Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Homeless persons – family relationships"

Abstract The concept of social exclusion is used to explore the relationship between people and groups who are socially and economically disadvantaged and the phenomenon of going missing. Police data about missing persons are compared to census data to determine whether groups who experience family dissolution, labour market exclusion, and other forms of disadvantage and social exclusion are overrepresented among missing persons compared to the general population. The analysis shows that disadvantaged youth, women, Aboriginal people, people who are not in the labour force, unemployed people, and homeless people are all overrepresented among missing persons. People occupying the intersections of multiple high risk categories are at particularly high risk of going missing. Linking missing persons with the concept of social exclusion shows that social and economic disadvantage lead directly and indirectly to peoples’ disappearances. (133 words)

Homelessness is a complex problem, resulting from a combination of housing and social exclusion processes. This paper discusses the major factors contributing to homelessness in the post soviet Georgia. Though there is no consensus on understanding conceptual typology, the causes and complexity of homelessness, there are currently three categories of homeless people identified as “homeless” in Georgia. Among them so called “Roofless” people are the most vulnerable groups who need special attention while there is no national strategy on homelessness in place. Mixed methods were used to study homeless people living in a special shelter in Tbilisi. In total, 70 homeless (Mean Age =48, Male – 64%, Female – 36%) were interviewed by semi-structural questionnaire.The results showed that a structural factor - unemployment (90%) is the major cause of homelessness. The other factors include: lack of support system (69%), relationship problems or family breakdown (66%), health problems (64%), mental problems (44%), internal migration (39%), leaving prison (26%), substance abuse (16%). The profile of homeless persons in Georgia is a middle-aged single man; however, the numbers of homeless women, elderly and younger people as well as families with children are growing.Furthermore the paper suggests that understanding the local contexts of poverty can assist government for building the proper national strategy on homelessness and facilitate social inclusion of the most disadvantaged groups of people.

Background: One of the ways of including homeless persons (especially young people) into society is to enable them to actively participate in sports activities. Implementation of an event of international importance entitled the Homeless World Cup is an excellent example of such activities. Material and methods: The main source of data for this article is the research conducted with the participants of the "Homeless World Cup" Tournament in Poznań in 2013. The study was conducted with the use of the questionnaire technique (direct – the tool was a questionnaire containing 21 questions). The survey was anonymous. The respondents had an opportunity to answer more than one question. In total, 12 homeless players, representatives of the Polish National Team, were examined. Results: The subject of the research was a sense of belonging to homeless people involved in sports activities. The athletes took part in systematic training and participated in an international soccer tournament. The homeless had to do with relations permeated by the spirit of rivalry, cooperation and, of course, disciplining moralism. Taking into account this socio-sport reality and considering homeless people with a research intention, it was possible to assume that one of the consequences of their participation in organized social life would be the discovery of social identity and the anticipated sense of attachment and belonging. This was also the goal of the research task – an explanation of this relationship. The results of the study did not confirm the assumed assumption. Homeless people are people at a young age who have not experienced social isolation and a sense of loneliness. They combined practicing sport with expectations of changing their social position and, in particular, achieving the status of employees. The results related to the personal consequences of practicing sport indicate that homeless people see a correlation between training activity and the necessity to change health behaviors. Conclusions: Most of the surveyed players confirm the fact that their taking up sports activities (playing football) in a decisive manner, inter alia, it changed their lives so far, their positive attitude towards themselves and others, improved their family contacts. Their social and interpersonal relations have visibly improved, and there have been positive changes in their social attitudes, and that sport can be an important factor facilitating their inclusion and return to social life (sport as a way out of homelessness).

