Готові списки джерел за темами / Hospitals Australia Waste disposal

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Hospitals Australia Waste disposal"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Hospitals Australia Waste disposal"

1

Singleton, Judith A., Esther T.-L. Lau, and Lisa M. Nissen. "Do legislated carbon reduction targets influence pro-environmental behaviours in public hospital pharmacy departments? Using mixed methods to compare Australia and the UK." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e0255445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255445.

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Pharmaceuticals and their packaging have a significant negative impact on the environment providing a very strong argument for action on the part of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians to engage with pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) in their workplaces. The aims of this research were therefore to investigate in hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, 1) factors affecting engagement with workplace PEBs, and 2) determine if legislated carbon reduction targets in the UK influenced workplace PEBs in the UK compared with Australia which does not have legislated carbon reduction targets. The environmentally responsible disposal of pharmaceutical waste was the PEB of interest in this study. A mixed methods research design was utilised and a conceptual model (key variables: environmental attitude, concern, and knowledge, and organisational factors) was developed to identify factors influencing workplace PEBs. Participants were from five hospitals in Queensland, Australia and five NHS hospitals in England, UK. There was no statistically significant difference in environmental attitude or concern between the two groups—most had a mid-environmental attitude score and low levels of environmental concern. Participants lacked knowledge of the issue and the link between the environment and public health. Both Australian and UK participants reported recycling packaging waste was not a priority in the hospital pharmacy workplace (even in hospitals with recycling capability) as hospitals focused on compliance with clinical (contaminated) and confidential waste streams. Environmental attitude, knowledge, and concern therefore appeared to be weak influences on intention to perform workplace PEBs with workplace social norms (compliance due to audits) appearing to be a significant mediator of action. The key difference between the cohorts was that UK pharmacists felt waste was not in the scope of their role, and therefore not their responsibility. This study identified that legislated carbon reduction targets did not influence hospital pharmacy workplace PEBs–neither cohort reported engaging significantly in workplace PEBs. UK Government and NHS sustainability policy did not appear to have disseminated to pharmacy department level of UK public hospitals to any great extent.
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Ziegelaar, Mark, and Yuriy Kuleshov. "Flood Exposure Assessment and Mapping: A Case Study for Australia’s Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment." Hydrology 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9110193.

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Floods are the most common and costliest natural disaster in Australia. However, the Flood Risk Assessments (FRAs) employed to manage them are hazard-focused and tend to overlook exposure and vulnerability. This leaves potential for Australian FRAs to make better use of a technique which holistically incorporates all three flood risk components. In this study, flood exposure assessment and mapping for the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment (HNC), a flood-prone region in Australia, was conducted. Three flood exposure indicators—population density, land use type, and critical infrastructure density—were selected to derive the flood exposure index (FEI). Results demonstrated that Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2s) on or near the floodplain, located near the eastern border of the HNC, are severely or extremely flood-exposed due to the significant presence of flood-exposed assets such as hospitals or police stations. The Wahroonga (West)—Waitara SA2 was the most exposed SA2 in the catchment (extreme exposure). This was followed by the Acacia Gardens, Glendenning—Dean Park, and Cambridge Park SA2s (all severely exposed). The Goulburn SA2 was also identified as severely flood-exposed even though it remains outside of the floodplain. This is due to its many exposed assets as Australia’s first inland town. All selected indicators were found to either strongly or moderately positively correlate with the FEI. Ultimately, this novel FEI can assist in the reduction of flood risk in the HNC, as well as foster community resilience strategies. Additionally, the developed scalable and replicable methodology can be applied to other flood-prone regions of Australia.
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Chen, Linping, Kerrie Mengersen, and Shilu Tong. "Spatiotemporal relationship between particle air pollution and respiratory emergency hospital admissions in Brisbane, Australia." Science of The Total Environment 373, no. 1 (February 2007): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.050.

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4

Wondmagegn, Berhanu Y., Jianjun Xiang, Keith Dear, Susan Williams, Alana Hansen, Dino Pisaniello, Monika Nitschke, et al. "Increasing impacts of temperature on hospital admissions, length of stay, and related healthcare costs in the context of climate change in Adelaide, South Australia." Science of The Total Environment 773 (June 2021): 145656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145656.

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Qadir, Murad, Rafat Murad, and Naveed Faraz. "HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 07 (July 10, 2016): 802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.07.1642.

