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Статті в журналах з теми "Human information processing":

1

CALLISTA ROY, SISTER. "Human Information Processing." Annual Review of Nursing Research 6, no. 1 (September 1988): 237–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0739-6686.6.1.237.

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Callaway, Enoch, Roy Halliday, Hilary Naylor, Lovelle Yano, and Karen Herzig. "Drugs and Human Information Processing." Neuropsychopharmacology 10, no. 1 (February 1994): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.1994.2.

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Velmans, Max. "Is human information processing conscious?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 1991): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00071776.

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AbstractInvestigations of the function of consciousness in human information processing have focused mainly on two questions: (1) Where does consciousness enter into the information processing sequence, and (2) how does conscious processing differ from preconscious and unconscious processing? Input analysis is thought to be initially “preconscious” and “pre-attentive” - fast, involuntary, and automatic. This is followed by “conscious,” “focal-attentive” analysis, which is relatively slow, voluntary, and flexible. It is thought that simple, familiar stimuli can be identified preconsciously, but conscious processing is needed to identify complex, novel stimuli. Conscious processing has also been thought to be necessary for choice, learning and memory, and the organization of complex, novel responses, particularly those requiring planning, reflection, or creativity.The present target article reviews evidence that consciousness performs none of these functions. Consciousness nearly alwaysresultsfrom focal-attentive processing (as a form of output) but does not itselfenter intothis or any other form of human information processing. This suggests that the term “conscious process” needs reexamination. Consciousnessappearsto be necessary in a variety of tasks because they require focal-attentive processing; if consciousness is absent, focal-attentive processing is absent. From afirst-person perspective, however, conscious statesarecausally effective. First-person accounts arecomplementaryto third-person accounts. Although they can be translated into third-person accounts, they cannot be reduced to them.
4

Petrie, Rachel X. A., and Ian J. Deary. "Smoking and human information processing." Psychopharmacology 99, no. 3 (November 1989): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00445565.

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Spangenberg, J. F. A., and F. J. N. Nijhuis. "Human information processing in science." Scientometrics 18, no. 5-6 (May 1990): 389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02020153.

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Ishii, Hiroshi. "The Dawn of Kansei Information Processing. Human Interface and 'Kansei' Information Processing." Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 52, no. 1 (1998): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.52.56.

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Lynn, Christopher W., Lia Papadopoulos, Ari E. Kahn, and Danielle S. Bassett. "Human information processing in complex networks." Nature Physics 16, no. 9 (June 15, 2020): 965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-0924-7.

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PAAS, FRED G. W. C., and JOS J. ADAM. "Human information processing during physical exercise." Ergonomics 34, no. 11 (November 1991): 1385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139108964879.

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Robertson, Ivan T. "Human information-processing strategies and style." Behaviour & Information Technology 4, no. 1 (January 1985): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01449298508901784.

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Fedzechkina, Maryia, Becky Chu, and T. Florian Jaeger. "Human Information Processing Shapes Language Change." Psychological Science 29, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617728726.

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Анотація:
Human languages exhibit both striking diversity and abstract commonalities. Whether these commonalities are shaped by potentially universal principles of human information processing has been of central interest in the language and psychological sciences. Research has identified one such abstract property in the domain of word order: Although sentence word-order preferences vary across languages, the superficially different orders result in short grammatical dependencies between words. Because dependencies are easier to process when they are short rather than long, these findings raise the possibility that languages are shaped by biases of human information processing. In the current study, we directly tested the hypothesized causal link. We found that learners exposed to novel miniature artificial languages that had unnecessarily long dependencies did not follow the surface preference of their native language but rather systematically restructured the input to reduce dependency lengths. These results provide direct evidence for a causal link between processing preferences in individual speakers and patterns in linguistic diversity.

Дисертації з теми "Human information processing":

1

Graf, Erik. "Human information processing based information retrieval." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5188/.

