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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Hybrid AC/DC Grid"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 19 жовтня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Hybrid AC/DC Grid"

Marques, Goncalo, Vitor Monteiro, and Joao L. Afonso. "A Full-Controlled Bidirectional Dual-Stage Interleaved Converter for Interfacing AC and DC Power Grids." Energies 17, no. 13 (June 27, 2024): 3169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17133169.

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Power grids are progressing, and the possibility of incorporating DC grids toward hybrid AC/DC grids is gaining increasing relevance, as several technologies available nowadays are operating natively in DC. This paper proposes a topology of a full-controlled bidirectional dual-stage interleaved converter for interfacing hybrid AC/DC grids. The topology is based on a dual-stage architecture, constituted by an AC/DC converter and by a DC/DC converter, both based on interleaved power converters. On the AC side, which is connected to the main AC power grid, the proposed dual-stage architecture operates with sinusoidal current in phase or phase opposition with the voltage, meaning a bidirectional operation. In addition, it has the possibility of interfacing with other AC loads, such as domestic electrical appliances, or with an AC microgrid. The DC link, formed by the AC/DC power stage, is interfaced with a DC power grid, which provides numerous advantages, e.g., for interfacing battery electric vehicles directly charged in DC, as well as other DC loads, such as renewable energy sources. The DC/DC power stage is considered for interfacing with an energy storage system, which is capable of bidirectional power exchange with the DC grid or with the AC grid through the AC/DC power stage. A complete laboratory prototype was designed and developed, with the unified control algorithms implemented on a digital signal processor. The experimental results validated the operation of the full-controlled bidirectional dual-stage interleaved converter based on the specifications for the hybrid AC/DC grid, such as bidirectional operation, synchronization with the AC power grid, predictive current control, interleaved operation on both AC/DC and DC/DC power stages, DC-link voltage control for the DC grid, as well as the operation with different power levels.

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Roy, Gaurav Kumar, Marco Pau, Ferdinanda Ponci, and Antonello Monti. "A Two-Step State Estimation Algorithm for Hybrid AC-DC Distribution Grids." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071967.

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Direct Current (DC) grids are considered an attractive option for integrating high shares of renewable energy sources in the electrical distribution grid. Hence, in the future, Alternating Current (AC) and DC systems could be interconnected to form hybrid AC-DC distribution grids. This paper presents a two-step state estimation formulation for the monitoring of hybrid AC-DC grids. In the first step, state estimation is executed independently for the AC and DC areas of the distribution system. The second step refines the estimation results by exchanging boundary quantities at the AC-DC converters. To this purpose, the modulation index and phase angle control of the AC-DC converters are integrated into the second step of the proposed state estimation formulation. This allows providing additional inputs to the state estimation algorithm, which eventually leads to improve the accuracy of the state estimation results. Simulations on a sample AC-DC distribution grid are performed to highlight the benefits resulting from the integration of these converter control parameters for the estimation of both the AC and DC grid quantities.

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Yu, Dong, Shan Gao, Xin Zhao, Yu Liu, Sicheng Wang, and Tiancheng E. Song. "Alternating Iterative Power-Flow Algorithm for Hybrid AC–DC Power Grids Incorporating LCCs and VSCs." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 4573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054573.

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AC–DC power-flow calculation is the basis for studying HVDC systems. Since traditional iterative methods need many alternative iterations and have convergence problems, this paper proposes an alternating iterative power-flow algorithm for hybrid AC–DC power grids incorporating line-commutated converters (LCCs) and voltage source converters (VSCs). Firstly, the algorithm incorporates the converter interface model into the AC side, considering the influence of the DC side on the AC side, and establishes an AC-augmented Jacobian matrix model with LCC/VSC interface equation variables. Then, according to the type of converter, control mode, and DC grid control strategy, a DC grid power-flow calculation model under various control modes is established for realizing the power-flow decoupling calculation of AC–DC power grids incorporating LCCs and VSCs. The accuracy and effectiveness of the improved algorithm are evaluated using modified IEEE 57 bus AC–DC networks and the CIGRE B4 DC grid test system. The improved algorithm is applicable to various DC grid control modes and considers the reasonable adjustment of the DC grid variable constraints and operating modes.

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Rodrigues, Justino, Carlos Moreira, and João Peças Lopes. "Fault-Ride-Through Approach for Grid-Tied Smart Transformers without Local Energy Storage." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185622.

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The Smart Transformer (ST) is being envisioned as the possible backbone of future distribution grids given the enhanced controllability it provides. Moreover, the ST offers DC-link connectivity, making it an attractive solution for the deployment of hybrid AC/DC distribution grids which offer important advantages for the deployment of Renewable Energy Sources, Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) and Electric Vehicles. However, compared to traditional low-frequency magnetic transformers, the ST is inherently more vulnerable to fault disturbances which may force the ST to disconnect in order to protect its power electronic converters, posing important challenges to the hybrid AC/DC grid connected to it. This paper proposes a Fault-Ride-Through (FRT) strategy suited for grid-tied ST with no locally available ESS, which exploits a dump-load and the sensitivity of the hybrid AC/DC distribution grid’s power to voltage and frequency to provide enhanced control to the ST in order to handle AC-side voltage sags. The proposed FRT strategy can exploit all the hybrid AC/DC distribution grid (including the MV DC sub-network) and existing controllable DER resources, providing FRT against balanced and unbalanced faults in the upstream AC grid. The proposed strategy is demonstrated in this paper through computational simulation.