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Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge and practices of hospital administrationregarding hospital waste management at Tertiary Care Hospitals of Karachi. Study Design:Cross sectional study. Period: June 2014 to December 2014. Methods: Study was conductedin fifteen tertiary care hospitals. Five government, eight private and two trust hospitals wereselected by quota sampling technique. Information was collected from selected hospitalwaste management staff, using a pretested questionnaire regarding knowledge and practicesof hospital waste disposal. Results: Data shows that only 33.3% had knowledge regardinginfectious and noninfectious waste disposal and 27% of the understudy hospitals wereseparate infectious and noninfectious waste. Only 20% of the total hospitals were using propermethod for the separation of the sharps.93.3% hospital waste management staff was notvaccinated against hepatitis ‘B’ and tetanus. Only 53.3% hospitals have their own incineratorfacilities. Conclusions: This study showed that the practices employed by the hospital wastemanagement staff were not safe. There is a need to implement the recommended SOP’s ofhospital waste management program.
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AMIN, RAHEELAH, RUBINA GUL, and AMINA MEHRAB. "HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 06 (December 15, 2013): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.06.1684.

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Introduction: Hospital waste is a special type of waste which carries high potential of infection and injury. Objectives: Thisstudy was conducted to examine Medical Waste Management Practices in different hospitals of Peshawar. Methodology: Simpleobservational, cross-sectional study. was conducted with a case study approach. Aug-Sep 2011, with selection of 15 hospitals. The datawas collected through a pre-designed questionnaire with a checklist. Results: The study showed that 80% of the hospital personnel knewhospital waste and its management. There was waste management plan present in 30% of hospitals. Although hospitals did not quantifiedwaste amounts but on average the amount of waste generated daily was 0.5-1 kg/bed/day. Segregation into risk and non risk waste wasdone in 93.3% of hospitals. For non risk waste, disposal through Municipal Corporation was conducted in 86.67% of the hospitals, whilein 13.3%, it was burnt. For risk waste, either it was buried or burnt. Proper incineration was carried out in only 33.3% of the hospitals.Discussion: Hospital waste generation, segregation, collection, transportation & disposal practices were not in accordance with standardguidelines. The average waste generation in most of the hospitals was almost equivalent to other under developed countries but less thanthat of developed countries. Conclusions: The hospital waste in the majority of hospitals of Peshawar was mismanaged. No properhospital waste management plan existed except at few hospitals.
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BHATTI, MUHAMMAD AYAZ, Farah Rashid, KOMEL ZULFIQAR, Mirza Inamul Haq, and MOAZZAM ALI. "HOSPITALS." Professional Medical Journal 14, no. 04 (October 12, 2007): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2007.14.04.4830.

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Objectives: To know the amount of total waste generated in the hospital daily,to know the types of waste and the amount of infectious waste generated daily, and to know about knowledge andattitude of the health care workers, doctors nurses and sanitary staff about hospital waste. Setting: The study areais the Pakistan Railway Hospital a tertiary level care Hospital consisting of 380 beds and all the essential Departments.Study Period: the study was conducted from June 2006 to September 2006. Material and methods: study design:This was a cross sectional study Single tertiary level care hospital was studied due to limitation of time and resources.Data collection: Data was collected by using structured questionnaire and weighing of one day (24 hours) waste fromall the units. Other relevant data was collected by structured interviews, meetings, discussions. Results: wastegenerated in twenty four hours is 229.75 Kg. The average waste generated per patient per day is 1.05 Kg, the quantityof infectious waste generated is 104.8 Kg i.e. 0.478 Kg per patient per day. Quantity of waste generated in order ofmaximum to minimum waste was Gynae/Obs 1.29Kg, Paediatrics1.15Kg, Surgery 1.13 followed by Orthopaedics0.80Kg, ENT 0.71 Medicine 0.48 and ophthalmology 0.4Kg all per bed per day. The responses show that all thecategories of hospital workers are nearly not having the proper knowledge about the hazards and therefore unable togive suggestion or solution of the problem. Conclusion: Health care waste management in Railway Hospital is in badshape. The general awareness on the subject is very much lacking both by the producers as well as handlers of waste.There is acute need for training and sensitization of managers, staff and sanitary staff for safe disposal of waste.
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Manjunatha, M., VC Sunil Kumar, Badami Vijetha, and P. R. Pradeep. "Biomedical Waste Management: A Review." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 6, no. 3 (2012): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-6-3-141.