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This work focused on the investigation of the question how the concept of relevance in Information Retrieval can be validated. The work is motivated by the consistent difficulties of defining the meaning of the concept, and by advances in the field of cognitive science. Analytical and empirical investigations are carried out with the aim of devising a principled approach to the validation of the concept. The foundation for this work was set by interpreting relevance as a phenomenon occurring within the context of two systems: An IR system and the cognitive processing system of the user. In light of the cognitive interpretation of relevance, an analysis of the learnt lessons in cognitive science with regard to the validation of cognitive phenomena was conducted. It identified that construct validity constitutes the dominant approach to the validation of constructs in cognitive science. Construct validity constitutes a proposal for the conduction of validation in scenarios, where no direct observation of a phenomenon is possible. With regard to the limitations on direct observation of a construct (i.e. a postulated theoretic concept), it bases validation on the evaluation of its relations to other constructs. Based on the interpretation of relevance as a product of cognitive processing it was concluded, that the limitations with regard to direct observation apply to its investigation. The evaluation of its applicability to an IR context, focused on the exploration of the nomological network methodology. A nomological network constitutes an analytically constructed set of constructs and their relations. The construction of such a network forms the basis for establishing construct validity through investigation of the relations between constructs. An analysis focused on contemporary insights to the nomological network methodology identified two important aspects with regard to its application in IR. The first aspect is given by a choice of context and the identification of a pool of candidate constructs for the inclusion in the network. The second consists of identifying criteria for the selection of a set of constructs from the candidate pool. The identification of the pertinent constructs for the network was based on a review of the principles of cognitive exploration, and an analysis of the state of the art in text based discourse processing and reasoning. On that basis, a listing of known sub-processes contributing to the pertinent cognitive processing was presented. Based on the identification of a large number of potential candidates, the next step consisted of the inference of criteria for the selection of an initial set of constructs for the network. The investigation of these criteria focused on the consideration of pragmatic and meta-theoretical aspects. Based on a survey of experimental means in cognitive science and IR, five pragmatic criteria for the selection of constructs were presented. Consideration of meta-theoretically motivated criteria required to investigate what the specific challenges with regard to the validation of highly abstract constructs are. This question was explored based on the underlying considerations of the Information Processing paradigm and Newell’s (1994) cognitive bands. This led to the identification of a set of three meta-theoretical criteria for the selection of constructs. Based on the criteria and the demarcated candidate pool, an IR focused nomological network was defined. The network consists of the constructs of relevance and type and grade of word relatedness. A necessary prerequisite for making inferences based on a nomological network consists of the availability of validated measurement instruments for the constructs. To that cause, two validation studies targeting the measurement of the type and grade of relations between words were conducted. The clarification of the question of the validity of the measurement instruments enabled the application of the nomological network. A first step of the application consisted of testing if the constructs in the network are related to each other. Based on the alignment of measurements of relevance and the word related constructs it was concluded to be true. The relation between the constructs was characterized by varying the word related constructs over a large parameter space and observing the effect of this variation on relevance. Three hypotheses relating to different aspects of the relations between the word related constructs and relevance. It was concluded, that the conclusive confirmation of the hypotheses requires an extension of the experimental means underlying the study. Based on converging observations from the empirical investigation of the three hypotheses it was concluded, that semantic and associative relations distinctly differ with regard to their impact on relevance estimation.
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Stanners, Sharon Lisa. "Nonconscious processing of numerical information /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1990. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9022959.

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White, Leonard Jack. "Coding and processing numerical information /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw5855.pdf.

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Wachman, Ronald Michael. "IPRAM : information processing requirements analysis methodology." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29174.

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Gao, Yun. "Statistical models in neural information processing /." View online version; access limited to Brown University users, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3174606.

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Muller, Lynn F. "Alternative Information Processing Formats for Overcoming Information Processing Deficits in Senior Adults." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2672/.