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Monteiro, Vitor, Luis F. C. Monteiro, Francesco Lo Franco, Riccardo Mandrioli, Mattia Ricco, Gabriele Grandi, and João L. Afonso. "The Role of Front-End AC/DC Converters in Hybrid AC/DC Smart Homes: Analysis and Experimental Validation." Electronics 10, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10212601.

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Electrical power grids are rapidly evolving into smart grids, with smart homes also making an important contribution to this. In fact, the well-known and emerging technologies of renewables, energy storage systems and electric mobility are each time more distributed throughout the power grid and included in smart homes. In such circumstances, since these technologies are natively operating in DC, it is predictable for a revolution in the electrical grid craving a convergence to DC grids. Nevertheless, traditional loads natively operating in AC will continue to be used, highlighting the importance of hybrid AC/DC grids. Considering this new paradigm, this paper has as main innovation points the proposed control algorithms regarding the role of front-end AC/DC converters in hybrid AC/DC smart homes, demonstrating their importance for providing unipolar or bipolar DC grids for interfacing native DC technologies, such as renewables and electric mobility, including concerns regarding the power quality from a smart grid point of view. Furthermore, the paper presents a clear description of the proposed control algorithms, aligned with distinct possibilities of complementary operation of front-end AC/DC converters in the perspective of smart homes framed within smart grids, e.g., enabling the control of smart homes in a coordinated way. The analysis and experimental results confirmed the suitability of the proposed innovative operation modes for hybrid AC/DC smart homes, based on two different AC/DC converters in the experimental validation.

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Aravind, S. P., and E. Darwin Suthar. "Design & Analysis of Hybrid Micro Grid with DC Connection at Back to Back Converter." Asian Journal of Electrical Sciences 3, no. 1 (May 5, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajes-2014.3.1.1919.

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A micro grid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operate connected to a traditional centralized grid (macro grid). This single point of common coupling with the macro grid can be disconnected. The micro grid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a micro grid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected micro grid can be controlled as if it were one entity. Micro grid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The necessity of an AC or DC micro grid is governed by available micro sources and connected loads. A hybrid structure can ensure a sustainable configuration blending both the forms. In this paper, a hybrid micro grid structure for a grid connected micro grid with DC connection at back to back (B2B) converters is proposed. While a B2B connection between two AC systems could bestow a reliable, isolated and efficient coupling,an extra DC bus connection can facilitate use of the DC micro sources. The DC bus can supply the local DC loads and can also trade part of the power with the AC grids. The voltage support at the DC link (of the B2B converters) can be used for the DC bus formation. Different power management strategies with fixed power references or decentralized power distribution in AC/DC sides are proposed and validated with simulations in MATLAB.

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Bakeer, Abualkasim, Andrii Chub, Abderahmane Abid, Sherif A. Zaid, Thamer A. H. Alghamdi, and Hossam S. Salama. "Enhancing Grid-Forming Converters Control in Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids Using Bidirectional Virtual Inertia Support." Processes 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12010139.

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This paper presents a new grid-forming strategy for hybrid AC/DC microgrids using bidirectional virtual inertia support designed to address weak grid conditions. The stability of hybrid AC/DC microgrids heavily relies on the AC mains frequency and the DC-link voltage, and deviations in these factors can lead to undesirable outcomes such as load curtailments and power system congestions and blackouts. This paper introduces a unique approach that leverages bidirectional virtual inertia support to enhance the stability and reliability of hybrid AC/DC microgrids under weak grid conditions. The proposed strategy employs virtual inertia as a buffer to mitigate rapid changes in DC-link voltage and AC frequency, thereby enhancing system stability margins. This strategy significantly contributes to a more stable and reliable grid operation by reducing voltage and frequency fluctuations. A standard hybrid AC/DC microgrid configuration is used to implement the bidirectional virtual inertia support, where a bidirectional interlinking converter control is adjusted to deliver inertia support to both the AC and DC subgrids. This converter utilizes the DC grid voltage and AC grid frequency as inputs, effectively managing active power balance and implementing auxiliary functions. Extensive simulations are conducted under weak grid conditions and standalone mode to validate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The simulation results demonstrate a remarkable improvement in frequency nadir, rate-of-change-of-frequency (RoCoF), and DC bus voltage deviation in the hybrid AC/DC microgrids. The bidirectional virtual inertia support substantially reduces voltage and frequency fluctuations, enhancing the microgrid stability and resilience. There is an improvement of over 45% and 25% in the frequency deviation and voltage deviation, respectively, achieved through implementing the proposed control strategy.

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Li, Chenghao, Di Zhang, Zhiwei Liu, Yulong Xiong, Tianhang Yu, Ze Gao, and Shihong Miao. "An Evaluation Method of Renewable Energy Resources’ Penetration Capacity of an AC-DC Hybrid Grid." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072550.