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ABSTRACT Various national and international agencies have shown their concern towards proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical waste, as they may cause serious infectious diseases like hepatitis, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. Most of the hospitals do not have effective disposal system leading to complex problem of hygiene and sanitation in hospitals. The use of disposable items has reduced the rate of infection but at the same time has increased the volume of the waste which needs to be disposed properly. Effective waste disposal can be achieved only by considering the various components of the waste management system and this should be made an integral part of hospital planning and designing.
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Awe, Yewande, and Roger Awe. "Legislative and Scientific Aspects of Waste Disposal in Hospitals." Indoor and Built Environment 5, no. 1 (1996): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000463680.

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Xu, Jin Ling, Xiu Feng Shen, and Shi Xue Li. "Research on Injurious Medical Waste Disposal for Small and Medium Sized Hospital." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3459.

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The injury medical waste is the most serious infectious, which serious impact on human health and environmental issues. There are many hidden dangers in the injury medical waste processing, particularly in small and medium-sized hospitals. The current situation, classify and hazard are analysed, as well as problems and difficulties in injury medical waste disposal. The disposal mechods and countermeasures are put forward to dispose the injury medical waste for small and medium-sized hospitals. The research has certain practical significance for injury medical waste disposal.
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Дисертації з теми "Hospitals Australia Waste disposal"

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Tam, Yiu-man, and 譚耀敏. "Clinical waste management and its future development in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253544.

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Chung, Shan Shan. "Commercial and retail waste recycling in the Adelaide Central Business District." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envc559.pdf.

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Plernpis, Kanchanabul Jiraporn Chompikul. "Infectious waste management of health centers in Muang district, Kanchanaburi province /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd415/5038003.pdf.

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Chan, Sai Yen Victor, and 陳世欽. "Potential environmental hazards of wastewater from hospitals and theirmitigation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41016257.

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Anderson, Dylan Fitzgerald. "Who's going to pay to throw it away? : a study considering the use of green taxes in domestic waste management in South Australia /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva546.pdf.

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Maseko, Qondile. "Critical evaluation of medical waste management policies, processes and practices in selected rural hospitals in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013107.

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This thesis critically evaluates the policies, processes and practices of medical waste management in selected rural hospitals in the Eastern Cape. Medical Waste Management is a growing public health and environmental issue worldwide. Research shows large scale incapacity in dealing with medical waste in an efficient and sustainable fashion globally, which demonstrates that it is not merely a developing world problem alone. This study is conducted against the backdrop of an increasing medical waste crisis in South Africa. Although there are an abundance of studies on solid waste management, there is a lack of data and research particularly on medical waste management in rural hospitals. The crisis of medical waste management in South Africa is closely intertwined with the collapsing health care system and an overburdened natural environment. It is an undisputable fact that South Africa’s generation of medical waste far exceeds its capacity to handle it effectively. This thesis argues that the neglect of medical waste as an environmental-health issue and the absence of an integrated national medical waste management plan aggravate the medical waste problem in the country. In explaining the medical waste crisis, this thesis adopts a Marxist perspective which is based on the premise that industrial capitalist societies place economic growth and production at high priority at the expense of the natural environment; creating a society that is engulfed by high health risk due to the generation of hazardous and toxic waste. Industrial societies view themselves as superior and separate from the natural environment, whereas one cannot separate nature from society as they are interlinked. As society attempts to adopt a sustainable environmental approach towards environmental management, science and technology are enforced as a solution to environmental problems in order to continue developing countries’ economies whilst sustainably managing and protecting the environment, which is contradictory. This thesis emphasises that medical waste management is a socio-political problem as much as it is an environmental problem, hence the need to focus on power relations and issues of environmental and social justice. The results of the study identified gaps in policy framework nationally and institutionally on medical waste management. In addition, there were poor waste management practices due to poor training, inadequate infrastructure and resources as well as poor budget support.
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Nicholls, Philip Herschel. "A review of issues relating to the disposal of urban waste in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide : an environmental history." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn6153.pdf.