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Анотація:
The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of alternative advertising presentation formats, and the quantity of information presented in advertisements in overcoming possible information-processing deficits in senior adults that could affect their recall of ad attributes and brand name, the cognitive responses generated, and attitude toward the ad. In addition, the study examined the effectiveness of retirement status as a classification or segmentation variable in comparison with the use of the more traditional classification variable, chronological age. A convenience sample of senior adult volunteers from church groups, social clubs, and civic organizations from the local area were randomly assigned to one of nine experimental conditions. The experiment utilized a simulated magazine to test the effects of presentation formats (3 levels), and quantity of information (3 levels) on senior adult's recall, cognitive responses and attitude toward the test ads. Covariates (gender, wealth, education, activity level, health, and income) were used to reduce variance. The findings clearly indicate that the presentation format of the can ad adversely affected the memory of some senior adults. In addition, the results were significantly different across the different age levels. Retirement status was less beneficial than chronological age in the current study, but did reveal a marginally significant difference between seniors due to the number of attributes contained in the test ads. The implication of findings for advertisers and those who design marketing communications for seniors are numerous, and relate to the marketer's communication goals. Senior adults may prefer print media, but the inappropriate use of presentation format and the number of product attributes in the ads could have an adverse and significant impact when communicating with senior adults. Recognition of the information-processing differences of senior adults would result in more effective marketing communications for this rapidly growing and important segment of our society.
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McCrimmon, Rory John. "Human information processing during acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22465.

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The research described in this thesis includes studies involving experimentally induced hypoglycaemia, and a clinical study of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The effect of acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on basic sensory information processing was examined. The principal studies performed were: Study 1 - an examination of the effect of acute hypoglycaemia on visual information processing, and; Study 2 - an examination of the effect of acute hypoglycaemia on auditory information processing. During 60 minutes of exposure to moderate hypoglycaemia significant impairments of both visual and auditory information processing were documented. It was also noted that hypoglycaemia did not significantly impair visual acuity for high contrast visual images but did disrupt ability to distinguish between low contrast visual images. Acute hypoglycaemia effects, in general, a negative mood state. The effect of hypoglycaemia on mood and emotion in human subjects was further explored. Hypoglycaemia was found to induce a small, but significant increase in anger-state that could not be predicted from anger-trait or general anger-expression, measures (Study 3). Hypoglycaemia also induced a negative mood-state characterised by increased tension and decreased happiness, lead to more negative appraisals of a life event, but did not effect a change in personality trait measures (Study 4). In addition, studies of were performed on different aspects of the symptomatic response to hypoglycaemia. These included: the symptoms of hypoglycaemia induced by a human insulin analogue in comparison with human soluble insulin (Study 5); the symptoms of hypoglycaemia induced by different experimental models of hypoglycaemia (Study 6); and the symptoms of hypoglycaemia reported by insulin-dependent diabetic children (Study 7). Insulin-dependent subjects do not show a different symptomatic, physiological or counterregulatory hormone response to hypoglycaemia when it is induced experimentally by either human soluble insulin or the human insulin analogue Lispro-insulin.
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Neubauer, Rainer M. "Individual differences in nonconscious information processing and performance of complex tasks /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1990. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9022599.

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Michel, Christoph. "Electroencephalographic correlates of human information processing and psychopharmacological influences /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1988. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=8502.

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Butcher, Ronald K. "COMPOSITE DATA FROM CENTRIFUGAL EXPERIMENTATION REGARDING HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1182285671.

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Книги з теми "Human information processing":

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Kantowitz, Barry H. Human Information Processing. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003176688.

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Smith, Derek J. Human information processing. Cardiff: University of Wales Institute,Cardiff,School of Environmental & Human Sciences, 1997.

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Tahara, I. Cognitive information processing. Tokyo: Ohmsha, 1994.

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NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Adaptation to Stress and Task Demands: Energetical Aspects of Human Information Processing" (1985 Les Arcs, Savoie, France). Energetics and human information processing. Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1986.

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Hockey, G. Robert J., Anthony W. K. Gaillard, and Michael G. H. Coles, eds. Energetics and Human Information Processing. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4448-0.

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Riahi-Belkaoui, Ahmed. Human information processing in accounting. New York: Quorum Books, 1989.

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Belkaoui, Ahmed. Human information processing in accounting. New York: Quorum, 1989.

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Tao, Jianhua. Affective information processing. London: Springer, 2009.

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International Congress of Psychology (23rd 1984 Acapulco, Mexico). Eye movements and human information processing. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1985.