Introduction: Family medicine providers are at the forefront of serving homeless persons. It is important to prepare family medicine residents for this responsibility during residency. In the current study, we aimed to assess the effect of a series of enrichment activities on the attitudes toward homeless persons held by residents, faculty, and staff in a rural family medicine residency program. Methods: The residency program implemented a 6-month enrichment activities series that provided various educational experiences and aimed to improve the participants’ knowledge of and attitudes toward homeless persons. Participants completed 2 anonymous online surveys before and after the enrichment series: (1) the Health Professional’s Attitude Toward the Homeless Inventory (HPATHI) and (2) a short survey assessing the understanding of local issues that affected homeless persons. Two-tailed Student t tests were used to compare the survey results. Results: Of the 48 eligible participants, 42 (88%) completed the surveys before enrichment activities and 41 (85%) completed the surveys afterward. Engagement in the enrichment series was associated with a significant improvement in attitudes supporting social advocacy, but it did not affect self-reported levels of cynicism or personal advocacy. Participant knowledge of local homelessness issues improved, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The longitudinal enrichment activities series, which was implemented in a rural family medicine residency program and aimed to provide experiences working with homeless individuals, was effective in improving attitudes supporting social advocacy among participants.

Background Homeless youth are the fastest growing sub-group within the homeless population. They face impaired access to health services and are often left unsupported. They lack social and family support or relationships with service providers. Unsupported homeless youth often become homeless adults. Purpose To test a model based on Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations, examining the influence of a network of service providers, perceptions of social supports, and family relations on a homeless youth’s perceptions of recovery. Methods This study is a secondary analysis and used a sample (n = 187) of data collected as part of the original Youth Matters in London study. A cross-sectional design was used to analyze the relationship between variables. Participants were interviewed at 6-month intervals over a 2.5-year period. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used. Results Network of service providers, perceived social supports, and perceived family relations explained 21.8% of the variance in homeless youth perceptions of recovery. Perceived social support and family relations were significantly, positively correlated to perceptions of recovery. Network of service providers was not significantly correlated to perceptions of recovery. Conclusions The findings suggest that stronger social supports and family relations may contribute to increased perceptions of recovery among homeless youth.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral health perception and dental care use experience of homeless persons in Korea.Materials and Methods: Nine homeless persons were recruited from homeless welfare facilities in Seoul. Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire by an interviewer. Data analysis was guided by grounded theory methodology and involved constant comparison, coding and memo-writing.Results: Homeless persons recognized the dental care needs due to serious dental problems. Due to cost issues, they prioritized using self-care, and used dental care with the help of family or homeless facilities. Satisfaction was expressed through perceptions and attitudes regarding the process of using dental care.Conclusion: There is a need to carry out more qualitative study and representative quantitative research for understanding homeless person's access to dental care.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the denial of social support to homeless persons and related societal effects of new local governance arrangements. Design/methodology/approach Analysis of new data and secondary evaluative and comparative data on the policies, administrative structures and management styles of Copenhagen, Glasgow and Amsterdam have brought better understanding of the elements of local governance arrangements that influence the number of homeless persons who are denied access to services and the number of persons sleeping rough who are not eligible for social support. Theoretical explanations for the impact of governance arrangements on these processes and societal effects are considered. Findings It appears that while the body of research, reports and policy documents on non-eligibility for homelessness services is growing, legal responses at best remain vague, and policies are still in the process of being developed. Modest progress on policy goals, and even more so on policy instruments, leading to less detrimental outcomes, can be explained by centralising and decentralising trends and the relationships between state and society. The latter may also be indicative of how the increased focus on the legal problems of some EU migrants can be explained. Research limitations/implications The two points in time documented for the case studies are relevant in understanding processes underlying the current circumstances of homeless persons and homeless migrants and offer an interdisciplinary insight into governance and politics, law, and public and health service perspectives. Social implications Good policy practice, as this paper shows, can lead to a difference in individual lives. Originality/value Much is unknown about considerations inside government. This paper contributes by combining theoretical and insider perspectives.

Analyses of the relevance of family for young people are more visible than previously within youth research. Nonetheless, understanding of the nature and meaning of family relationships for those who experience separation from their family, including homeless youth, is relatively weak. Based on selected findings from a qualitative longitudinal study, this article explores the meaning-making processes of homeless young people with explicit attention to the ways in which “family” is produced and (re)negotiated in their lives over time. Four themes are presented— family as reliable and supportive; family as interrupted and “broken”; family as fragile and elusive; and family as fluid and ambiguous—revealing the unfolding nature of young people’s constructions of family and family relationships. The enduring impact of separation, dislocation, and conflict on how young people “make sense” of familial experiences is discussed, and we conclude with the practice implications arising from the findings.