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Bibliography: p. 367-392. This thesis takes an overview of urban waste disposal practices in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide since the time of their respective settlement by Europeans through to the year 2000. The narrative identifies how such factors as the growth of representative government, the emergence of a bureaucracy, the visitation of bubonic plague, changed perceptions of risk, and the rise of the environmental movement, have directly influenced urban waste disposal outcomes.
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Cusack, Vincent. "The search for an effective international regime for the long-term safety and security of high level radioactive waste: Pangea and beyond." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2005. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/632.

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This thesis is a study of public policy issues relating to multinational geological repositories for high-level radioactive waste disposal (HLW). Nuclear states have attempted for decades to implement effective radioactive waste policies, though with limited success. The safe disposal of HLW has proven particularly troublesome and, thus far, a solution has eluded all states. A review of radioactive waste policy in the UK, the US and Switzerland reveals some of the underlying themes behind community opposition to repository siting and the reasons for a broader global search. The failure to achieve HLW repositories at a national level has led to much research into the technical, social and political obstacles to site selection, and into international collaboration. In 1999 Pangea Resources International (PRI) concentrated its efforts in securing a multinational HLW repository in the Australian outback, with its two main arguments being economic incentives for Australia and safety and security benefits for a broader range of nation states. The 'proposal' failed to gain public or political acceptance. An examination of the Pangea multinational project is undertaken to determine why the proponents were unable to adequately make their case for the shared repository's benefits. The study finds that the arguments presented to Australia were rejected because the public perceived the risks from hosting the repository to be much greater than the associated benefits.
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Gosling, Christine, University of Western Sydney, and School of Civic Engineering and Environment. "Co-disposal of rejects from coal and sand mining operations in the Blue Mountains : a feasibility study." THESIS_XXXX_CEE_Gosling_C.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/824.

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This thesis presents details of investigations into the potential for co-disposal of the two rejects from Clarence Colliery and Kable's Transport Sand Mine. Column experiments were undertaken to simulate field conditions. The experiment consisted of: 1/. creating the required co-disposal arrangement and structure in containers 2/. infiltrating water through each container and measuring the rates of infiltration and overflow 3/. measuring the chemical properties of the leachate water. Geotechnical tests of co-disposal pile stability were undertaken using a specially constructed shear box. Results of this study suggest the co-disposal of course coal washery reject from Clarence Colliery with clay tailings from Kable's Transport Sand Mine is a feasible option for managing the generation of acetic drainage. It is recommended that field trials comprise layers of coal reject and clay tailings in a 9:1 ratio. Layering the coal reject with clay tailings creates a semi-permeable barrier which acts to restrict water percolation through the reject as well as reacting with the leachate to increase the leachate pH and adsorb metals
Master of Engineering (Hons)
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Sattar, Shaheen. "An environmental impact perspective of the management, treatment, and disposal of hazardous compounds generated as medical waste at selected hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/802.

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Thesis (MTech(Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.
Pharmaceuticals have been formulated to influence physiological systems in humans, animals, and microbes but have never been considered as potential environmental pollutants by healthcare professionals. The human body is not a barrier to chemicals, but is permeable to it. Thus after performing their in-vivo functions, pharmaceutical compound introduced into the body, exit mainly via urine and faeces. Sewage therefore contains highly complex mixtures of chemicals in various degrees of biological potency. Sewage treatment works including those in South Africa, on the other hand, are known to be inefficient in removing drugs from sewage and consequently either the unmetabolised pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites emerge in the environment as pollutants via several trajectories. In the environment, the excreted metabolites may even undergo regeneration to the original parent molecule under bacterial influence, resulting in “trans-vivo-pharmaceutical-pol ution-cycles”. Although all incinerators are known to generate toxins such dioxins and furans from the drugs they incinerate, all the medicines disposed by the hospitals under research, were incinerated, as the preferred option of disposal. The incineration process employed was found to be environmentally unsafe. Expired and unused medicines which the general public discard as municipal solid waste become landfilled. Because many landfill sites are not appropriately engineered, the unwanted drugs landfilled therein, leach into the surrounding ground water, which is the influent source of water treatment plants. Water treatment plants, including those in South Africa, are also inefficient in eliminating pharmaceutical compounds, releasing them in sub-therapeutic concentrations into potable tap water as pollutants, the full effects of which are yet to be determined.
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Книги з теми "Hospitals Australia Waste disposal"

1

Brunner, Calvin R. Medical waste disposal. Reston, VA: Incinerator Consultants Inc., 1996.