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With increasingly more renewable energy being integrated into the AC-DC hybrid grid, the grid shows more complex dynamic characteristics due to the mutual coupling of HVDC and renewable energy. To evaluate the renewable energy resources’ penetration capacity of the AC-DC hybrid grid, this paper proposes an evaluation method of the renewable energy resources’ penetration capacity of an AC-DC hybrid grid, which considers both economy and safety. Firstly, indicators are proposed for an evaluation of the economy and safety of the AC-DC hybrid grid integrated with renewable energy, where both static and transient stability indicators are considered. Secondly, to maximize the renewable energy penetration capacity and minimize the network loss, an optimization model of the renewable energy penetration capacity of the AC-DC hybrid grid is established considering the static and transient stability constraints. Then, a heuristic solution method for solving the renewable energy penetration capacity optimization model is proposed. Finally, based on the improved IEEE 39 node system, a case analysis is carried out. The simulation results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Pokakul, Wilailuk, and Nipon Ketjoy. "Performance Analyzing of Stand-Alone PV Hybrid Mini-Grid System with PV at DC and AC Coupling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 839 (June 2016): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.839.23.

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Stand-alone PV system has been originally developed to feed solar energy produced by PV modules into the system by using solar charger controller at DC bus called “DC Coupling” for long time. In Late 1990 there is a new concept of feeding solar energy to the PV system at AC bus called “AC Coupling”. The AC coupling system uses grid connected inverter to convert energy produced by PV modules and synchronize output to AC distribution line. In mini grid system the common AC output of Bi-directional inverters or diesel generators performs as grid forming device to supply distribution line. Since 1990 there are stand-alone PV systems designed by using DC coupling or AC coupling which each type of PV coupling system highlight their advantage over the other. The work in this document presents a comparison of the efficiency of DC coupling and AC coupling PV system design in a hybrid mini-grid and finally proposes the alternative PV system design by using the “Dual DC and AC coupling” PV system in a hybrid mini-grid design. The HOMER Pro micro-grid analysis tool which can simulate DC and AC coupling PV system is used to compare leverage cost of energy (LCOE) of different type of PV hybrid mini-grid system. The simulation software which can do performance analyzing metric according to IEC 61724 and IEA-PVPS T2 is created in this study in order to simulate system operation and performance using DC, AC and dual DC and AC coupling PV system. The conclusion can clearly identify the best PV system in hybrid mini-grid in terms of LCOE and system performance.

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Luo, Yi, Yin Zhang, Muyi Tang, Youbin Zhou, Ying Wang, Defu Cai, and Haiguang Liu. "A Novel Receiving End Grid Planning Method with Mutually Exclusive Constraints in Alternating Current/Direct Current Lines." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 7141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137141.

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The large-scale application of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technology introduces mutually exclusive constraints (MEC) into the power grid planning, which deepens the complexity of power grid planning. The MECs decrease the planning efficiency and effectiveness of the conventional method. This paper proposes a novel hybrid alternating current (AC)/direct current (DC) receiving end grid planning method with MECs in AC/DC lines. The constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) is utilized to model the MECs in candidate lines and then the detailed planning model, in which mutually exclusive candidate lines are described by mutually exclusive variable and constraint sets. Additionally, the proposed planning model takes the hybrid AC/DC power system stability into consideration by introducing the multi-infeed short circuit ratio (MISCR). After establishing the hybrid AC/DC receiving end grid planning model with MECs, the backtracking search algorithm (BSA) is used to solve the optimal planning. The effectiveness of the proposed hybrid AC/DC grid planning method with MECs is verified by case studies.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Hybrid AC/DC Grid"

Briggner, Viktor, Pontus Grahn, and Linus Johansson. "Centralized Versus Distributed State Estimation for Hybrid AC/DC Grid." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189112.

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State estimation enables for values throughout a power transmission grid to be known with a higher level of certainty. New technologies for bulk power transmission and power grid measuring enables for new possibilities in the energy sector and it is required that state estimation algorithms are developed to adapt to these new technologies. This project aims to develop a state estimator (SE) that is modified for hybrid AC/HVDC grids with voltage source converters (VSC) and phasor measurement units (PMU). Two different sets of architectures are tested. The centralized architecture where one common SE is implemented for both AC and DC grids or the distributed where a separate SE for every grid is used. The method used for the SE is the weighted least square (WLS) method. The SE will be developed based on the power grid model ’The CIGRE B4 DC Grid Test System’, designed by the International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE) as a benchmark system. The SE is subject to four different scenarios in order to evaluate the quality of the SE, benefits of added phasor measurements and choice of architecture for the SE. The results of the tests show that the developed SE improves the accuracy of state values on the DC grid. However, regarding the AC state values of the converters the results of the test are ambiguous. Furthermore the distributed architecture offered slightly less accurate AC values than the centralized. The addition of PMU measurements improved the error of the estimated values.

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Briggner, Viktor, Pontus Granhn, and Linus Johansson. "Centralized Versus Distributed State Estimation for Hybrid AC/DC Grid." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-200635.

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Alsharif, Sameer. "MANAGEMENT OF HYBRID (AC-DC) MICRO-GRIDS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1355191663.

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Agbemuko, Adedotun Jeremiah. "Modelling and control strategies for hybrid AC/DC grids." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667950.