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Bachelors
Arts and Humanities
English; Creative Writing

The present study assessed the relationship between mentally ill homeless and their companion pets and questioned if the pets acted as a barrier for them to receive shelter and other services. The study also sought to find if pets acted as a communication tool between this population and society. themselves because they are mentally vulnerable and victims of a mental disorder.

This study examines the experience of individuals who participated or did not participate in the caregiving process for a family member who died within approximately the past three years of an AIDS-related illness. The focus of this study is on the adjustment of the caregivers and non-caregivers after the death of the PWA. It was hypothesized that due to their direct involvement in the caregiving process, caregivers would differ significantly from non-caregivers on a number of measures designed to evaluate adjustment. It was hypothesized that caregivers would report better overall adjustment than non-caregivers.Participants completed the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90; Derogatis, Lipman, & Covi, 1973), as well as a semi-structured interview about their experiences. A two-tailed t-test revealed no significant differences between groups. However, effect sizes computed for these variables revealed moderate to large diff ererences between caregivers and non-caregivers on the somatization and interpersonal subscales of the SCL-90. Comparisons to a standardization sample showed that caregivers differed significantly on all subscales from that standardization sample: Non-caregivers differed only on the depression and interpersonal sensitivity subscales. Analysis of the interview data revealed a significant difference in reported stress, with caregivers reporting significantly more stress during the illness of the PWA than non-caregivers. Effect sizes were computed for nine other interview categories; these suggested that caregiversreported substantially less social withdrawal, fewer feelings of guilt, fewer problems resolving issues with the PWA, substantially more physical illness, and more life affirming statements than their non-caregiver counterparts. Several other noteworthy trends that emerged in the interview portion of the study are discussed.Small sample size and pre-existing characteristics of the participants are explored as possible factors affecting the outcome of the study. More controlled studies exploring the adjustment of caregivers and non-caregivers are needed in order to better understand the possible differences that may exist between caregivers and non-caregivers in terms of adjustment after the death of their loved one from an AIDS-related illness.
Department of Psychological Science

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the attitudes of individuals who were spouses of patients with aphasia. Using modified Q-methodology, 15 spouses of fluent aphasic patients, 15 spouses of nonfluent aphasic patients and 30 matched controls completed a 70-item Q-sort constructed specifically for this study. The spouses of nonfluent aphasic patients were found to have a greater number of negative attitudes toward their spouses than were the spouses of fluent aphasic patients. The spouses of patients in both aphasia groups were found to have a greater number of negative attitudes toward their spouses than the matched controls. In addition, six factors (Compliance, Desirability, Egocentricity, Independence, Maturity, and Sociability) representative of the spouse-patient relationship were identified that incorporated the most commonly held attitudes by the spouses of patients in both aphasia groups.

AbstractTechnologies today facilitate widespread dissemination of information, including visual images, and rapid communication to billions of people across the globe. Digital economy firms increasingly shape how we create, disseminate, and access data and information. Data-driven business models increasingly influence companies’ aggregation and use of their customers’ personal information. The collection and use of data have a particular impact on children. Access to information about children may pose both short-term and long-term threats. Children potentially have different and perhaps even greater risks than adults because their relationships with digital spaces may be mediated by family relationships and the activities of other people who may have the authority to disclose their data. A significant percentage of children’s identity theft comes from persons known to them, such as family members. As a result, regulation of children’s data implicates family relationships in ways that are potentially difficult and complex. Existing legal and regulatory approaches may focus on data privacy after it has been collected, with insufficient attention to the effectiveness of consent in light of widespread data technology business models, as well as to extensive data collection and aggregation. While this may harm both adults and children, it places a particular burden on children.