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2

Committee, Great Britain Health Services Advisory. Safe disposal of clinical waste. Sheffield: HSE Books, 1992.

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3

Great Britain. Health Services Advisory Committee. Safe disposal of clinical waste. London: HMSO, 1992.

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4

Estates, NHS, ed. Total waste management: Best practice advice on local waste management for the NHS in England. Norwich: Stationery Office, 2004.

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5

Younger, Patricia A. Hospital waste management. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers, 1993.

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6

Office, General Accounting. Infectious waste: Federal health care facilities' handling and disposal practices : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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7

Jessup, Deborah Hitchcock. Infectious waste: The complete resource guide. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, 1988.

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8

Board, Western Australia Waste Management. Strategic direction for waste management in Western Australia. East Perth, W.A: Dept. of Environment, 2003.

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9

TEBODIN Raadgevende Ingenieurs (Hague, Netherlands). Verwerking ziekenhuisafval: Onderzoek naar de kostenaspecten van centrale of decentrale verwerking van speciale behandeling vereisende afvalstoffen afkomstig uit intramurale instellingen voor de gezondheidszorg TEBODIN Raadgevende Ingenieurs. 's-Gravenhage: Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer, 1985.

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10

Infectious waste management: A practical guide. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1995.

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Частини книг з теми "Hospitals Australia Waste disposal"

1

Fabryka-Martin, J. T., D. Roman, P. L. Airey, D. Elmore, and P. W. Kubik. "Redistribution of Natural 129I among Mineral Phases and Ground Water in the Koongarra Uranium Ore Deposit, N.T., Australia." In Natural Analogues in Radioactive Waste Disposal, 374–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3465-8_33.

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Ivanovich, M., P. Duerden, T. Payne, T. Nightingale, G. Longworth, M. A. Wilkins, R. B. Edghill, D. J. Cockayne, and B. G. Davey. "Natural Analogue Study of the Distribution of Uranium Series Radionuclides between the Colloid and Solute Phases in the Hydrogeological System of the Koongarra Uranium Deposit N.T., Australia." In Natural Analogues in Radioactive Waste Disposal, 300–313. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3465-8_27.

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Lin, Huidan, and Huijing Wu. "Safety Evaluation and Lean Disposal of Clinical Waste in Outpatient and Emergency Department of Large Hospitals." In Algorithmic Aspects in Information and Management, 604–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57602-8_54.

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Gul, Sobiya, Tasaduq Hussain Shah, and Hafsa Javeed. "Alternatives for Treatment and Disposal Cost Reduction of Regulated Medical Waste." In Handbook of Research on Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Plastic Pollution, 200–212. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.ch011.

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The link between human health and environmental quality is made clearer; the commitment to safeguarding the natural environment is growing in major institutions as the health care industry. New and greater opportunities will open up to reinforce our primary institutional mission-that of caring for the health needs of the community we serve, which include caring for the environment. Developing and implementing effective programs to reduce, recycle and minimize the toxicity of hospital generated wastes (even wastes generated in the care and treatment of patients can be reduced) is one of the most significant environmental challenges the health care industry faces. Hospitals generate one of the most diverse and difficult to manage waste. The amount of medical waste produced by hospitals may vary due to a number of factors, including the hospital type and size, occupancy rate, in- and outpatient ratio, geographic location, state and local waste handling regulations, and hospital waste disposal policies.
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Samant, Mukesh, Satish Chandra Pandey, and Anupam Pandey. "Impact of Hazardous Waste Material on Environment and Their Management Strategies." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 175–92. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3126-5.ch011.

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Hazardous waste has emerged as an issue of major concern that has negative impact both on human health as well as on the environment. Hazardous and infectious agents are handled in daily routine in biomedical laboratories. Their effects are increasing continuously in the environment. Hazardous waste includes solid, liquid, sharp and pathological waste. Workers in hospitals and health care, agricultural and fishing occupations are at particular risk of exposure to hazardous biological agents. Recently, more systematic and strict steps have taken by the Indian government regarding the public concern to prevent the proliferation of hazardous waste and its improper disposal. However, management of waste are still not well promoted. So, to intercept the build-up of biohazards into the environment, waste from biohazardous operations must be disposed or treated appropriately in a special way and it also intends to create awareness amongst the personnel involved in these sectors to develop and implement hazardous waste management and mitigation strategies.
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Tammemagi, Hans. "Wastes: Know Your Enemy." In The Waste Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128987.003.0009.

