical integration methods inside the modified PDS ensure efficient calculation of the stiff hydraulic model. In the work, the operating principle of the modified PDS is described. The effect of the three different fixed-step integration methods (Euler, Runge-Kutta of fourth order, and modified Heun’s method) are considered. The numerical stability of the modified Heun’s method is improved by substituting the purely turbulent orifice model with the two-regime orifice model. The two-regime orifice accounts for both the turbulent and laminar flows and thus allows to avoid the numerical problems related to the small pressure drops. As a numerical example of the mathematically stiff hydraulic model a hydraulic circuit with the two-way flow control valve which contains small volume is employed. As the implementation environment for the developed simulation models the compiled C language that supports the real-time simulation is chosen. The solutions obtained for the numerical example using the modified PDS based on the three integration methods, their accuracies and calculation speeds are presented in comparison with the solution obtained using conventional integration procedure. The obtained results show that, in general, the modified PDS allows to solve numerically stiff hydraulic models in a very efficient way ensuring accelerated simulation with the high solution accuracy. It is also shown that the simulation speed-up can be obtained not only by the complexity reduction of the numerical integration method employed inside the modified PDS but also by increasing its numerical stability.
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6

Lee, Seong-Sun, Inwoo Park, Seong-Chun Jun, Seung-Wook Ha, Jin-Hui Im, Sanghoon Lee, and Kang-Kun Lee. "APPLICATION OF SIMULATION-OPTIMIZATION METHODS FOR PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF DNAPL CONTAMINANTS BASED ON A HYDRAULIC FLOW CONTROL." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-369013.

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7

Locateli, Cristiano Cardoso, Paulo Leonel Teixeira, Edson Roberto De Pieri, Petter Krus, and Victor Juliano De Negri. "Digital Hydraulic System Using Pumps and On/Off Valves Controlling the Actuator." In 8th FPNI Ph.D Symposium on Fluid Power. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpni2014-7839.

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Hydraulic systems employed in several industrial and mobile applications present significant advantages, such as a high power-to-weight ratio and fast dynamic response. However, these systems have low efficiency due to high power dissipation. A recent concept called “digital hydraulics” comprises particularities that create opportunities for a reduction in load loss. This paper proposes a configuration and control method for actuator speed control based on the principles of digital hydraulics. In this context, several fixed displacement units and on/off valves are connected directly to the actuators without throttling valves. The system studied here presents three operation methods (pump mode, motor mode and idle mode), which allows discrete valves to replace continuous or flow control valves in order to control the actuator. Furthermore, a fixed or variable displacement pump with large displacement is replaced by several small, fixed displacement units. Simulations are performed with a co-simulation technique using AMESim and MATLAB. The actuator speed, inlet and outlet pressures on the fixed displacement units and flow rate in the circuit lines are analysed. Preliminary simulation results exhibit smooth transitions between speed levels, adequate dynamic performance, low power dissipation and high energy-storage capacity. A specific limitation of this technology is the obtained actuator discrete speed. The main contributions of this research are the development of a digital hydraulic system configuration and its control strategy, which allows speed control of hydraulic actuators and provides the capacity to store energy.
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Guerrier, Paul K., and Kevin A. Edge. "Hydraulic Emulation of Injection Moulding." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/fpst-25011.

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Abstract The control of injection moulding is an active area for research. The inject phase of the moulding process which includes filling and packing is of particular importance. New control strategies have traditionally been evaluated either in simulation or through full scale testing. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages. This paper details the hydraulic load emulation of the filling and packing phases using the hardware-in-the-loop technique which is a compromise between these two methods. With suitable controller design successful load emulation is demonstrated.
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9

Xiang, Yue, Yankan Song, Zhitong Yu, Ying Chen, and Shaowei Huang. "An Improved Hydraulic-Thermal Decoupling Method for District Heating Network Simulation and Implementation on a Cloud Computing Based Simulation Platform - CloudPSS." In 2019 Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/chicc.2019.8865856.

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Madau, Riccardo, and Andrea Vacca. "Active Ride Control for Construction Machines Based on Pressure Feedback." In ASME/BATH 2019 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2019-1649.

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Abstract Typically, off-road construction machines are not equipped with suspensions at the wheel axles. This has led to alternative concepts that uses the working implement to mitigate the vibration transmitted to the cabin. The most common solutions are based on passive ride control (PRC) methods. A PRC usually requires a hydraulic accumulator and dissipating valves properly connected to the working hydraulics. In this way, the PRC is able to dissipate the fluid energy and damp the oscillations of the pressure inside the hydraulic actuators, with clear benefits on the machine vibration. This paper focuses instead on an active ride control (ARC) methodology, which controls the working hydraulic motion to counter-reach the machine vibrations, avoiding the use of an accumulator. The paper addresses the main challenge of designing the controller for the ARC for the reference case of a wheel loader. A high pass pressure filter control with pressure feedback is proposed for this application. The controller is first studied in a simulation model and then validated through experiments on a stock machine. The bandwidth limitation of the standard hydraulic system does not permit to achieve the same performance of a state-of-art PRC system considered as baseline. Notwithstanding, the experimental results on the proposed ARC shows significant improvements with respect to a case where no controller is used. Moreover, the proposed method could be applied with more effectiveness in hydraulic systems with higher dynamic response.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Hydraulic control Simulation methods"

1

Sanders, William R. Measurement Methods for Human Performance in Command and Control Simulation Experiments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413273.