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to compare attitudes towards people over 70 as potential workers in the labour force in countries with different social welfare regimes, cultures, demographic and economic situations. Life course theory/perspective suggests a multidisciplinary paradigm. It suggests to examine how people live in different structural contexts and how economic, social and cultural changes influence attitudes towards older people and their presence in public life. The social context is defined in micro and macro scales (e.g. individual and family situations of persons in different stages of their life, their economic situation, occupational experience, social activities) within different societies. The basic assumption is that a particular life course stage of a person influences subsequent experiences and also attitudes towards seniors. As predicted age, gender, education, and life satisfaction are factors that differentiate attitudes. The differences found in 1990 are still observed to some extent in 2012. A significant proportion of respondents expect older people to withdraw to the private sphere. Some of them expect older people to be active in non-governmental organizations, informal assistance relationships, institutions established for older people which allow the needs of older people to be satisfied. In reality older people are kept on the margins of mainstream public life.The data of World Values Survey conducted in 2012 have been used in the analyses shown in the chapter. Eleven countries have been selected to show the situation in different countries with different history and welfare systems. The data are unique. The set of questions asked internationally in the wave of the study has not been included in the next waves of WVS. However, we may consider that the findings presented in the chapter are important for understanding the actual situation of older people, the perception of their social and cultural capital, the respondents’ willingness to see them as part of labour force and to be included in public life. The recent statistical data and reports show that older people are still poorly represented on decision-making positions in politics and economic institutions.

AbstractIn this chapter, I take up the insufficiency of the stockholder-stakeholder debate characteristic of business ethics in its earlier years. I argue that this debate rarely goes deeply enough: to a more comprehensive picture of the human person, a more robust account of the good. This is not optional—if such a more robust account of the good is not made explicit in a normative view of ethics, it inevitably enters beneath the surface, without being made explicit. The sources for more comprehensive accounts of the human person lie in moral traditions that we have inherited, faith traditions, or more secular rational frameworks. This realization, that a satisfactory account of applied normative ethics calls for an anthropology—a substantive view of the good for the human person and the common good of the human community—I call the anthropological insight. Without this insight, appeals to the interests of shareholders or stakeholders have very little content. Before concluding, this chapter explores two important topics: (a) the nature of the common good, and (b) the relevance of “mediating institutions.” Under (a), I discuss the aspiration of “integral human development” emphasized in several faith-based traditions. It maintains that if we focus on the good of the whole person, body and soul, including the reaching out for relationships that whole persons need for their flourishing, the good of all (the common good) can be achieved. Under (b), I argue that the common good requires mediating institutions between the individual and society at large: the family, churches, schools, voluntary organizations, businesses, and local governments. These institutions foster and reinforce the social motivations that are essential to the pursuit of the common good. This chapter is an organic part of a larger work about the overall contribution of Kenneth Goodpaster to the field of applied ethics and is best read in the context of that larger work.