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When Sherlock Holmes solves a mystery, he studies the strengths, weaknesses, foibles, egos, sensitivities, and other traits of the villains. It is the same with wastes: a detailed understanding of their characteristics is fundamental to being able to manage them properly. To determine the size of a disposal facility, we must know the volumes and rate of generation of waste. A MRF cannot be designed unless it is known what recyclables are contained in the waste stream. A knowledge of the physical and chemical nature of waste allows engineers to select landfill construction materials that will be compatible with the waste. We must understand the toxic and hazardous components in order to design the facility to endure for a period of time commensurate with the hazardous lifetime of the waste. Because of the incredibly large number of existing waste compounds, it is useful to categorize them. Unfortunately, there are no well-established categorization systems in place. We will describe wastes using two main classification systems, and then we will describe their most important characteristics. The first system is a functional one; that is, the wastes are classified by generator. The second is a classification by chemical type. This somewhat arbitrary system combines different kinds of waste primarily by the group or industry that generates the waste. These waste types include: • municipal wastes • industrial wastes • hazardous wastes • radioactive wastes This is a convenient classification because each of these waste classes is generally managed and disposed of as a group. In addition, substantial volumes of waste are generated by the mining and agricultural sectors; these are not discussed in this book. Municipal solid wastes, as the name implies, are produced by the everyday activities in a community. They arise from the following sources: • residential—houses and apartments • commercial—stores, restaurants, office buildings, service stations, etc. • institutional—schools, courthouses, hospitals, etc. • construction and demolition—construction sites, road repair, building demolition, etc. • municipal services—street-cleaning, garden and park landscaping, wastewater treatment, etc. We are a wasteful society. Every person in North America generates approximately 2 kilograms of garbage each day.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Hospitals Australia Waste disposal"

1

John, Gordon H., Nigel Reeves, Amy C. Nisbet, Clive R. Williams, and Andrew Garnet. "UK Surplus Source Disposal Programme." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16097.

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The UK Surplus Source Disposal Programme (SSDP), managed by the Environment Agency, was designed to remove redundant radioactive sources from the public domain. The UK Government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) was concerned that disused sources were being retained by hospitals, universities and businesses, posing a risk to public health and the environment. AMEC provided a range of technical and administrative services to support the SSDP. A questionnaire was issued to registered source holders and the submitted returns compiled to assess the scale of the project. A member of AMEC staff was seconded to the Environment Agency to provide technical support and liaise directly with source holders during funding applications, which would cover disposal costs. Funding for disposal of different sources was partially based on a sliding scale of risk as determined by the IAEA hazard categorisation system. This funding was also sector dependent. The SSDP was subsequently expanded to include the disposal of luminised aircraft instruments from aviation museums across the UK. These museums often hold significant radiological inventories, with many items being unused and in a poor state of repair. These instruments were fully characterised on site by assessing surface dose rate, dimensions, source integrity and potential contamination issues. Calculations using the Microshield computer code allowed gamma radiation measurements to be converted into total activity estimates for each source. More than 11,000 sources were disposed of under the programme from across the medical, industrial, museum and academic sectors. The total activity disposed of was more than 8.5E+14 Bq, and the project was delivered under budget.
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2

Rogoff, Marc J., Michelle Mullet Nicholls, and Michael Keyser. "Developing a 21st Century Energy From Waste Facility in American Samoa." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3501.

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American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the U.S. roughly 2,300 air miles southwest of Honolulu and about 2,700 miles north of Australia. The largest and most populated island in American Samoa is Tutuila, which is located the territory’s historic capitol of Pago Pago. The territory is home to the world’s largest tuna cannery. Population growth has been dramatic and the island’s energy costs have increased substantially in recent years. The American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) is responsible for solid waste collection and disposal in the territory with landfilling being the primary mode of waste disposal. However, limited available land on the main island due to volcanic topography limits the long-term use of landfilling as the island’s sole waste management tool. The relative isolated location of American Samoa and the instability of world oil markets have prompted ASPA to look at more environmentally and economically sustainable means of solid waste management. As an outgrowth of its research, ASPA submitted and received a technical assistance grant from the U.s. Department of the Interior to conduct an extensive waste composition study and EfW feasibility study to examine the advantages and disadvantages of efW for American Samoa. The results of these studies have been completed by SCS on behalf of ASPA, which is currently taking steps to permit and procure a 2.0 megawatt, modular efW facility that will go online in 2012 as part of a public private partnership. The lessons learned by SCs and ASPA during the course of the investigations are illustrative of the types of long-term, waste management and energy decision-making that many small communities will have to undertake to attain viable and sustainable alternatives.
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3