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The proposals for large-scale deployment of renewable energy sources is leading to the need for more cross-border interconnections creating a pan-European power system, at the EU level. Such interconnections may take advantage of existing AC systems, but also of the DC links or DC grids under development; hence, hybrid AC/DC grids. Although hybrid AC/DC transmission grids are far from being truly large-scale, they are beginning to evolve as key components of future transmission infrastructures. By hybrid AC/DC grids, power electronic interfaces are invariably implied. As a consequence, several challenges are beginning to emerge at the network level due to the increasing adoption of these devices. The dynamics and interactions that may appear in such integrated systems are relatively unknown since they will interconnect at least two subnetworks of AC and DC characteristics. Understanding how several classes of interaction could occur is key to proper design of controllers to mitigate them. Further, changes to how subnetworks should be securely operated in unison is required. Therefore, a rethought is necessary in the presence of these devices. Nevertheless, the answer to the question of how to detect detrimental behaviours? Is central to any proposed solution. Currently, traditional methods for modelling and analysis are showing inadequacies. Lack of consistent methods to model and analyse the phenomena often result to complicated solutions as existing literature suggests. Even more important are models that are tractable, flexible, and technology agnostic to allow abstraction of the underlying challenges. Hence, methods to better understand and assess the mechanism of interactions at system level, that may impact secure operation are required. In addition, methods that are intuitive and efficient to detect sources of interactions, and isolate them as rapidly as possible are preferred. This goes to the heart of flexibility and tractability. Therefore, this thesis presents methodologies and strategies for modelling and control of large-scale hybrid AC/DC transmission grids from a systematic perspective, with the consideration of the controllable devices. This thesis employs several potent high-level methodologies that possess physical connotation, are technology agnostic, and provide tractability for control. Subsequently, recommended control strategies are easy to adopt as their physical significance can be established. The principal findings of this thesis are that, system interactions between subnetworks are dependent on the broad characteristics of the each subnetwork. Thus, manipulating any of these characteristics subject to considerations, improves the overall behaviour. Within each subnetwork, interactions depend mainly on the dynamics of existing controllers, and the interconnection between several devices. Then, questions on how to detect and mitigate interactions as efficiently as possible, while incorporating the most relevant behaviour is answered. Furthermore, the conflict of control requirements of each subnetwork of the hybrid AC/DC network is highlighted. Thus, information about these requirements are leveraged to achieve overall compromises without jeopardizing minimum performance. To conclude, following the assessment of detrimental interactions and their corresponding mechanism, control strategies that take these into consideration are proposed and demonstrated.
Per complir amb l'objectiu del gran desplegament de les energies renovables cal ampliar les interconnexions entre diferents països creant una xarxa elèctrica de transmissió a nivell Europeu. Aquestes interconexions poden aprofitar els sistemes en corrent altern (CA) ja existents però també de Links en corrent continu (CC) or xarxes en CC. Tot i que les xarxes de transmissió hibrides CA i CC son encara lliuny de ser una realitat, s'estan començant a posicionar como una component principal de les infrastructures de transmissió del futur. A les xarxes CA i CC, electronica de potencia n'és part fortament implicada. Com a conseqüència de l'ús d'aquests elements, varis reptes comencen a emergir degut a la seva complexitat innerent i la seva gran utilització. Les dinàmiques i les interaccions que poden apareixer en aquest sistema integrat són desconegudes doncs, aquest interconnectarà com a minim dos sub xarxes amb diferents caracteristiques com son la CA i la CC. Entendre com diferents interaccions poden succeir es clau per a poder dissenyar de manera adequada els control·ladors i mitigar-les. A més a més, canvis en la operació coordinada de les subxarxes és requerit. Aleshores, repensar com resoldre el problema és necessari quan ens trovem en presencia d'aquestes components. Però, la responsta a la pregunta; Com detectem comportaments negatius? es rellevant per a qualsevol soluciió que es vulgui propossar. Els mètodes tradicionals de modelització i anàlisi mostren insuficiències. La manca de mètodes coherents per modelar i analitzar els fenòmens sovint es tradueix en solucions complicades com suggereix la literatura existent. Encara són més importants els models tractables, flexibles i agnòstics que permetin la abstracció dels reptes subjacents. Per tant, es requereixen mètodes per comprendre i valorar millor el mecanisme dinteraccions a nivell del sistema que puguin afectar un funcionament segur. A més, es prefereixen mètodes intuïtius i eficients per detectar fonts dinteraccions i aïllar-les el més ràpidament possible. Això arriba al cor de la flexibilitat i la traçabilitat. Per tant, aquesta tesi discuteix les estratègies de modelatge i control de les xarxes de transmissió híbrides CA / CC a gran escala des d'una perspectiva sistemàtica, tenint en compte els dispositius controlables. Aquesta tesi utilitza una potent metodologia dalt nivell que té una connotació física, és tecnologia agnòstica i tractable. Posteriorment, les estratègies de control recomanades són fàcils dadoptar ja que es pot establir la seva significació física. Els principals resultats d'aquesta tesi són que, les interaccions del sistema entre subxarxes depenen de les àmplies característiques de cada subxarxa. Per tant, la manipulació daquestes característiques subjectes a consideracions millora el comportament general. Dins de cada subxarxa, les interaccions depenen principalment de la dinàmica dels controladors existents en dispositius controlables i de la interconnexió entre diversos dispositius. A continuació, es responen preguntes sobre com detectar i mitigar les interaccions de la manera més eficaç possible, alhora que incorporar el comportament més rellevant. A més, es posa de manifest el conflicte de requisits de control de cada subxarxa de la xarxa híbrida CA / CC. Així, es pot aprofitar la informació sobre aquests requisits per aconseguir compromisos generals sense posar en perill el rendiment mínim. Validar i demostrar aquests models i estratègies de control ha estat una contribució clau en aquesta tesi.