The conclusion of contracts was known in ancient times and is still relevant today. Shares that are not distributed in kind can cause certain difficulties that force the interested parties to decide on distribution.Joint ownership of inherited property received from a family member necessitates joint decision-making on its maintenance, ownership, use, and disposal, and it is difficult to achieve such a consensus on all issues. Therefore, quite often a certain period may pass from the acquisition of the right to a share in the joint property to its distribution, but due to conflicts regarding the use of the property or in the case of the need to receive funds or for other reasons, the joint property is divided by the co-owners. That is, the reasons may even be questions of how to use agricultural land, for example, to rent it out, sow it yourself, plant a garden, etc. However, the complexity of the division of land plots is because it is difficult to «divide» agricultural lands at least. After all, their intended use depends on the size, etc. Quite often, disputes also arise regarding the use of residential buildings, since the size and location of the rooms make their use impossible or difficult, as well as the distribution in kind according to the inherited shares. In other words, there is a certain «trading» of assets. If the situation is related to the distribution of a small plot of land where the house is located, then questions also arise regarding the establishment of an easement, as well as mutual concessions for the compensation of a part of the house in exchange for most of the land. In general, there are protracted negotiations, from the point of view of which these parties, who are still in a family relationship, agree on the division of property.Factors that can affect the outcome of property division include unique family circumstances, the specific nature of assets, and traditional legal practices. The parties will use different mechanisms for the division of joint assets: sale, donation, or exchange, under the terms of which they «trade» with the consent of others their rights as co-owners of jointly owned objects. The various evolutionary stages of the agreement on the division of property by the testator’s family culminate in the final stage of agreeing. The agreement on the division of inheritance is a complex legal process. Potentially, in a single transaction, the beneficiaries can choose and implement the division by sale, exchange, or donation. These different legal constructions reflect the uniqueness of the decisions in each agreement and to some extent demonstrate the specific legal practice of the individual Old Babylonian city-state and the particular circumstances of each family.However, in addition to the division of property, there are other agreements regarding the division of inheritance. For example, an agreement on quasi-partition upon adoption (quasi-adoption), an agreement on the division of residential property by the owner between its future beneficiaries.The need to conclude such agreements arises when an agreement on the division of property is required, which differs from such concepts as sale, donation, exchange, etc.Domestic scientists consider the agreement on the distribution of joint property very broadly and include other types of agreements in the list of such agreements, establishing that the agreement on changing the succession of the right to inheritance by law is atypical. It was determined that the contract under investigation belongs to contracts on the distribution of inheritance. Agreements on the distribution of inheritance are concluded in the field of inheritance, which indicates that they belong to inheritance agreements. It is proposed to supplement the existing classifications of civil law contracts by distinguishing a new type of civil law contracts – contracts in the law of inheritance on the level with the selection of a new type of inheritance contracts – contracts on the distribution of inheritance.» This is a bold hypothesis, but it is difficult to agree with it for various reasons, not least because the distribution of inheritance has been known since ancient times.The factor that the term «distribution» of inheritance and giving it a broad legal meaning is analyzed is an interesting author’s hypothesis. At the same time, according to our position, the term «distribution of inheritance» is more balanced, since in Art. 1278 of the Civil Code does not quite successfully use the term «division», when in the content of this norm it is about the equality of shares in the inheritance and the allocation of a share in kind, and not about division. However, in Part 1 of Art. 1280 of the Civil Code, the term «distribution» is used with a direct meaning and «redistribution» as an opportunity to review the results of the distribution under new circumstances – in the case of acceptance of the inheritance by other heirs. In essence, the obvious meaning of the term «distribution» follows from this norm as the initial determination of the ownership of the share of each of the heirs. In this sense, the redistribution of the inheritance should be connected with the possible introduction of changes to the previously made distribution, that is, in this case, we do not limit the number of subsequent redistributions of the inheritance. This hypothesis is related to the fact that the number of heirs who missed the deadline for valid reasons is not limited by legislation and cannot be limited, but is determined by various legal circumstances.Therefore, it is hardly expedient and possible, to apply in Art. 1280 of the Civil Code, the concept of «distribution» should be given a wider meaning than it has in the Civil Code, as this would lead to its ambiguous perception and application both in theory and in legislation and practice. Usually, theoretical terms should be distinguished by being original and should accurately reflect the legal meaning of actions, events, or conditions.But an important element of the procedure for the distribution of common inheritance property or its redistribution are the subjects who must fix the relevant agreement or carry out such distribution according to their conviction.It is indicated that the practice of concluding contracts by the living owner with his future heirs is widespread in foreign countries. At the same time, German experts equate inheritance with what they consider to be contractual inheritance.It should be noted that the practice of concluding contracts on the distribution of inheritance in the practice of the Ukrainian notary is relatively new and does not have clear boundaries in regulation, which complicates the activity of notaries in certifying such contracts. There are several difficulties in the application of relevant legal norms in practice, as there is a lack of understanding of the legal nature and essence of the conclusion of contracts, the term of conclusion, and the procedure for notarization.The opinions of individual authors are studied, about legal relations regarding the division of inheritance characterized by a weak state policy, this obliges the participants of such relations to draw up the content of agreements on the division of inheritance independently. For agreements between heirs on the distribution of inheritance to be valid regulators of the relations of its participants (heirs), conditions (clauses) must be clarified and formulated, which will be disclosed with sufficient completeness and consistency of the content of the relevant agreement and the purpose of its conclusion.We do not agree with this point of view of the scientist regarding «weak state policy», since the Central Committee of Ukraine was not created by politicians or the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, but by leading scientists of Ukraine. It is also difficult to agree with the statement that the lack of clear regulation of the terms of inheritance contracts «obliges the participants of such relationships to independently