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Friedhart, Klix, Näätänen Risto, and Zimmer Klaus 1944-, eds. Psychophysiological approaches to human information processing. Amstersdam: North-Holland, 1985.

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Частини книг з теми "Human information processing":

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Proctor, Robert W., and Kim-Phuong L. Vu. "Human Information Processing." In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, 1458–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_722.

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Seedhouse, Erik, Anthony Brickhouse, Kimberly Szathmary, and E. David Williams. "Information Processing." In Human Factors in Air Transport, 99–124. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13848-6_6.

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Wickens, Christopher D., and C. Melody Carswell. "Information Processing." In Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 111–49. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470048204.ch5.

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Wickens, Christopher D., and C. Melody Carswell. "Information Processing." In Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, 117–61. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118131350.ch5.

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Wiggins, Mark W. "Information Processing." In Introduction to Human Factors for Organisational Psychologists, 85–95. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003229858-11.

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Brodić, Darko, and Alessia Amelio. "Human Information Processing (HIP)." In The CAPTCHA: Perspectives and Challenges, 15–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29345-1_3.

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Spence, Charles, and Cristy Ho. "Multisensory information processing." In APA handbook of human systems integration., 435–48. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14528-027.

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Smith, Edward E., and Kathryn T. Spoehr. "The Perception of Printed English: A Theoretical Perspective 1." In Human Information Processing, 231–75. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003176688-6.

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Smith, Edward E., and Kathryn T. Spoehr. "The Perception of Printed English: A Theoretical Perspective 1." In Human Information Processing, 231–75. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003176688-6.

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Pew, Richard W. "Human Perceptual-Motor Performance 1." In Human Information Processing, 1–39. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003176688-1.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Human information processing":

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Vinson, D. B. "Objective, automated assessment of human information processing." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1988.94894.

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Kong, Jing, and Xiangshi Ren. "Information Processing Rate in Human-Computer Interaction." In Second International Conference on Innovative Computing, Informatio and Control (ICICIC 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicic.2007.356.

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Jawad, Abdul, and Jim Whitehead. "CogMod: Simulating Human Information Processing Limitation While Driving." In 2022 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iv51971.2022.9827128.

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Bishop, Heath, Shannon Everline, and Marc Banghart. "Human Information Processing and Cognition: Applications to Improve Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM)." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32061.

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Анотація:
Human cognition, bias and error have been studied significantly over the past few decades and are utilized in several fields, including reliability and safety engineering. Research has indicated that both man-machine interfaces and training are critical during human intervention. Additionally, it has been shown that humans contribute significantly to failures, and thus downtime. This trend is likely to continue as systems become more complex. Several methods, such as Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) and Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA), had been proposed and utilized throughout industry. These methods are both qualitative and quantitative and aim to understand, and thus improve, human performance within the system. Additionally, much of the research is focused on risk reduction — for example, design of a power plant to maximize redundancy in human performance during a mishap. Human error is a complicated process in itself and closely tied to cognition, information processing, system automation, team dynamics and biases inherent to humans. It cannot be eliminated by training and familiarity alone, and system design plays a major role in susceptibility to error. The digital age has spurred many advances in processing power, sensor technology and data capture. These advances have resulted in situations where a very large amount of data can be captured and presented to the user. The large amount of information has to be processed with limited attention resources, which can result in human error. This contribution will discuss human error and information processing along with the role of humans in modern power plants. Finally, trends in information overload will be discussed with applications to reducing human error in power plants.
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Finlayson, G. D. "Human visual processing: beyond 3 sensors." In IEE International Conference on Visual Information Engineering (VIE 2005). IEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20050063.

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Chen, Yu, Feng Han, Jianan Hao, Dongming Xu, Falong Yan, and Songqing Niu. "Image processing in research of the digital human." In International Conference on Information Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/icie130561.

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Subrata Das. "Envelope of human cognition for battlefield information processing agents." In 2007 10th International Conference on Information Fusion. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icif.2007.4408034.

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Fadaei, Bahareh, and Alireza Behrad. "Human Identification Using Motion Information and Digital Video Processing." In 2011 7th Iranian Conference on Machine Vision and Image Processing (MVIP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iranianmvip.2011.6121603.