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2

Edwards, Jack R. Hybrid LES/RANS Simulation of the Effects of Boundary Layer Control Devices Using Immersed Boundary Methods. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada547418.

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3

Ahlfeld, D. P., and D. E. Dougherty. MODLP program description: A program for solving linear optimal hydraulic control of groundwater contamination based on MODFLOW simulation. Version 1.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10112051.

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4

Shimamura, Kazuki, and Kenji Morita. Effect of Control Methods for Generator on Fuel Consumption of Series HEV~Examination by Use of Numerical Simulation. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0596.

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5

Kushner, Harold, and Paul Dupuis. Stochastic Control and Numerical Methods with Applications to Communications. Game Theoretic/Subsolution to Importance Sampling for Rare Event Simulation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada499989.

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6

Quinn, William. Driving Down HB-LED Costs. Implementation of Process Simulation Tools and Temperature Control Methods of High Yield MOCVD Growth. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053618.

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7

Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Анотація:
Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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8

Diahyleva, Olena S., Igor V. Gritsuk, Olena Y. Kononova, and Alona Y. Yurzhenko. Computerized adaptive testing in educational electronic environment of maritime higher education institutions. [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4448.

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Анотація:
The article is devoted to the organization of modern learning process, namely the use of innovative technologies – computerized adaptive testing in educational electronic environment of maritime higher education institutions. The example of educational electronic environment is presented in the article on LMS Moodle. The provided new technological and methodological opportunities are a priority in the developed methods of control and testing of knowledge, skills and abilities of students. Comparative characteristic of using computerized adaptive testing in educational electronic environment is given in the article according to different criteria: the role of tests in the learning process; methods of training; equipment; presence of the problems in educational process; level of its control and learning outcomes. The paper also presents examples of activities to form communicative competency of future maritime professionals. Types of adaptive tests are listed in the paper. The research activities were done by second year cadets of ship engineering department of Maritime College of Kherson State Maritime Academy. The experiment was devoted to the formation of communicative competence with the help of electronic environment of maritime higher education institution. The results of experiment proved positive impact of computerized adaptive testing on communicative competence of future ship engineers. Further investigation of adaptive testing can also be done for learning system of maritime education establishments using simulation technologies of virtual, augmented and mixed realities.
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9

Voloshynov, Serhii A., Halyna V. Popova, Alona Y. Yurzhenko, and Ekaterina O. Shmeltser. The use of digital escape room in educational electronic environment of maritime higher education institutions. [б. в.], July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3869.

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Анотація:
The paper is tended to investigate the gamification activities use in educational electronic environment of maritime higher education institutions. Gamification methods with examples are described (gamification testing, QR Code quest, storytelling and escape room). Comparative characteristic of traditional learning and learning using gamification in educational electronic environment is given in the article according to different criteria: the place and role of teacher or students in the learning process; type of information communication; methods of training; equipment; level of freedom of the actions; presence of the problems in educational process; level of its control and learning outcomes. The paper also presents examples of gamification activities based on escape room quest to form communicative competency of future maritime professionals. Escape room activity presented in the article contains storytelling element, crossword and electronic testing questions of different types. Question types listed in the paper are Drag and drop to the text, Short answer and Multiple choice. Escape room activity was done by second year cadets of Kherson State Maritime Academy. According to the received results, knowledge quality increased by 10% and success by 20%. Further investigation of gamification activities can also be done for learning system of maritime higher education institutions using simulation technologies of virtual, augmented and mixed realities.
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Khvostina, Inesa, Serhiy Semerikov, Oleh Yatsiuk, Nadiia Daliak, Olha Romanko, and Ekaterina Shmeltser. Casual analysis of financial and operational risks of oil and gas companies in condition of emergent economy. [б. в.], October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4120.

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Анотація:
The need to control the risk that accompanies businesses in their day- to-day operations, and at the same time changing economic conditions make risk management an almost indispensable element of economic life. Selection of the main aspects of the selected phases of the risk management process: risk identification and risk assessment are related to their direct relationship with the subject matter (risk identification to be managed; risk analysis leading to the establishment of a risk hierarchy, and, consequently, the definition of risk control’ methods) and its purpose (bringing the risk to acceptable level). It is impossible to identify the basic patterns of development of the oil and gas industry without exploring the relationship between economic processes and enterprise risks. The latter are subject to simulation, and based on models it is possible to determine with certain probability whether there have been qualitative and quantitative changes in the processes, in their mutual influence on each other, etc. The work is devoted to exploring the possibilities of applying the Granger test to examine the causal relationship between the risks and obligations of oil and gas companies. The analysis is based on statistical tests and the use of linear regression models.
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