draw up the content of inheritance distribution contracts.» In Ukraine, some good notaries and lawyers can draw up high-quality contracts for the distribution of inheritance. Moreover, according to Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», notaries have the right to draw up relevant draft contracts. In our opinion, it is worth emphasizing here that this is a right, not a duty of a notary public. That is, the notary may not undertake the drafting of the relevant project, but this provision is positive for interested parties since the lack of experience in drafting original contracts will most likely lead to the drafting of a low-quality draft contract. Indeed, in this case, it is worth looking for an experienced notary who will be able to draw up a draft contract, but this will make it possible to prevent errors in its drafting with a high probability.Thus, the agreement on the distribution of inheritance enters into force if the parties reach an agreement in the proper form on all the essential terms of the agreement. The main essential condition for agreeing on the division of inheritance is the subject of the agreement. However, either party may consider this condition insufficient and propose to include additional conditions in the contract. In this case, these conditions become essential. In connection with the instability of the regulation of the content of contracts between heirs on the distribution of inheritance, it can be concluded that the inclusion of normal conditions in the contract is currently impossible. We believe that such a general scheme of perception of contract terms is not entirely rational, since how to perceive ordinary terms or essential terms of a contract quite often in practice depends on the judgments of the parties to the contract unless otherwise regulated by legislation. This issue can be approached more precisely if we take into account the possibility of interpreting transactions and contracts (Article 213 of the Civil Code).So, based on the essence of the process of concluding contracts, it should be taken into account that the notary who drafts the contract can edit it, therefore it is worth recognizing the right of the notary to interpret it, since according to Art. 5 of the Law of Ukraine «On Notaries», he is obliged to clarify the legal consequences that will arise for persons after his certification. It follows from this that the notary must be given the official right to interpret the contract upon its certification, then it will be clear that after its certification, the court can interpret the content of the contract. In this regard, Art. 213 of the Civil Code is proposed to be supplemented with a corresponding provision regarding the powers of the notary, namely: his duty to interpret the content of the deed or contract before and during its certification.The Inheritance Regulation, which envisages wide acceptance of the inheritance contract, is considered. It is noted that it is worth revising Ukrainian inheritance law in advance for compliance with European standards since after Ukraine accedes to the EU it will be necessary to inform all EU countries about what types of contracts in Ukraine will be related to the issuance of the European Certificate of Succession.This is also important for inheritance by law, because, in case of non-fulfillment of the terms of the lifetime maintenance (care) agreement and the inheritance agreement, they will have to be terminated or recognized as invalid or unfulfilled by the acquirer, so the property that was the subject of this agreement will be inherited by law. At the same time, if the terms of these agreements are fulfilled, the part of the property that belonged to the testator will not be inherited but will become the property of the acquirers.The process of accepting the inheritance is quite long, and the inheritance law allows for several agreements between the heirs, which can significantly affect the size of the inheritance shares and the real things in each share in the inheritance. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of agreements between the heirs at different stages of accepting or not accepting the inheritance. From communication with one of the clients, the author learned that the notary unofficially advised the heirs to agree on the distribution of the inheritance, as well as for certain heirs to waive the right to inheritance, but to receive a proper share of the inheritance in household items. When the author was informed of all the circumstances of the inheritance case, it became clear that the notary could not solve the complex inheritance problem, since the inheritance took place based on a will and some heirs had the right to a mandatory share, as well as part of the property remained. So, in such a situation, it was necessary to solve an arithmetical and at the same time legal problem, the complexity of which was determined by the complex subject composition of numerous heirs. Therefore, the notary tried to simplify its solution by artificially «transforming» the heirs who have the right to a mandatory share into ordinary heirs who claim property that is not subject to recording in the certificate of the right to inheritance.A natural will was considered, when the testator bequeathed the specific property to each of the heirs, namely: a house to a daughter, a factory to one son, and a yacht to another let’s say. In such a case, the will of the testator is formulated in the Shodo of the objects of inheritance, so it is difficult to perceive the consequences of the refusal of one of the heirs to inherit, when the yacht will be divided into equal shares between the son and the daughter, because: firstly, the value of the factory and the house will be different, so someone from the testator gave the children a larger inheritance than the other. Secondly, in the case of the existence of a part of the inheritance not covered by the will, it can be assumed with a high degree of probability that the will of the testator was formulated about a certain property and nothing more. Therefore, in case of refusal of one of the heirs to inherit under the will, the property bequeathed to him should be considered as not covered by the will and should be inherited according to the law. That is, if the will of the testator regarding the entire property is revealed, it can be assumed that he thus intended to deprive one of the heirs of the right to inheritance.At the same time, the will must be interpreted not only by the heirs under the will but also by the heirs under the law, when its content concerns the right to a mandatory share in the inheritance, which belongs to the heirs under the law of the first rank, who due to incapacity have the right to claim it, as well as the recipients of the response. With a high degree of probability, it can be assumed that the inheritance, which consists of household items, will be divided even without a written agreement. However, the interpretation of a will, which concerns a substantial inheritance between a significant number of heirs, requires not only a written form of recording of agreements – a contract, but also, in our opinion, a notarial form that will allow recording the agreement more reliably, to explain to the parties to the contract the consequences of its conclusion. If all interested parties sign the agreement, and the notary recognizes it as legal, then it will be difficult to recognize it as illegal or invalid in the next one. Therefore, the agreement on the interpretation of the will, which will establish the specific rights of the heirs and their obligations regarding the coverage of the testator’s debts, is a rational form of specification of the terms of the inheritance, which will allow establishing the executor of the will, if he was not determined by the testator.We can assume with a high degree of probability that similar «simplified calculations» are made by other notaries, as well as directly by the heirs, and certain agreements are not necessary here.