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Staszewski, James J. "Information processing analysis of human land mine detection skill." In AeroSense '99, edited by Abinash C. Dubey, James F. Harvey, J. Thomas Broach, and Regina E. Dugan. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.357098.

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Yang, Wei-hui, Tan Mei, Jian-hua Liu, and Wei-li Zhang. "The study about human information processing in tactile recognition." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma.2010.5589960.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Human information processing":

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Dosher, Barbara. Frontiers in Human Information Processing Conference. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada478746.

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Biederman, Irving. Human Information Processing of Targets and Real-World Scenes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada172002.

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Damos, Diane L. A Review of Circadian Effects on Selected Human Information Processing Tasks. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada214673.

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Damos, Diane L. Some Considerations in the Design of a Computerized Human Information Processing Battery. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada199491.

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Kieras, David E., and David E. Meyer. The EPIC Architecture for Modeling Human Information-Processing and Performance: A Brief Introduction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada280762.

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Damos, Diane L. Identifying the Circadian Cycle in Human Information Processing Data Using Periodicity Analysis: A Synopsis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada214674.

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Семеріков, Сергій Олексійович, Ростислав Олександрович Тарасенко, and Світлана Миколаївна Амеліна. Conceptual Aspects of Interpreter Training Using Modern Simultaneous Interpretation Technologies. Криворізький державний педагогічний університет, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/6972.

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The article deals with the implementation in universities of conceptual changes in interpreter training in the context of modern simultaneous interpretation technologies. The idea of human-computer interaction as an alternativeless symbiosis for achieving qualitatively new levels of organisation, implementation and efficiency in the simultaneous interpreting process is substantiated. The implementation of the concept of information technology training of interpreters in the content aspect provides for the expansion of their knowledge and skills in the application of information and communication technologies in the preparation and processing of simultaneous interpretation. The practical implementation of the concept in the form of formation of information and technological competence of a simultaneous interpreter is proposed. The ways of forming this competence are defined.
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Synchak, Bohdan. Freedom of choice and freedom of action in the Ukrainian media. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11400.

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The article talks about the philosophical foundations that characterize the mechanism of internal inducement to action. As an academic, constitutional, and socio-ideological concept, the boundaries of freedom are outlined, which are displayed in the field of modern media space. The term «freedom» is considered as several philosophical concepts that formed the basis of the modern interpretation of this concept. The totality of its meanings is generalized into one that is adapted for the modern system. Parallels are drawn between the interaction of the concept of user freedom with the plane of domestic mass media because despite, the fact that consciousness is knowledge, the incoming information directly affects the individual and collective consciousness. Using the example of the most popular digital platforms, the components of the impact on users and the legal aspect of their implementation are analyzed. When considering the issues of freedom of choice and freedom of action on the Internet, special attention is paid to methods of collecting and processing information, in particular, the limitations and possibilities of digital programs-algorithms of the popular search engine Google. The types of personal information collected by Google about the user are classified and the possible mechanisms of influence on personal choice and access to information on the Internet are characterized. The article analyzes the constitutional guarantees of freedom and the impact of digital technologies on them. Particular attention is paid to ethics, in particular journalistic, which nominally regulates the limits of the humane, permissible, a / moral (unacceptable/acceptable) in the implementation of professional information activities in the media. Thus, the issue of freedom of choice and freedom of action in the plane of domestic mass media is subject to an objective examination of its components, they are analyzed for a proper constitutionally suitable phenomenon, which must be investigated from the point of view of compliance with human rights and freedoms and professional standards within the media.
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Yang, Xinwei, Huan Tu, and Xiali Xue. The improvement of the Lower Limb exoskeletons on the gait of patients with spinal cord injury: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.8.0095.