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Salehi, Pour Mehr Vahid. "Development and Verification of Control and Protection Strategies in Hybrid AC/DC Power Systems for Smart Grid Applications." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/804.

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Modern power networks incorporate communications and information technology infrastructure into the electrical power system to create a smart grid in terms of control and operation. The smart grid enables real-time communication and control between consumers and utility companies allowing suppliers to optimize energy usage based on price preference and system technical issues. The smart grid design aims to provide overall power system monitoring, create protection and control strategies to maintain system performance, stability and security. This dissertation contributed to the development of a unique and novel smart grid test-bed laboratory with integrated monitoring, protection and control systems. This test-bed was used as a platform to test the smart grid operational ideas developed here. The implementation of this system in the real-time software creates an environment for studying, implementing and verifying novel control and protection schemes developed in this dissertation. Phasor measurement techniques were developed using the available Data Acquisition (DAQ) devices in order to monitor all points in the power system in real time. This provides a practical view of system parameter changes, system abnormal conditions and its stability and security information system. These developments provide valuable measurements for technical power system operators in the energy control centers. Phasor Measurement technology is an excellent solution for improving system planning, operation and energy trading in addition to enabling advanced applications in Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control (WAMPAC). Moreover, a virtual protection system was developed and implemented in the smart grid laboratory with integrated functionality for wide area applications. Experiments and procedures were developed in the system in order to detect the system abnormal conditions and apply proper remedies to heal the system. A design for DC microgrid was developed to integrate it to the AC system with appropriate control capability. This system represents realistic hybrid AC/DC microgrids connectivity to the AC side to study the use of such architecture in system operation to help remedy system abnormal conditions. In addition, this dissertation explored the challenges and feasibility of the implementation of real-time system analysis features in order to monitor the system security and stability measures. These indices are measured experimentally during the operation of the developed hybrid AC/DC microgrids. Furthermore, a real-time optimal power flow system was implemented to optimally manage the power sharing between AC generators and DC side resources. A study relating to real-time energy management algorithm in hybrid microgrids was performed to evaluate the effects of using energy storage resources and their use in mitigating heavy load impacts on system stability and operational security.

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Farias, de Barros Heitor. "Planification de réseaux de distribution mixtes AC/DC." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALT050.

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L'intégration croissante des ressources énergétiques natives en courant continu à l'échelle de réseaux électriques, telles que les systèmes photovoltaïques, les véhicules électriques, les systèmes de stockage et les centres de données, remet en question le choix conventionnel des systèmes de distribution en courant alternatif (AC) au niveau de la moyenne tension (MV). Cette recherche vise à évaluer la viabilité technique et économique des réseaux de distribution MV AC/DC en développant des outils de planification pour les réseaux hybrides.L'étude propose des modèles de planification optimale des systèmes de distribution pour traiter les connexions MVDC point à point et les topologies hybrides, qui incorporent des ressources DC connectées au système par le biais de convertisseurs DC/DC, en utilisant des formulations telles que la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers mixtes, quadratique et conique de second ordre. Parmi les principales contributions de cette recherche, une analyse documentaire approfondie des hypothèses de planification a été réalisée, la proposition d'un modèle linéaire de pertes pour les stations de conversion AC/DC et DC/DC tenant compte de l'efficacité variable en fonction de la charge, l'incorporation de contraintes topologiques pour tenir compte des topologies radiales par morceaux, et l'évaluation des avantages économiques pour un large ensemble de paramètres dans le cadre des marchés de l'électricité dérégulés.Les perspectives futures comprennent l'étude de l'scalabilité des modèles proposés à des réseaux de distribution à plus grande échelle, l'exploration des tendances émergentes dans la résolution de l'optimisation et l'inclusion de choix liés à la conception dans les outils de planification
The increasing integration of utility-scale DC-native energy resources, such as photovoltaic systems, electric vehicles, storage systems, and data centers, challenges the conventional choice of AC distribution systems at the Medium Voltage (MV) level. This research aims to evaluate the technical and economic viability of AC/DC MV distribution networks by developing planning tools for hybrid networks.The study proposes optimal distribution system planning models to address point-to-point MVDC connections and hybrid topologies, which incorporate DC resources connected to the system through DC/DC converters, using formulations such as Mixed Integer Linear, Quadratic and Second Order Conic Programming. Some of the key contributions of this research include an extensive literature review of planning hypotheses, the proposal of a linear model of losses for AC/DC and DC/DC conversion stations accounting for part-load efficiency, the incorporation of topological constraints to accommodate piece-wise radial topologies, and the assessment of economic benefits across a wide range of parameters within the framework of unbundled electricity markets.Future perspectives include investigating the scalability of the proposed models to larger-scale distribution networks, exploring emerging trends in the optimization solving and including design-related choices in the planning tools