This chapter turns to one of the most important and controversial issues in medical ethics: euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS). The intensely personal scale of mercy killing makes it possible to consider practice in a very concrete way, including activities that shape the situations of very ill people and their relations with a variety of other moral agents, from family members and physicians to policymakers. The chapter explores not only human euthanasia and PAS but also killings of nonhuman animals, including both the euthanasia of beloved pets and the killing of homeless dogs and cats in shelters. This comparison highlights the difference that relationships make in ethical arguments. It also reveals how much species runs through ethical argumentation, in the form of unquestioned assumptions about what makes a life valuable.

Abstract Our purpose in this brief clinical study is to explore several family-related issues that emerged in our early work with homeless persons with mental illness in a comparison site for the federally funded Access to Community Care and Effective Services and Support (ACCESS) homeless outreach initiative. The emergence of these issues surprised us, because we expected that homeless persons with mental illness would, for the most part, be isolated from and have no connection to their families. We draw from our experiences to suggest that clinicians and case managers offer a family-focused approach to clinical treatment of this population. A familyfocused clinical treatment approach may offer clinicians and case managers relevant information to engage clients in clinical and rehabilitative services and to help clients successfully transition from homelessness to independent living.

Chapter 6 examines three dialectical relationships: between masters and slaves; between free persons and slaves; and within slave communities. The master-slave dialectic formed a spectrum with two extremes: on the one hand, it could lead to the cruel tyranny of masters exercised over slaves without any control; on the other hand, rich and powerful masters could offer their slaves significantly better opportunities than those existing for most of the free population. The free-slave dialectic depended on the intervention of the political community in the theoretically unmediated relationship between masters and slaves in order to achieve two things: to formulate slave status and the distinction between free people and slaves and to shape the master-slave relationship according to the wider interests of the community as a whole. The third dialectic comprises the full range of relationships within the communities that enslaved persons constructed and participated in. These communities were based on kinship and family, ethnicity, religion, neighbourhood, profession, or belonging to the same master.

Abstract If an officer sees someone standing or sleeping on property to which that person has no legal right, this in itself is sufficient evidence for both arrest and conviction. Any understanding of the relationships between the NIMBY syndrome and homelessness must consider the role and status of municipal governmental bodies in the management and control of homelessness. It is this level of governance that is responsible for the administration and interpretation of cold weather shelter policies, for policing strategies and enforcement of municipal codes and ordinances, and for the control over siting of homeless shelters and human service facilities.