Andreozzi, C., B. Bianchilli, A. Dodaro, F. Gagliardi, E. Mauro, and M. Sisti. "Free Release of Radioactive Waste Containing Very Low Level Waste and Short Lived Radionuclides at Nucleco." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82039.

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Since August 2015 a new classification of radioactive waste was issued by Italian Ministry of Economic Development, in order to adapt Italian historical classification to European standards. This new classification provides 6 categories, from exempt to high level waste, and it is based on the waste final destination: from free release to final disposal or interim storage (high level waste and intermediate level waste with α-content higher than 400 Bq/g) [1]. Nucleco is a State owned Company acting as Waste Management Organization for radioactive waste coming from hospitals, industries and research and development activities not related to electricity production by nuclear plants. Nucleco collects, safely manages and temporarily stores waste that will be sent to the National Repository (site definition phase is still ongoing), while for the Short Lived Radionuclides and Very Low Activity waste Nucleco performs all necessary operations to be compliant with the conditions of release prescribed by the Italian Control Authority. Short Lived Radionuclides are those whose half-life is shorter than 100 days or reach the condition of non-radiological relevance in 5 years: they are mainly produced by bio-medical applications of radioactive materials. Very Low Activity waste are characterized by activity concentrations lower than 100 Bq/g (of which less than 10 Bq/g of α-emitting radionuclides) and reach the condition of non-radiological relevance in 10 years: these waste usually came from research institutions and industrial activities. This work presents the authorized operating procedures, the radiological measurements criteria and the technical know-how put in place by Nucleco to fulfil the provisions of Italian regulations for unconditioned release of radioactive waste. A case study of ISO 20’ containers is discussed in the current paper. Main emphasis will be addressed to: • gathering of historical information about the state of the material to be released and definition of the reference radiological spectrum; • sampling procedures to ensure representativeness of the samples from homogeneous waste batch to be released and then subjected to radiological characterization; • characterization phase consisting of the integration of several state-of-art techniques aiming to collect the most complete set of radiological data; • data processing protocols needed for the calculation of the activity concentrations for each radionuclide of the reference spectrum (or other radionuclides eventually detected); • evaluation of the main sources of uncertainty affecting the results; • comparison of the activity concentration (including the uncertainty) of each radionuclide with the corresponding authorized concentration limits.
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Karunarathna, T. A. D. C. D., P. Sridarran, and M. Gowsiga. "Electricity generation through municipal solid waste in Sri Lanka: Drivers and barriers." In 10th World Construction Symposium. Building Economics and Management Research Unit (BEMRU), University of Moratuwa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2022.34.

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The rapid increase in population and urbanisation has led to an increase in per capita consumption and the generation of waste. Thus, the need of having improved management strategies for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has aroused. Waste to Energy (WtE) was a concept that came up as a solution for waste management and as an ideal solution for energy crises as well. WtE is a process of generating energy mainly in terms of electricity and heat by giving MSW as the input where it will become the fuel for this process. Most countries like Denmark, England, Australia, etc. use this as a successful Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) strategy and as a sustainable energy producing mechanism too. But, in Sri Lankan WtE has become unsuccessful in many instances due to the influence of barriers to implementing WtE mega-scale projects. Thus, this study aims to explore existing barriers in light of expanding WtE projects in Sri Lanka. In addition, it proposes strategies to mitigate those barriers. Data was collected through expert interviews and manual content analysis was used for data analysis. Some identified key barriers and strategies in the frame of political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental are lack of having government infrastructure, high initial investments, social burdens, lack of technical knowledge on WtE, disposal of bottom and fly ash as barriers and providing infrastructure by the government, introducing debt financing, social awareness, getting foreign technical experts, using bottom ash and fly ash to produce some necessary bi-products as strategies.
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