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Lo, Franco Francesco. "Integrazione di sistemi di accumulo a batterie e impianti fotovoltaici di grande taglia per applicazioni grid-connected." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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In un impianto fotovoltaico connesso alla rete elettrica, l’ integrazione di un sistema di accumulo permette di raccogliere l’ energia dal solare nelle ore di minor richiesta di rete (di giorno), ed erogarla nei momenti di bassa produzione e di maggiore richiesta di rete (la sera). In collaborazione con ENGIE Eps, è sorta l’ esigenza di confrontare tre diverse tipologie di accoppiamento delle batterie in un impianto ibrido PV+Batteria connesso alla rete elettrica. La prima architettura è chiamata AC coupling poiché il BESS (Battery Energy Storage System) è connesso tramite opportuni convertitori, direttamente alla rete elettrica. La terza e la seconda architettura sono denominate DC Coupling poiché il BESS è collegato tramite un convertitore o senza, al lato DC dell’ impianto. Il confronto è stato realizzato analizzando i flussi di potenza dell’ impianto facendo riferimento a dati di produzione reali forniti da ENGIE Eps. Più in particolare, sono stati forniti i dati di produzione e di irraggiamento di un impianto reale di potenza massima pari a 285 MW, con storage di capacità pari a 275 MWh. La valutazione della potenza richiesta all’ impianto è stata ottenuta dall’analisi del segnale AGC relativo alla rete nella quale l’ impianto è inserito. Tale segnale `e stato generato a partire da dati di frequenza di rete forniti dall’ azienda. Dall’ analisi precedentemente descritta si è individuata l’ architettura migliore in termini di rendimento, che risulta essere la DC coupling con DC/DC sulla batteria. Nell’ ultima parte della tesi si è inoltre svolto su richiesta di ENGIE Eps, lo studio del controllo dei convertitori relativi all’ architettura in esame. La strategia di controllo individuata è descritta nel dettaglio in questo documento.

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Anderson, Glenn Warwick Jan. "Hybrid simulation of AC-DC power systems." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1176.

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Transient stability studies are primarily concerned with the generator response of ac power systems and use only steady state type equations to model HVdc converter terminals. These equations are adequate for small disturbances at the converter terminals but cannot accurately represent a converters behaviour during, and through its recovery of, a significant transient disturbance. A detailed three phase electromagnetic analysis is necessary to describe the converters correct behaviour. This thesis describes an accurate and effective hybrid method combining these two types of studies, for analyzing dynamically fast devices such as HVdc converters within ac power systems. Firstly, conventional techniques are reviewed for both a transient stability analysis of power systems and for an electromagnetic transient analysis of HVdc converters. This review deals in particular with the two programs that constitute the hybrid developed in this thesis. Various techniques are then examined to efficiently and accurately pass the dynamic effects of an HVdc link to an ac system stability study, and the dynamic effects of an ac system to a detailed HVdc link study. An optimal solution is derived to maximise the inherent advantages of a hybrid. Finally, the hybrid is applied to a test system and its effectiveness in performing its task is shown.

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Podes, Christopher. "AC/DC: Let There Be Hybrid Cooling." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3434.

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In today’s increasingly energy conscious society, the methods of providing thermal comfort to humans are constantly under scrutiny. Depending on the climate, and the comfort requirements of the occupants, buildings can be designed to heat and cool occupants with passive methods, as well as mechanical methods. In the subtropics, where buildings often need to be heated in the winter and cooled in the summer, a synthesis of these two methods would be ideal. However, there is a disconnect between the integration of passive cooling and mechanical air conditioning, in subtropical architecture. A study of user attitudes, based out of Australia, found that, “Central control of temperatures has been used to cut demand by preventing users from altering thermostats and other parts of the building for microclimate control. In particular, windows are sealed to prevent tampering.”1 Reliance on air conditioning has the everyday person convinced that if we save energy in the right places, we can use air conditioning as much as we like. The same study goes on to state, “Air-conditioning has been assumed to replace the need for climate design features in buildings creating poor thermal design and high energy use.”2 This can be most clearly seen in our public buildings. Fully conditioned buildings pump cool air into sealed envelopes, adjusting the thermostat to regulate thermal comfort year-round, often in a climate in which mechanical air conditioning is needed only four months of the year, and during the warmest hours of the day. Inversely, ventilated buildings provide passive cooling in a climate in which the temperature and humidity are often too high for thermal comfort during the same four months of the year. In his book Natural Ventilation in Buildings, Francis Allard points out that the global energy efficiency movement, begun in the early 1990s, has now emerged as a concept that incorporates active air conditioning and sitespecific climate design of buildings into one holistic approach.3 However, these buildings exist in more dry and temperate climates, and do not fully apply to the subtropics as cooling models. A model is needed for subtropical architecture allowing a building to reach both ends of the spectrum; from natural ventilation, through mechanical ventilation, to mechanical air conditioning. The goal of this thesis is to design a hybrid model for subtropical architecture which maximizes the use of natural and mechanical ventilation, and minimizes the use of mechanical air conditioning. The vehicle for this explanation is the design of an educational facility. Research of thermal comfort needs for occupants in the subtropics was accompanied with observation studies. This research was compared with case study, site and program analysis. The analysis was supplemented by a handbook of passive and mechanical cooling which was compiled to aid in establishing cooling strategies for the design process. The implementation of the research and analysis was brought to a conclusion that successfully achieved the goals of this thesis. By using passive methods to lower the temperature of the air surrounding the classroom buildings, the incoming air used to cool the occupants reached temperatures low enough to be considered comfortable inside the classrooms.