This chapter examines Article 23 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The right to family life and its various components have long been recognized by international human rights law and in regional human rights instruments. Despite this long tradition of protecting the family in human rights law, persons with disabilities have long been subject to serious violations of their right to family life. The prevailing stereotype has considered persons with disabilities asexual, which has led to the denial of their sexual autonomy. The right to family life also encompasses all forms of relationships and parenthood. To be truly equal members of society, persons with disabilities must achieve equality of opportunity in these areas as well. This requires significant attitudinal change, empowerment, dismantling of barriers, and support to experience intimate relationships.

Abstract Family law concerns legal aspects of the domestic relationships between persons who are grouped together within a household understood as a social, political, and economic unit. Usually these persons are close kin to one another: spouses, parents, children, siblings. Plainly the family is of great legal interest because of the decisive role it has historically played in the raising and socialization of children and in the mutual economic support of its members. But justification for the family has also frequently been located in the incentives to benevolence and in the psychological satisfaction that its intense intimacy produces in its members. In other words, the remarkable resilience of the family unit over the ages is not solely a matter of its instrumental role in promoting social welfare and demographic reproduction. Since at least the time of Aristotle, family life has been understood as essential to a complete human life; and family law, in turn, fosters this human good by reducing the uncertainties and inequities that are frequently associated with more unstructured conjugal relationships.

Named Entity Recognition problem’s objective is to automatically identify and classify entities like persons, places,organizations, and so forth. That is an area in Natural Language Processing and Information Extraction. NamedEntity Recognition is important because it is a fundamental step of preprocessing for several applications like relationextraction. However, it is a hard problem to solve as several categories of named entities are written similarly andthey appear in similar contexts. To accomplish it, we can use some hybrid approaches. Nevertheless, in this presentstudy, we use linguistic flavor by applying Local Grammar and Cascade of Transducers. Local Grammars are used torepresent the rules of a particular linguistic structure. They are often built manually to describe the entities we aimto recognize. In our study, we adapted a Local Grammar to improve the Recognition of Named Entities. The resultsshow an improvement of up to 7% on the F-measure metric in relation to the previous Local Grammar. Also, we builtanother Local Grammar to recognize family relationships from the improved Local Grammar. We present a practicalapplication for the extracted relationships using Prolog.

"The purpose of this paper is to focus the need of a reflexive stand about systemic training in family therapy in a higher education program. This training is associated to diverse social interrelationships that combines theoretical and clinical objectives, as well as research activities and community issues. We have been working in training programs at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Iztacala Faculty, since 2001. The epistemological basis of this training are the systemic and cybernetic perspectives, and constructionist view about social construction of meanings in therapy and in educational processes. We emphasize observer implication, where the student/therapist in training is observer and observant in the therapeutic and educational process. The community context is where the therapy occurs which represents complex problems of reality. We focus at individual and community influences in problem construction and at the diverse ways the systems structure is organized. We attend the emotional, cognitive, situational, social aspects of the person of the therapist. The dialogical systemic approach lead us to consider the situation of the therapist, the supervisors and the consultants. We focus on the ethics, the relational responsibility, of the systems participants involved. We propose the search for contradictions, concordances or dilemmas, associated to family, social and gender diversity, oriented to look for alternative ways of connecting with consultants and therapists. We emphasize the positioning of persons as subjects who can act upon their realities, that can explore different ways of action upon society, at the actual historical context where we live, trying to search for individual and collective strengths and possibilities. We propose a reflexive stand when we focus our educational work, about what we do, in which theoretical and ethical perspectives we base our proposals, in order to anticipate and promote responsible professionals in connection with community needs. This reflective processes can take in account dimensions such as: plurality, complexity, diversity, systemic relationships, meaning construction, history, contexts, social resources, gender perspective, power and the implication of the person of the therapist. Power relationships between professors, clinical supervisors, students, consultants, institutional systems, could be externalized in order to approach ethical considerations in the clinical and educational processes."