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Review question / Objective: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of lower extremity exoskeletons in improving gait function in patients with spinal cord injury, compared with placebo or other treatments. Condition being studied: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a severely disabling disease. In the process of SCI rehabilitation treatment, improving patients' walking ability, improving their self-care ability, and enhancing patients' self-esteem is an important aspect of their return to society, which can also reduce the cost of patients, so the rehabilitation of lower limbs is very important. The lower extremity exoskeleton robot is a bionic robot designed according to the principles of robotics, mechanism, bionics, control theory, communication technology, and information processing technology, which can be worn on the lower extremity of the human body and complete specific tasks under the user's control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the lower extremity exoskeleton on the improvement of gait function in patients with spinal cord injury.
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Engel, Bernard, Yael Edan, James Simon, Hanoch Pasternak, and Shimon Edelman. Neural Networks for Quality Sorting of Agricultural Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613033.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop procedures and models, based on neural networks, for quality sorting of agricultural produce. Two research teams, one in Purdue University and the other in Israel, coordinated their research efforts on different aspects of each objective utilizing both melons and tomatoes as case studies. At Purdue: An expert system was developed to measure variances in human grading. Data were acquired from eight sensors: vision, two firmness sensors (destructive and nondestructive), chlorophyll from fluorescence, color sensor, electronic sniffer for odor detection, refractometer and a scale (mass). Data were analyzed and provided input for five classification models. Chlorophyll from fluorescence was found to give the best estimation for ripeness stage while the combination of machine vision and firmness from impact performed best for quality sorting. A new algorithm was developed to estimate and minimize training size for supervised classification. A new criteria was established to choose a training set such that a recurrent auto-associative memory neural network is stabilized. Moreover, this method provides for rapid and accurate updating of the classifier over growing seasons, production environments and cultivars. Different classification approaches (parametric and non-parametric) for grading were examined. Statistical methods were found to be as accurate as neural networks in grading. Classification models by voting did not enhance the classification significantly. A hybrid model that incorporated heuristic rules and either a numerical classifier or neural network was found to be superior in classification accuracy with half the required processing of solely the numerical classifier or neural network. In Israel: A multi-sensing approach utilizing non-destructive sensors was developed. Shape, color, stem identification, surface defects and bruises were measured using a color image processing system. Flavor parameters (sugar, acidity, volatiles) and ripeness were measured using a near-infrared system and an electronic sniffer. Mechanical properties were measured using three sensors: drop impact, resonance frequency and cyclic deformation. Classification algorithms for quality sorting of fruit based on multi-sensory data were developed and implemented. The algorithms included a dynamic artificial neural network, a back propagation neural network and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that classification based on multiple sensors may be applied in real-time sorting and can improve overall classification. Advanced image processing algorithms were developed for shape determination, bruise and stem identification and general color and color homogeneity. An unsupervised method was developed to extract necessary vision features. The primary advantage of the algorithms developed is their ability to learn to determine the visual quality of almost any fruit or vegetable with no need for specific modification and no a-priori knowledge. Moreover, since there is no assumption as to the type of blemish to be characterized, the algorithm is capable of distinguishing between stems and bruises. This enables sorting of fruit without knowing the fruits' orientation. A new algorithm for on-line clustering of data was developed. The algorithm's adaptability is designed to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when incrementally clustering sparse data and preserves information even with memory constraints. Large quantities of data (many images) of high dimensionality (due to multiple sensors) and new information arriving incrementally (a function of the temporal dynamics of any natural process) can now be processed. Furhermore, since the learning is done on-line, it can be implemented in real-time. The methodology developed was tested to determine external quality of tomatoes based on visual information. An improved model for color sorting which is stable and does not require recalibration for each season was developed for color determination. Excellent classification results were obtained for both color and firmness classification. Results indicted that maturity classification can be obtained using a drop-impact and a vision sensor in order to predict the storability and marketing of harvested fruits. In conclusion: We have been able to define quantitatively the critical parameters in the quality sorting and grading of both fresh market cantaloupes and tomatoes. We have been able to accomplish this using nondestructive measurements and in a manner consistent with expert human grading and in accordance with market acceptance. This research constructed and used large databases of both commodities, for comparative evaluation and optimization of expert system, statistical and/or neural network models. The models developed in this research were successfully tested, and should be applicable to a wide range of other fruits and vegetables. These findings are valuable for the development of on-line grading and sorting of agricultural produce through the incorporation of multiple measurement inputs that rapidly define quality in an automated manner, and in a manner consistent with the human graders and inspectors.

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