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Qiao, Feng. "Hybrid AC/DC distribution network voltage control." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22978.

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A hybrid AC/DC distribution network can be formed after integration of increasing numbers of electronically interfaced distributed generators (DGs) and microgrids (MGs). Voltage/Var control (VVC) in this evolved system requires to control not only the traditional VVC resources such as transformer tap changer and shunt capacitor but also the newly emerged ones such as DGs and MGs. In addition, various stakeholders such as MG's operator and distribution network operator coexist in this evolved system. They usually represent distinct operational interests and make the VVC even more difficult. Therefore, VVC in hybrid AC/DC distribution networks expects to addresses not only the coordination among various voltage/var resources but also the conflicting interests of different stakeholders. In this thesis, various VVC schemes are developed to address above mentioned concerns, which provide promising solutions for system operators in future hybrid AC/DC distribution networks. Driven by advancements in power conversion and communication technologies, the dispersed MGs can be participated in VVC scheme and coordinated with other VVC resources. This thesis firstly proposes a VVC scheme to leverage the flexible power injections from grid-tied MGs. The tuning range of MGs' reactive power injections are widen by controlling local energy storage systems. Then, a two-layer VVC control scheme is developed. The upper layer is a multi-objective voltage/var optimisation model that schedules all the VVC resources including grid-tied MGs. The lower layer consists of various controllers in MGs, which aims to maintain the local power quality and to execute the setpoints sending from the upper layer. Although VVC performance can be enhanced by controlling MGs' reactive power injections, a lack of consideration for their active power control could result in deterioration on MG's local power supply. To this end, a coordinated VVC scheme is proposed to link MG's power management with VVC. The control of MG's local devices and control of voltage/var resources in distribution network are allocated into two different but interlinked optimisation models. Furthermore, the mechanically controlled OLTC and SC and electronically controlled DGs and MGs are scheduled in different timescales. Finally, a multi-objective VVC scheme is proposed to maximise the VVC contributions from various stakeholders such as MGs and distribution network operator. Since trade-off solutions are utilised in this scheme, it is promising to be used in multi-lateral cases where MGs are not unilaterally controlled by distribution network operators. The scheme is supported by an identification approach which fairly quantifies the VVC contributions from various stakeholders. Each stakeholder could be rewarded in proportion to its VVC contribution, so their participations are motivated without conflicts to satisfy voltage control requirements.

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Книги з теми "Hybrid AC/DC Grid"

Dong, Xinzhou. AC/DC Hybrid Large-Scale Power Grid System Protection. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6486-2.

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Meegahapola, Lasantha, Siqi Bu, and Mingchen Gu. Hybrid AC/DC Power Grids: Stability and Control Aspects. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06384-8.

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K, Kokula Krishna Hari, ed. Hybrid Energy System fed ANFIS based SEPIC Converter for DC/AC Loads. Chennai, India: Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties, 2016.

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Saha, Jaydeep. Analysis, Optimization and Control of Grid-Interfaced Matrix-Based Isolated AC-DC Converters. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4902-9.

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AC/DC Hybrid Large-Scale Power Grid System Protection. Springer, 2023.

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Dong, Xinzhou. AC/DC Hybrid Large-Scale Power Grid System Protection. Springer, 2022.

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Meegahapola, Lasantha, Mingchen Gu, and Siqi Bu. Hybrid AC/DC Power Grids: Stability and Control Aspects. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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Hybrid AC/DC Power Grids: Stability and Control Aspects. Springer International Publishing AG, 2023.

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Nojavan, Sayyad, Mahdi Shafieezadeh, and Noradin Ghadimi. Risk-Based Energy Management: DC, AC and Hybrid AC-DC Microgrids. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2019.

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Nojavan, Sayyad, Mahdi Shafieezadeh, and Noradin Ghadimi. Risk-Based Energy Management: DC, AC and Hybrid AC-DC Microgrids. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2019.

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Частини книг з теми "Hybrid AC/DC Grid"

Dong, Xinzhou. "DC Participation in Emergency Tidal Control." In AC/DC Hybrid Large-Scale Power Grid System Protection, 207–83. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6486-2_5.

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Dong, Xinzhou. "Commutation Failure Prevention and Control." In AC/DC Hybrid Large-Scale Power Grid System Protection, 141–206. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6486-2_4.

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Dong, Xinzhou. "Distance Protection Against Overload." In AC/DC Hybrid Large-Scale Power Grid System Protection, 37–107. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6486-2_2.

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Dong, Xinzhou. "Immunityin Distance Protection of Oscillations." In AC/DC Hybrid Large-Scale Power Grid System Protection, 109–40. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6486-2_3.

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Dong, Xinzhou. "Overview." In AC/DC Hybrid Large-Scale Power Grid System Protection, 1–36. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6486-2_1.

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Dong, Xinzhou. "Adaptive Overload Protection for Overhead Transmission Lines." In AC/DC Hybrid Large-Scale Power Grid System Protection, 285–308. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6486-2_6.

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Beerten, Jef. "Power flow modeling of hybrid AC/DC systems." In HVDC Grids, 267–92. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119115243.ch13.

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Jin, Peng, Tonghua Wu, Hai Wu, Guo Hu, and Qian Shen. "The Analysis of AC Faults in AC/DC Hybrid Distribution System with SOP." In Proceedings of the 7th PURPLE MOUNTAIN FORUM on Smart Grid Protection and Control (PMF2022), 75–91. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0063-3_6.

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Rimez, Johan. "Optimal Power Flow modeling of hybrid AC/DC systems." In HVDC Grids, 293–314. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119115243.ch14.

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Fang, Qing, Bing Qin, Siqi Guo, Jingyan Liu, Yushu Zhang, Fubo Cui, Zhensheng Wu, and Junfeng Gui. "Multi-source Cooperative Dispatching Technology for the AC/DC Hybrid Grid." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 209–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5959-4_26.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Hybrid AC/DC Grid"

Chatterjee, Debjyoti, Surya Santoso, and Nicholas G. Barry. "Improved Power Sharing and Loss Mitigation in a Hybrid AC-DC Residential Grid." In 2024 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 1–5. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm51994.2024.10688985.

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Xiong Liu, Peng Wang, and Poh Chiang Loh. "A hybrid AC/DC micro-grid." In Energy Conference (IPEC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipecon.2010.5697024.

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Nourollahi, Ramin, Alireza Akbari-Dibavar, Masoud Agabalaye-Rahvar, Kazem Zare, and Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam. "Hybrid Robust-CVaR optimization of Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid." In 2021 11th Smart Grid Conference (SGC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sgc54087.2021.9664021.

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Lotfi, Hossein, and Amin Khodaei. "Static hybrid AC/DC microgrid planning." In 2016 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2016.7781274.

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Rong Zeng, Liangzhong Yao, and Lie Xu. "DC/DC Converters Based on Hybrid MMC for HVDC Grid Interconnection." In 11th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2015.0090.

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Liang, Jinxiang, Yu Ji, Wenhua Wu, Jing Cao, and Jing Li. "AC/DC hybrid micro grid voltage recovery control." In 2015 5th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/drpt.2015.7432460.

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Zhang, Xibeng, and Abhisek Ukil. "Control and Coordination of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid." In 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt-asia.2018.8467797.

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Ghalavand, Fatemeh, Ibrahim Al-Omari, Hossine Kazemi Karegar, and Hadis Karimipour. "Hybrid Islanding Detection for AC/DC Network Using DC-link Voltage." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sege.2018.8499479.

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Jia, Lihu, Yongqiang Zhu, and Yinshun Wang. "Architecture design for new AC-DC hybrid micro-grid." In 2015 IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdcm.2015.7152020.

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Liang, Beiming, Li Kang, Zhaoyun Zhang, Biwu Hu, Yang Zhao, Guozhong Liu, Zhi Zhang, and Na Yao. "Simulation analysis of grid-connected AC/DC hybrid microgrid." In 2018 13th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2018.8397852.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Hybrid AC/DC Grid"

Zhao, Dongbo. AC and DC Hybrid Distribution Grids with Solar Integration: Architecture, Stabilization and Cost Assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1834743.

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Gummow. L51908 AC Grounding Effects on Cathodic Protection Performance in Pipeline Stations.pdf. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010269.

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Most AC powered equipment at pipeline stations and at motorized valve sites isrequired, by code, to be electrically grounded to one or more ground electrodes. These grounding systems are normally electrically bonded to the AC power distribution grid, which can be quite extensive. Piping, either intentionally or inadvertently, is often connected to the AC electrical grounding grid in pipeline stations. Grounding grid conductors are usually bare and composed of copper or tinned copper, and ground rod materials can consist of a wide variety of metals such as copper-clad steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, galvanized steel, and galvanic anode alloys of zinc and magnesium. The interconnection of these grounding materials to the piping can increase the current requirements of the cathodic protection system, distort the current distribution pattern and complicate the accurate measurement of the pipe potentials. Benefit: The primary objective of this research project was to assess the impact of various types of grounding materials on the performance and testing of cathodic protection systems. The two major issues in this regard were the effects on current requirements and the accuracy of pipe-to-soil potential measurements. In addition, some related issues investigated as follows:the electrical resistance of each groundrod-to-earth was to be measured to determine whether or not there were any changes in the resistance-to-earth as a result cathodic polarization;the potential of galvanized steel was to be measured with increasing zinc consumption to determine if there is a well defined relationship between potential and zinc consumption; the National Electrical Code (NEC) was to be reviewed with respect to the insertion of AC coupling/DC isolating devices in series between the piping and the electrical grounding network. The results of this investigation were intended toprovide information to design more effective cathodic protection facilities for piping in pipeline stations having electrical grounding systems, anddetermine whether or not the resistance of the electrical grounding system increases as a result of receiving cathodic protection, andrecommend pipe-to-soil potential survey techniques to maximize measurement accuracy in the presence of an AC grounding grid, andevaluate the use of DC isolators/AC couplers to interconnect the piping to either the secondary or primary AC grounding system.

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